高考英语语法学案：定语从句和名词性从句(学生版) 7页

高考英语语法学案：定语从句和名词性从句StepOne1・Theprizewillgotothewriterstoryshowsthemostimagination.A・thatB.whichC・whoseD.what2.TedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaTshirt,isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.A.thisB・thatC.whatD.which3.I"mafraidhe"smoreofatalkerthanadoer,whichisheneverfinishesanything・A・thatB.whenC.whereD.why4.Modernsciencehasgivenclearevidencesmokingcanleadtomanydiseases・A・whatB.whichC.thatD・where5•Thevillagershavealreadyknownwelldoistorebuildthebridge・A.thisB.thatC・whatD.whichStepTwo—孩心多虫突破」［定语从句］一、关系代词用that,which引导的定语从句|1.通常只用that的情况当先行词为all,few,little,much,anything,nothing,everything,none等时;或者当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级和all,any,few,little,no,theonly,thevery,thelast等词修饰时，定语从旬的关系代词要用(ha(；如果定语从句修饰两个先行词，其中一个指人，一个指物，那么定语从句的关系代词也应用thato2.通常只用which的情况当引导非限制性定语从句，指物或指代前面整个句子的内容，或放在介词后面指物时，只能川whicho［典例1］Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingwassomeoneelse"sfault.A.whoB.thatC.asD.what［典仮ll2］Aftergraduatingfromcollege,Itooksometimeofftogotravelling,turnedouttobeawisedecision.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where二、who,whom,whose弓丨导的定语从句1.如果先行词是指人的不定代词,如:anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,nobody,one,ones,those,all等，关系代词在定语从句屮作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom/who。2.在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词指人且作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom/whoo3.在定语从句中刊以作定语的关系代词只冇whose,表示物时相当于名词+of+which”或，of+which+the+名词”；表示人时相当于"the+名词+of+whom”或“of+whom+the+名词”。［典仮ll3］I"vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyea匚A.whoB.whereC.whenD.which3.where,when,why引导的定语从句where,when,why的意义札I当于“介词+which"。具体而言，where札I当于“in/at+which”，when相当于 Uat/in/during+which^^,why相当于"for+which”。(1)关系副词where引导定语从句吋，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，定语从句修饰的先行词必须是表示地点的名词。(2)关系副词when引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句屮作时间状语，定语从句修饰的先行词必须是表示时间的名词。(3)关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，定语从旬修饰的先行词必须是表示原因的名词。［典例4］Thegirlarrangedtohavepianolessonsatthetrainingcentrewithhersistershewouldstayforanhour.A.whereB.whoC.whichD.what［典例5］(2011年高考浙江卷)Abankistheplacetheylendyouanumbrellainfairweatherandaskforitbackwhenitbeginstorain.A.whenB.thatC・whereD.there三、theway后面的定语从句的引导词theway作先行词且其示定语从句的引导词在从句屮作状语时引导词用inwhich,that或者省略。［典例6］Whatsuiprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich［名词性从句］根据在句中的功能名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为它是从句，因此具有句子的特点，有主、谓成分，同吋又具有名词性特点，这些从句和名词一样，在句中可以充当主语、宾语(包括介词宾语和动词宾语以及某些形容词后的宾语)、表语和同位语。一、主语从句1.分清引导主语从句的三类引导词：(1)山at不充当句子成分，本身无意义，仅起连接作用，但不能省略,通常用it作形式主语。(2)who,whom,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever本身有意义,在句中作主语或宾语，不能省略。(3)where,when,how,why本身有意义，在句中作状语。2.注意whoever,whatever,whichever等引导主语从句的含义。3.由it作形式主语的句型(1)It+be+形容词(obvious,natural,good,funny,etc.)+that从句。(2)It+be+名词性词组(nowonder,anhonour,apity,nosuiprise,etc.)+that从句。(3)It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,etc.)+that从句。(4)It+seem,happen等不及物动词及短语的相应形式+that从句。(5)Itdoesn"tmatter/makesnodifference,etc.+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。由what,whatever,whoever等引导的主语从句，必须置于主句的谓语动诃Z前，不能用it作形式主语。［典例1］somepeopleregardasadrawbackisseenasaplusbymanyothers.A.WhetherB.WhatC.ThatD.How二、宾语从句宾语从旬在复合句中可以作动词的宾语,也可以作介词、某些形容词的宾语。［典例2］(2011年醫j考上海卷)Themessageyouintendtoconveythroughwordsmaybetheexactoppositeof othersactuallyunderstand.A.whyB.thatC.whichD.what三、表语从句1・that和whether引导的表语从句that引导表语从句时，that本身没有词义，一-般不可以省略(但在口语中有时也可以省略)。whether引导表 语从句，表示“是否”，不能省略。2.if-般不用来引导表语从句，但asif却可引导表语从句：Allthiswasovertwentyyearsago,butitwasasifitwasonlyyesterday・3.主语是reason时，表语从句常用that,不用because,如：Thereasonwhyhedidn"tcomewasthathewasill.[典例3]PartofthereasonCharlesDickenslovedhisownnovel,DavidCopperfield,wasitwasrathercloselymodeledonhisownlife・A.whatB.thatC.whyD.whether四、同位语从句同位语从句一般由that（不能用which,且that不能省略）或whether•引导，有时也可以用when,where,how,why等引导。同位语从句常放在名词的麻面，解释说明该名词的具体内容。同位语从句修饰的名词必须是一个表示事实等的抽彖名词。fact,news,idea,truth,hope,information,belief,reply»doubt等。[典例4]（2011年高考辽宁卷）Whenthenewscamethewarbrokeout,hedecidedtoserveinthearmy.A.sinceB.whichC.thatD.because1・速判关系代词与关系副词做题的关键是把先行词放到从句中，看它在从句中所作的成分。(1)把先行词放到从句中后，如果不需要再添词从句就是完整的，那先行词就在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语(表所属关系)，此时应选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)。(2)把先行词放到从句中后，如果需要添介词才能使从句完整，那么先行词在从句中作状语，应选择关系副IhJ(where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语)。2.名词性从句疑点、交叉点、热点、考点透视(1)引导词的考查。这是对名词性从句的最为常见的考查。在判断名词性从句所缺少的引导词时，一看名词性从句缺不缺成分，缺什么成分；二是优先满足句子所缺的主语、宾语、表语等主干，在不缺少主干成分的前提下，根据语境选用其他引导词。(2)考查从句的陈述语序，强调结构中名词性从句，含冇复合宾语、被动语态或虚拟语气等的宾语从句等。(3)加入一些插入成分割裂主句和从句，或改变句了的正常结构，从而增加句了的迷惑性和干扰性。(4)利用whever引导的从句与“nomatter+疑问词”引导的从句的相同点和不同点进彳了设空；利用what(ever)与which(eve"屮前者无范围，后者有范围的特点设空；利用whoever-Uwhomever的交叉点设空；利用whoever与thosewho谓语单复数不同设空。StepThree题提升演练」1.Itissaidthatmanypeopleareworriedabouttheyear2012,theythinktheearthwillbedestroyedbydisasters・A・whenB.whereC・asD.which2.Ihaveneverheardstorieshetold.A.such；whichB.such；asC・such；likeD.so；that3.（2011年匕京髙二检呗U）Anntalkedaboutthepeopleandthingsmovedhergreatlyduringherstaythere. A.thatB.whoC.whichD.what 1.Whynottryanotherwayyoumaydoyourexperimentbetterandmorequickly?A・bywhichB.thatC・whichD.inthat2.Whenhecamebackfromabroad,Johntoldhisparentsaboutthecitiesandthepeoplehehadvisited.A.whoB.whichC.whereD.that3.（2011年北京髙一检测）Yesterdaywewenttovisitthefarmmyfatherusedtoworkfornearlytenyears.A.inwhichB・thatC.whereD.which4.（2011年宜春高二检测）Theyareinadifficultsituationalleffortsseemuseless・A.thatB>whichC.whereD・as5.（2011年福州高一检测）Anythingcouldbefoundhasbeenusedtorepairthedamagedbridge.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.不填6.TherewastimeIhatedtogotoschool.A・a；whichB・a；whenC.the；thatD・the；when7.（2011年杭州髙二检测）Herworkchangedthewaypeoplethinkaboutchimps.A.thatB.inwhichC.不填D.allofabove11•（2011年董庆高一检测）HegotthefirstprizeintheEnglishtalentshow,madeusveryproud.A.whichB.thatC・itD.this12.—Howdoyoufindthisfilm?一Itisthebestfilm•A・thatIhadseenB.whichIhaveeverseenC.whichIsawD・thatIhaveeverseen13.（2011年太原高二检测）TheScienceMuseum,wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondon"stouristattractions.A・whatB.whichC.thatD・where14.（2011年广州高二检测）isannouncedintoday"spaper,theyhavesucceededinsolvingmanyproblemsaccordingtothenewthcory.A.ItB.ThatC.WhatD.As 12.Therearemorethan50studentsineachclass,aregirls.