牛津初中英语语法网络图 29页

牛津初中英语语法网络图一・名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，可数名词团体.机构名称个体名词集体名词不可数名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加・s或・es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-daysclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches，dish-dishes广k丄leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,|、|£十£心曰变・f和・fe为v再加・es...一般情况在词尾加・s_以s,X,ch,sh结尾的名词后加・es以-f或-fe结尾wife-wives勺词斗belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,加-sgulf-gulfs以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为iilIparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,-escity-cities以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专冇名词toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,以y结尾的，加・s一般加以辅咅字母加结尾的名词不少外来词加・s两者皆可以元音字母加结尾的名词加・s以・th结尾的名词加・sHenry-Henryshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoespiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-soloszero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanosradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoostruthmouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式单复数相同只有复数形式-些集体名词总是用作复数例词man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-micesheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contentspeople,police,cattle,staff部分集体名词既可以作单数（整休）也audience^cbss，family,crowdcouple,group, 可以作复数（成尸］）committee,government,population,crew,team,public,、enemy,party 复数形式表示特别含义加・s表示“某国人"customs（海关）,forces（军队）,times（时代）,spirits（情绪）,drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸）,manners（礼貌）,looks（夕卜表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,mins（废墟）Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,EuropeansSwiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese单复数同形以・man或-woman结尾的改为Englishmen,Frenchwomen-men,-women合成名词sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词吋将最后一部分变u.为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数将主体名词变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加"S构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。theboy5sfather,Jack，sbook,herson-in-law"sphoto,theteachers9room,thetwins9mother,thechildren"stoys,women"srights,Dickens9novels,Charles^job,theSmiths9houseJapan"sandAmericansproblems,JanetandMary"sbikes1."S所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加I篦数么词一般在末尾加，JapanandAmerica^problems,JaneandMary"sfather良釵也冋不规则复数名词后加"S以S结尾的人名所有格加I或者’表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加y表水共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加‘S表示”某人家””店铺”，所有格后名小I,口”5々thedoctors,thebarbers,thetailors,myuncles冋右卅综2「s所冇格的用法:表示时间表示自然现象表示国家城市等地方的名词表示工作群体表示度量衡及价值与人类活动有特殊关系的名词某些固定词组today，snewspaper,fiveweeksholidaytheearth^satmosphere,thetree"sbranchesthecountry，splan,theworld"spopulation,China"sindustrytheship"screw,majority"sview,theteam"svictoryamile"sjourney,fivedollarsof所有格的用法：用于无生命的东曲:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheoppressedworthofapplesthelife"stime,theplay"splotabird"seyeview,astone，sthrow,atone"swifsend（不知所措） 二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。指一类人或事，相当于akindof第一次提及某人某物，非特指表示“每一”相当丁every,one表示“相同"湘当丰theI.不定冠词的用法：Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Aboyiswaitingforyou.Westudyeighthoursaday.Wearenearlyofanage・12same34用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout名人有类似性质的人或事ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahuny,haveawalk,manyatime用于quite,rather,many,half,what,•.,..、亠匕Thisroomisratherabigone.such乙后&8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.4567表示某一类人或物用于世上独一无二的事物名词前表示说话双方都了解的或上文捉到过的人或事用于乐器前面用于形容词和分词前表示一类人表示“一家人"或“夫妇”用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Thehorseisausefulanimal,theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOceanWouldyoumindopeningthedoor?playtheviolin,playtheguitarthereach,theliving,thewoundedtheGreens,theWangsHeisthetallerofthetwochildren.91011用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,名词前theFrench用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.在逢十的复数数词Z前，指世纪的某个年代inthe19901用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间口KK亠Hepattedmeontheshoulder.的词组刖FIIL零冠词的用法:345678专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名卫前名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前与by连用表示交通工具的名词前以and连接的两个和对的名词并用时表示泛指的复数名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,airIwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?March,Sunday,NationalDay,springLincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.Helikesplayingfootball/chess.bytrain,byair,bylandhusbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnightHorsesareusefulanimals. 三.代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称主格代词宾格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,theyme,you,him,her,it,us,you,them物主形容词性my，your,his,her,its,our,their代词名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词5疑问代词6关系代词this,that,these,those,such,somewho,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whateverthat,which,who,whom,whose,asone/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a7不定代词few/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherIL不定代词用法注意点：1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为onesosome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,1don"thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?1.each和every:each强调个別，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.2.none和no：no等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.3.other和another:1)other泛指"另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个，复数为theothers。如： Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.2)another指“又一个,另一个”无所指，复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事"如：Idon"tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.1.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可数名词吋，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四.形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置:修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等nobodyabsent,everything构成的复合不定代词时possiblelil-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或thebestbookavailable,theonlyonly修饰的名词之后solutionpossible3456alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词allbothsuch冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格theathisanotheryour序数苴務鬥性质词基数诃状态大小长短形状,beautifullargesecondone,〔「goodshortnextfourpoorsquare3）复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+ed形容词+形容词形容词+现在分kind-hearteddark-blueordinary-looking新旧温度newcool颜色blackyellow名词+形容词名词+现在分词名词+过去分词国籍产地材料质地ChineseLondonsilkstoneworld-famouspeace-lovingsnow-covered 词4副词+现在分词hard-working5副词+过去分词newly-built9数词+名词+edthree-egged10数词+名词twenty-yearII.副词副词的分类：时间副词地点副词方式副词程度副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recentlyhere,nearby,outside,upwards,abovehard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,reallyalmost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather频度副词疑问副词连接副词关系副词always,often,frequently,seldom,neverhow,where,when,whyhow,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhilewhen,where,whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加•和・est,多咅节和一些双咅节词前加more和most。1.同级比较时常常用as...as…以及notso(as)...as...如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用＜4themore...themore...,9句型。如I：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。^11：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没冇最高级和比较级。$11:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfecto五.介词I.介词分类:1简单介词合成介词短语介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,oninside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,withoutaccordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thankstofromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween双重介词分词转化成的介considering（就而论）,including词形容词转化成的like,unlike,near,next,opposite介词 II•常用介词区别:1表示时间的in,on,at2表示时间的since,from3表示时间的in,after4表示地理位置的in,on,toat表示片刻的吋间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关since指从过去到现在的一•段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始in指在一段时间Z后，after表示某一具体时间点Z后或用在过去吋的一段吋间中in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻，to指在某坏境范围之外5表示“在…上”的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分表示“穿过”的through,through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表across面上通过，与on有关7表不“关于"的about?about指涉及到，on指专门论述on10表示“用"的in,withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量,单位，语言，声音between与among的区between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上别的中间besides与except的区besides指“除了…还有再加上"，except指“除了，减去别什么"，不放在句首11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以…地位或身份",like为“象…一样”,指情形相似12in与into区另Uin通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示冃的地或位置六.动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:-般现在时ask/asks过去时asked将来时shall/willask过去将来时should/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveshould/wouldhaveaskedasked完成进have/hasbeenhadbeenaskingshall/willhaveshould/wouldhavebeen行askingbeenaskingasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的吋间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经"等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。女恥Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.（已经看过，且了解这本书的内容）2）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的吋间状语连用，汉译英吋可加“过S“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。 如:Ireadthenovellastmonth.（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）2.现在完成吋与现在完成进行吋的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在"，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那木书。3.—般将來时的表达方式：将來时用法例句will/shall+动词原衣示将来发生的动作或存在的状Mysisterwillbetennext形begoingto+动词原形be+doing进行时表示将來beaboutto+词原形year.含有“打算，计划，即将""做某事鳥sgoingtoup.或表示很有可能要发生某事Weregoingtohaveapartytonight.go,come,start,move,leave,arriveHeismovingtothesouth.等词可用进彳亍时表示按计划即将Aretheyleavingfor发生的动作Europe?十一宀出_p、iIwasabouttoleavewhen表不安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后而一般不跟时间状貯讐I、五Themeetingisaboutto■口close.beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We"retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.5右卄-时刻表上或n程安排上早就定好Th：罕盹startsatfive沪在吋衣不的事情，可用一般现在时表示将阳1罕・将来护Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.动词的被动语态:1常用被动语态一般现在时一般过去时构成常用被动语旳屮态构成过去进行时.was/werebeingaskedam/is/areasked62was/wereasked7现在完成吋have/hasbeenasked3一般将來时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来吋should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含冇情态动can/must/maybeasked词的注被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态 不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态吋，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...Itmustbepointedoutthat...Itissaidthat...ItissupposedItisbelievedthat...Itiswellknownthat...that...Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat•…Itishopedthat…Thebookisworthreading下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如:Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing,twice.Thedoorwon"tshut./Theplayworftact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七•情态动词I•情态动词某本用法:情态动词用法否定式cancould能力（体力，智力，技cannot/cannot能）/can"tdo允许或许可（口语屮常用）可能性（表猜测，用于c°mdn"tdo否定句或疑问句中）疑问式与简答Can...do...?Yes,...can.No,•••cantmaymightmusthavetooughtto可以（问句屮表示请求）maynotdo可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）mightnotdo必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）mustnot/mustn5tdo只好，不得不（客观的必须，冇时态人称变化）don"thavetodo应当（表示义务责任，oughtnot口语屮多用shouldto/oughtn,ttodoMay••・do...?Yes,...may.No,...mustn,t/can,t.Might…do…？Yes,...mightNo,..•mightnot.Must...do...?Yes,...must.No,...needn,t/don,thaveto.Do..-havetodo…？Yes,•..do.No,.•.doift.Ought...todo...?Yes,...ought.No,…oughtn"t. 用于一三人称征求对方shallshouldwillwoulddareneed意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）usedtoshallnot/shan^tdoShall…do…?Yes,...shall.No,...shan5t.shouldnot/shouldntolo.Should...do...?do意愿，决心willnot/won"tdo请求，建议，用在问句wouldnot/wouldn^中would比较委婉doWill…do…？Yes,...will.No,…wont敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）darenot/daren^tdoDare...do...?Yes,...dare.No,...daren?t.需要必须（常用于否定彳U和neednot/needn^do疑问句中）used过去常常（现在已不再）Need...do...?Yes,...must.No,・・.needrTt・not/usedn^t/usen"ttododidrTtusetodoUsed…todo...?Yes,...used.No,...use(d)n9t■Did...usetodo...?Yes,...did.No,...didn"t・I.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测:以must为例。must+do（be）是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情；must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must44肯定，一定"语气强，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarnvedthere.2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can"t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.（推测某事木來可能发牛，但实际上没有发生）Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan"tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.（语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句屮）II.情态动词注意点：1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在己经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别： 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needrft/darenldo； 非谓语形构成式时态和语态todotobedone不定式tobedoingtohavebeentohavedonedone现在分词分词doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone过去done分词doingbeingdone动名词havinghavingbeendonedone八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:在非谓语前加not情况只接不定式做宾语的动词只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语两者都可以意义相反意义不同Need/dare…do...?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don?t(doesn,t/didn?t)need/daretodo否定式复合结构特征和作用forsb.to具有名词,副词和形容词dosth.的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语sb"sdoing具有名词的作用在句屮做主、宾、定和表语I.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:常用动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happenmind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan"thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,sticktobegin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具体的意义基本相动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事remember/forget/regrettodo（指动作goontodo（接着做另夕卜一尚未发生）件事）remember/forget/regretdoing（指动作goondoing（接着做同一件已经发生）事）trytodo（设法，努力去做，尽力）meantodo（打算做，企图trydoing（试试去做，看冇何结果）做） meandoing（意识是，意味着）can"thelptodo（不能帮忙做）can"thelpdoing（忍不住要做）不定式现在分词过去分词常见动词ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encouragehave,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,makenotice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel与宾语的逻辑关系及时|"口|辆今主谓癸系。强调动作将发生或已经完成主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态例句Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged・III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:不定式动名词现在分词过去分词I.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别—举例与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示Ihavealotofpaperstotype.将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,Ihavealotofpaperstobe完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生typed.通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何Shallwegototheswimming关系pool?与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与theboilingwater/theboiled谓语动作同时发生water与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发thedevelopingcountry/the生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成developedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleavesII.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语Mydreamistobecomea时口J以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表teacher.不定语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并Toobeythelawisimportant.式月.还能用what来捉问主语或表语。（dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用）与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名Itisnousesayingthatagain动名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的andagain.词动作，冇时也可以用让做形式主语，做表语时Teachingismyjob.可以和主语互换位置。无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的Thesituationisencouraging.分词性质，口J以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或Thebookiswellwritten.者状态等，可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。（常见分词有astonishing, 现在分词多含有"令人…"之意，说明主，语的moving,tiring,disappointing,性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分puzzling,shocking,boring,词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感amusing及其形式）到.「"Z意，主语多是人。九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句屮修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从旬中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词whowhomwhose人,关系代词that人,whichas人,从句成分例句备注Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.宾Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly."Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch・Thebook(which)Igaveyouwas宾worth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.Heissuchapersonasisrespectedby宾allofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.主语宾语物定语主语,语主语,语主语,语when时间关系副词where地点why原因whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatas做宾语一般不省略時、快京Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere・地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.庄Ican^timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyotter.可用onwhich可用inwhich可用forwhichII.that与which,who,whom的用法区别:情况用法说明例句heknows.2.Allthebooksthatyou1•先行词为all,everything,anythingJ.Hetoldmeeverythingthat□i+i—叭卜主nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。况2.先C词ftall,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰H寸offeredhasbeengivenout.3・先行词有形容词最高级和序数词3.ThisisthebestfilmthatI 修饰吋4.5.时6.haveeverread.先行词既指人又指物吋4.Wetalkedaboutthepersons先行词被theonly,thevery修饰andthingsthatweremembered.了避免重复时句屮已经有who或which时，为5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?1.在非限制性定语从句小，只能用Hehasason,whohasgonewhich指代物，用who/whom指人abroadforfurtherstudy.只用which,who,whom的情况2.在［tT介词+关系代词""引导的定Ilikethepersontowhomthe语从句中，只能用which指物，whomteacheristalking.指人oThosewhorespectothersare3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用usuallyrespectedbyothers,which,先行词为those,one,he时多用whOoI.as与which的区别:定语从句限制性定语从句中区别例句名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象""的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；|(ijwhich引导的从句只能放主句后，并无"正如"的意思。Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don"treadsuchbooksasyoucan"tunderstand.Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn"lexpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.II.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句语法意义及特征例句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主丁匚人—句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的血accidenhappenedatthe关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。UmeWhen1，eft-对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗Hismother,whomheloved号分开，和当于一个插入语，不能用thatdeeply,diedtenyearsago.引导，关系代词做宾语吋也不能省略。十•名词性从句种类作用常用关联词that,whether,主语从在复合句中做主语，相当于f/TIQ■:三I■■她坐；田：TL—殆丄Itthough，who.例句Whetherhewillcomeornot口J用it作形式主语，呈语从Whoevercomesherewillbe 句放主句之后welcome.农语从在复合句中做表语，相当Twhose,which,Itlooksasifitisgoingto句名词，位于系动词之后how,when,snow.宾语从在复合旬小做宾语，相当于where,why,Heaskedmewhichteamcould句名词what,winthegame・放在名词之JF(news,whatever,Youhavenoideahowworried同位语problem,idea,suggestion,whoever,weare.从句advice,thought,hope,factwhereverThefactthatheliedagain等)表明其具体内容greatlysurprisedus.种类时间状语连接词注意点when,whenever,while,as,before,主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句屮主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。hardly...when,nosooner...than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly地点状语原因状语条件状彳五目的状彳五结果状语比较状语方式状语where,whereverbecause,as,since,nowthatif,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthatsothat,inorderthat,forfearthatbecause语气最强,since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。从句中动词时态不可用将來时，常用一般时代替sothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词so...that,such...thatthan,as...as,notso/as…as,themore...themoreasif,asthough,asasif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。卜一。状语从句让步状语例旬Outrushedthechildren.Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatteras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形who,whoever,nomatterwhich,式；although和though用正常语序,whichever,nomatterhow,however,no可和yet连用，但不可和but连用matterwhen,whenever十二。倒装句种类倒装条件here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away宀仝等副词开头的句了表示强调倒装表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平Presentatthemeetingwere1,000 HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened・only和修饰的状语放于句首notonly...butalso连接并列的句子,OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.前NotonlydoesheknowFrench,but部分倒装倒后不倒alsoheisexpertatit.neither...nor…连接并列的句子，前后都NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcare倒装aboutit.so...that,such...that中的so或such及修Sobusyishethathecannotgoona饰的成分放于句首吋前倒后不倒holiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句与现在事实相反从句动词:主句动词:词原形过去式（be用were）should/would/could/might+动Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.从句动词：had+过去分词If引导的与过去事实主句动词：条件从相反should/would/could/might+have+过去分句词IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/与将来事实were+不定式相反主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.莫它状语从句Theyaretalkingasasif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式iftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾语从句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should^动词原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的从句屮分别用过去式，过去完成式和IwishIcouldbeashould/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情popsinger.况相反主语从在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat...,ItisItisstrangethatnever,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 句suggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat...等suchapersonshould从句中，谓语动词用shouldd-动词原形befriends.Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should^动词It"shightimethat原形weleft.其它句wouldrathei•所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完Iwouldratheryou型中成式stayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表Ifonlyourdream示强烈的愿望hadcometrue!十四。重要句型1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10・SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn"thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15・HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell.19・Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere・20・Itisnousecryingforhelp・21.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24."Heworksparticularlyhard.""Sohedoes,andsodoyou."25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother-26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.十五。动词搭配1.addto增加，增进 add...to把…加进…addup相加addupto总计，所有这一切说明1)Idon"tthinkthesefactswillanything.2)Fiftynewbookshavebeenthelibrary.3)Themusicourenjoymentofthefilm.4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyouthebill•(addupto,addedto,addto,added...up)1.breakawayfrom打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉breakdown出毛病,身体(精神)衰弱,分解，拆开breakoff暂停，中断breakin强行进入，插话breakinto闯入breakintopieces成为碎片breakout爆发breakup捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结朿，拆散breakthrough突破1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreakthepoliceandranintothewoods.2)Whenheheardthenews,hebrokeandcried・3)Don"tbreakwhileothersarespeaking.4)Whydon"tyoubreakforafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?5)Whendoesschoolbreak?6)Afterharvestwebreakthesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)2.bringup抚养，呕吐，提出bringabout造成bringout拿出，出版bringin引入，引进,挣钱bringback使冋想起bringdown使下降，使倒下1)Theshopkeeperbroughthispricetoonlyfivedollars.2)TheschoolhasbroughtnewforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.3)Thesongbroughthappymemoriesofourschooldays.4)Doyouknowwhatbroughtthismisunderstanding?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobringtheyoungorphan.6)Wedecidedtobringthematteratthenextmeeting.7)Thewindbroughtalotoftreeslastnight.8)Nextmonththeywillbringaneweditionofthebook・(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)3.callon号召，拜访(某人)callat拜访、参观(某地)callfor去叫某人，要求,需要 callup使冋忆起，征召入伍callin召集，请某人来callout大喊，高叫calloff取消,不举行1)Doctorsareoftencalledinthemiddleofthewar.2)Pleasewaitformeathome・I"llcallyouatyourhouseatseventonight.3)ThetrainscallsseveralbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.4)Hecalledhername，butshedidn"tanswer.5)Thesportsmeetwascalledonaccountoftherain.(in,for,at,out,off)1.comeabout发生，出现comedown下跌，落，降，传下来comein进来comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)comeon来临/快点comeout出版，结果是comealong—道来，赶快cometo达到(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒，合计，总共是comeover走过来comeup发芽，走近comeacross偶然碰到comeback冋想起comefrom來自，源自1)IcomethebookIlentyoulastmonth.2)Howdiditcomethatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.3)ItsuddenlycametomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.4)Comenow,orelseweshallbelate.5)Hecamemelikeatiger.6)Thepriceofpetrolhascomesincethebeginningofthisyear・7)Thewordcameusemanyyearsago.8)Whentheexaminationresultcame,hehadalreadygotajob.9)Thebillcameoverathousanddollars.10)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven"tcomeyet.(for,about,back,on5at,down,into,out,to,up)2.cutacross抄近路cutdown砍倒，削减cutoff切断，割掉，断绝关系cutup连根拔除，切碎through剪断，凿穿cutout删(省)掉，戒掉cutin插嘴1)Don"tcutthistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.2)Youmustcutthenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcause illness.1)Wedecidedtocutthemoor(旷野)tothevillage・2)Cuttingthetreemeanscuttingthetreeintopieces-3)Theelectricitywascutwhentheladyrefusedtopaythebill.4)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut.(down,down,across,up,off,in)1.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于(疾病,饥饿，寒冷，情感原因)diefrom死于(意外事故、情形)dieaway渐渐消逝dieout绝种diedown(炉火)渐熄dieoff逐一死去2.fallbehind落后falloverone"sfeet跌跤falldown掉卜,跌倒fallback撤退，后退1)Babiesoftenfallwhentheyarelearningtowalk.2)Ourteamseemstohavefallentheothers.3)Assoonastheenemiesfell,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage.4)Shefellthebenchandhadherlegbroken.(down,behind,back,over)3.goinfor从事，喜爱，参加gothrough通过，经受goover复习，检查goup(价格)上涨，建造起来goafter追捕，追赶goagainst违反goahead先行,开始吧，问吧，说吧goaway离开goby时间过去godownH沉，降低，(日、月)西沉goon(with)继续进行gowith相配，陪同gowithout没冇，缺少goout外出,熄灭goallout全力以赴gooff爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应gobackon背约，食言gobeyond超出1)Manynewfactorieshavegone_inthepastfewyears.2)Rentshavegonegreatlyrecently.3)Manyyearshavegonesincewefirstmet.4)Let"scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes・5)Hisactionswentthewillofthepeople,6)Icanftdoit,foritgoesmyduty. 1)Over100studentswentthisentranceexamination.2)Thebombwentandkilledtenpeople.3)Thebuyerwentthecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision.4)Thistiedoesn"tgomyblueshirt.5)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go.6)Manystudentswentplayingbasketball(up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor)1.getdown下來，记下，使沮丧getdownto致力于,专心于geton进展，进步，穿上，上车getoff脱下，下车getin收集，插(话)getaway逃跑，逃脱，去休假getover忘记，越过，克服,从疾病中恢复getalongwith进展,相处getup起床getthrough打通电话，完成，通过getround消息传开getclosetosth.接近，几乎getinto(trouble)getto(know)getback取冋，收冋getout1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldn"tgetwhathesaid.2)Wewillfindwaystogetdifficulties.3)Thestoryhasgot,andeveryoneknowsaboutit.4)WhenIgetwiththereport,Ellgotothecinema.5)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengottobusiness.6)Don"talwaysgetawordwhenothersarespeaking・7)Ittookmealongtimetogetsuchanunpleasantexperience.(down,over,round,through,down,in,over)2.giveaway赠送，泄露,出卖giveout发出，疲劳，分发，公布giveoff发出(光、热、气体)givein(tosb.)屈月艮giveup放弃，让(座位)1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim.2)Theliquidgaveastrongsmell.3)Theheadmastergavethenamesoftheprize-winners.4)Thesoldiersgavethetowntotheenemies.5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks?6)Don"tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends•7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave.(away,off,out,up,out,away,out)3.handin交上，提交 handout分发handdown流传，遗传1.hangabout闲逛hangup挂电话2.holdback阻止,隐瞒holdup举起，使停顿holdon别挂电话,等，坚持holdout持续，坚持，伸出holddown控制，镇压1)Fmsureheisholdingsomething.2)Shemanagedtoholdheremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.3)Tellhimtoholdamoment.Tilcomesoon.4)Ourfoodsupplywon"tholdformorethanafewdays.5)Thetrainwasheldasaresultofthefloods.6)Thesemeasureshelpedtoholdthecity"spopulation.7)Holdyourleftarm,please.(back,back,on,out,up,down,up)3.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持,keepupwith住艮上keepoff(grass)不接近，离开keepawayfrom避开，不接近，离…远远的keepoutofkeepto(rules,promise)坚持，遵守keepon继续，坚持下来keepback阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下keepfrom克制，阻止1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeepfromher.2)Icanhardlykeepmytearsafterhearinghiswords.3)Onlypridekeptherburstingintotears.4)Icanscarcelykeepaskinghimwhathehasdone.5)"Don"ttouchme/1screamedthewoman,"Keep!H6)Keepuntilyousucceed.7)Keepyourcourage,andyodllsucceedintheend.8)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold.9)Alwaystrytokeeptheruleswhenyouplayagame.10)Ican"tkeepwitheverythingyoufredoing.(away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up)4.knockat/on敲knockinto撞到某人身上knockdown撞倒knockoutof把…敲出knockover撞倒 knockoff停止工作，休息1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent.2)Theofficestuffknocksatsixeveryday.3)Tryknockingthewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknockedthecarparkedthere・(down,off,on,into)1.leavefor离开前往leaveout删去，遗漏leavebehind遗留，忘记拿走leaveto留给，遗嘱赠于leaveover遗留，剩下，延期1)"Whosenamehasbeenleft?ndemandedtheteacher.2)Whenhedied,heleftallhispropertyhisniece.3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella.4)Don"tleavethismatteruntiltomorrow.5)Leavesomemeatfortomorrow•6)Thosearequestionsleftbyhistory.(out,to,behind,over,over,over)2.lookup查找，向上看lookthrough翻阅,浏览lookon旁观lookon...as看作lookinto调杳lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻找lookout(for)当心lookabout/around/round四下查看lookdownupon瞧不起lookbackupon回忆，回顾lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人lookabintheface/eyes直视某人1)Ispenttwohourslookingthestudents*papers.2)Look!Thereisabigholeinfront.3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlookedandcheeredforhim.4)Theoldmanlookeduponthedaysofhisyouth.5)Shewassosnobbish(势利)thatshelookeduponallhisneighbours-6)Thepolicepromisedtolookthecaseassoonaspossible.7)Helookedbutsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing,(through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round)3.makeup编造，配制，打扮，组成makeupfor弥补makeinto/of/from制成 makeout弄懂，发现，看岀,填写，开列(清单)makefor走向，驶往，促使1)Canyoumakethislengthofclothasuit?2)IaskedthedriverifhewasmakingLondon?3)Myfathermadeacheckformetobuythecamera.4)Wemustmakethelossnextweek./Hetriedhardtomakeforthedamagehehaddone.5)Hemadeastory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve.6)Someoneiscoming,butIcan"tmakewhoitis.(into,for,out,up/up,up,out)1.passaway去世passby经过passdown(on)…to传给passthrough经历passover漠视，忽视1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassedtomefrommygrandfathersgrandfather.2)Themanpassedlastweekinpeace.3)Wearepassingdifficulttimes.4)Thesecretarypassedthedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport,(down,away,through,over)2.payback还钱，报复payfor付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应payoff还清1)Howmuchdidyoupaythedictionary?2)Youshouldpaythemoneyyouborrowedfromme.3)Ellpayhimforallhiscrimes(罪行)againstme.4)Someday,you"llpaywhatyouhavedonetoday.5)Hasshepaythedebtyet?(for,back,back,for,off)3.pickup拾起，获得(information),接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language/knowledge),恢复重获(pickuphealth)pickout挑选，辨认，看出1)Ipickedtheinformationwhilewaitinginthequeue.2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickmeat6:00.3)Thepatienthaspickedhealthduringthelasttwoweeks.4)Shepickedthemostexpensivepairofshoes.5)Ican"tpickJohninthecrowd.6)CanIpickVOAwiththisshort-waveradio?7)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimselfquickly.(up,up,up,out,out,up,up)pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词4.putup搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下 putupwith忍受putout伸出，扑灭putoff推迟putinto放进，翻译putaway放好，存钱putdown记下，平息puton穿戴，上映，增加(putonweight/speed)putforward提出,提前putthrough接通屯话putaside放到一边putback放|h]1)Heputhalfhiswageeveryweek.2)Thegovernmentsoonputtherevolt(暴舌L)・3)Putyourwatch.It"sslow.4)Heputhishandformetoshake.5).PleaseputmetoExtension(分机)2.6)Weputfornightatthevillageinn.7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenputairs.(摆架子)8)Wehadatelephoneputinouroffice.9)Ican"tputwithyourlaziness.(away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up)1.pulldown拆掉，推翻pullon匆匆穿上/off脱pullin进站pullout取出,(火车)离站pulldown往下拉，拆毁pullover驶到一-边pullthrough恢复健康，渡过难关，脱离险境pullup(使)停住1)Thetrainslowlypulledanddisappearedinthedistance.2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled,andnewonesaretobebuilt.3)ThecarpulledwhenIblewthehorn.4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull.5)Thedriverpulledatthetrafficlights.(out,down,over,through,up)2.pushover推倒,刮倒pushahead(on,forward)继续前进，坚持下去pushthrough排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1)We"vedecidedtopushwithourplantobuildanewroad2)Manytreeswerepushedinthehurricane.3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrulesatanycost..4)Takecarenottopushthebaby.5)Theypushedthecrowdandatlastreachedus.(on,over,through,over,through)3.runacross偶然碰到runafter追逐，追捕runaway逃跑runfor竞选 runinto偶然碰到(困难)遇见(人),相撞runoutof用完1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you"llrunsomeonesomeday.2)Iranafriendofmineintheexhibition.3)Ourwaterhasrun•Canyoufillupsomemorebottles?4)Whydoyoualwaysrunadventure?5)Hedidn"twanttorunpresidentthatyear.6)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrundifficulties.(into,across/into,out,after,for,into)1.seeoff送行seethrough看透，识破seeto照料，照管2.sendfor派人去请sendoff送行sendout发岀(光亮)等sendup发射3.setup建立setoffLlj发，触发，引起setout动身，着手(todo),陈述setabout开始着手(doing)settowork(n.)开始做setback拨回，使推迟1)Ishallsetmywatchbyfiveminutes-2)Wesetreadingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.3)Wesetatdaybreakyesterdayandwevebeentravellingeversincethen.4)Isettoadvisehimnottodrink.5)Whatwerethereasonshesetinhisreport?6)Thepresidentsetaspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim.7)Theunpopularlawsetaseriesofprotests.(抗议)(back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off)4.takeoff脱掉，起飞takeon呈现丿崔佣takeaway拿走takein吸收，领会takeup从事，占用(吋间空间)takedown记录，取下takeback收回takefor误认为takealong随身带takeover接管takeout1)ItakeallIsaidabouthisdishonesty.2)Hewenttotheshelfandtookabookofpoems.3)AtfirstItookhimadoctor.4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetakeneverythingthattheteachertaught.5)Billhasnowtakenhisfather"sbusiness.6)Myjobtakesmostofmytime. 1)Thebosstooktwentypeopleforhisnewcompany.(back,down,for,in,over,up,on)takechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住，takepridein以为自豪,taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做,takeoffice就职1.thinkof想起thinkof...as把…看作thinkout想出thinkup想出thinkabout考虑thinkovei•仔细考虑thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好2.turnoff/on打开turnover翻身，反复考虑，翻(书页)，翻转turnout证明为，结果，制造成品turnto转向，求助turndown调低，拒绝turnagainst变得敌视，反对turnaway打发走，驱逐，转过脸去turnback返回，转回去turnround传过身来turnup向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turnin上缴turnupsidedown把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1)Thechildturneditsmotherforcomfort.2)Turnandletmeseeyourface.3)Howevermuchheturnedtheprobleminmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution.4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturnedagreatsuccess.5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned.7)Thearmyturnedhimonaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth.8)Sheturnedthewholehouseinhersearchforhermissingpurse.9)Wheredidyourpurseturn?Ifounditinthesnow.10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturnedtheforeignerswholivednearby.11)Thefactoryturns2000newcarslastyear.(to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out)