高二英语语法学习之虚拟语气讲解 6页

高二英语语法Z虚拟语气1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中(1)表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be动词的过去式用were)",而主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/migh(+动词原形"。如：IfIwereaboy,Iwouldjointhearmy.Ifthehadtime,sheshouldgowithyou.(2)表示与过去的事实相反，条件状语从句屮的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用"would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”。如:Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceededinthecompetition.(3)表示与将来事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去吋或should(wereto)+动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would/should/couldmight+动词原形。如；Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thefootballmatchwouldbeputoff.(4)当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发牛的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：Iftheyhadworkedhard,theywouldbeverytired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在)以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：条件状语从句主句与过去事实相反had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词与现在事实相反一般过去吋(be用were)would/should/could/might+动词原形与将来事实相反—般过去时或should(wereto)+动词原形Would/should/cold/might+动词原形有时侯在使用时可省略if,句子则可换成卜列形式，即“were/had/should+主语”。如：WereIaboy,Iwouldjointhearmy.Hadhetakenmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceeded.Wereitnotfortheexpense,IwouldgotoBritain.2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句(1)虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。①“vish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用"would/could+动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用"had+过去分词”或"could(should)+have+过去分词”。如：1wishitwerespringalltheyearround.TwishIhadknowntheanswer.IwishIcouldflylikeabird.②在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest^advise、proposexdemand、require、insistrequestxcommandsorder等后的宾语从句屮，谓语动词用should+动词原形或是动词原形。女(1：Shesuggestedwe(should)leavehereatonce.Thedoctororderedsheshouldbeoperated.(2)虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句小的运用。作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise>idea、order>demandsplan>proposal、suggest!on>request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。如：Hissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoShanghaiiswonderful.Myideaisthatthey(should)pay100dollars.(3)虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should+动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等。女山Ttisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)tha.tweshouldc1eantheroomeveryday.Itwasapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)thatyoushouldbesocareless・Itwillbedesired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)thatsheshouldfinishherhomeworkthisafternoon.注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示 惊奇等情感,that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：Itispitythatyoucan,tswim.3、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用(1)虚拟语气在asif/asthough、evenif/eventhough等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：Hediditasifhewereanexpert.Evenifshewerehere,shecouldnotsolvetheproblem.(2)虚拟语气用于定语从句中。这种从句常用于句型"Itis(high)time(that)…”中,定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should+动词原形，意思是“(现在)该……”。如：It"stimethat1pickedupmydaughter.It"shightimeweweregoing.(3)虚拟语气用在ifonly引导的感叹句中。如：IfonlyIwereabird.IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.(4)虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。①情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、冇礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在LI常会话中。如:Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.Wouldyoubekindenoughtoclosethedoor?②用于一些习惯表达法中。如：Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?1wouldrathernottellyou.虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件从句有两类，一是真实条件句，另一是煖拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如：Iftimepermits,we,11gofishingtogether.如果时间允许,我们就一起去钓鱼。如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发牛的，则是虚拟条件句。女口：Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwou1dhavemetthatfamousprofessor.如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。(隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授)。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。注：主句中的should只用于第一人称,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替；从句中的should»"J"用于各种人称。表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如：IfIwereyou,Ishould(would,could,might)tellhimthetruth.要是我是你，我就会告诉他真411To(事实上我不是你)Ifshehadtime,shewould(could,might)helpme.如果她有时间,她就会帮我了。(事实上她没有时间)表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。女［1：If1hadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,1should(would,could,might)havetelephonedyou.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。(事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。)Tfyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn"t(couldn,t)havefai1edintheexam.如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。)表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如：Ifitshouldrain,thecropswou1d(couId,might)besaved.假如天下雨,庄稼可能就收获了。WhatwouldhappenifIputthepaperonthefire?Itwouldburn.一-我若把只放在火上会怎么样？-一纸会烧著。注：在表示与将來事实可能相反的条件从句"P，wereto+动词原形比较正式，常用于书面语屮。如：IfyouweretogotoBeijing,youwould(could,might)haveachancetovisitTianAnMenSquare.虚拟语气的其它用法虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法在"Itisimportant(strange,natural,necessary)that…”这类句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用"(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义。如：ItisimportantthateveryBeijinger(should)beabletospeakEnglish.2要的是每个北京人能说英语。 Itisnecessarythathe（should）besenttohospitalatonce.有必要马上把他送医院。虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将來的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词thato表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式（be的过去式用were）表示。如：IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道。）1wishitwerespringinmyhometownalltheyeararound.但愿我的家乡四季如春。（只是愿望,实际根本不可能实现。）表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用had+过去分词。如：1wish（that）1hadn,twastedsomuchtime.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。（实际上已经浪费掉了。Hewishes（wished）hehadn,tlostthechance.他真希望没有失去机会。（事实上机会已经失去了,他感到惋惜。）表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为"would/should/could/might+动词原形”，此时要注意，主句的主语与从何的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动作名词除外）。如:Iwishitwouldstopraining.但愿雨能停止。Iwishyouwouldbequiet.我希望你安静一些。在suggest（建议），demand（要求），order（命令），propose（建议），insist（坚持要做），command（命令），request（要求），desire（希望）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”，表示建议，要求，命令等。如：Tsuggestthatwe（should）startthemeetingatonce.我建议马上开会。Thegraduateinsistedthathe（should）gotoworkinthesouth.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。注：当suggest表示暗示，主语为something；insist表示坚持观点时，后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较：Hissilencesuggestedthatheagreedwithmydecision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。HesuggestedthatI（should）sticktomydecision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。Heinsiststhatdoingmorningexercisesdoesgoodtopeople"shealth.他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。Heinsiststhathe（should）domorningexerciseseveryday•他坚持他每天都要早操虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法当主语为advice,suggestion,order,proposal等词时后接表语从句,表语从句中的谓语动词常用（should）+动词原形”结构，表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如：MyadviceisthatyoushouldpractisespeakingEnglishasoftenaspossible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。Theorderfromthecommanderwasthatthetroopsshouldsetoffforthefrontimmediately.司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。特殊的虚拟语气结构虚拟语气用在状语从句中由asif或as,though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式（bc-^were）或had+过去分词。如：Theteachertreatsthestudentasifhewereherownchild.这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子—-样。HespeaksasifhehadbeentotheUnitedStates.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。在Itistime（that）•••;Tdrather（that）••-句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气,意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。女H：Itistimethatwedidsomethingtostoppollution.该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。ItistimethatFatherpickedupLilyfromthekindergarten.该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。I"dratheryoutoldmethetruth.我真希望你告诉我真相。rdrather1didn"tseeyouagain.我宁愿不再见着你。 虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法在名词advice,suggestion,order,proposal等后接的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，其形式为"（should）+动词原形”，说明“建议”，“劝告”，“命令”等的具体内容。如：Theordercamethattheworkshouldbefinishedtwodaysaheadoftime-提前两天完成工作的命令传來ToReluctantlysheacceptedtheirproposalthatsheshouldbeoperatedon.她勉强接受了他们要她去接受手术的建议。注意：有时条件从句屮的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbeabletofinishtheworknow.如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）If1wereyou,1wouldhavegonetoherbirthdayparty.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生H晚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）Ifyouhadn"tlentmesomemoney,1couldn"thaveboughtthenewhouseandmostlikelyIwouldbestilllivinginthedemgeroushousenow.假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主旬说明过去和现在。）条件从句中省去if的情况在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，常可以省略if,将had,were或should提至句首。如：HadTseenthefilm,Twouldhavediscusseditwiththemlastnight.假如我看了那部电影，昨晩我就可以和他们一起讨论了。WereIabird,Icouldflyfreely.假如我是一只小岛，我就能自由翱翔。Shoulditrainnextweekthefarmerswouldhaveagoodharvest・要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。语法专练一虚拟语气thebookfromwhichitwasmade.1・Ienjoyedthemovieverymuch・IwishIA.havereadB.hadreadC.shouldhavereadD.arereading2.Youarelate.Ifyouafewminutesearlier,youhim.A.come;wouldmeetB.hadcome;wouldhavemetC-come;willmeetD.hadcome;wouldmeet3.Thetwostudentstalkedasiftheyfriendsforyears.A.shouldbeB.wouldbeC・havebeenD.hadbeen4.TtisimportantthatTwithMr.Williamsimmediately.A.speakB.spokeC.willspeakD.tospeak5.Ifthedoctorhadcomeearlier,thepoorchildwouldnot.A.havelaidtherefortwohoursB・havebeenliedtherefortwohoursC・haveliedtherefortwohoursD.havelaintherefortwohours6.Let，ssayyoucouldgothereagain,howfeel?A.willyouB.shouldyouC.wouldyouD.doyou7.1can"tstandhim.Healwaystalksasthoughheeverything・A.knewB.knowsC.hasknownD.hadknownA.Becauseof9.A.thefog,weshouldhavereachedourschool.TnspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butforinadvance,IB.wouldB.Ifyouhadtoldmewouldmeethimattheairport.hadmetC.wouldhavemetD.wouldhavemeet10.MikecantakehisA.teachescarapartB.willandputitbacktogetheragain.1teachC・hastaughtcertainlyD.wouldteachwishhemehow. 1wouldhavetoldA.hadbeenhimtheanswerhaditbeenpossible,but1B.wereC.wasD.sobusythen.wouldbeHeA.suggestedthatshouldtheyuseatrickinsteadoffighting.B.wouldC.couldD.MyA.fatherdidnotnotwentWouldyouratherIA.decidedgotoNewYork;thedoctorsuggestedthatB.won，tgoC.notgotobuyanewbike?B.wi11decideC.havedecidedhemightthere.D.nottogoD.shal1decideYoulooksotiredtonight.Itistimeyou.A・gotosleepB.fellasleepC.gotobedIfshecouldsew,.A・shemakeadressB・shewouldhavemadeashirtD・wenttobedC.shewi11makeashirtD.shewouldhadmadeacoattoday,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveE・WasheleavingC・WerehetoleavemoreattentiontoEnglishidiomsemdphrases.B・am;willpayC・wouldbe;wouldpayyou,1A.was;shal1payIf1D.IfheleavesD・were;wouldpayThelawrequiresthateveryonehiscarcheckedat1eastonceayear.A.hasB.hadC.haveD.willhaveItisstrangethatheso.A.wouldsayB・wouldspeakC・shouldsayD・willspeakHadIknownhername,A.ordoessheknowmine?B.andwheredoesshe1ive?C.shewouldbebeautiful.D・Iwouldhaveinvitedhertolunch.Hewasverybusyyesterday;otherwise,hetothemeeting.A.wouldcomeB.cameC・wouldhavecomeD.willcomeThe1ibrarianinsistedthatJohnnomorebooksfromthe1ibrarybeforehereturnedal1thebookshehadborrowed.A.wi.lltakeB.tookC.takeD.takesIdonothaveajob・IwouldfindonebutInotime.A.hadB・didn，thaveC・hadhadD・haveWithoutheatandsunlight,plantsontheearthwe11.D.wouldnotbegrownA.wouldnotgrowB.wil1notgrowC.hadnotgrownIfonlythealarmclockthen!A.hadrungringC・wouldringD・rang Theorderfromthecommanderwasthatthetroopsforthefrontimmediately.A.setoffB.hadsetoffC・wouldsetoffD.shal1setoffReluctantlysheacceptedtheirproposalthatsheon.D・wouldoperateA.shouldoperateB.beoperatedC.operate参考答案1-5BBDAD6-10CADCD11-15CACAD16-20BCDCC21-25DCCDA26-28AAB