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初中英语语法代词代词:为了避免重复而用来代替其他词的词。种类:1)人称2)物主3)反身4)指示5)不定6)疑冋7)相互代词:eachother,oneanother互相,其所冇格加」s8)关系代词:which,who,that,whom,whose等引导定语从句9)连接彳弋词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever10)替代词:one(单数),ones(复数)用于替代前面出现的同类事物。但ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,贝IJ用some,any,而不用ones。如:Haveyouboughtanyrulers?Yes,Ifveboughtsome.一、人称代词1.人称代词的形式单数复数第一人称笫一人称第三人称第一第二第三主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem2.人称代词的旬法功能功能例句主格作主语Theyarefourteenyearsold./SheisaChineseteacher.宾格作动词宾语Theboxistooheavy.Letmehelpyou./1likeitverymuch.作介词宾语Marydidrflwanttogowithme.作表语・・・Whoisstandingoverthere?一-Ifsme.it的特殊用法指时间Itisearlyspring,butit"salreadyveryhot.指天气Itrained(人)lastnisht.指距离It"saboutfive(minute)walkfromheretothelibrarv.Howfarisitfromyourschooltoyourhome?作形式主语、形式宾语Itisveryniceofyoutohelpme.IfinditeasytolearnEnglishwell.指前文提到的物■Where"smybook?-Ifsoverthere.指不知性别的婴儿或不确指性别的人Thebabyiscrying.Itmaybehungry.3•人称代词的排列顺序(单数231,复123)当两个以上的人称代词-•起作主语时,单数按二、三、—人称排列(即you,he/she,I);复数按一、二、三人称排列(即we,you,they)o但是如果做错了事需要承担责任时,要把说话人(I)放在第一位。如:ItwasIandJohnthatmadeherangry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。二.物主代词1•物主代词的形式单数复数
物主代词形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs2•物主代词的基本用法功能例句特别提示
形容词性物主代词作定语Hermotherisakind-hearteddoctor.Theirroomiscleanandtidy.形容词性物主代词作定语,相当于形容词。名词性物主代词(相当于省略了中心名词的s属格结构)作主语Thatishiscomputer.Minedoesn"twork.名词性物主代词在句中不能单独作定语。如:Hersmathisbetterthanmine・(错!句中的应改为)作宾语HerspokenEnglishisbetterthanyours.作表语Thisballpenishers・Whereismine?与of连用作定语Theredskirtofhersisverybeautiful.3.物主代词的特殊用法在双重所有格中只能用名词性物主代词。如:我的一个朋友afriendofmine,她的一个同学aclassmateofhers,eachbrotherofhis.三、反身代词1•反身代词的形式反身代词又叫口身代词,表示动作返回到动作发出者本身。人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself,herself,itselfthemselves1.反身代词的句法功能功能例句特别提示作宾语LittleJimmycandresshimselfnow・Shecookedherselfagoodmeal.两句中动作的执行者与承受着均是同一个人,故宾语只能用反身代词,不能用him和her。作表语Theboyinthephotoismyself,notTom.Iamnotmyselftoday.我今天不舒服。作同位语(强调)Thebabyitselflaughed・Imyselfwenttovisitmyteacher.此句中,反身代词itself也可放在laughed的后面。和by等介词搭配,构成固定短语Neverleavethechildbyhimselfathome・Idon"tthinkIcandoitbymyself.初中常用的由反身代词构成的短语冇:(见卜J2.由反身代词构成的习惯用语①helponeselfto随便吃②cometooneself苏醒过來,醒悟,恢复知觉③dressoneself自己穿衣服④saytooneself自言自语⑤enjoyoneself玩得开心⑥loseoneselfin迷路于,全神贯注于…之中,消失于⑦teachoneself自学⑧lookafteroneself⑨byoneself亲自learnbyoneself占学…leaveonebyoneself把某人单独留卜hurtoneself伤了白己makeyourself/yourselvesathome不必拘束四、指示代词单数this这,这个that那,那个suchsame复数these这些those那些这样的人或物同样的人或物例句ThisisBillspeaking.Whoisthat?Wherewillthesepupilsgo?Doyoulikethose?Theyarethelatestfashion.Ihaveneverseensuchacleverchildbefore・Thosetwodressesarethesame.
Hesaidthesamethingagainandagain.1.that用来代替前面提到的不可数名词,those代替复数名词。Theweathertodayisfinerthanthatyesterday.Thestudentsinthisschoolaredifferentfromthoseinthatone.2.打电话时,用that询问对方是谁,用this介绍自己。ThisisJackspeaking.IsthatMrsBlackspeaking?说明:That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:(对)Headmiredthatwhichlookedbeautiful.他赞赏外表漂壳的东两。(对)Headmiredthosewholookedbeautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)(错)Headmiredthatwhodancedwell.(that作宾语时不能指人)(对)Headmiredthosewhodancedwell.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)(对)Headmiredthosewhichlookedbeautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)五、疑问代词疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)女口:Tellmewhoheis.告诉我他是谁。格指人指物指人或物主格who谁what什么which哪个,哪些宾格whom谁所有格whose谁的whose谁的whose谁的说明1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which和what所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:Whichgirlsdoyoulikebest?你喜欢哪几个姑娘?Whatgirlsdoyoulikebest?你喜欢什么样的姑娘?说明2:Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语小作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom,例如:Who(m)didyoumeetonthestreet?你在街上遇到了谁?(作动i司宾语)Who(m)areyoutakingthebookto?你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)Towhomdidyouspeakonthecampus?你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)7>不定代词:不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody,something,nooneo这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和出some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:—Doyouhaveacar?--你有一辆小汽车吗?—Yes,Ihaveone.一是的,我有一-辆。—1don"tknowanyofthem.他们,我一个也不认识。不定代词的形式例词普通不定代词some/anysomebody/anybody/nobody,someone/anyone/noonesomething/anything/nothingone/none个体不定代词every/each,other/another,either/neithereverybody/everyone/everything数量不定代词many/much,few/afew/little/alittle
alotof/lotsof/agreatdealof/agreatmany辨析:不定代词用法1some1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当做"某一”解时,也可与单数名词连用。(=acertain)Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。Acertain(some)personhasseenyoubreaktherule.某些人不同意你的看法。3)用于肯定句中4)表请求、建议或期望得到肯定回答时的疑问句中。Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?紗a.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:Ifyouneedsomehelp,letmeknow.**b.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如:Ihaven"theardfromsomeofmyoldfriendstheseyears.这些年我没有收到些老朋友的仁。any1)多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。Hedoesn"thaveanymoney.Arethereanypeopleintheroom?Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleaseaskmeforhelp・2)表“任何"时,any可用于肯定句。Herearethreenovels.Youmayreadany.这苗三本小说,你可任读一木°Youmaycomeatanytime;Fllbehomethewholeday.2both两者都Herparentsarebothdoctors.紗a.both,all都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,贝9位于助动词或情态动词Z前。WhocanspeakJapanese?Weboth(all)can.all三者及以上都可作主、宾、表、定、同。Weallwanttogotothezoo.***all的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。如:Allgoeswell.一切进展得很好。Allthatyouhavedoneisveryhelpful.***all在定语从句中作先行词吋,关系词只能用thato***all通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说allthebook,而说thewholebooko但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如allday,allnight,alltheyear;但习惯上不说allhour,allcenturycall还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如allChina,allthecity,allmylife,allthewayeither两者之一Eitheroftheanswersiscorrec匚neither两者都不Neitherofusgoesabroad.1)neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Neitherofthetwoanswersisright.2)作定语与单数名词连用,但neither-nor用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。3)可用于下列句型,避免車复。如:Shecan"tsing,neither(can)he.***neither与nora.如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neilhcr,而不用nor。Ifyoudon"tdoit,neithershouldI.如果你不干,我也不干。b.如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neitheroHecan"tsing,nordance,norskate.any诸Z—Anymovieisboring・
none三者及以上都不Noneofhisfriendshas/havebeentoNanjing.1)none作主语,多与of构成如语noneofo在答语中,noner>J"单独使用。Ilikenoneoftheflowers.这此花我都不喜欢。Arethereanypicturesonthewall?None・2)none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。Itisnoneofyourbusiness.3every三个及以上的“每个都”强调整体概念。只能做定语。Everystudentinourschoolworkshard.我们学校的学主都很用功。1)every只作形容词,不町单独使用。Everystudenthastotakeone.2)every-Unot连用,表示部分否定;Everymanisnothonest.并非毎个人都诚实。3)every有反复重复的意思,如everytwoweeks等;eachpron.a.ad.两个及以上的“每个”强调个体概念,可构成of短语Eachstudentmayhaveonebook..每个学生都可有一木书。1)each可作代词或形容词。Eachboyhastotakeone.Eachoftheboyshastotakeone.但weeachhaveabook・2)each和not连用表示全部否定。Eachmanisnothonest.这儿每个人都不诚实。45many+[C]“许多”,Howmanypeoplearcthereatthemeeting?Manyoftheworkerswereatthemeeting,manya(=many)但Manybooksweresold.Manyabookwassold.卖出了许多书。many/much多用于疑、否,whether引导的宾从中。口常谈话中,纯粹的肯定句一般可数的川alargenumberof,agood/greatmany,不可数多用agood/greatdealof,可数不可数均可用的冇alotof,lotsof,plentyof.much+[U]“许多“Howmuchtimehaswcleft?Muchofthetimewasspentonlearning.few+[C]“没冇几个,几乎没有”Hehasfewfriends.他几乎没有朋友。afew+[C]“有几个”Hehasafewfriends.他有儿个朋友。onlyafew(=fcw)notafew(=many)quiteafew(=many)little+[U]“没有多少,几乎没有”Hurry!Wehavelittletimeleft・alittle+[U]“有一点儿”Westillhavealittletime.我们还有点时间。6other+nj*数复数泛指“其他的”Whatotheranimalsdoyoulike?theotherday前几天everyotherday隔天ontheotherside另一边ontheonehand...ontheotherhand方|fl|另方|衍theother两者中的另i个one••-theother一个另一个(只有两个)Wehavetwosisters.Oneis16,theotheris12.Ifoundoneshoe,but1carftseetheotherone.oneonetheother个,另个,第一个others=otherpeople/things泛扌旨“其他的人或物”some••-others,others•••Weshouldn"tlaughatothers・theothers=therest剩余的全部(特定范围内的人或物)some••-theothers些其他的(有一个以上)Thereare50studentsinourclass.Somearereading,theothersaredoinghomework・
another泛指三者及以上中的另个l.one••-another---,thethird•••2.Theshirtistoosmall.Can1tryanotherone?Doniloseheart.Haveanothertry.3.anothertwo/fewweeks舟两(儿)周=twomoreweekseg.Wclovehere.Wcwanttostayanotherthreedays.4.oneafteranother一个接一个地复合不定代词作主语、宾语、表语、定语。something,anything,everything,nothing,somebody,anybody,everybody,nobody,someone,anyone,everyone,(noone)作主语BothofthemareChinese.宾语Iknownothingabouthim.表语Thatnothing.没什么。定语Youmaytakeeitherroad・1.有形容词修饰,要后置。There^ssthwrongwiththeTV.2.作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Everythinggoeswell.辨析:1.one,that和itone表示泛指,that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it与所指名词为同一个。Ican"tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone.(不定)我找不到我的帽了了。我想我该去买一顶。ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。Icantfindmyhat.Idon"tknowwhereIputit.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。2..anyone/anyoneanyone仅指人,anyone既可指人,也可指物。3・noone/nobody,none和noa)none后跟of短语,既可指人乂可指物,而noone只单独使用,只指人。Noneofyoucouldlifti匸你们中没有人可举起它。—Didanyonecallmeupjustnow?一刚才有人打电话给我吗?一Noone.■■没有。b)noneMJ法相当于名词,一般作主语、宾语。作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而noone作主语谓语动词只能是单数。Noneoftheproblemsis/areeasytosolve.Noneofthemilkwasleft.c)noone一般回答who,含anyone,anybody的疑问句。Isthereanyoneintheroom?-Noone.none冋答howmany/much及含any+名词的疑问句。Howmanystudentsarethereintheclassroom?一None.Howmuchmoneydoyouhave?一None.Isthereanywaterinthebottle?-None.d)no只有形容词性质,修饰不hJ数或可数名词。no=notanyeg.Therearenobooksforher.no=nota用于连系动词后,语气很强。Thegirlwasnobeauty.这姑娘才不漂亮呢。no+doing用于讲稿•警告、命令等标识。Nosmoking!no可修饰其他旬子成分。Noboyattheschoolhaveeverseenthesea.1.both,eitherboth*--*neitherboth部分否定,neither全部否定。both与复数连用,either与单数连用。Boththeboysareclever.两个男孩都很聪明。Eitherofthetwoboysisclever.两个男孩都很聪明。Thereareflowersonbothsidesofthestreet.Thereareflowersoneithersideofthestreet.路边长满了野花。2.all(所冇的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。none—all。all部分否定,none全部否定。Alltheflowersaregone.所有的花都谢了。Idon"tlikeanyoftheflowers.这些花我都不喜欢。
Ilikenoneoftheflowers.这些花我都不喜欢。注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。Allofthestudentsarethere.所有的学生都在那。All(of)themilkisthee所有的牛奶都在那。1.“the”的作用他是帮我的学生Z—oHeisoneofthestudentswhohelpme.笫一句定语从句与thestudents一致。Heistheoneofthestudentswhohelpsme.第二句定语从句与theone一致°