自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第十二章 关系从句1 5页

第十二章关系从句relativeclause12.0IntroductionFunction:修饰前置结构，一般来讲是修饰前置名词或名词词组。Form：Restrictive限定性从句，与其先行词所指的意义有着不可分割的关系，为先行词提供不可缺少的信息，如果去掉会影响先行词的意义。Non-Restrictive非限定性从句:与先行词的关系比较松散，仅仅对先行词提供一些解释和说明，如果去掉并不影响先行词的意义。考点112.1Restrictive&Non-restrictiveClause限定性从句&非限定性从句RestrictiveClauseNon-restrictiveClause-ThegirlwholivesnextdooristravellinginEngland.-ThisisthebookwhichIbroughtatabookstoreatCambridge,-JackBrown,wholivesnextdoor,istravellinginEngland.-Annreturnedmybooktohelibrarybymistake,whichIbroughtatabookstoreatCambridge.Formationdifference:1.限定性从句口语中前后没有停顿，书写不用逗号隔开，2.连接词在某些场合（如做宾语时）可以省略。可+that1.非限定性从句在口语中有停顿，书写上需要用逗号隔开，2.连接词不可以省略，不可以用that当连接词Functiondifference:1.限定性从句是名词短语的一部分，给先行词提供基本的辨别信息。Exceptions(thegirl’sidentityisdependsonthelocationshelives)1.非限定性句只是为名词短语提供额外附加信息，并不帮我我们去鉴定辨别我们所指的人或者事。（JackBrown是专有名词，他的identify于其住哪里无关）1.Commacriterion:Thispositionisopentoeverybody,whetheroldoryoung,whocanreadandwrite.(comma因为whether…这句的插入才加的，其实这句还是限定性从句，所以要根据上下文内容来判断)2.ProperNounCriterionWhichJohnareyoutalkingabout?TheJohnwhoplaysbasketballortheJohnwhowrotedictionary?(这句中John这个专有名词暂时被当作普通名词使用，所以可用用限定性从句)3.Other：Mr.Brown,whohadpromisedtohelpme,didnotkeephispromise.(形式上虽然是非限定性从句，可是意义上是限定性从句，如果省略会对句意造成影响)考点212.2Antecedent先行词Definition:关系从句修饰的对象，通常是名词或名词词组，非名词性先行项可以是分句，动词词组甚至形容词。12.2.1Nominalantecedent名词性先行词可分为:CommonNouns(一般性名词),Propernouns(专有名词),Personalnouns(人称代词),Demonstrativenouns(指示代词) 又可分为:1）只可加限定性从句先行词；2)只可加非限定性从句的先行词；3)可加限定性&非限定性从句.a.Antecedent+RestrictiveClause1．NousorPronounswithunspecifiedreference所指不明确的名词或者代词：all,some,every,no…Alltheglittersisnotgold.I’mnotgoingtotellherallthatIknow.Hepromisetodoeverythinghecould.1.WithPersonalPronoun人称代词，特别是指“一类人”。Hewhoplayswithfiregetsburnt.ExceptionsShealwaysmarriestoosoonwhogetsabadhusband,andsheisnevertoolatewhogetsagoodone.同样可接Nonrestrictiveclause,特别是已经在上下文中有所说明了的人称代词后可以接非限定性从句You,whoaresoclever,willnotbelievehispromise.2.DemonstrativePronoun指示代词that&those，往往会照应后句中内容。（cataphoricreference）Thosewholiveinglasshouseshouldnotthrowstones.3.Thatwhich,thosewhich，可被what替换Thatwhichpromisedhappinesswhenwewereinoneheartisnowfraughtwithmisery.b.Antecedent+Non-RestrictiveClauseExceptions1.ProperNouns专有名词StPaul’sCathedral,whichtheguidewasreferringto,wasdesignedbySirChristopherWen.1.Exceptions:见ProperNounCriterionc.Antecedent+Restrictive/Non-RestrictiveClausecataphoricreference:指代后项anaphoricreference:与上句相呼应The定冠词Restrictive：(cataphoricreference)定冠词和中心词在后句中有照应。限定中心词，foridentificationTheboyinblueshirtwhoistalkingtotheteacherismybrother.Non-Restrictive:anaphoricreference前句中已经表明身份，不需要更多的identification.Wemetaboyandagirl,theboy,whomweasked,toldustheway.A(n)不定冠词Restrictive：furtherclassifying当定冠词表示某样分类的时候，限定性从句帮助其进一步分类。Hedoesn’twanttomarryawomanhedislikes.(awomanhedislikeisthesubclassofwomen)Non-Restrictive:generalremark起大体上的标志作用。Aneagle,whichisthenationalbird,isgenerallyonlyseebyzoovisitors.(additionalinfo,couldberemovedwithoutanyinjury)PluralNounandMassNounRestrictive：(cataphoricreference)furtherclassifyingOnesearchshowsthat230000workersareexposedtoconditionsthatmightresultindisease.Non-Restrictive:(Anaphoricreference)generalremarkWhales,whicharemammals,arehuge.DemonstrativeDeterminers(this,that,these,those)Restrictive:CataphoricreferenceI’menjoyingthisbookIborrowedfromthelibrary.Non-Restrictive:Situational,AnaphoricreferenceThebook,whichfaithfullyreflectstheEnglishoriginal,istheproductofjointeffortsofthreedistinguished translators.考点212.2.2Non-Nominalantecedent非名词性先行词LesscommonthanNominalAntecedent,可分为3种类别:Clause(从句)，VerbPhrase(动词短语)，predicativeadjective(副词形容词)a.ClauseasAntecedent(Nonrestrictive)1.如果是整个分句做先行词，则不限制其所指。一般都为非限定性从句。从句相当于对先行词的“评论”，可以被并列的分句所解释。ShecycledfromLondontoGlasgow,whichisamarvelousjobforawomanof75.----andthatisamarvelousjobforawomanof75.2.即便不是“评论”，但是是叙述连续发生的事情，也可以用这种形式。Wetalkedalongtimeaboutourboyhoodtimes,afterwhichwehadagooddinner.-afterthatwehadagooddinner.3.有时候关系从句修饰的2或者3个分句，或者甚至是整个故事，文章。Herhusbandismybrotherandmywifeishersister,whichmakesusdoubleinlaw.(Astoretellermayendhisstorewith)whichishowsambabecomeLionKing.b.VerbPhraseasantecedent(Nonrestrictive)(+which)1.非限定性，which做连接词。Shedancewell,whichIdon’t.(=butIdon’tdancewell.)c.PredicativePhraseasantecedent(Nonrestrictive)Nikeistall,whichIwillneverbe.考点312.3choiceofrelativepronouns关系词的选择Weneedtotakebelow3factorsintoconsideration:1)限定or非限定2)先行词类别，是否指人3)代词所做的成分，是主语，宾语或者补语。12.3.1relativePronounsinrestrictiverelativeclausea.ForPersonalantecedent1.做从句的主语时，可用“who”&“that”,“who”ismorecommonIdon’tthinkheisthemanthat/whodidit.2.做从句的宾语时，可用“who”，”whom“or“that”或者省略，”whom”是最formal的用法IwanttotalktosomebodywhomIcantrust.Hedoesn’twanttomarryawomanthathedislikes.3.做介词补语时，选择什么代词取决于介词的位置。介词前置时，which/whom是必不可少的。Thewomanaboutwhomwetalkedaboutjustgavebirthtoaboy.Thewomanwho/whom/that/(省略)wetalkedaboutjustgavebirthtoaboy.PS—动词和其介词是密不可分时，介词必须后置，否则会影响整句的意思。Thisistheboytheyhavebeenlookingforinthepast2years.4.做主语补语或者宾语补语时，只用which，在informalEnglish里面可以用that,或者省略主语。Thatwasthekindofpersonwhich/that/()hewas.Heisnottheroughwhich/that/()Ithought. 1.对我们当作人来看的动物，可用who来做连接词。Thisisthedoggiewhoseemsill.b.PronounsforNon-personalantecedents1.做从句的主语时，可用“which”&“that”Adogwhich/thatbarksatnightisanuisance.2.做从句的宾语时，可用“which“or“that”或者省略Thesearethestampswhich/thatmybrotherhascollected.Noted:“that“ispreferableto“which”intheconversationalstyle.“That”isespeciallycommonafterthefollowingwords:(1)All,something,anything,everything,nothing,none,little,few,much…nThereissomethingthatIwantyoutodo.nHaveyoufoundanythingthatwecanuseforthisproject?(2)Only前置修饰的名词，形容词最高级(thebest,themostbeautiful)，序数词(thelast,thefirst,thenext…)Theonlythingthatinterestsmeinthisbookisthebeautifulphotos.ExceptionsThefirstpointthat/()I’dliketomakeis….如果从句和先行词之间有间隔，（特别是中间隔有从句时）用which。ThereissomethingthatIwantyoutodowhichyouhatetodo.ThisistheonlythingIknowwhichyoumightbeinterestedin.c.Relativeadverbs关系副词Where，why,when在从句后置中充当副词。他们用法区别只在于是否正式。AtwhichhestayedFormalStyleWhichhestayedatThathestayedatTheplaceHestayedatNeutralityWherehestayedatThathestayedatHestayedLimitedacceptability12.3.1RelativePronounsinNon-restrictiverelativeclause1.不可省略，2.不可用that1.“Who”forpersonalantecedent,“Which”forNon-personantecedentBruce,whocameonholidaywithus,isnowinNewYork.Mybrother,whoyoumetyesterday,isamemberofNBAallstarteam.Heisamanofwealth,whichheultimatelyspentonhisexperiments.2.主语补语&宾语补语，不管先行词是不是指人，用“which”Sheisaveryefficiencysecretary,whichnoneofherpredecessorswas.3.先行词非名词时，用which（见前，先行词为分句，动词短语，形容词）考点412.4双重关系分句doublerelativeclause多余一个从句后缀修饰先行词。1)2个或2个以上从句是平行关系.Theprecessionisintendforforeignstudentswhowanttoenterpostgraduateprogram,but whohavedifficultyinusingEnglishforacademypurpose.1)2个从句构分层次层级，一句套一句。ThisistheonlybookIbroughtwhichchallengethiscommonbelieve.2)多个从句修饰各自的主语。Thisisthemanwhodrovethecarwhichhiswifebroughtfromthecardealerwhowasarrestedbythepolicethataccusehimfordrunkdriving.3)只有一个从句，表示双重关系。Hemetaladywhohewassurewashisnewteacher.3Pointsneedtopayattentionto:1.即使从句是被不同连接词引导的，也可以保持平行关系。2.前一个连接词可以被省略，但是最后一个一定不可以。3.第一个分句中，可以用which，that来做宾语，但是which一般不用在第一句中。4.在分级的双重关系分句中，低级句中做宾语的连接词一般被省略，而高一级的连接词无论如何不能省略。Mr.LeeistheonlydealerIknowwhooffersfairprices.