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全新英语语冻—宾语从句用一个句子作宾语,这个句子就是宾语从句。宾语从句的三大考点是时态、语序和引导词。15-1宾得从句的引导铜在含有宾语从句的复合句中,主句与从句之间要有一个连接词来引导从句,这个连接词称为宾语从句的引导句。宾语从句的引导词分三类,一是连接代词that,二是连词if和whether,三是特殊疑问句。l.that引导的宾语从句宾语从句是陈述句时,用连词that引导。that在从句中只起引导作用,没有词义,不做句子成分,在口语中常常省略。如:Webelievethatheishonest.Isuggestthatweshouldgotomorrow,WelearntfromhisletterthathewasinSpain.Ididn"tknow(that)hewasLiLei.Shesaidthatshewouldcometothemeeting.Ipromiseyou(that)Iwillbethere.注意:不能省略that的8种宾语从向①当宾语从句前有插入语时that不能省略。如:Wehope,onthecontrary,thathewillstayathomewithus.②宾语从句前有间接宾语时that不能省略。如:HetoldmethathewasleavingforJapan.③th述在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后不能省略。如:Hesaid(that)thebookwasveryinterestingandthatallthechildrenliketoreadit.
(后一个that不能省略)①在“it(形式宾语)+宾语补足语”之后的宾语从句that不能省略。如Ithinkitnecessarythatheshouldstayhere.②that从句单独回答问题时不省略thato如:—Whatdidhehear?一ThatKatehadpassedtheexam.③在except,but等介词后的宾语从句that不能省略。如:Hehasnospecialfaultexceptthathesmokestoomuch.④为了强调宾语把从句位于句首时,that不能省略。如:Thatourteamwillwin、Ibelieve.⑤在较正式的场合或不常用的动词(如reply,object)后通常不省略thato如:Herepliedthathedisagreed.2.if/whether引导的宾语从句当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,从句要用if或whether引导,if和whether意为“是否”,在句中不做句子成分,也不能省略。Iaskedhimifhewasbusy.Iaskedhimwhetherhewascoming.Idon"tknowif(whether)he"llarriveintime.Ididn"tknowwhethertheylikedtheplace.Iwonderifit"slargeenough.Shedidn"tsayifhewasstillalive.
Idon"tknowwhetherhe"llarriveintime.Iaskedherwhethersheagreed.[辨析]if和whether的用法区别:if引导宾语从句,意思是“是否”,可与whether互换使用,if往在口语中用得较多,whether多用于书面语及正式的场合。(1)在引导否定概念的宾语从向时,只能用if,而不用whethero如:HeaskedmeifIhadn"tfinishedmywork.在下列情况下多用whether而不用if:①在动词不定式之前只能用whether,而不用if。如:Ican"tdecidewhethertostay.Hedoesn"tknowwhethertovisitthatoldmanagain.②在介所后的宾语从向,只能用whether引导而不用if。如:Hisfatherisworriedaboutwhetherhewilllosehiswork.③当宾语从句置于句首表示强调时用whether引导不宜用if。如:Whetherhelivesthere,Iwanttoknow.④与ornot连用时用whether连接而不用if。如:Idon"tknowwhetherornottheywillcomeforourhelp.注意:若whether和ornot不连在一起,在口语中可以用if取代whether,当然也可以用whether。如:Iamnotcertainif/whetherthetrainwillarriveontimeornot.Idon"tcareif?whetheryourcarbreaksdownornot.
⑤在及物动词discuss后的宾语从句中,只能用whether,不能用if。如:Wediscussedwhetherweshouldmakeachangeinourplan.⑥在及物动词know后的宾语从句,为避免产生歧义常用whether而不用if引导。如:LetmeknowwhetherhehasleftforShanghai.3.特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句当宾语从句是一个特殊疑问句时,特殊疑问词就是引导词。如:Idon"tknowwho/whomyoumean.Pleasetellmewhichyoulike.Youdon"tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout.Heaskedwhyhehadtogoalone.Iaskedhowhewasgettingon.Heknowswheretheylive.Fdliketoknowwhentheywilllethimout.注意:what引导的宾语从中有两种含义。一是表示疑问,意为“什么”,二是表示“所……的”。如:Idon"tknowwhathisnameis.Doyouknowwhatheisdoingthere?ItakebackwhatIsaid.15-2宾语从句的讨态在含有宾语从句的复合句中,从句的时态中往往会受主句时态的限制和制约,即宾语从句的时态随主句的时态的变化而相应变化。1・主句现在时,从句时态不限制
当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时态或将来时态时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要选用任何时态。如:Healwayssaysthatheisourgoodfriend/主句一般现在时,从句一般现在时)Karenhastoldmethatshe"llleaveforNewYorktomorrow.(主句现在完成时,从句一般将来时)IrememberYangHuaphonedyouyesterday.(主句一般现在时,从句一般过去时)2•主句过去时,从句也用过去时当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时态时,从句的谓语动词须用相应的过去时态,包括一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。如:Hesaidtherewerenoclassesyesterdayafternoon•(从句一般过去时)Hesaidthathewasgoingtotakecareofthebaby.(从句过去将来时)HedidnrttellushecamefromShanghai.(从句一般过去时)Hesaidhehadreadthebook.(从句过去完成时)HedecidedthathewouldgotoBeijingnextweek.(从句过去将来时)Theboytoldmethathismotherwascookinginthekitchenatthattime.(从句过去进行时)3•从句表真理,时态不限制当宾语从句的内容表示的是客观真理、客观事实或不可改变的现象时,从句的时态不受主句时态限制,即使主句谓语动词为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时。如:Theteachertoldusthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.Hesaidspringcomesbeforesummer.Itoldhimoneandteniseleven.4•主句为Couldyoutellme,从句不限制
当主句为Couldyoutellme...?时,这里的could并不是过去式,而是表示客气委婉的语气,这时宾语从句可以用任何需要的时态。如:Couldyoutellmewhereweshowthetickets?Couldyoutellmewhereheisfrom?15-3宾语从句的语為宾语从句疑问句时,要用陈述句语序。如:Heaskedmewhenwewouldstartoutthenextday.Didyoufindoutwhereshelosthercar?(误)Idon"tknowwherehasshegone.(正)Idon"tknowwhereshehasgone.(误)Doyouknowwhatishedoing?(正)Doyouknowwhatheisdoing?(误)Idon"tknowhowdoeshegotoschool(正)Iknowhowhegoestoschool15-4宾语从句的备足務移当主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等,后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时,其否定通常转移到主语:如:Idon"tsupposethatitistrue.Idon"timaginethathewillcome.Idon"tthinkweneedwastemuchtimeoni(.Wedidn"tthinkwe"dbethislate.
Idon"tsupposeFlltroubleyouagain.注意:在反意疑问句中,这种否定转移的复合向在进行反意疑问时,助动词和相应代词要与从句一致,而且用肯定式。如:Idon"tthinktheboyisclever、ishe?Idon"tbelieveitwillraintomorrow、willit?15-5宾语从句的简化宾语从句在许多情况下可以简化为动词不定式的形式而所表达的意思不变,这种由较复杂的宾语从句转化为简单句的过程称为宾语从句的简化。宾语从句的简化主要有以下几情况。1•由宾语从句简化为动词不定式当主句的谓语动词是hope,decide,wish,choose,agree,promise等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时•宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。如:LiMinghopeshewillbebackverysoon.—LiMinghopestobebackverysoon.Wedecidedthatwewouldhelphim.—>Wedecidedtohelphim.2•由宾语从句简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构当主句谓语动词是know,learn,remember,forget,tell等动词,从句由特殊疑问词引导,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:
Shehasforgottenhowshecanopenthewindow.—>Shehasforgottenhowtoopenthewindow.注意:当主句谓语动词是tell,,ask,show,teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致,而且从句由特殊疑问词引导时,宾语从句也可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothestation?—►Couldyoutellmehowtogettothestation?3•由宾语从句简化“动词+sb.todo"结构当主句的谓语动词是order(命令),require(需要),ask(要求),advise(建议)等时,如果主句和从句不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。如:Theheadmasterorderedthatweshouldstartatonce.—>Theheadmasterorderedustostartatonce.+介词+动名词形式4•由宾语从句简化为“动词+介词+动名词”形式某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。如:Heinsistedthatheshouldgowithus.—>Heinsistedongoingwithus.5•由宾语从句简化为“宾语+V-ing形式(宾语补足语)”结构某些动词后面的宾语从句可转换为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。如:LiuPingfoundthattherewasawalletlyingontheground・—>LiuPingfoundawalletlyingontheground.6•其他宾语从句简化句型还有一些动词由复合句变为简单句时,其句型需要进行适当的变化。如:
(1)Itseemedthat+从句变为:Itseemedtodo句型。如:Itseemedthattheboysweregoingtowin.
—►Theboysseemedtowin.(2)...findthatitis+形容词+todosth.变为:...findit+形容词+todosthIfoundthatitwasdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.—►IfounditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.(3)...findthat+系表结构变为:...find+名词+形容词(作宾补)。如:Soonwefoundthatthegroundwascoveredwiththicksnow.—>Soonwefoundthegroundcoveredwiththicksnow.Theyfoundthattheboxwasveryheavy.—►Theyfoundtheboxveryheavy.1」北京中考考题]—anyoutellme?—HelivesinShanghai.A.whereMarklivesB.wheredoesMarkliveC.whereMarklivedD.wheredidMarklive2.[安徽中考考题]—Lookatthestonebridge!Doyouknowitwasbuilt?一Inthe1860s-Itisquitecold.D.whyD.whyA.whenB.howC.where3」甘肃兰州中考考题]Whatalovelytoyracecar!Couldyoutellme?A.whydidyougetitB.whenwillyougetitC.whereyougotitD.howwillyougetit4•[江苏南京中考考题]一Areyougoingcampingthisafternoon?一Atyphooniscoming.Fmnotsuretheroadtothemountainswillbeclosed.AwhichB.whatC.whether5.[湖北武汉中考考题]—Whatdidtheteachersaytoyou?
一Heaskedme•A.whyIlookunhappythenB.whendidIgohomelastnightC・howcouldIsolvetheproblemD.ifIhadgoteverythingready5.[山东烟台中考考题」Yesterdaytheteachertoldustheearththesun.A.goesaroundB.wentaroundC・isgoingaroundD.wouldgoaround7•[广东汕尾中考考题」Idon"tthinkthenewlydirectedfilmbyZhaoWeiisasinterestingaspeoplesay,A.doIB.don"tIC.isitD.isn"tit&[吉林长春中考考题]一Couldyoutellmeeverymorning?一Sure.Ihavetocatchtheschoolbus.A.whyyougetupearlyB.whydoyougetupearlyC.whydidyougetupearlyD.whyyougotupearly[答案点拨]1.答案:A句意:“你能告诉我马克住哪吗?"“他住在上海。”由问句“canyoutellme”可知其后是一个宾语从句,要用陈述语序;由答句“helives”可知从句用一般现在时。故选A。2•答案:A句意:“看这座石头桥!你知道它是什么时候建造的吗?”“在19世纪60年代,它非常古老。”由答语可知上句问的是时间,用when引导宾语从句。故选A。3.答案:C句意:多漂亮的玩具赛车啊!你可以告诉我你在哪里买的吗?宾语从句要用陈述句语序,故选Co4.答案:C句意:“今天下午,你将去野管吗?”“台风就要来了。我不能确定通往山里的道路是否关闭。”由句中的“不能确定”可知,宾语从句为“是否关闭”。故选C。5.答案:D句意:”老师对你说了些什么?”“他问我我是否准备好了一切。”宾语从句疑问句要用陈述句语序,排除B、C选项;由主句asked可知,主句用了过去时,从句也用过去时,故选D。
6•答案:A句意:昨天老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。在宾语从句中,从句如果描述的是客观真理,那么不管主句是什么时态,从句要用一般现在时。故选A。5.答案:C根据句意“我认为由赵薇导演的新电影并没有如人们说的一样有趣?”think后接宾语从句,反意疑问句中的简短问句与宾语从句一致;否定式与主句一致,用肯定式。故选C。6.答案:A宾语从句的语序为陈述句语序,排除B、C;Couldyouell...?是一种委婉的表达法,从everymorning及答语知,谈话双方说的是现在的事情,实语从句用一般现在时态。故选A。语法专练体验中考1•[重庆考题]一Doyouknow?一Letmesee.IrememberitwasonMarch18*.A.whydidtheymovehereB.whytheymovedhereC・whendidtheymovehereD.whentheymovedhere2•[山东临沂]一Excuseme,doyouknowyesterday?—Sure.Itclosedat6:00p.m.yesterday.A.whenthebookstoreclosesB・whendoesthebookstorecloseC.whenthebookstoreclosedD.whendidthebookstoreclose3•[江苏无锡]一Father"sDayiscoming.ShallwemakeacardforDad?一Goodidea!ButwouldyoupleaseshowmeasIknowlittleaboutDIV?A.whyB.whenC.howD.where4•[四川攀枝花]Couldyoutellmethebeautifulmobilephone?Iwanttobuyone,too.A.whendidyoubuyB.whenyouboughtC.whereyouboughtD.wheredidyoubuy
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