大学英语语法第十三讲分词 35页

第十三讲分词一、构成、种类及特征分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，分为两种：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的形式是“动词原形+ing”：规则动词的过去分词在动词原形后面加“・ed”。与动词不定无和动名词样，分词&具有动词的特征，有肘态和语态的变化，并可带状语、宾语等。分词的否定式在分词前加not（notwishing,nothavingreceived,nothavingbeengiven）。例如：Havinghurriedthroughhisbreakfast,hewenttowaitfortheschoolbus.他匆匆。乞完早饭就去等校车了。（分词完成式）ThetowerbeingrepairedwasputupintheTangDynasty.正在修缮的那座煤建于唐代。（分词菠动无）Havingbeenwritingthebook,Ihavenotimeforotherthings.我一直在写这本书，没有M问做其他事情。（分词完成进行无）Havingbeenwritteninhaste.thepaperisfarfrombeingperfect.仓促写成，这篇论文远非完美无缺。（分词完成菠动式）Whenaskedsuchaqueerquestion,hewasatalosshowtoanswer.彼问了这样一个古•蛋问题，他不知怎样回答才好。（带宾语）Notwantingtocontinuemyserviceintheplant,Ijoinedthearmy.（分词否定式）..作形彖词用肘.有少数过去分词的读咅与一般过去分词不同。例如：aged〔..eid..id〕年老的（但［eid..d］有..岁）cursed〔..k....sid〕该咒的beloved〔b..il..vid〕撤爱的learned〔.」....nid］博学的crooked〔..krukid〕扭曲的blessed〔..blesid〕有福的..有少数过去分词有两种不同的形式，且意义也不同。例如：rotted（4烂）-*rotten（庸烂的）sunk（陷下）->sunken（陷下*的）struck（彼打击）stricken（受打击的）born（生）一>borne（负担）got（得到）-►gotten（得到的）hung（悬挂）->hanged（绞死）二、现石.分词与过去分词的区别现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时问概念上。在语态上.现在分词（除彼动式外）表示主动意思、过去分词表示菠动意思。在肘间上、现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作的完成。比较：Whathesaidwasverytouching.他说的话非常感人。（主动）Iwastouchedbythesight・我彼这景象深深•地和动了。（彼动）therisingsun正在升起.的太阳therisensun升起了的；t阳 大学英语语法讲座与测试（第二版）611二、现在分词与过去分词的区别thefallingautumnIeaves纷纷飘隊的秋叶thefallenautumnleaves隊了的秋叶boilingwater正疫沸勝的水boiledwater恿沸了的水fadingflowers正在凋谢的花fadedflowers凋谢了的花acharminggirl迷人的姑娘acharmedgirl着了魔冻的姑娘excitingnews振奋人心的询息anexcitedaudience兴奋激昂的群众aninterestingstory有趣的坎事aninterestedlook带着感兴趣的样子apleasingvoice悦耳的嗓咅apleasedlook满意的表情amovingstory动人的坎事amovedaudienee受感动的观久thesurprisingnews令人吃惊的谄息thesurprisedpeople感到吃惊的人们thetiringwork累人的工作atiredworker感到疲乏的工人thechangingworld变化着的世界thechangedworld己经起变化的世界developingcountries发展中国家developedcountries发达国家smokingfish热毛勝勝的鱼smokedfish熏鱼steamingbread热气腾腾的面包steamedbread面包rollingwaves翻滚的波涛rolledsteel轧制钢材aterrifyingstory令人恐怖的故事aterrifiedwoman感到惊恐的妇女acriticizingspeech〃匕评性的发言acriticizedspeech逋到犹评的发言organizingideas整理思路organizedideas有条理的思路..同样，合成现在分词表示主动，合成过去分词表示彼动或己完成。比较:主动菠动或己完成far-reachingeffects深远的影响oil-bearingcrops油料作场high-soundingwords爲调aneasy-goingperson随和的人anepoch-makingevent划肘代事件anelegantly-furnishedroom陈设雅玫的房间aclear-cutreply朗确的答复adimly-lightedroom灯光培淡的房间awell-readperson博览群书的人amuch-travelledman见闻广博的人腑/世/圮/英/语/丛/书612第十三讲分词..作前置定语的现在分词既可以表示动作正在进行中.也可以表示不在进行中。比较：在进行不在进行ragingflames熊熊烈火howlingwind狂风settingsun落qneighbouringcountry邻国promisingyoungman有裔途:的青年runningwater自来水barkingdog吠叫的狗waningmoon下狂月twinklingstar诃烁的星星convincingargument令人信服的论点burningquestion燃眉之急readingpublic读者..过去分词也可以表示主动意义。过去分词作前置定语既可以表示己完成的彼动动作.也可以表示己完成的主动动作。不管是及杨动词还是不及杨动词，凡是“己经完成了的”动 作或枚动动作，作前置定语肘一律用过去分词，而不用现在分词彼动式，原则上语态服从时态。比较：主动动作（己完成）彼动动作（己完成）escapedprisoner述彳已retiredgeneral退休的将军one..$deceasedhusband亡夫departedrelatives禽去的亲人aburntoutcandle燃尽的蜡烛smokenfish熏鱼armedforces武装部队cannedfood嬪头食％plannedeconomy计划经济aIong-lostchild散失己久的孩子amovedaudienee（正）abeingmovedaudienee（誤）abrokencar（正）abeingbrokencar(误)anavowedsupporterofapoliticalparty政克的公开支持者(amanwhohasavowedhimselftobeasupporter)amistakenperson彳已了错谋的人(apersonwhohasmademistakes)Theconfessedthiefwillbesenttoprison.己招认的』、倫将彼送入监狱。(thethiefwhohasconfessedhavingstolensomething)..英•语中有几十个动词(丸都为不及扬动词)的过去分词用作前置定语时，表示的是己完成的主动动作，主要指一种变化.一种状态.没有彼动意义，几乎己成为形彖词。例如：Thedecayedleaveswereblownaboutinthewind.枯叶在风中潔落。Weshouldadjustourselvestothechangedmodesoflife.我们应该迨应变化了的生涪方式O••这类动词除上文中的escaped,retired,deceased,departed等外.还有:witheredleaves枯叶settledcouple安居的夫如returnedstudents归国留学生vanishedyouth逝去的青春expiredpact期满的协议assembledsoldiers集合的士兵gonesummers过去的夏Agrowntrees长丸了的树abdicatedemperor弃住的国王elopedpair私奔的男女agedpainter年迈的色家newly-arrivedguest新列的鑒人recently-arrivedsoldiers新来的士兵arun-awaycriminal逛走的罪犯failedcandidate夾败的候选人fledrobber此跑的强盗fallenangel堕康的天使travelledpoet交游广的诗人abscondeddebtor潜述的债务人foregonedays往昔的岁月shrunkenclothes皱缩的衣服afull-blownrose盛开的玫瑰adrunkenman醉汉afullgrownelephant成年象丸学英语语冻讲座与测试(第二版)613三、功能aswollenface肿超的脸revoltedsubjects反瓶的臣民theexplodedbomb爆炸了的炸弹adatedmap过肘的地图wiltedflower枯萎的花vanishedjewels失去的珠宝alawyer-turnedpresident律师出身的总统acourtyard-turnedtheatre院子改建成的剧场..但下面几个作前置定语的过去分词只表示主动意义.没有“己完成”这科含义。mistakenopinion错誤的看法well-behavedyoungman懂礼貌的年轻人 aprofessedfriend—个自称是朋发的人(amanwhoprofessedtobeafriend)aprofessedscientist假冒的科学家(amanwhopretendstobeascientist)aprofessedMuslim一个公开承认信仰的伊斯兰教决(amanwhoprofesseshisbeliefinMuslim)aconfessedalcoholict认是个酒鬼(amanwhoconfessedhimselfanalcoholic)hisdevotedfollowers他的忠卖的追随者(followerswhodevotethemselvestohim)acontentedman一个承。足的人(amanwhocontentshimselfwithwhathehas)anexperiencedman有经验的人(amanhavingtherightkindofexperienee)alearnedman有学问的人(amanhavingorshowingmuchknowledge)alearnedbook学术著作apracticedman技术婀熟的人(amanskilledthroughpractice)thecultivatedpeople有修养的人(peoplehavingorshowinggoodeducationandmanners)..有些过去分词作前置定语，既可表示主动意义，也可以表示彼动意义。例如：athreatenedfoe构成威j胁的敌人(afoethatthreatensus)threatenedspecies有夭绝危险的场种(speciesthatarethreatened)asurprisedlook惊奇的表情(alookthatshowssurprise)asurprisedboy受惊吓的男孩(aboythatissurprised)excitedoptimism兴奋的乐观(excitementthatshowsoptimism)excitedchildren激动的孩子们(childrenthatareexcited)..注意下面两个不及肠动词过去分词短语要后置:aformerteacherbecomealover从前的教师后成的情人，agodcomedowntotheearth阵临列人间的神。Note:Q)有些作前置文语的过去分词不表示动作的完成与否，只表示彼动这一概念。例如：so-calledprofessor所谓的教Mguidedmissile导弹aman-madesatellite人童卫星theinterestedparty有利窖关糸的一方②有些作前置定语的过去分词表示商未完成或者有待完成的动作，这种用法较少。例如：Theydemandedincreasedwages•他们要求增加工资。(相多于Theydemandedtheirwagesincreased.)Improvedmanagementisofvitalimportanee•改善管理至关重要。(相当-fToimprovemanagementisofvitalimportance.)三、功能分词具有动词的特征，同时又具有形彖词和副词的特征，因而它在句中可以作定语、表语、宾新/世/圮/英/语/丛/书614第十三讲分词语补足语和状语等。1.作定语1)情况A⑴单个分词作定语一般放在彼修饰词之前，分词短语作定语一般放在彼修饰词之后，往往可用定语从句代棒。但完成式的现在分词短语不能用作定语。例如：Abarkingdogseldombites.吠大不咬人。Abanquetwasgiveninhonourofthedistinguishedguests.为贵宾举行了宴会。Awatchedpotneverboils.心急锅不开。 Doru.tlaughathiscrippledwalk.不要笑他的踱行。Peoplestaredathiminstartledadmiration•人们以惊讶而赞贵的目光注视着他。Fatherlookedatthechildwithapleasedexpression•父亲带着满意的表情看着孩子。Thesuggestionsenttothecommitteewasadopted.呈送给委员会的建放彼采纳了。Amangettingupassoonasthecockcrowsisahard・workingman•呜鸣即起的人是一个勤奋的人。Heisabusinessmangrowingrichinrecentyears.他是一住最近几年才发起来的商人。Childrendisciplinedwhentheyareyoungwillbecomegoodcitizens.小肘候受过训练的孩子会成为好公氏。(2)as可以引导分词短语作后置定语。例如：TheguestsasarrivingtodayarefromEngland.今夭到的家人来自英国。(=Theguestswhoarrivetoday)Herabilityasdisplayedinthoseyearsispraisedbyall•她在那些年里所表现出的才干受到久人的称赞。(=whichwasdisplayed)(3)作前置定语的现亦分词可以是及物动词，但更多的是不及杨动词。作前置定语的及杨动词的现在分词，其意义上的宾语可以为人，也可以为杨。Q)意义上的宾语为人：apuzzlingproblem困扰人的问題(aproblemthatpuzzlessomeone)amovingfilm一部威人的电影(afilmthatmovespeople)aconvincingpromise令人信月艮的承诺(apromisethatconvincespeople)afascinatinggirl迷人的女孩(agirlthatfascinatespeople)alovingfather憩爱的父亲(afatherwholoveshischildren)frighteninghowls可怕的嗪叫步(howlsthatfrightenpeople)misleadingadvertisements誤导的广告(advertisementsthatmisleadpeople)aforbiddingmanner令人望而生畏的举止(amannerthatforbidsotherstoapproach)②卷义上的宾语为杨：anunderstandingman善解人意的人(amanwhounderstandsother..sfeelings)anunthinkingyoungman不考虑后果的年轻人(ayoungmanwhodoesnotthinkoftheconsequences)aknowingperson知道内情的人(apersonwhoknowsthesecret)adeservingstudent值得奖励的学生(astudentwhodeservestoberewarded)arrestingseenery吸引人的景色(thescenerythatarrestsone.』attention)anunfeelingjudge铁面法會(ajudgewhofeelsnosympathy)aforgivingsmile宽恕的微笑(asmilethatshowsforgiveness)丸学英语语冻讲座与测试(第二版)615三、功能therevealinghandwriting透療线素的笔迹(thehandwritingthatrevealssomething)(4)作前置定语的过去分词许多己失去动词的特点，成为纯粋的形家词。参见上丈。①带前＜-un的过去分词许多己成为形彖词。例如：Itisanunderdevelopedcountry.那是一个允发达国家。Anunemployedpersonisonewhohasru.tajob•失业者就是没有工作的人。 Itisanuneducatedspeech.那是一个没有一点水平的发言。Sheisagirlofunequalledbeauty.她是个有着倾国美貌的女孩。Theseareunfoundedrumours.这是些毫无根据的谣传。Herpleasantandunaffectedmannercharmedhim.她匂然优雅的举止吸引了他。Heachievedundreamt-ofsuccess.他取得了做梦也没想到的成功。Itisanunheard-ofanimal•那是一个从未听说过的动杨。Thereisapileofundonework.有一大堆未做兒的工作。Hetookanuninterestedattitude•他采取了不感兴趣的态度。••其他如：uncalled-forcriticisms不适宜的水匕评.unconfirmednews未得到证卖的请息“unexpectedvisitors炎然来访的瘵人.unknownheroes无名英雄.unqualifiednurse不合格的护士.unsettledquestion未解决的问題.untoldriches无数的财富。②以・en或・n结尾的过去分词有些己变为形彖词。例如：Theshopsellsfrozenfood.这家商店出售冷冻食％。Itisaprovenfact.这是不争的事卖。Itisashornlamp•这是一只剪了毛的羊。Hesawaterror-strickengirl.他看见一个惊恐万分的女孩。••其他如：asunkencheek凹陷的面颊.arottenegg坏蛋，sawntimber锯好的木材.aswollenface肿胀的脸.ill-gottenmoney不义之财。③有些动词的过去分词作前置定语时，己不再是作动词肘的意义，意思己发生变化，相当于一个形家词。例如：aconfirmeddrunkard—个不可彳攵药的酒鬼（adrunkardwhoisunlikelytobechanged,这里的confirmed己没有“证卖”这科令义）acelebratednovel一部著名小说（afamousnovel,celebrated己没有“庆祝”这种含义）anill-favouredface一张丑陋的脸（anuglyface,favoured己没有“赞同、偏爱”这种含义）one..sill-advisedaction禁人的不朗智行为（one..sunwiseaction,advise己没有“劝告”这种含义）@）下面作前置走语的过去分词大多己炙为形家词，注意其含义。annoyedlook困貳的表情、excitedoptimism兴奋而乐surprisedlaughter吃惊的犬笑.blessedrain喜雨.excitedbrevity简洁动人.inspiredtalk鼓动性的发言.aninspiredarticle授意写出的丈章，aconsideredview经过洙恩熟虑的观A.crushedsubmission完全的屈zZv,guardedoptimism申慎的乐观,aconvincedsocialist坚定不移的社会主义adeterminedeffort坚定的努力，adecidedstep决定性的步骤，atroubledplace是非之地2）情况B单个的分词和动名词都可作前置定语，但分词往往表示彼修饰词所发出的动作，即分词动作的沒辑主语是它所修饰的词；而动名词则不然、它所修饰的词不能充多其送辑主语。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书616第十三讲分词另外，分词作定语肘，分词为重读，彼修饰词为次重读；动名词作定语对，重咅隊衣动名词上，且动名词与彼修饰词之间常用连字符。例如：theragingstorm=thestormthatisraging肆虐的风暴（分词）scorchingheat=heatthatisscorching炙人的炎热（分词）a..sleeping..baby熟屣的婴儿（ababythatissleeping）（分词）a..sleeping..beauty睡美人（分词）a..sleepingcar卧车（acarforsleeping）（动名词）boilingwater沸水（waterthatisboiling）（分词）boiling-pointA（pointatwhichliquidboils）（动名词）adancinggirl正在跳舞的女孩（agirlwhoisdancing）（分词）adancingmaster教舞蹈的教师（amasterwhoteachesdancing）（动名词）workingclass工人阶级（分词）awalkingmethod工作方ci（amethodofworking）（动名词）awalkingdictionary涪字典（形家词）arunningstream奔流的小溪（astreamthatisrunning）（分词）runningshoes跑步用的鞋（shoesforrunning）（动名词）livinglanguage活的语言（分词或形家词）livingstandard生冷水准（动名词）flyingsaucer飞碟（分词）flyingsuit飞行服（动名词）adyingbird垂死的爲（分词）toone..sdyingday至死（动名词）3）情况C分词作定语应注意的问题。⑴现在分词的时问意义。现在分词作定语（后置或前置）要么表示一个正衣进行的动作，一个即将发生的动作，要么表示禁个状态，要么表示长久的或永久性的特点，这时，形彖词性特点强。例如：Wecanseetheflowersnodding（whicharenodding）gentlyinthewind.Canyouseethestarmoving（thatismoving）inthesky?Shelookedatthecitybeingattacked（whichwasbeingattacked）bytheenemy.Amangoingtodieisalwayskind-hearted•人之将死.其心也善。Thoseweretheproblemspuzzling（whichpuzzled）herdayandnight.Doyouknowthenumberofpeoplecoming（whowillcome）totheparty?（以上表示动作）Thereisapianostanding（whichstands）inthecorner.（表示状态）Amanrespectingothers（whorespectsothers）willberespected•WeC3n..tteachaboyrefusingtobetaught（whorefusestobetaught）•Wearealllivingcreatures.（=notinanimatethings）（以上表示长久性或永久性特点) Itisaflying(=thatcanfly)fish.Sheisacharming(=attractivelady)lady...由上述现在分词的特点可知，如果现疫分词短语作后置定语对所表示的动作，在时问上丸学英语语冻讲座与测试(第二版)617三、功能同谓语动词所表示的动作不符合上述条件，不能使用现在分词.而应该使用定语从句。例如：1wanttoseethemanbreakingthewindow.(询(break的动作丸发生)1wanttoseethemanwhobrokethewindow.(正)Doyouknowanyonehavinglostmoney?(误)Doyouknowanyonewhohaslostmoney?(正)Isthereanyonesettlingtheproblem?(誤)Isthereanyonewhocansettletheproblem?(正)..由此，我们也就知道了在哪些情况下定语从句可以用现在分词代格，即：定语从句谓语动词所表示的时问同主句谓语动词的时问相应一玫时。例如：Didyouseethemanwhowastalking(talking)tothedean?Thegrocerystorewhichstands(standing)acrossthestreetwassetuplastyear.(stands表示一个不大会更改的经常性情况)..下面第一句中的定语从句不可用现在分词辱代，因为thegirl是特指，不是泛指。Thegirlwholooksafterhissmallchildrengets600yuanamonth.Girlswholookafter(或lookingafter)smallchildrenget600yuanamonth.(girlsD(2)过去分词的对问意义。Q)过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。例如：Isthisthebookwritten(whichwaswritten)byHenryJames?Halfoftheguestsinvitedfwhohadbeeninvited)tothereceptionwereforeignambassadors■②过去分词表示的是与句中谓语动词柑应的经常性动作。例如：Thesetruckscarrygoodsexported(whichareexported)toforeigncountries.Hewasthenateacherrespected(whowasrespected)byallhisstudents.③过去分词表示一个正在进行的动作•常用being+过去分词结构。例如：Thematterbeingdiscussed(whichisbeingdiscussed)isofvitalimportanee.Themanbeingquestioned(whowasbeingquestioned)wasaspy.Theserepeatedefforts(whichwerebeingrepeated)werestillinadequate.过去分词表示一个帶来动作，用tobe+过去分词结构。例如：Thesearethemachinetoolstobeimported(whicharetobeimported)fromFrance•Hewasinvitedtoameetingtobeheld(whichwastobeheld)thenextday.⑤表示较长久的或永久性的特点，形彖词特点JI强。例如：Itisdifficulttosaveamanenchantedbythebeautyofawoman•Used(old)carsareverycheap•Stolen(secret)love,thoughdangerous,tastesexceptionallysweet. G)单个分词.不论是现在分词还是过去分词.一般是不放在名词后作后置定语的.但在下面几种情况下.单个分词可以作后置走语。Q）表示对比或强调。例如：Thereshesawalotofpeoplecomingandgoing.她在那里看见许多人来来往往。Moneyspentismorethanmoneyearned.花的钱.比挣的钱.少。Therearepeoplecryingandpeoplelaughing.有人哭、有人笑。②如果菠修饰词前有形家词最富级，或是代词（all,those,one,等），或是定语从句的新/世/圮/英/语/丛/书618第十三讲分词简化。例如：Itisthebestpaintingknown•这是最著名的绘曷。Heisthegreatestpoetliving.他是在世的最伟大的诗人。Allsuspectedmuststayhere.所有受怀疑.的人都必须翱下来。Thoseremaininghadtofaceallkindsofdifficulties.@下来的人必须面对各种困难。Heislikeonecharmed•他像个着了魔的人。Mostofthepeoplesingingwerewomen.唱歌的人中.犬部分是妇女。Whoarethepeopleparticipating?参加的是哪些人？theonlyvirginlandleft剩下的淮一的戏女地anypersonobjecting持反对意见的人thepeopletakingpart参加的人③如果是固定结构或习惯说法。例如：Theywanderedinthehillsforfivedaysrunning.他们一连5天在山中漫游。Helivedaloneinthehillsforyearsrunning.他一连数年独t一人住在山里。Sheisamusicianborn.她是一个天生的咅乐家。（或abornmusician）Thatisnothingdoing•不行。Iwillnotwritetoherforthetimebeing.暂肘我不打算给她写信。Shediedintheyearfollowing.她在第二年去世了。Note:比较前后置的不同含义：themethodadopted采取的办法anadoptedchild养子thepeopleinvolved有关人士theinvolvedexplanation复杂的解猝theauthoritiesconcerned有关多局aconcernedexpression忧虑的神情4）分词作定语实例举要分词用作定语的情况很多.结构简洁.表意丰富.有些可看作形彖词.现举例如下。（1）单个分词作定语everlastingfriendship永恒的发谊therulinggroup统治集团hatingeyes憎恶的艰神aleadingfigure领导人扬existinglaws现有冻律aboomingtown繁茶的城市risinggeneration正在成长起来的一代livingthings有生命的东西anageingpopulation去蛉化的人口 thereigningchampion当前的冠军theremainingquestion剩下的问ailingparents体務多病的父母aresoundingsuccess巨丸的成功adwindlingpopulationej益减少的人dableedingnose流血的鼻子thesurroundingtowns周囲的城镇diminishingreturnsKthreateningremarks威胁的话astonishingfacts令人吃惊的事adisgustingsmell令人庆恶的毛味humiliatingtreaty屈令的条约satisfyingending令人满慧的结局afrighteningaccount可怡的描述disturbingexperience令人不安的经历devastatingwar玻坏性圾丸的战争aboringbook枯燥乏味的书anamusingpieceofnews一条彳艮有趣的谄息aconfusingword使人糊涂的词adistressingsituation令人痛苦的局面anembarrassingsituation令人尴尬的局面大学英语语床讲座与测试X第二版)619三、功能tiringwork累人的工作achallengingproblem发人深思的问題convincinganalysis有说服力的分析alarmingstatistics令人吃惊的统计数字refreshingcooldrinks使人感到请新的冷饮temptingchocolates诱人的巧克力apaidtutor有薪水的导师strainedrelations紧张的关糸satisfiedsmile满意的微笑friedfish煎鱼processedfood加工过的食ih)steamedrice采饭driedfruit干果hauntedhouse鬼屋fixedopinions固定看pollutedstreams彼污染的小溪afurnishedroom有家具的房hiddenmeaning隐含的意义revisededition修订本abrokenleg腿部骨折abrokenheart玻碎的心condensedmilk炼礼lostparadise夾去的乐0infectedparts受感染的部分aforcedsmile强笑cookedfood熟食classifieddocuments机密文件acorrectedversion修改稿reducedprices阵低的价格apleasedlook壽兴的神情atroubledlook苦恼的interestedmembers感兴趣的会员adisappointedman失望的人agitatedvoice激动的步音anabandonedtemple废弃的寺庙finishedproducts成％confusedfeelings混杂的饶绪requiredcourse必修课(2)合成分词作定语合成现在分词或合成过去分词，本身有动状关糸或动宾关糸，通常由连字备连接，也有不用连字符•的，常作定语，柑当于形家词。例如：Iong-lastingeffects长运的影响along-runningdispute长期的争辩hard-workingpeople勤势的人民atime-consumingjob费肘间的工作quick-sellinggoods快速售出的商％oil-bearingcrops油料作物far-reachingeffects深远的影响hard-wearingmaterials时磨的布料never-endingcomplaints没完没了的抱怨aIong-playingrecord慢速唱片fine-soundingwords动听的言词close-fittingclothes紧身衣arecord-breakingflight总」扌己录的飞彳亍amoutlvwateringaroma诱人的香味hand-madegoods手工制％hal仁finishedgoods半成品awelldressedman穿着讲究的男子acandle-lightedroom蜡烛照亮的房问awell-advisedplan稳妥的计划well-definedpolicies朗确的政策aclear-cutanswer朗确的ahand-operatedpump手工襟作泵aself-employedpainter个体曷家asimply-furnishedhouse陈设简单的房屋badly-paidemployees低工资的雇员aIong-awaiteddictionary期待己久的词典apowerfullybuiltman身材魁梧的男子arichlydeservedhonour应得的柴誉superblycutclothes剪裁讲兗的衣服acautiouslywordedstatement措词谨慎tree-linedrailway两边有树的铁路的步朗aresearch-orientedhospital以搞科研为重asmooth-talkingyoungman油嘴滑舌的点的医院年轻人2.作表语1）情况A 分词作表语时，现農分词往往表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词往往表示主语的状态或新/世/圮/英/语/丛/书620第十三讲分词状况。例如：Themusicismuchpleasingtotheear•咅乐优美悦耳。Theyaresatisfiedwiththeirpresentjob.他们对现在的工作很满意。Hewassunkinthought•他陷入了沉思。He..sgone.他走了。（他不農这里了。）Youaremistaken•你错了。HeisdeeplyreadinAmericanliterature.他精通美国文学。Theelectricwireisbroken•亀线断了。1amconvincedofhishonesty.我相信他是减卖的。Hefeltassured.他感到有杞握。Itlooksdecayed.它看上去己经腐败了。Sheseemsunthinking.她似乎漫不经心。Heappearsforbidding.他好像令人生畏。Heremainedunsatisfied.他依然不满足。Shegrewtiredoflife.她对生话庆傩了。Herillnesscontinuedunchanged•她的病仍没有好转。Hebecamediscouraged.他世毛了。Thesituationprovesencouraging.形势是令人鼓舞的。Hegotpromoted.他得到了提拔。2）情况B分词和动右词却可以作表语，但分词作表语肘保持了它的形彖词特征.对主语加以描述，而动名词作表语时则表示一个行为动作。例如：Thegameisveryexciting.这场比赛■很紧张。（分词相多于形家词）Themostimportantthingisgivingthenewgenerationagoodtraining.最重要的是对下一代进行良好的教育。（动名词表示行为）3・作宾语补足语分词一般只在两类动词后作补语：感觉、感言动词和使役、致使动词。这种用法中的现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义.过去分词则表示己经完成的彼动意义。句子模式为： 感紅感觉、使役、使役、磁言动词+威骨动词+致使动词+致使动词+宾语+宾语+宾语+宾语+现在分词宾补f意义主动、正在进行过去分词宾补f意义被动（己经完成）现在分词宾补f意义主动、正在进行过去分词宾补f意义彼动（己经完成）1）感覺、感言动词后的分词宾补这类动词有see,observe,notice.watch,hear,smell.listento.lookat,feel,find等。如」攻。:Shesmeltsomethingburning•Listentothebirdssingingbeautifullyinthegarden•Shefeltagreatloadtakenoffhermind.Hewasveryhappytoseehismothertakengoodcareofathome.Heheardhisnamecalled.他听见有人叫他的名字。（仅表示菠动）Ifoundthecitygreatlychanged.我发现这座城市变化很大。Ifoundthosestudentsstudyingveryhard•我发现那些学生非常努力。Shesawthethiefcaughtbypolicemen.她看见那个小偷彼警案■報住了。1didru.tnoticeherleaving.我没注意到她富开。丸学英语语冻讲座与测试（第二版）621三、功能2）使役、致使等动词后的分词宾补这类动词有catch,set.have,make,get,start.leave,keep等。例如：Thejokesetthemalllaughing.Theteacheroftencaughthimdozingoffinclass•Herremarkleftmewonderingwhatshewasdrivingat.ShestillcouldnotmakeherselfunderstoodinEnglish.Hemanagedtogetitdoneontime.1havekeptyouwaitingalongtime.我使你久等了。Theycaughthimdoingevil•他们多场扭住他疫做坏事。Whatmakesonerespectedishisactions.使人受尊重的是其行为。（仅表示彼动）Hesenttheballflying.他把球扔了出去。Note:have表示“允许”对，后接现疫分词或不定式皆可。例如：1won..thaveyoudoingthatagain.Iwon..thaveyoudothatagain.我不许你再做那件事。（不加to）3）作宾语补足语的分词前可以加asShequotedLuXunassayingthat.Hedescribedthepictureasexpress!ngthedreamofmankind.Theyconsideredmeashavingdonemybest•Theresultsshowtheirlessonsashavingbeenwellprepared•4）作宾语补足语的分词如果表示正在发生的被动动作，前面要加beingShesawthewoundedmanbeingcarriedintothehospital.Hefoundhimselfbeingfollowedbyawolf.5）分词作宾补的几种特殊情况或意义⑴make后的宾语补语只能用过去分词，不能用现在分词。例如：Hecouldrutmakehimselfbelieved•Astatesmancanmakehisinflueneefeltthroughhisspeechandaction.Thewritermadehimselfknownbythenovel• （2）set后的宾语补语通常是现在分词，不用过去分词。例如：Hesettheclockgoing.Herwordssetmethinkingdeeply.Hisactionsetherwondering.比较：setsb•todosth.=makesb.dosth.。例攻。：Theteacherseteverystudenttowriteanessayof2.000words•Theteachermadeeverystudentwriteanessayof2.000words.G）下面彼动结构后，as引导的分词短语应视为主语补足语。Theaccidentwasreportedashavingbeencausedbycarelessness.Shewaspraisedasbeingmostresponsible.Thestorywastoldashavinghappenedlonglongago•Note：单个过去分词也可作主语补足语。例如：Thefirewasreportedcontrolled.Shewasseenangeredatthewords.6）感觉、感言动词后分词宾补和不定式宾补的区别这类动词后可以用分词作宾语，也可以用不带to的不走式作宾语，其区别是：分词宾补表腑/世/圮/英/语/丛/书622第十三讲分词示动作正在进行，商未完成.不是全过程，不定式宾补表示动作的完成，是全过程。另外、短暫性动词的分词作宾补表示动作的反复，而不定式则表示动作的一次性。比较：Shewokeandheardthewolfhowling.她醒来对听见了狼嚎.（Thewolfwashowling.）Shewasoverjoyedtohearyousaythat.听你说起那件事她很壽兴。（Yousaidthat.）Isawasoldiergettingonthetrain.（看见士兵在上火车）Isawasoldiergetonthetrainanddisappeared.（看见士兵姿上了火车，谄失了）Doyouheardoorbellringing?门铃在响你听见了吗？Yes,Idid,Ihearditringthreetimes.是的，我听见门铃响了三下。Sheheardthedoorslamming.她听见门在砰砰作响。（反复的动作）Sheheardthedoorslam.她听见门砰地一步关上了。（一次性动作，己完成）Note：有肘两种结构作宾补意义上没有什么差别。例如：Shenoticedhimleaving（或leave）thehall.她注意到他离开了丸厅。4.作状语分词作状语肘表示的动作是主语动作的一部分，与谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时或几乎同对发生的，有对先于谓语动词的动作发生。分词作状语一般均要用运号同其他成分隔开。分词可以作时问、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步等状语。例如：Defeated,theywithdrewintothevalley.（分词动作先发生）Lockedup,hehadnowaytoescape.（分词动作同对发生）1）作肘问状语肘相多于when引导的从句这类状语通常放石_句子前半部分，若两个动作同肘发生，可石.分词前用when或while表示强调。例如： Hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforShanghai.（Whentheyheardthenews,they••J听到这个消息.他们立即出发列上海去了。Seenfromthepagoda,thesouthfootofthePurpleMountainisaseaoftrees.从这个堆上远眺，紫全山南麓是树的海洋。Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.富开机％方肘他冷1向我冷1频频招手。Hecuthimselfwhileshaving.他刮胡子肘把脸刮破了。Shetrembledalittledoingso.她这样做对稍稍颤抖了一T。（=whiledoingso,省去while）Theoldladyfellgoingdownstairs•那住老太太下搂时跌倒了。（=whengoing、省去when）Note:Q）作肘问状语的分词短语也可放衣主语后或句尾，放在句尾对最强调。例如：Havingwrittenanimportantletter.Ilistenedtothemusicforawhile•Lhavingwrittenaninnportantletter,listenedtothemusicforawhile•（最不强彳周）Ilistenedtothemusicforawhile,havingwrittenanimportantletter.（最强调）写完一封重要的信之后，我听了一会儿音乐。②如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生，分词应放在句尾。例如：Heopenedthedoor,greetinghisguests.他打开门.迎接客人点1。Shesatdown,listeningtotheirtalk.她坐了下来.听他们淡话。③如果分词表示的动作丸发生，谓语动词动作紧接着就发生，分词短语应放在句看，不能放在句尾。例如：大学英语语法讲座与测试（第二版）623三、功能Theystoppedtalking,hearingastrangesound•（誤）Hearingastrangesound,theystoppedtalking.（正）听到一个奇怪的节音.他们就停止了谈话。Theysteppedaside,seeingacarcoming.（谖）Seeingacarcoming,theysteppedaside•（正）看见一辆车开了过来、他们就北列一边。2）ondoingsth.不同于indoingsth.介词on,in+现在分词也是常用的时间表示比，有些细微的差别。on+现在分词柑当于assoonas,强调瞬问的动作；in+现衣分词相多于when,while,强调的是连续缓慢的动作。比较：Onenteringtheroom,shefoundthemanlyingdeadonthefloor.（一走进••）Onreachingthetown,hewentdirectlytothehotel.（—到达••）Indoingtheworkhemetalotofdifficulties.（在做这项工作的过程中••）Intravellingthroughthecountry1sawmanynewnaturalfeatures.（在乡间赧行的过程中・•）3）作原因状语相当于as,since,because引导的从句这类状语多放在句子前半部分。例如：Beingalaymaninmattersofculture.Iwouldliketostudythem.（=AsIamalayman...）对于文化问题，我是门外汉，很想研克一下。Overcomewithsurprise,shewasunabletoutteraword•她惊呆了.一句话也说不出。TrustingashedidJoaruSamlentthemoneytoher•萨姆相信琼.把钱借给了她。（=AsSamtrustedinJoan…）BeingSunday,theshopsareovercrowded.（=ItbeingSunday=AsitwasSunday）Being spring,theflowersareinfullbloom.Therebeingnothingtodo.shewenthome.Thedoctor,notwantingtomakethepatientnervous,didnotexplaintheseriousnessofhisillness.AbitfTightened,hestoodmotionless.他有点害怕，一动不动地誌着。..考寨下面一个歧义句：Askedtostay.shecouldn..tverywellleave•=Whenshewasaskedtostay,shecouldn..tverywellleave.（时间状语）=Sinceshewasaskedtostay,shecouldn..tverywellleave.（原因状语）..考寨下面一句：.wedidnotgooutyesterday•AJtisaverycolddayB•DuetoaverycolddayC.BeingaverycolddayD.Owingtoaverycoldday（C项正确，为省去非人称it的独立分词结构）4）作方无或徉随情况状语时不能用状语从句暮换，但可以欢写成并列句Hewalkeddownthehill,singingsoftlytohimself.（=HewalkeddownthehillandsangsoftlytohimselfJ他从小丄上走下来.—路哼着曲儿。Hehurriedtothehall、followedbytwoguards.（=Hehurriedtothehallandwasfollowedbytwoguards.）他快步走向丸厅，身后跟着两个卫兵。Dressedinwhite,shesuddenlyappeared•Kneelingandshuttinghereyes.sheprayedtothegoddess.新/世/纪/英•/语/丛/书624第十三讲分词Starving、hewanderedabout.Bleedingandfainting,themanlaybytheroad.Theywereattable,chattingmerrily.Hecamerunningintotheroom•他跑进屋来。Don..tyougolookingfortrouble、Tom•汤姆，你不要去自找麻烦。Shestoodatthewindowwatchingthesunset.她秋在窗前看枚町。Acoldwindcameblowinginatthewindow.一阵冷风从窗o吹进来。Thefarmersarebusyhoeingcorn.农民们忙着在玉采地里锄草。Heturnedawaydisappointed•他失望地走开了。"l..tswonderful,Mshesaid,pleased.她壽兴地说“:那丈好了。”Hestoodbythedoor,lookingout•Theboyranhome,crying.Thechildrenwatchedthegame,fascinated.Note:A.T面几句中，分词同谓语动词互为伴随情况：Shesatsingingamerrysong.她坐着唱一看欢快的歌。Helayreadinganovel.他躺着锲一本小说。Theystoodwatchingthewavesrolling.他们站着看波涛翻涌。 5）作条件状语相多于if,unless等引导的从句常见的弓［导条件状语的分词有：given,supposed,supposing,considering,provided,granted,comparedwith等。这类状语要放疫句子的前半部分。例如：Turningtotheright,youwillfindapathleadingtohiscottage.（=Ifyouturntotheright,you...）向右转弯，你就可以找到一条通到他的别樂的小路。Givenanotherchance,I..11doitmuchbetter.（=IfIamgivenanotherchanee,丨…）如果再给我一次机会，我会干得JI好。Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.团结就是胜利，分裂必然夾败。6）作结果状语相当于sothat引导的从句这类状语通常放石_句子的后半部分，分词前面往往有到词thus,thereby或only,并有逸号同前面的句子成分隔开，常可译为“于是.所以.因而”等。这种分词的送辑主语既可以是句子的主语，也可以是前边的整个句子，逻辑主语为前边.的整个句子时，其作用相多于一个非限制性定语从句。例如：Theoldscientistdiedallofasudden,leavingtheprojectunfinished.那住老科学家突然去世了，翱下了未尽的事业。Heturnedoffthelamp,（thereby）seeingnothing.他熄了灯，什么&看不见了。Theoutputofsteelincreasedby15%lastyear,reaching30,000tons.Anumberofnewmachineswereintroducedfromabroad,thusresultinginanincreaseinproduction・（相当于whichresultedin...）7）作让步状语相当于though,even讦等引导的从句Wounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight.虽然受伤,那勇敢的战士仍然继续作战。Admittingwhatshehassaid,丨stillthinkthatshehasn..ttriedherbest.（=AlthoughIadmitwhatshehassaid...）尽管承认她所说的话，但我仿然认为她没有尽最大努力。Grantinghishonesty,westillcan..temployhim.就算他是减卖的，我们也不能雇用他。Note:表示让步或条件的分词短语要放志主语前，一般不可放在句尾。但前有连词时例外。见下丈。例如：大学英语语法讲座与测试X第二版）625三、功能Hewasstillunabletoearnenoughmoneytobuyacar,workinghardashedid.（谋）Workinghardashedid,hewasstillunabletoearnenoughmoneytobuyacar.（正）他虽然努力地干，但仍然挣不够买车的钱。Theboywillgetintotrouble,leftalone.（谋）Leftalone,theboywillgetintotrouble.（JE.）放任不•管，这男孩会惹麻烦的。8）作状语的分词短语前的连词⑴分词短语作状语时，有肘前面可用一个连词，表示强调，或出于表达需要.常用的决词有：when,while,after,before,if,though,whether...or,unless,asif等。例如：Aftertakingthemedicine,shefeltbetter.吃过药后，她感到好些了。Whethersleepingorwaking,hewasnotatease.不管睡着还是醒着，他心都不妥。Thesoldierwalkedveryslowlyasifhavingbeenwounded・那个士兵走得很慢，好像受了伤似的。Themanwilldieunlessoperatedatonee.除非立刻动手术，不然那人就会死了。 ..如果这些连词后的分词是being或含有being,则being常常省略。例如：When(being)alone,shewillthinkofthepast.—个人时，她会想到过去。While(being)atschool,hebegantowritethenovel.他在学校对就开始写这部小说了。Though(being)ill,hewouldnottakearest.虽然病了,他仍不愿休息。If(being)wellread,thebookwillgiveyoumuchtothink.如果细心读的话，这本书会给你许多值得思考的东西。Theydarenotwalkacrossthedesertunless(being)suppliedwithenoughfoodandwater.除非有足够的食杨和水，否则他们不敢步行穿过沙凑。Though(being)awealthyman,Johnisalwaysplain-dressed.虽然很富有，约输的穿着总是很简朴。Though(being)inherownroom,shestillfeltunsafe.虽然在自己的房问里，她仍然感到不妥全。Asif(being)frightened,thehorsesbegantorunlikemad.好像受了惊似的，马开始狂奔。Theman,asthough(being)deaddrunk,suddenlyjumpedupandrushedout・那人似乎烂醉如泥，但突然跳了起来•冲了出去。Note：①分词being+形家词、名词、介词短语.表示时问、原因、伴随情况等，可放在主语前(最自然)、主语后(较文毛)，也可放蛊句尾，这种用冻的being帝可省略。例如：(Being)Amanoffewwords.Jackismostkind-hearted•杰克是个沉默集言的人,但非常善良。John.(being)inabadmood,didnothingyesterday.约输情绪不好.昨天什么也没做。(Being)Alittlegirl,Maryknowsverylittleoftheworld•玛丽是个小女孩.对世事知之(Being)Anoptimist,hefaceseverythinglight-heartedly.他是个乐夭监无忧无虑地面对一切。新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书626第十三讲分词(Being)Wearyandworried.Jimsleptthewholeday.吉姆忧心忡忡•疲惫不堆，腫了一整夭。Jim.(being)wearyandworried,sleptthewholeday.Jimsleptthewholeday.(being)wearyandworried.Beingsick,hedidru.tattendtheclass.He,beingsick,didn..tattendtheclass.他病了、没有去上课。Thegirl,beingverytimid,keptawayfromthedog•Thegirlkeptawayfromthedog.beingverytimid.即女孩非常胆小.不敢靠近狗。Thegirlbeingverytimid.keptawayfromthedog.(娱.应用速号隔开)②考案下面几句中分词所表示的不同含义：Gaspingandexcited.Johnarousedsuspicion.=Becausehegaspedandwasexcited,Johnarousedsuspicion.(原因状语)Gaspingandexcited.Johnenteredtheroom. =Johngaspedandwasexcitedwhenheenteredtheroom.(徉随状语)Notseenbyanyone.Jimleftthehotel.=Jimwasnotseenbyanyonewhenheleftthehotel.(佯随情况)Notseenbyanyone.Jimstolethemoney.=Ashewasnotseenbyanyone.Jimstolethemoney.(原因状语)9)staringredrippinggood的舍义英语中有少数现蛊分词可用作副词，修饰形彖词，强调其程度或状态，相多于very,exceedingly等，意为“非常・极度”。这种用法的现在分词后有些可加・ly。例如：Theflagisstaringred.这面旗是鮮红的。Theyspentarippinggoodnight.他们度过了一个美好的夜娩。Themanhasashocking(thundering)badtemper.那人脾宅火爆。Thereareseveralboiling(burning.scorching,steaming,piping.scalding)hotdaysinsummerinNanjing•南京毎年夏夭都有几夭酷热的目子。Shecamehomesoaking(drenching.dripping.sopping)wet.她回到家对译身都湿透了。(可以说soakingly等)Thetroopsmarchedoninthepiercing(biting,freezing,perishing)cold.部队疫极度严喪中行进。Thenew-fallensnowisdazzlingwhite•刚下的•雪勺得罐眼。Themanisraging(raving)mad.那人怒不可遏。Heishoppingmad.他毛得跳起来。四、分词的良辑主语与分词独立结构1.分词作定语对的逻辑主语分词作定语肘.其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词。例如：aninterestingbook=abookthatinterestsitsreadersarollingstone=astonewhichrolls2.分词作状语时的送辑主语分词作状语时，農少数情况下，其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一玫，分词用来修饰全句。例如：Judgingfromappearance,heseemstobeastrongman.(=Ifwejudge…)从外表看大学英语语法讲座与测试（第二版）627四、分词的逻_辑主语与分词独立结构来，他好像是一个健壮的人。Generallyspeaking.thisnovelisnotveryinspiring.总的说来.这部小说并不丈感人。..上述.这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词，比如：broadlyspeaking大体上说，considering.talkingof谈到.puttingitmildly说得家宅一点.regarding（touching.respecting）theplan关于这个计划，indudingthemanagerhimself包枱经理本人.pendingthetrial在审彳他期问.excludingthecaptain不包括船长.barringaccidents若无意外，grantingthat即使.strictlyspeaking严格说来.comparativelyspeaking比较地说、roughlyspeaking粗略地说,calculatingroughly夬致算来.calculatingstrictly严格算来.takingallthingsintoconsideration从各方面来说.properlyspeaking正确地说等。3.一般情况下，作状语的分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语分词所表示的动作应该是句中主语所发出或所承受的动作。如果分词或分词短语所表示的动作不是句中主语所发出或所承受的，那就是镁用。弄请这一点，对于判浙分词结构的正谖很有帮助。试判斯：Turningaround.anoldwomanwasseenwalkingtowardstheriver.（誤）Turningaround.we sawanoldwomanwalkingtowardstheriver.（正）我们转过身.看见一住老人在向河边走去。..衣第一句中，分词短语turningaround的送辑主语显然不是句子的主语，即turningaround这个动作根据句意不可能是anoIdwoman发出的，因此用法不当。再比较：Seenfromthehilltop,hewasdelightedtoseeawonderlandofavalley.（误）Seenfromthehilltop,thevalleylookedlikeawonderland.（正）从山顶上看去，央谷宛若仏境。Whenusingthismachine,theinstructionsmustbereadfirst.（误）Whenusingthismachine.you（orwe）mu$treadtheinstructionsfirst.（正）使用机器之前务必丸看说朗书。..考察下面两句：FoundedinA1961andemployedBanestimated35.000people,theorganizationhasgainedcareputationforDbrutality.（B项有问題）WritingAinterse,lucidstyle,thebookdescribesBtheauthor..sCchildhoodexperiencesinLouisianajustbeforeDtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.（A项有问題）Note:在慕些情况下，如果句子的内家暗示出分词结构的逻辑主语，句子的主语同分词的逆辑主语可以并不完全一玫。但这种表现冻一般不宜模仿、使用，在测试中不应以此为标准。例如：Standingnearthecliff,herheartbeatfast.（herheart瞎示出主语She）Speakingtothekingforthefirsttime,hiskneesshook.（hisknees暗示出主语he）3.分词的独立结构分词作状语时.其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一玫.否则，分词应有自己的送辑主语.构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般住于句看，有肘也居句尾，表示伴随情况时，常居句尾。分词的独立结构由逻辑主语（名词、代词）+分词构成，可以表示肘问、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。在独立结构中，分词的逻辑主语可以是分词动作的埶行者，也可以是分词动作的承受者，可以是现旌.分词，也可以是过去分词，还可以是分词的完成式或彼动腑/世/圮/英/语/丛/书628第十三讲 分词式。1）逻辑主语+现在分词这种结构表示主动意义。例如：Marycomingback,theydiscussedittogether.玛南回来后，他们一起讨论了那件事。（肘问=WhenMarycameback...）Allbeingwell,theprojectwillbefinishedinfivemonths.一切顺利的话，这项工程将在5个月内完成。（条件=Ifalliswell）Weather（Time）permitting,weshallgothereonfoot.如果夭毛（对间）允许,我们将步行去那里。（条件=Ifweather（time）permits）Nobodyhavinganymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.没有人再要说什么，会议就结束了。（原因=Sincenobodyhadanymoretosay）Thatbeingthecase,we..dbettermakeanotherplan.情况既然如此、我们最好重新制定计划o（原因=Sincethatisthecase）Advicefailing,wehavetouseforce.劝说不成的话，我们就要使用武力。（条件=Ifadvicefails）Shewalkedalongthepath,herdaughterfollowingclosebehind.她沿着小路走，她的女儿紧跟在后而。（伴随情况=andherdaughterfollowedclosebehind）Shewateredtheflowers,herhusbandfeedingthebirds.她浇花，她丈夫囁乌。（伴随，惰况=andherhusbandfedthebirds）2）it辑主语+过去分词这种结构表示彼动意义。例如：Thisdone,theywenthome.这个做完后，他们就回家•了。（时问=Whenthiswasdone）Thetableset.theybegantodine.桌子摆好后，他们开始用餐。(肘间=Whenthetablewasset)Thatended,theywentouttodinner.那结束后，他们就出去吃饭了。(肘间=Whenthatwasended)Everything(/All)takenintoconsideration,hisplanseemstobemoreworkable.从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎JI可行。(条件=Ifeverything(all)isconsidered)Therearethirtyworkers,alltold.总共有30个工人。(条件=ifallistold)Healthandpersistencegiven,onecandogreatthings.有健廉的身体和顽强的毅力的话，一个人能做出伟大的事情。(条件=Ifhealthandpersistencearegiven=Givenhealthandpersistenee)Goodluckgiven,1willearnmoremoneythanallofyou.运毛好的话.我挣的钱上匕你们所有的人都会多o(条件=Ifgoodluckisgiven.=Givengoodluck)Hewaslyingonthegrass.hishandscrossedunderhishead•他躺在草地上.头枕双手。(方式.伴随寸青况=withhishandscrossedunderhishead)Hereturnedthreedayslater,hisfacecoveredwithmudandhisclothestornintopieces.他三夭后回来了，脸上诂满了污泥，衣服撕成了碎片。(徉随情况=andhisfacewascoveredwithmudandhisclothesweretornintopieces)3)114#主语+分词的完成式或分词的完成彼动式这种结构表示丸完成的主动意义或丸完成的菠动意义。例如：Themoonhavingrisen.theytookawalkinthefields•月亮升起后.他们在田野里散步。(M间=Whenthemoonhadrisen) 大学英语语冻讲座与测试(第二版)629四、分词的送辑主语与分词独立结构Theearthquakehavingdestroyedeverything、theybecamehomeless.地震毀坏了一切.他们无家可归。(原因=Becausetheearthquakehaddestroyedeverything)Somuchtimehavingbeenspent.theworkisonlyhalfdone•虽然花了这么多肘间.这项工作才做了一半。(让步=Thoughsomuchtimehasbeenspent)Somuchmoneyhavingbeenwasted,hewillbepunished.他会受到惩罚的，因为浪费了这么多(原因=Becausesomuchmoneyhasbeenwasted)3)there+being+其他成分这种结构多放在句首，也可放旌.句尾，其中的being不可省。例如：Therebeingnothingtodo.weplayedgames•没有什么可做.我们玩超了游戏。(=Becausetherewasnothingtodo)Therebeingnocauseforalarm,shewentbacktoherroom•没有什么意外情况、她就回到房间里去了。(=Becausetherewasnocauseforalarm)Theyclosedthestore,therebeingnocustomers•他们的应关了门，因为没有顾直。(=Becausetherewerenocustomers)Hestolethevase,therebeingnobodyaround.周围没有人.他就偷了那个花瓶。(Becausetherewasnobodyaround)4)可以省略being或havingbeen的结构在下面的结构中，分词beinghavingbeen可省略。逻辑主语+being+形彖词逻辑主语+being+訓词逻辑主语+being+名词逻辑主语4-being4-介词短语逆辑主语+being+过去分词逻辑主语+havingbeen+过去分词良辑主语+being+不走式Theoldmansatinthesofa,hisface(being)serious.老人坐在沙发里.面彖严肃。(形家词)Herushedintotheroom,hiseyes(being)aflame.他冲进房间.两眼通红。(形彖词)Shesatquietlybythewindow,hereyes(being)fulloftears.她彳伞彳伞地坐衣窗前，两艰脅着泪水。(形彖词短语)Thestorm(being)over,everythingwasinpeaceagain.暴庵雨过去了，一切又复归平静。(副词)Helayontheground,hisface(being)downwards•他脸朝下躺在地上。(到词)Lily(being)away,hefeltlonely.莉莉不在，他感到孤独。(副词)Therewere100entrantsforthecompetition,theyoungest(being)aboyof12.有100人参加这项克赛，年蛉最小的是个12岁的男孩。(名词)Shecameup.herhair(being)awrecko她走了过来.头发蓬.乱不堆。(名词)Hecamein.adictionary(being)inhishand.他走了进来，手里拿着一本词典。(介词短语)Hestoodondeck,pipe(being)inmouth•他誌在甲扱上.喘里叼着烟斗。(介词短语)This(being)done,helefttheroom.这事做完后，他富开了房间。(过去分词)Thefirstquestion(being)answered.heheavedasighofrelief•第一个问题回答后、他宽慰地舒了一口毛。(过去分词)新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书 630第十三讲分词Thethief（havingbeen）caught,theyfeltrelieved.小倫荻住了，他们感到宽慰。（过去分词）Everything（havingbeen）tried,theywerestillunabletofindasolution.尽管一切都试过，他们仍然找不到解决问題的办法。（过去分词）Theydecidedtobuyacar,Mike（being）topayhalfthemoney.他们决定买一部车，逆充付一半的钱。（不定式主动式）Weplanted500treestoday,therest（being）tobeplantedtomorrow.我们今夭植了500榇树，其余的树朗夭我植。（不定式彼动式）..有肘候，用being还是havingbeen,意义上稍有差别。比较：Thesignalbeinggiven,thetrainstarted.（肘间上接得很紧）Thesignalhavingbeengiven,thetrainstarted.（肘间上有问隔）Thesignalgiven,thetrainstarted.信号发出后，火车就开动了。Herarmbeingbadlyhurt,shehadtogotothedoctor.（强调现在的情况）Herarmhavingbeenbadlyhurt,shehadtogotothedoctor.（强调伤在过去）Herarmbadlyhurt,shehadtogotothedoctor.她的臂膀伤得厉窖，不得不去看隹生。Note:独立结构中的逻辑主语前有肘可以加with或without.作佯随状语或定语■这种结构中除用分词外，还可以用不定式、形彖词、介词短语、副词或名词等。比较：with（without）+逻辑主语+现在分词-＞主动意义（正虚进行或发生）with（without）+逻.辑主语+过去分词-►彼动意义（己经完成）Withoutawordmorespoken,shelefttheroom.她没再说一句话就富开了房间。Withnightcomingon,theywenthome•夜幕阵临了.他们就回家了。Pictureabroadwhitesandybeachwithbrightbluewavescrashingit.andahotsunoverhead■Withthefirstpointagreedon,theyturnedtheirnegotiationtoanother.Shestartedonthejourneywithoutanyoneaccompanyingher.Hesatatdeskwiththemoonpeepingthroughthewindow•Sheisnowabegger.withallherfortunegone•Helefthome,withoutasinglewordsaid.1watchedthemanclimbingthesteeprock,withmyheartbeatingfast•Hediedwithhisdreamunfulfilled.Shetoldmethewholestorywitheyesred•Withthesunup.theycontinuedtheirjourney•Hecouldn.・tsleepwell、withherindanger.Withalotofworktodo,hedecidedtodelayhisvacation.Withalltheworkonhand、heshouldn..thavegonetothecinemalastnight.五、分词的肘态意义与动词不定式和动名词一样，分词的肘态意义从厲于句中谓语动词的肘态。若分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生（几乎同肘发生），或表示正在发生.用现在分词的一般式。若分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语所表示的动作之前，就要用分词的完成式，或用过去分词（当分词作定语时）。另外，表示两个动作同肘发生肘，也可用when（while）+分词结构。例如： Arrivingatthestation,hefoundthetrainhadleft.列达车秋肘，他发现火车己经开了。大学英语语法讲座与测试X第二版）6引七、aKnowingsmile会心的微笑和acharMinggirl迷人的少女现在分词还是形家词（动作几乎同M）StudentssittinginthisclassroomarehavingEnglishcontest.坐在这问教室里的学生正在进行英语兗癱。（动作同肘发生）Themanplantingtreesinfrontofthebuildingisourdean.在大搂前而杭树的那个人是我们的糸主任。（动作正在进行）Nothavingtriedhisbest,hefailedintheexam.由于没有尽最丸努力，他这次考试没能通过。（分词动作農先）Havingbeenbeatenseriously,theenemyretreated.敘人受到重创后撤退了。（分词动作在丸）Havingdressedmyself1wenttotheoffice•我穿好了衣服就去了办公室。（分词动作在先）Havingbeenwritteninhaste,theessaywasnotworthreading.这篇丈章是急就的.不值得鉄。（分词动作在先）Havingbeenmarriedsixtyyears、theystillloveeachotherpassionately.他们结婚己60年了，仍然炽爱如初。（分词动作衣先）Theideaputforwardarousedgreatinterestamongus•（不说Theideahavingbeenputforward...）所提出的意见在我们多中引起了很大的兴趣。（分词动作在先）Don..ttalkwhileeating.吃饭时不要讲话。（同肘发生）Whenleaving,shewavedtoeveryoneofus.六、分词的菠动语态形式如果分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用分词的彼动式。一般彼动式表示正在进行的动作，完成彼动式则强调分词所表示的动作先发生。例如：Thequestionsbeingdiscussedareofgreatimportance.正在讨论的问題非常重要。（分词动作在进行）Inthosedaystheyoftenwenttothewharftowatchtheshipsbeingloadedandunloaded.在那些EJ子里，他们常到码头去，看轮駅裝货、卸货。Havingbeenwarnedabouttyphoon.thefishmensailedforthenearestharbour.听列台风警报，渔民们便驾船向最近的港口驶去。（分词动作丸完成）比较：1neverheardhimspeakillofothers.我从未听到他说别人的坏话。（主动）1neverheardhimspokenillof.我从未听到过别人说他的坏话。（菠动）Note：多句中谓语动词所表示的动作和现在分词所表示的动作在对间上不一玫对，不能用现在分词一般式。参闻上文。例如：Whoisthepersonbreakingtheglass?（谋）Whoisthepersonthatbroketheglass?（正） Finishinghiswork,hewentouttoplay.（误）Havingfinishedhiswork.hewentouttoplay.（正）七、aknowingsmile会心的微笑和acharminggirl迷人的少女现在分词还是形彖词..有些现扈分词亦长期使用过程中，己具有了形彖词的主要特征，如可以由副词very或too修饰，可以有比较级等，也具有与形家词相同的句法功能。这类分词卖际上己转化为形家词。常见的有：新/世/纪/美/语/丛/书632第十三讲分词exciting、boring.amusing,charming.annoying,comforting,confusing.disappointing、discouraging,disturbing.vexing,embarrassing.fascimating,inv计ing、missing,mislead!ng.obliging,pleasing,pressing.puzzling,promising、refreshing,shocking.striking,surprising,comforting,amazing.appealing吸引人的.convincing使人信朋L的.encouraging.lasting持久的.crushing沉重的,disgusting令人讨庆的.entertaining引人入胜的.overwhelming压倒的.perplexing令人困就的.questioning.tempting诱人的、等。例如：Heisaverypromisingstudent•他是一个很有前途的学生。ThisisthemostboringfilmIhaveeverseen.这是我所看过的最乏味的削影。..同样，有些过去分词也己经完全形家词化了，可以用very或too修饰(多然亦可用much或verymuch修饰)，可以用于比较结构，具有形家词的主要语法特征。常见的有：worried,unoccupied,undressed,unclassified.satisfied,interested,excited,disappointed,balanced,amused.civilized,embarrassed,hurried,reserved,undecided,unfinished,unsettled.unprepared,unexpected,tired,relaxed,pleased,frighteneckeducated,celebrated,amazed,alarmed,contented,divided有分吱的，fascinated,offended.surprised,uncooked,occupied.shocked,exhausted,distinguished,bored,noted,hurt.specialized专门的.lined有K纹的.disturbed,blessed有福的.advanced,cursed,aged,conceited自负的.crooked,limited,pronounced朗显的,learned博学的,astonished,confused混乱的，annoyed苦恼的，crowded.depressed颓表的.devoted忠卖的，discouraged沮丧的.encouraged受鼓舞的，experienced有经验的＞fixed固定的.troubled烦恼的.determined坚决的.puzzled迷此的,touched感伤的，ashamed,defeated垂头表毛的,disgusted讨庆的,delighted壽兴的，等。Sheisvery(much.verymuch)delightedtoseeyou.Shewasmoreboredthananyoneelseintheclass...而有些现在分词仍具有动词性质.商未形彖词化，不可为very或too修饰，不可用于比较。可averycharminggirl.但不可说averyknowingsmile。下列都是未形彖词化的现在分词：anaccusingfinger非难人的手指welcomingspeeches欢迎辞abarkingdog吠大ashiningexample光舞的榜样aforbiddinglook严峻的神acrushingblow沉重的一击aleadingfigure领导人iharollinglog不断变换职业的人guidingprinciples指导原slimmingmedicine减肥药比较：varyingcolours各不相同的颜色 variouscolours各种不同的颜色differingideas互不相同的思想differentideas各种不同的思想八、go+现衣分词结构1.go+表示娱乐或运动的现農分词go后面可以跟表示娱乐活动或运动的动词的现在分词作状语，己构成一些固定燃配。在芷些情况下，也可用come,sit等+现在分词结构表示目的或方式。例如：gofishing去钓鱼goboating(rowing)划船去godancing去跳舞gocamping去野營gohunting去打＜goriding去骑马gosailing去航海gopicnicking去野餐丸学英语语弘讲座与测试（第二版）633九.Lookingupatthesky..themoonshonebrightAndclear之誤看分词等的悬垂结构goshooting去射击goskiing去滑雷gosight-seeing去游览goswimming去游冰gowalking去散步gomountain-climbing去爬丄goplaying去玩gowading去跋涉gobaseballing去打gosporting去运动gorabbiting去打兔子goshopping去买东西gosledging乘雷橇去gohiking法步蔽行goblackberrying采草莓去gonutting采坚果去gopeople-watching去看热闹godrinking喝酒gorambling/更游goshrimping去捕坏gobathing冼涤去gogolfing打壽余夫球去govacationing蔽行去comesinging唱着来comecrying哭着comerunning跑着来comeshouting喊着comehurrying赶着来standgazing北着注＜sitlisteningto坐着听liereading躺着standtalking誌着淡liethinking躺着想sitwatching坐着看gocollect!ngbirds..egg$去收集乌妥sitreading坐着读standwaiting誌着等comeupquarreling吵着走过来gojob-hunting去找工作gowater-skiing去滑水gosurf-riding去冲gohorse-riding去骑马gomushroom-collecting去采廃菇gowhale・hunting去捕鲸gofowling去gowhaling去捕鲸Theywentskatingyesterday•Theshipcamesailingintotheport.Torrentsofwatercamerushingdownthevalley.Acoldwindcameblowingfromthenorth.2.go+eer结尾动词的现在分词（这类动词常含贬义） goracketeering敲诈勒索gosloganeering传播口号goprofiteering进行技机涪动gopamphleteering编写或出版小册子Hehasgoneelectioneering.他进行克选话动。（拉选票）Theywentblack-marketeering•他们做黑市交易。2.go+teach,farm,soldier.nurse,beg.bricklay等的现在分词.表示禁科职业Shewentteachinginheryouth.她年轻肘教过书。4.go+boast,eat,say等的现志分词，表示禁种令人不快的事Don..tgosayingthat!别提那件（令人不快的）事！Nevergoboastingaboutyoursuccess・Don..tgolookingfortrouble,Tom.九、从Lookingupatthesky,themoonshonebrightandclear之镁看分词等的悬垂结构我们知道，分词短语相当于状语从句，其逻辑主语通帝就是主句的主语。例如：新/世/圮/英/语/丛/书634第十三讲分词Lookingupatthesky,shesawthemoonshiningbrightandclear.上例中主句的主语是she,因此，Lookingupatthesky=Asshelookedupatthesky.可见，这个分词短语的逻辑主语是主句的主语she。如果分词短语的逻斩主语不是主句的主语，这样的分词短语就是悬垂结构（独立结构及generallyspeaking等除外）。例如：Lookingupatthesky,themoonshonebrightandclear.显然，主句的主语themoon不可能是分词短语Lookingupatthesky的逻辑主语，故该分词短语&就悬垂无俅着了。悬垂结构是应该加以避免的病句，归纳起.来，可分为下面几类，并参闻第二十五讲。1.悬垂玫病的分词结构Walkingalongthelake,thecountryseenerypresentedalovelyshow.Sittingatthewindow,aflockofbirdsflewacrossthesky.上两句中‘walking和sitting的逻辑主语都不可能是thecountryscenery和aflockofbirds,可用两种方法加以改.正：⑴把分词短语犷畏成状语从句，主句结构不变。例如：Asshewaswalkingalongthelake,thecountryscenerypresentedalovelyshow.Ashewassittingatthewindow,aflockofbirdsflewacrossthesky.（2）保密分词短语.改变主句的主语，使之能成为分词短语的逻辑主语、并作其他相应变化。例如：Walkingalongthelake,heenjoyedalovelyshowofthecountryseenery.Sittingatthewindow,hesawaflockofbirdsflyacrossthesky.2.悬垂致病的动名词结构动名词同介词构成动名词短语，其送辑主语也是主句的主语。例如：Bybuildingarailwaythere,coalcanbecarriedoutfromthemountains.Fromattendingtheclass,theprinciplesofphysicsweremadeclear.主语coal不可能建逾一个铁路，故不能充当build的主语：庄情理上，句子主语theprinciples ofphysics是不能attending的主语的。及.正悬垂动名词有两个方法：一是及.变句子结构，使句子主语能成为动名词的逻辑主语，二是往动名词前加上代词或名词的属格，使动名词有自己的逻辑主语。上面两句可改写为：Bybuildingarailwaythere,peoplecancarrycoaloutfromthemountains.Byourbuildingarailwaythere,peoplecancarrycoalfromthemountains.Fromattendingtheclass,wemadecleartheprinciplesofphysics.Fromourattendingtheclass,theprinciplesofphysicsweremadeclear.3.悬垂玫病的不定无结构不定式短语常放在句首、作目的状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就为病句。例如：TospeakEnglishwell,alotofpracticeisneeded.Toadmitfreshair,thewindowswereallwideopen...alotofpractice疫逻辑上不能成tospeakEnglish的主语、同样thewindows也不会有目的地toadmitfreshairo可通过语态等的变化避免这类悬垂病句。上面两句可改为：TospeakEnglishwell■weneed（oneneeds）alotofpractice.Toadmitfreshair,heopenedallthewindows.4.悬垂致病的从句结构如果时问、条件等状语从句的主语不是主句的主语或宾语，从句的主语和相关的动词不大学英语语法讲座与测试（第二版）635扎、Lookingupatthesky..themoonshonebrightAndclear之誤看分词等的悬垂结构可省略，否则就荡然无着.句意不合情理。例如：Whilereadingthebook,thedoorbellrang.Thoughtroubledbyheavyfamilycares,theworkwasdoneaswellasever...readingthebook的主语显然不能是thedoorbell,而work也不会troubled.可以改变■王句的主语或给从句补上适多的主谓结构。上面两句可改为：Whileshewasreadingthebook.thedoorbellrang.Whilereadingthebook,sheheardthedoorbellring.Thoughhewastroubledbyheavyfamilycares,theworkwasdoneaswellasever•Thoughtroubledbyheavyfamilycares.hedidtheworkaswellasever.5.悬垂但不敷病的分词及分词短语有些单个分词或分词短语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语，但己成为习惯用语或词性上己转化为别类词（如介词），彼认为是正确用法，主要有T面几种情况。1）单个现志分词（己转化为介词）这类词有：regarding关于.concerning关于.considering关于.respecting关于.touching关于，including包括.counting包括.bar"ng除了，following在后.beginning从••开始,wanting没有（缺）,failing没有,pending衣...之前（直到）,notwithstanding尽管，excepting除了，等。Iknownothingregardingthepresentsituation•我对目前的形势一无所知。Touchingherwealth.Ihavenothingtosay.关于她的财富.我没有什么可说。 Theywereallsavedexceptingthecaptain.大家都得救了，只有船长遇.难。Therearetenapplicants.countingBill.包括比余，有10个申请人。Wantingpatience,onewon..tsucceed.没有育扌心“就不能成功。（=without）Failingwater,fishcan^tlive•没有水•鱼儿不能话。（=without）Shestayedherethreemonthswantingoneday•她在这里呆了差一夭不到三个月。Theyhadtostayinthesecretcavependingnightfall.在天黑前，他们必须呆在那个秘密的洞夬里。ThenewregulationswereeffectivebegirrningOctober1.新制度勺10月1目执行。Note：supposing—词可作分词，后跟单词作宾语；也可作连词，后跟句子，应为supposingthat...表示“万一”,that常省略。比较：Supposingherunwilling,whatthen?如果她不愿意，那怠么办？（分词）Supposingthepricetobelow.willyoubuyit?假如价格低的话、你会买吗？（分词）Supposing（that）somethingshouldgowrong,whatwouldyoudothen?假攻。出了什么问题，你准备怎么对付？（连词=suppose）Supposing（that）shecan..tcome,whowilldothework?如果她不能来，谁做这项工作？（=suppose）2）分词短语这类分词有些是及扬动词，有些是不及肠动词，为固定说法，有些己转化为介词短语。这类短语有:accordingto根据.judgingfrom从••判断.talkingof淡到.allowingfor考虑到.owingto由于.comingto论及（说到）■gettingbackto回到.notexcepting包括.leaving…ononeside抛开••不谈、takingallthingstogether通盘考虑.takingallthingsintoconsideration全盘考虑.settingaside除开.viewingitfromthispoint从这一点来讲.等。AccordingtoanEnglishproverb,heknowsbestwhatgoodisthathasenduredevil.<新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书636第十三讲分词据一则英语谚语，吃得苦中苦，方知何为甜。Theprojectwilltakeabouteightmonths,allowingfordelayscausedbytherainyseason・考虑到雨季的耽誤，这项工程大约需要8个月。Comingtopolitics,heisalaymano淡列政5台.他是个门外汉。Talkingofthisfilm,it..swonderful.说到这部电影,好极了。Viewingitfromthisstandpoint.theregulationshouldnotbeabolished.从这方面去看.这项规定不应该废除。Settingasidetheprice,themachinehassomeotherdeficiencies•抛开价格不谈■这台机甕还有一些别的缺陷。Everyonehelped,not（或without）exceptingKate.犬家都帮了-fr.凯2寺也不密!1夕卜。3）刮词+speaking这类分词短语：generallyspeaking卷地来说、franklyspeaking坦率地说,roughlyspeaking粗略地说.honestlyspeaking诚卖地说.properlyspeaking严格地说.strictlyspeaking严格地说.politicallyspeaking从政涪方面说.geographicallyspeaking从地理上biologicallyspeaking从生賜学角度说,theoreticallyspeaking从理论上讲。Franklyspeaking,thecarisnotworthbuying.坦率地说，这部车不值得买。 Strictlyspeaking,thisessayneedsrevising•严格地说,这篇丈章需要修改。Politicallyspeaking5heisnotsensible•从政治角度说,他不朗智。4.悬垂但不敷病的从句结构如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语或宾语相同.则可将从句的主语及相关的动词（尤其是be动词)省略.这种结构似乎悬垂.但都是合乎逻辑的正确句子。考案下列各种情况。1)when.while时问从句Heenjoyedswimmingwhenayoungman.(hewas)Afortressismostvulnerablewhenattackedfromwithin.(itis)Hefoundthiskindoftreewhileonanexpeditiontotherainforest.(hewas)2)where,wherever地点从句Theriverissmoothwheredeep•(itis)静水深流。Planttreeswhereverpossible•(itis)3)though,although,evenif.however>whether,while让步从句Althoughinhisteens,hehasalreadymadesomediscoveries.(heis)Oneshouldnotboastaboutone..sachievements,howevergreat.(theymaybe)(they指主句的宾语achievements,坎也可省略)4)since原因从句Thatisauseless.sinceimpossible,proposal.(itis)Hehas,sinceafamousscientist.greatinfluenceonthepublic.(heis)5)till,until对间从句Shedidnotcareaboutittilltoolate•(itwas)Don..tsayanythinguntilasked.(youare)6)as.than比较从句Aliceismoreshythanunsocial.(sheis)Sheishealthierthanever.(shehas...been)Hisdeepthinkingcanbemoreeasilyconceivedthandescribed•(itcanbeeasily)7)as.asif、asthough方式从句大学英语语法讲座与测试X第二版)637测试练习f十三JShewrotethepaperasrequested•(shewas)Thehillasseenfromherecommandsafineview.(itis)Thewoundedsoldiermovedhislipsasiftosaysomething.(heweregoingto)8)讦、unless条件从句Heisfifty,ifaday.(=Ifheisadayold)Wehavecovered200miles,ifayard•(=讦wehavecomeayard)Comeatfive,ifnotearlier•(=ifyoucan..tcomeearlier)Nevergiveadviceunlessasked.(=unlessyouareasked)..考察下面两句：WhiletryingAtobuild BatunnelthroughctheBlueRidgeMountains,coalwasdiscoveredDattheconstructionsite.(A项有问题)Writteningreathaste…A•HarrymadealotofmistakesinthepaperB•thereareplentyoferrorsinthepaperC・wefoundsomemistakesinthepaperD.thebookisfulloferrors（D项正确）7.grantedthat结构有些由“分词+that”构成的短语可引导从句，表示原因、让步、条件等、为正确用法。这类短语有：consideringthat（因为.考虑到=since）.seeingthat（因为.既然=since）,notwithstandingthat（尽管=though）.admitting（allowing,assuming,granting）that（即使，尽管=although）•grantedthat（即使=evenif）.providedthat（如果.只要=onconditionthat）,等。Theystartedtheirtripnotwithstandingthatitrainedheavily.尽管天下了丸雨.他们还是动身去赧行了。（让步）Heknowsmuchoftheworldseeingthatheisonlytwelveyearsold.他对人生世事知道得相当多了，因为他才12岁。（原因）Admittingthatshehasmadeamistake,youshouldforgiveher•即使她力己了错誤.你也应原谅她。（让步）Grantedthatheisdrunk,thatisnoexcuse.即使他醉酒了，即也不是借口。（让步）Providedthatoneisdiligentandpatient.onecanachievesomething.一个人只要勤冬有耐心，就能干成一番事业。（条件）测试练习（十三）一、选择填•空1.Janewasscoldedbythedirectorbecausehelefttheofficewiththedoor.A•unlockingB.notbeinglockedC.unlockedD.notlocking2•inancienttimes,thebookstillappealstoreaderstoday•A•ThoughitwrittenB.ThoughwrittenC.ItwaswrittenD•Writtenitwas3.1sawalotofchildrenplayinginthegarden,mostofthemgirls.A•areB.wereC.beingD.havebeen4•Afterawholeday..$heavywork.theoldworkerreturnedhome.新/世/圮/英/语/丛/书638第十三讲分词A•hungryandfeltexhaustingB•hungerandexhaustedC•hungryandexhaustedD•hungryandhavingbeenexhausted 1•Theoldwritercouldnotsleepatnight.hiswrongsandsorrowshimnopeace.A.gaveB.havegivenC.beinggivenD.giving2•Televisionhasbecomeamajorinstrumentofcommunication、ustoseeaswellastohearallkindsofprogrammes•A•topermitB.permittedC.beingpermittingD.permitting7•Thedecision,whatistobedonenowishowtocarryitout.A.beenmadeB•hasbeenmadeC•havingbeenmadeD.havingbeenmaking8•Somepeoplearesittingonthegrass;othersarestrollingalongthelakeside…A.chattingandtolaughB.tochatandtolaughC•chattingandlaughingD.chattingandlaughed9•Iwasoverjoyedatthenewsofmyhometownsomuchprogress•A•tomakeB.tohavemadeC.madeD•havingmade10•Electricalresistaneeisacommonpropertyofallmaterials…A•onlydiffersindegreeB.onlyindegreeitdiffersC•differingonlyindegreeD.anddifferingindegreeonly11•Thatthebrain,onceoxygerudieshasbeenproved•A•deprivingofB.deprivedC.beingdeprivedD.deprivedof12•TheRedCrosshelpforrefugees■overtwomilliondollarshavebeenraised.A.appealsforB.appealstoC•hasbeenappealingforD.appealingfor13…themountainlookslikeanelephant.A.HavingseenfromadistaneeB•HavingbeenseenfromadistaneeC•SeeingfromadistaneeD.Seenfromadistanee14•Thestudentsareforbidden,unlesstheyhadspecialpasses,after11p.m..A•stayingoutB•fromstayingoutC•stayoutD.tostayout15•Sheis40,butIthinkshecould25withoutmuchtrouble.A•bepassedforB•havebeenpassedforC•passforD.bepassingfor16•Shehadsaidli廿lesofar.respondingonlybrieflywhen.A•speakingB.spokentoC.spokenD.speakingto17…HongKongactsasagatewayintoandoutofTaiwan•A.strategicallylocatedB.ItislocatedstrategicallyC•WherestrategicallylocatedD.Becauselocatedstrategically18.Inthe1850..sHarrietBeecherStow..suUncleTom..sCabinnbecamethebestsellerofthegeneration.ahostofimitators•A•inspiringB.inspiredC.inspiredbyD•toinspire19.thefinancialmeanstoremainindependent.ThamasEdisonwascompelledtoseekemploymentasanighttelegraphoperator.A•HewasdeprivedofB•DeprivedofC•ThathewasdeprivedofD.Althoughhewasdeprivedof 大学英语语法讲座与测试X第二版）639测试练习f十三J20•WeweregreatlyencouragedbythenewsofChinaanotherman-madesatellite•A•tohavelaunchedB•tolaunchC.launchedD•havinglaunched21•Themanthismorningwasmycousin•A•comingB.whocameC•havingcomeD•tocome二、辨认错誤1.HarvardCollegeisAoneofthefirstinstitutionsBofhigherlearningctobeestablishedDinthecolonies•2.Since1975.theeconomyhasbeengrowingAsteadilyBandtodaythecountryranksbeingconeoftheworld..smostrapidlydevelopingDnations•3.BecausethefarmsofEuropeproduceAlessfoodBthanthepeoplecneed,someproductsmustbetobringDfromotherlands•4.NevertohavebeenAveryfondofcards,BImadesomeexcuse candwentoutDforawalkinthegarden•1.BotheringofAtheheavytrafficalonginterstatehighways,Bsometravellerspreferthemorectranquilroutesofolder,two-laneDroads•2.ThroughouthistoryAthemosquitohasbeennotonlyanuisancebutakiller,Bcarriedcsomeofthedeadliestdiseasesknowntoman.D3.Everyday,atleasteightAmericanschoketodeathAwhenfoodorotherobjectsBbecomelodgingCintheirthroats.D4.HavingateAlunch,thethreeboysgotonBtheirbikesandbeganaC50-miletripthroughthefoothills.D5.AftertheaccidenthelayAinbedforBsixweekshavingwaited Cforhisankletoheal.D1.Thesenator..$legislativerecordwastooliberalAforpleasingBhisconstituents;moreovertheycdidnotlikehischoiceofDtherunningmate.2.TheshorepatrolhasfoundAthebodyofamanwhomBtheybelievetobecthemissedD新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书640第十三讲分词marinebiologist.3.ThefirstobjectwhichcatchesAoureyesBaswegointotheroomisalargeframedcpicturehangDonthewall.4.Americantelecommunicationssystems.AincludeBtelephone,telegraphandradiocommunications, careprivatelyfinanced,Downedandoperated.1.AccordingtounconfirmAreports,troopsinvolvedBintheconflictcrunintoD45,000.2.TheregulationrequiresthateveryonetoholdAanon-immigrantvisareportBhisCaddresstoDthefederalgovernmentinJanuaryofeachyear.