2012王若平英语语法精讲讲义 55页

王若平精讲2012英语语法说起主语，大家似乎很熟悉，实际上，主语是很复杂的，请同学们思考一下：什么词可以充当句子的主语？可以充当英语句子主语的成分有：一、名词；二、名词化的形容词；三、代词；四、数词；五、动词不定式；六、动名词；七、名词化的现在分词、过去分词；八、短语；九、句子。如：○Pessimistssaythatthehumanisfacingextinction　主谓宾从thehumanisfacingextinction主谓宾（名词作主语）○Now，keepingpetsismoreandmoreprevalentinmanydevelopedcountries.状主系表状（名词作主语）○Whenalightpassengerplaneflewoffcoursesometimeago，itcrashedinthe　状从主谓状mountainsanditspilotwaskilled.　（代词作主语）连主谓Whenalightpassengerplaneflewoffcoursesometimeago连主谓状状○Tocommitsuicideisacowardlybehavior.（动词不定式短语作主语）　主系表○ItisimpossibleformostlearnerstolearnEnglishabroad.　形主系表真主（不定式短语为真正主语，it为形式主语）○Thathastemakeswasteisaproverbfulloflogic.Thehastemakeswaste主从（句子作主语）　　系表定主谓宾○Howeveradversethecircumstance，thestronginlifefirmlybelievesactionismore　状从reliablethanluck.　主定状谓宾从Howeveradversethecircumstance(maybe)连表主系actionismorereliablethanluck(isreliable)主系表状从（名词化的形容词作主语）○Eachyearthousandsofgraduatesfloodthejobmarket，wavingtheircollegediplomas　名主定谓宾状andcertificates.　（数词作主语） 一、名词作主语　从实用的角度看，名词可分为：1）不可数名词；2）可数名词。　1）不可数名词作主语　不可数名词，分为物质名词和抽象名词，只有单数，没有复数，与其连用的谓语动词均为单数。不可数名词除特指、有限定性定语修饰的前面用定冠词the外，其余都为零冠词。A.物质名词　○TeaoriginatedinancientChinaandhasspreadallovertheworld.　主谓1　状谓2状○Fastfoodbecomessopopularnowadaysnotonlybecauseofthefooditselfbutalso　主谓宾状原因状语theservicestheyprovide.　　B.抽象名词　○Failureisacommonthinginourdailylife.　　主系表状○Friendshipisthebasicneedofhumanfeelings.　主系表定注意：当抽象名词有限定性定语修饰时前面需要加定冠词the。如：　○Thedesireforpoweralwaysgoesparallelwiththedesireforfame.（有介词限定）　主定状谓宾定2）可数名词　可数名词作主语分：A.单数；B.复数　A.单数　①单数名词前注意加冠词a或an，谓语为单数，如：　○Ajobinterviewisaneffectivewayfortheinterviewertoknowabouttheapplicant.　　主系表定○Aleadercanearnsupportfrommassesonlybyhisintegrityandstrength.　　主谓宾定状②特指的、类指的、有限定性定语的名词前要加定冠词the。　Ⅰ.特指的，如：　○Accordingtothetable，wecanseeclearlytheaveragefamilyincomehasbeen　状increasinginChina.主谓状宾从theaveragefamilyincomehasbeenincreasinginChina主谓状○Thecompanyhasmadenotablegainsinproductivity.　　主Ⅱ.类指的，如：　谓宾定○Todaythepenismorehighlyesteemedthan(thepenwas)ever(esteemed).　状主谓状从　（thepen不是指“这支笔”，而是指“笔类”）　 ○Theteenageroftenexpresseshispassionswithdramaticexaggerationandissoon　　主disappointed.表状谓宾状连系状（theteenager指“年轻人”）　Ⅲ.有限定性修饰语　有限定性修饰语的名词前要加the,限定性修饰语多半为介词短语，如：　○Therapiddestructionofthetropicalrainforestsonearthhasledtovast-scalehabitat　主destruction.　（有限定性定语）定谓宾○Whatistheessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoeconomicsystems?　主系B.复数名词　表定名词的复数变化常常给我们的写作，甚至阅读造成困难，对此我们不能掉以轻心。复数名词的形式可分以下几种：　①大多数名词的复数形式是在词尾加s，如：　○Astronautsmusthavethemostrigoroustrainingthatisspeciallydevisedforthem.　　主谓宾定从○Ingeneral，gooddiplomaticrelationswillbehelpfulforthedevelopmentof　状internationaltrade.　　主系表状②以s，ss，x，sh，ch，z等字母结尾的名词和以辅音字母+o结尾的名词在词尾要加es，以元音字母+o结尾的名词直接加s，如：　○Long-distancebusesarethemainmeansofthetransportationbetweentheurbanareas　主系表定定andsuburbs.○Manyheroesintoday"sTVprogramsachievetheirgoalsbyviolentmeans.　　主定谓宾状③以y结尾的名词,y前是辅音的变y为i再加es，y前是元音的加s，如：　○SanlituninBeijingiscalledthe“embassyzone”，becausemanyforeigncountries"　主定谓主补状从embassiesinChinaarelocatedthere.　becausemanyforeigncountries"embassiesinChinaarelocatedthere连主定谓状○Ourjoysaremorepleasantwhenwehaveafriendtosharethem.　　主系表状从whenwehaveafriendtosharethem连主谓宾定④以f或fe结尾的名词，变复数时将f或fe改为ves，如：　○Nowadayswivesarenolongerwillingtoacceptthedomineeringattitudesofhusbands.　状主谓定宾定 ○Becauseitsleavesremaingreenlongafterbeingpicked，rosemarybecameassociatedwith　theidealofremembrance.　　宾状从主谓Becauseitsleavesremaingreenlongafterbeingpicked连主系表状⑤有些名词变为复数，没有规律可循，只能死记，如：　○Womenoftenhavemoredifficultiesontheirwaytosuccessthanmen.　　主状谓宾状状从○Identifyingthereasonsforanemergingphenomenonwhichinvolvesseveralcomplicated　主定定从factorsisfarfromaneasytask.　系状定表（phenomenon的复数是把on变成a）whichinvolvesseveralcomplicatedfactors主谓宾这类词还有：formula—formulae公式，thesis—theses论文，analysis—analyses分析，basis—bases基础，emphasis—emphases强调，criterion—criteria标准，crisis—crises危机，appendix—appendices附录，sanatorium—sanatoria疗养院，tooth—teeth，mouse—mice，ox—oxen，goose—geese，foot—feet；medium—media媒体　⑥有些名词单、复数形式一样　单、复同形的名词谓语或单或复，被视为一个整体时具有单数概念；被视为若干个体时具有复数概念，如：○Nowadays，fireworkshaveturnedouttobeasourceofpollutionfortheenvironment.　状主谓宾定（视为复数）　○Somepeoplearenotfavorofsettingofffireworksforit"sdangeroustopeople"slifeand　主谓宾第二个并列分句property.　（视为单数）这类词还有Chinese，sheep，deer，swine，series，species，aircraft，Japanese等。　⑦有少数名词只有复数形式。有的跟单数谓语，有的跟复数谓语。　Ⅰ.跟单数谓语　○Electronicsismymajorsubject.　　主系定表类似的词有：physics物理学，optics光学，politics政治，measles麻疹，mumps腮腺炎。但注意：这些名词表示具体的事物时，谓语动词用复数，如：　○Hispoliticsareratherconservative.　主系表○Statisticsshowthatthelivingstandardofcitizenshasgreatlyimproved.　　主谓宾从thatthelivingstandardofcitizenshasgreatlyimproved连定Ⅱ.跟复数谓语　主定谓状谓 ○Allhervaluableswerestolen.　　主语谓类似的词有：pants短裤，shorts短裤，trousers裤子，compasses两脚规，scissors剪刀，scales天平，pliers钳子，glasses眼镜，belongings所有物，doings行为，savings储蓄，findings调查结果，earnings挣的钱，surroundings环境，lodgings住处，overalls工作服，outskirts城郊，assets资产，living-quarters住所，clothes衣服，riches财富，remains残余，archives档案，dominoes骨牌，effects（个人）用品，valuables珍贵物品，goods货物。　⑧有些名词只有单形但是复数　○Manyfamouslysuccessfulpeoplehavebegunfromsmallorigins.　　定主谓状○TheBritishareconservative.　主系表⑨有些名词单复数发生词意变化，如：　○Mypreviousworkexperienceshelpmelearntodealwithcomplexsituationsandto定主谓宾宾补bepatientwhenworking.　　状从when　（Iam）working（此为了属于宾补的时间状语）连主谓○Hisrichexperiencedeservesusstudying.　宾格+动名词=动各词的复合结构　定主谓宾语类似这样的词还有：time时间—times时代，ground—grounds庭院，rich—riches财富，blue—blues忧郁，烦闷，ash—ashes骨灰，charge电（负）荷—charges费用，water—waters矿泉，水域，colour—colours观点，军旗，work—works著作，工厂，force—forces军队，arm—arms武器，minute—minutes记录，iron—irons烙铁，脚镣，light—lights灯，authority权威—authorities当局，custom习惯—customs关税　⑩复形名词与定冠词the　复数名词在什么情况下前面加the对许多人来说都是个棘手问题，用错the的情况在英语写作中屡见不鲜。实际上掌握the的用法并不难，只要记住下面的几点规则就行了。　Ⅰ.泛指时为零冠词，如：　○Mostpeopleagreethatguaranteedhumanrightsareanundeniableprerequisitefor　主谓宾从freedom.thatguaranteedhumanrightsareanundeniableprerequisiteforfreedom连定主系定宾定○Teachersshouldhaveknowledgeinprofessionalpychologyandpedagogy.　　主谓宾定Ⅱ.有限定性修饰语的用the,如：　○Thefilmscontainingmuchviolencemaymisleadthechildren.　主定谓宾　○ThechangesinthedietinChinacanbeaccountedforbyseveralfactors.　主定定谓状　Ⅲ.特指的，加the，如：　 ○Theenergeticprivateenterprisespossessmanyadvantagestoourmodernization.　　定主谓宾状（特指中国的私营企业）　○Accordingtothediagrams，wegetsomedataoffluepidemicwhichhitalarge　状countrytownin1995.　主谓宾定定从whichhitalargecountrytownin1995　主谓定宾状二、名词化的形容词作主语　名词化的形容词由the+形容词构成，作主语时其谓语可单、可复，视为整体时可用单数，视为若干个体时为复数，如：○Thestronginlifeisdecisiveandbraveenoughtoputhisplanintoaction.　主定系表状（副词短语）○Theweakinlifeoftentryhardtoavoidpainandconflict.　主定状谓状宾　三、代词作主语　可以作主语的代词有：　1)人称代词（主格）：we,I,they,you,he,she　人称代词作主语要注意以下二点：　①注意泛指　we,you可以泛指一般人，they泛指一些人，如：　○Weshouldkeepcalmifweareindanger.　主系表条件状语从句　ifweareindanger连主系表○Whencrossingthestreet,youshouldbecareful.　　状从主系表When(youare)crossingthestreet连主②she的特殊用法　谓宾she可以指代国家、大地、月亮、船只等，如：　○Chinameanswhatshesays.　主谓whatshesays　宾主谓宾从○Ilovetheland.Shealwaysremainsinmyheart.　主谓宾主状系表　2)不定代词（指人）：nobody,noone,everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,each,all,none,neither,one　○Hardlyanyoneiscompletelysatisfiedwiththeirstationinlife.　状主谓状谓宾定　○Everyoneunderstandstheimportanceofknowledge.　主谓宾定　 ○Nobodycanturnbackthewheelofhistory.　主谓宾定　○Allofusbelievethat“hebitesoffmorethanhecanchew.”　主定谓宾从hebitesoffmorethanhecanchew主谓宾状从hecanchew　主助谓译文：贪多嚼不烂3）不定代词（指物）:nothing,everything,something,one,some,any,all,little,few,as　○Buteverythingintheworldhastwosides.WatchingTVisnoexception.　连主　定谓宾主系表（no=notany）○Allthatglittersisnotgold.　　主定从that　glitters　主谓　系状表4)指示代词作主语，如this,that,these,those,it　○Anyphysicaltheoryisalwaysprovisional.Inasensethatisonlyahypothesis.　定主系状表状主系状表　○Itcallsfortremendouseffortsofseveralgenerations.　主谓定宾定　5)疑问代词who作主语　○Doyouknowwhohasmadethegreatestcontributiontothedevelopmentofour　谓主谓country?主谓定宾定你知道谁对我们国家的发展贡献最大吗？　　6)代词such　○Suchishumannature.　主系四、数词作主语　表　○0and1areusedtorepresentbinarynumber.　　主谓状语五、动词不定式作主语　动词不定式作主语，谓语是单数，如：　○Toseeistobelieve.　主系表　○Tobecontentwithlittleistruehappiness.　主系定表　注意：不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语，将真正的主语放在谓语之后，如：　○Itisessentialtoadopteffectivemeasurestocorrectproblemsrelatedtoexcessive形主系表deforestation.　　真主定注意：不定式的复合结构有两种：　 1)forsb.todo某人做某事怎么样，如：　○Itisimportantforustomakegooduseofenergy.　形主　系表真主○Tounderstandthetruthoftheproblem,itisimportantforustotakeactions.　状形主系表真主○Itisessentialforustotrytodecidewhethertelevisionisablessingoracurse.　形主系表真主whethertelevisionisablessingoracurse连主系表1连表2　2)ofsb.todo,如：　○Itissilly(foolish,stupid)ofyoutoneglectEnglish.　形主　系表六、动名词作主语　真正主语动名词作主语时，谓语是单数，如：　○Determiningtherootofinappropriatesocialbehaviorisjustasimportant　主定系表asrehabilitatingcriminaloffenders.　状从　justasrehabilitatingcriminaloffenders(isimportant)连主系表○Openingitsgatetotheworldisagoodideaforacountry,becauseitcantakein　主系表状原因状从splendidculturesandspreaditsown.　becauseitcantakeinsplendidculturesandspreaditsown　连主谓1宾1连谓2宾2注意：动名词前面可以用the或形容词修饰，如：　○Undertheguidanceofthelaw,Ithink,theadvertisingwillplayabetterroleinthe　future.状插入语主谓宾状○Thecuttingofforestreducesthesupplyofoxygen.　主定谓宾定　注意：动名词作主语时也常用it作形式主语，将真正的主语置于谓语之后，如：○Itisnogoodtellingalie.　形主系表真主○Itisnousecryinginsuchacircumstance.　形主系表真主　注意：动名词作主语时，该动作发生在谓语之前要用完成式，如：　○HavingpassedCET-6onlyshowsthatyoumasterthebasicskillsinlistening,speaking,　主readingandwriting.　状谓宾从thatyoumasterthebasicskillsinlistening,speaking,readingandwriting连主谓定宾定注意：动名词复合结构作主语　A.形容词性的物主代词充当动名词的逻辑主语，如：　 ○Ourcomingintotheworldisrecordedwithpenandink.　主谓状(由形容词性的物主代词充当coming的逻辑主语)B.宾格代词充当动名词的逻辑主语，如：　○Irememberhimcomingheretolookforajobafewdaysago.　主谓宾状状　C.名词充当动名词的逻辑主语，如：　○Iamafraidofthecontactswithforeigncountriesbeingcutoff.　主系表D.由名词所有格充当动名词的逻辑主语，如：　○Ican"timagineIraq"sbecomingpeacefulinashorttime.　主谓宾七、名词化的现在分词、过去分词作主语　1）名词化的现在分词作主语，如：　○Thelivingthoughtthattheywerelucky.　主谓宾从thattheywerelucky连主系表　2）名词化的过去分词作主语，如：　○Theagedwilleventuallyfindoutthedestinationoftheirlifevoyage.　主谓　状谓宾定八、短语作主语　○Withthegrowinghumanpopulation,theworld"swildlifeextinctionhasbecomeanother状importantissue.　表主系○Theseniormiddleschoolgraduateshavetotakecompetitiveexamsbeforetheyentercollege.主谓定宾状从beforetheyentercollege连主谓宾九、句子作主语　○Whethermoneycanbringhappinessornotdependsonhowoneearnsandspendsit.　主从谓宾语从句　Whethermoneycanbringhappinessornot连主谓宾连Whetherornothowoneearnsandspendsit连主谓1连谓2宾○“Alltheworldisastage”isawell-knownlinefromShakespeare"scomedy“asYou　主LikeIt”.　系定表定 Alltheworldisastage主　系表注意：句子作主语时如果是“主-系-表”结构的可以用it作形式主语，将主句放在表语的后面，如：○Itisobviousthatpublictransportismoreimportantthanprivatetransport.　主系表主从thatpublictransportismoreimportantthanprivatetransport连主系表状从○Itistruethatmoneyplaysanimportantroleinthecommercialworldtoday.　主系表真正主语thatmoneyplaysanimportantroleinthecommercialworldtoday连主谓定宾状注意：as作为代词可以指代后面的句子作主语，在这种情况下，要用逗号把代替的句子分开。如：　○Asisknowntoall,wenowhavetwo-dayweekend,whichmeanswehaveonemoredayfor　定从主状谓宾定从arestafteraweek"sworkandstudy.　whichmeanswehaveonemoredayforarestafteraweek"sworkandstudy.主谓宾从wehaveonemoredayforarestafteraweek"sworkandstudy主谓定宾状状○Asisshowninthegraph,caraccidentsinQingdaofellto25bythebeginningof　June.定从主定谓宾状Asisshowninthegraph主谓状 第二节谓语　一个句子的核心是主谓，谓语是对主语的陈述。对于谓语我们要把握以下七个方面：一、时态；二、语态；三、倒装；四、强调；五、情态动词；六、语气。　一、时态　英语时态虽然有16种之多，但需要灵活运用的只有5个：　1.一般现在时　一般现在时用于以下三个方面。　①一般现在时用于表达“总是”“经常”“通常”“常常”“往往”“有时”“偶尔”“每天（早晨、上午、下午、晚上）”“很少”等经常发生的动作或习惯动作，如：○Inmydailylife,Ialwayswantthingstobedonequickly,howevertheresults　状主状谓宾补连主tendtoturnoutjusttheoppositeofwhatIwish.　谓宾定whatIwish　连　主谓○Weoftenhearpeopleexclaim,“Whatasmallworld！”　主状谓宾宾补Whatasmallworld(itis)　感叹词定表主系　○Evenifheisawiseman,hewilloccasionallymakemistakes.　主谓Evenifheisawiseman连主系定表②表述真理或客观事实，如：　状谓宾　○Theknowledgeeconomyisasystembasedontheproduction,storage,distributionand　主系表定consumptionofknowledge.　○Internetplaysavitalroleinpolitics,military,economy,medicineandotherwalksof　主谓定宾状modernlife.③人或事物目前的特征或状态，如：　○Now,manypeopleadvocatehighersalariesforteachers.　状2.过去时　主　谓宾定　在下面的三种情况下要用过去时态：　①句中有明显的过去时态标志词，如：在年（月、周、日）前（...ago），在过去的某个时间点以前（before）,在过去某个时间点之后（after...），在去（年）、上（周）、昨天（晚上）（last...），在历史上（inhistory）,在古时（duringancienttimes），有when引导的过去时态的从句中及主句中，如：　 ○Ithasbeenestimatedthatathousandyearsago,therewereabout400millionpeopleon　主Earth.谓主语从句thatathousandyearsago,therewereabout400millionpeopleonEarth连状谓定主状　○Yearsagosomeexpertswarnedusthattheimprovedstandardoflivingmayleadtoa状主谓宾宾从declineinthemoralstandard.　thattheimprovedstandardoflivingmayleadtoadeclineinthemoralstandard连定主定谓宾定②描述古人或逝去的人的行为、特征或状态，如：　○HelenKellerwasawardedthePresident"sMedalofFreedomforhergreatachievement.　主谓宾定状③叙述往事，如：　○Iusedtobeveryradicalandthoughtonecouldnotbesuccessfulincareer主系表连谓主谓1状and,atthesametime,haveahappyfamilylife.　连状谓2宾2○Arecentsurveyshowedthat43percentofrespondentsrankedgettingrichastheirtop定主谓宾语从句priority,comparedto1percentonlyafewyearsago.that43percentofrespondentsrankedgettingrichastheirtoppriority,compared连主定谓宾补状to1percentonlyafewyearsago3.进行时　进行时是描述正在发生的行为动作，在下面几种情况下要用进行时：　①描述“正在”“在”“…着”的行为动作，如：　○Thegreenhouseeffectisgraduallywarmingtheearth"satmosphere.　主谓宾○TheUnitedNationsisendeavoringtoestablishpeace.　主谓宾　②描述“越来越”的动作，如：　○Withthetwo-dayweekendpolicyadopted,ourlifeisbecomingmoreandmore　colorful.　表　状主谓状○Todaytherolereversalbetweenmanandwomanisbecomingincreasingly　状commonplace.　主定系表③有明显的进行时态标志词now,today,atpresent,atthemoment,nowadays　 ○Withadomesticmarketof1.2billionconsumers,Chinaisnowbecomingahuge　状magnetformoreforeignbusinesscorporations.　表状主系状系定○Atpresent,quiteanumberofstudentsarecheatingincolleges.　　状4.将来时　定主谓状将来时是描述未来发生的动作。当句中含有中文“将”“会”字或句中有明显的将来时态标志词：将（future）,迟早（soonerorlater），明天（tomorrow），不久（soon）,之后（...later）,在…之后（after...），下（周、年）（next...），如：　○Iwillgetridoftheentanglementoffateandacceptthejoysandsorrowsinlife.　主　谓1宾1定1连谓2宾2定○Learningfrombookswilllayasolidfoundationinourfuturetime.　主5.完成时　谓宾状完成时态是翻译、写作中常用的时态。要表达我们中文中的“已经”“…了”“还没…”“自从”“到目前为止”“至今”“近来”“近几…来”“在…以前已经…”“一直”等概念都要使用完成时态，常用的时态标志词有：already,yet,since,for,sofar,all...,till/untilnow/today,uptonow,recently,in/during/overthepast/lastfewdays,intherecentyears,bytheendof...　①中文句中含着“已经”这一表示动作完成的时态标志词，但在英文句中只用动词的完成式即可表示出来，如：　○Computershavebecomeourfaithfulfriendsandcompanionsbecausetheycanhelp主ussomuch.系定表原因状从becausetheycanhelpussomuch连主谓宾状○TVhasundoubtedlychangedthewayofourentertainment,ourleisure,andourlife.　主谓状谓宾定②完成时与完成进行时态的区别　二者的区别有四点：　Ⅰ.强调动作完成了用现在完成时，动作尚未完成用完成进行时：○Inthepasttenyears,thecollegestudentswhodosocialinvestigationduringsummer　状定主定从vocationhaveincreasedalot.谓状（该句强调在过去的十年中搞社会调查的学生人数增长了许多，是指到目前为止的情况并未涉及到未来，所以要用现在完成时态。）whodosocialinvestigationduringsummervocation主谓宾状　 ○Mid-Autumnisstillafortnightaway,butmanyshopshavealreadybeen　主系状表连定主谓sellingmooncakes.宾（既然出售月饼的动作发生在中秋节两周之前，现在离此节还有两周的时间，显然还要继续销售下去，所以要用现在完成进行时。）　Ⅱ.强调动作的重复性只能用现在完成时；强调动作的持续性，用现在完成时或现在完成进行时都行：○Threetrafficaccidentshaveoccurredinfrontofourschoolgatethismorning.（该句是重复动作，只能用现在完成时态。）　Thenumberofwildspecieshasbeenproportionatelydecreasingwhilethe主定谓状谓populationoftheworldareincreasingdramatically.时间状从(该句是持续性动作，所以用了完成进行时态。)　whilethepopulationoftheworldareincreasingdramatically连主定谓状Ⅲ.有标志词all修饰的用现在完成进行时：○Ithasbeenrainingalltheweek.（该句有进行时态的标志词all。）主谓状Ⅳ.在but...not...yet句型中主句用现在完成进行时：○IhavebeenlearningforthreeyearsinFrancebutIhaven"tgotmymaster　主谓状状连主谓宾degreeyet.状　二、语态　主动语态是大家较为熟悉的，这里主要讲被动语态。英语和汉语在语态上的不同在于“英语多被动，汉语多主动。”对于阅读而言，要习惯于读被动句；对于写作，要善于写被动句才会有英语味。　1.被动语态的各种时态　被动语态的常用时态有：　①一般现在时的被动语态　○Manisalwaysfacedwithmanyproblemswhichthreatenman"sexistenceonEarth.主谓状　谓　宾定从whichthreatenman"sexistenceonEarth主谓宾定②过去时的被动语态　○WhenHenryFordfirstsoughtfinancialbackingformakingcars,theverynotionof状从定主farmersandclerkowingautomobileswasconsideredridiculous.　定③将来时的被动语态　谓主补 ○Iamsureourlifewillbefurtherimproved.　主谓宾从ourlife　willbe　further　improved主谓状谓　④进行时的被动语态　○Atomicenergyisbeingusedinindustry,aviationandmanyotherfieldsinChina.　　主⑤完成时的被动语态　谓状状○Therapidemergingsexualrevolutionhasbeenaccompaniedbymanydisturbingtrends.主　2.被动语态的不同结构　被动语态后面有以下几种结构：　①有固定的介词与之搭配，如：　谓状○InChina,youngchildrenaretraditionallylookedafterbytheirmothers.　状主谓状谓状　○Shakespeare"sdramasarerecognizedasthegreatestinEnglishliterature.　主谓补状　○Presentsareoftengivenasasignofcontributions.主谓状谓状　②后面接动词不定式，如：　○Therightsoftheindividualareconsideredtobethemostimportantinafreesociety.　主定谓补状　○NewspapersinBritainaresaidtobeneitherveryconservativenorveryradical.　主系表注意：如果不定式的动作发生在主动词之前，不定式要用完成式，如：　○Heisreportedtohaveinventedovertennewtechniques.　主（复合谓语）宾○Heissaidtohavegoneabroadtoseekahighly-paidjob.　主　（复合谓语）○Thelovelyrabbitissaidtohavehadaracewithatortoise.　定主复合谓语宾状③后面接名词或形容词作补语，如：　○Chinaisconsideredagreatcountry.　　主谓主补○Thisplanisthoughtpractical.　主谓补　○Whenyoushootafilm,itmustbeconsideredbothinterestingandconstructive.　状从主谓补Whenyoushootafilm　连主谓④与by连用，如：　宾○JeffersondraftedTheDeclarationofIndependence,whichwasadoptedbytheCongress主谓宾定从 onJuly4,1776.　whichwasadoptedbytheCongressonJuly4,1776主谓状○Theairinthecityisoftenpollutedbypoisonousgasesemittedbythesmokestacksof　主factories.　定谓状定⑤句子作主语用it作形式主语，如：　○Ithasbeencalculatedthatthepopulationoftheworldhasreachedmorethan5billions.主谓主语从句thatthepopulationoftheworldhasreachedmorethan5billions连主定谓宾○Itisheavilyacknowledgedthatextensivedeforestationcontributedtoheavysummer形主谓状flooding.谓主从thatextensivedeforestationcontributedtoheavysummerflooding连定主谓宾⑥由情态动词(can,should,might,must等)构成的被动语态，如：○Healthisthemostvaluablethingsintheworldandcanneverbebought主系withmoney.　　状定主表状连谓状谓○Povertycannotbereducedbymerelycomplainingandblamingothers.　主三、倒装　谓状将谓语的部分（情态动词和助动词）或全部移至主语前面称为倒装，倒装的产生是因以下三方面：　1.出于结构的需要　①there引导的句子，如：　○Withpopulationexplosionandgrowingindustry,thereappearsaveryserious状problemoffreshwatershortage.　　主定②so,neither,nor开头的句子，如：　状谓定○Soquicklyarescienceandtechnologyadvancingthatwhatisimpossibletodaymay状谓主谓状从bereadilyavailabletomorrow.　thatwhatisimpossibletodaymaybereadilyavailabletomorrow.连主从系状表状○Ihaven"twatchedafilmofthiskind,neither(nor)doIintendtowatchit.　主谓宾定状助主谓宾③一些修饰语过长的句子　 有些本来不必倒装的句子，由于主语太长（往往带有很长的后置定语，如形容词短语、介词短语，尤其是定语从句），谓语又很短，常用倒装语序以保持句子结构的平衡。这种句子多半为被动语态。如：　○Tothislistmaybeaddedafewnewly-developedalloyssuitableforthispurpose.状谓主定　（本句的主语“合金”前后均有形容词短语修饰，显得特别长，而谓语maybeadded又很短，为了保持该句结构的平衡，故采用了倒装语序。）　○Inthisdesignareinvolvedanumberofproblemswhichshouldbesolvedfirst.状谓主定从whichshouldbesolvedfirst主谓状　（该句主语problems前有量词，后有很长的定语从句修饰，谓语areinvolvedin又很短，所以也采用了倒装语序。）　④某些让步状语从句　Ⅰ.由as引导的让步状语从句　由as引导的让步状语从句（as表“尽管”）的倒装有三种形式：　A.表语提前，如：　○Poorasheis,hehasloftyaspirations.　状从主谓定宾Poorasheis表连主系○Richasahigh-rankingofficialis,whoisbusyseekingpowerandfortune,hemaynot　状从定从主系beashappyasapoorpleasantinthefields.　　表状从状Richasahigh-rankingofficialis表连主系whoisbusyseekingpowerandfortune主系表B.主动词提前，如：　○Tryashewould,hedidn"tsucceed.　让状语主谓Tryashewould谓连主谓C.副词提前，如：　○Fastasheran,helaggedbehind.　状从主谓状Fastasheran状连主谓　○MuchasItried,IfailedtopasstheEnglishTestBand状从　主谓宾 MuchasItried状连主谓Ⅱ.though引导的让步状语从句可以倒装，如：　○Latethoughitwas,theycontinuedtheexperiment.　状从　主谓宾Latethoughitwas表连主系Ⅲ.however引导的让步状语从句的倒装，如：　○Howevergreatthedifficultymaybe,wewon"tloseheart.（however=nomatterhow）　状从主谓　宾Howevergreatthedifficultymaybe连表主系Ⅳ.whatever引导的让步状语从句的倒装，如：　○Whateveritisyou"vefound,youmustgiveitbacktothepersonitbelongsto.状从(whatever=nomatterwhat)　itbelongsto主谓Whateveritisyou"vefound连主系定从youhavefound主谓主谓1宾1谓2宾2宾从Ⅴ.nomatterhow引导的让步状语从句的倒装，如：　○Nomatterhowlongitis,I"llstickitout.　状从　主谓宾状Nomatterhowlongitis连表主系○Nomatterhowdifficultthesituationwas,hewasfirmandsteadfast.　状从主系表Nomatterhowdifficultthesituationwas连表主系　Ⅵ.比较状语的复合句中要倒装，如：　○Thehigherthetemperatureoftheair(is),themorewatervapour(is).　表主定系表主系○Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.　状主谓定宾主谓⑤宾补结构中，宾语太长而补语过短的句子　在宾补结构中，如果宾语有介词短语或定语从句修饰显得特长而补语是一个形容词，往往采用倒装语序，把补语放在宾语前面，如：　○Twobrilliantideasmadepossiblethemassproductionofpenicillin　　定主谓宾补宾.　（该句中补语possible放在了宾语themassproductionofpenicillin之前，用倒装语序。）　 ○Astronomersnolongerregardasfancifultheideathattheymayonedaypickup主状谓宾补宾signalswhichhavebeensentbyintelligentbeingsonotherworld.同位语从句　(该句中asfanciful是theidea的补语。theidea作为宾语由于有that引导的同位语修饰而同位语中的宾语signals又有which引导的定语从句修饰，故整个宾语特长，补语只有倒装放在宾语之前，句子结构才清楚。英语中这类句子很多，希望同学们好好学习。这样做既可提高自己的阅读能力、翻译能力，也可提高写作能力。)thattheymayonedaypickupsignalswhichhavebeensentbyintelligentbeings连主谓状onotherworld谓宾宾从whichhavebeensentbyintelligentbeingsonotherworld主2.为了强调　谓状定①以only开头的句子(写作必用)，如：　○Onlybyadoptingthesemeasurescanwereducethefakecommodities.　　状谓主谓宾○Onlywhenmoneyisgainedbymeansofhonestlaborandusedforthebenefitofnotonly　时间状语从句oneselfbutalsohispeopleandcountrycanitbringapersonrealhappiness.　谓主谓间宾直宾Onlywhenmoneyisgainedbymeansofhonestlaborandusedforthebenefitof连主谓1状谓2notonlyoneselfbutalsohispeopleandcountry　状②以介词短语开头的句子，如：　○Fromtheverycuriosityandthirstforknowledgerosereligion,philosophyandbranches状谓主ofthenaturalscience.　○Withtheaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcamecuteurbancrowdingand伴随状语谓定定主1连accompanyingstress.定主2③以never,hardly,little,rarely,scarcely,seldom,notonly,notuntil,atnotime,innoway,innocase,bynomeans,athardlyanyplace,nolonger,invain,undernocircumstances等有否定含义的副词或短语开头的句子要倒装。要注意倒装后，助动词提前，主动词要作相应变化，如：○Neverbeforeinhistoryhastheissueofoverpopulationbeenmoreevidentthannow.　状助主系表状　3.为了生动　以副词here,there,now,then,thus,down,up,in,out,away,well等开头的句子，如：　○Nowcomesyourturn!状谓主 ○Thencameanewdifficulty.状谓主四、强调　强调句就是通过某种手段来突出句子中某一成分，如主、谓、宾或表语、状语，从而达到一种特殊的语言效果。强调是说话、翻译和写作常用的手段。强调的手段有：语音手段、词汇手段和语法手段。语音手段留给口语课去讲，我们重点讲后两种手段。　1.词汇手段　常见的加强词有very,right,much,only,even,any,enough,atall,alot,byfar等，如：　○ThisistheverybookIamlookingfor.主系表定语从句Iamlookingfor主谓○Ididn"tknowitatall.主谓宾状2.语法手段　①强调谓语，如：　○Studiesindicatethatalcoholdoesoffersomehealthbenefitswhenconsumedin主谓宾语从句moderation.thatalcoholdoesoffersomehealthbenefitswhenconsumedinmoderation连主谓宾when（itis）consumedinmoderation连主谓状○Wedo,infact,havealongwaytogotoreachourfinalgoal.主谓插入语谓定宾定目的状语②强调其他句子成分　强调其他句子成分用固定句型Itis/was...that/who...　○Itwasnotmoneythatluredtheadolescenthusbandmantothecities,butthegaylife.　（强调主语）notmoneybutthegaylifeluredtheadolescenthusbandmantothecities.主谓宾状○Itisaspacemanthathewantstobecomeinthenearfuture.　（强调表语）hewantstobecomeaspacemaninthenearfuture主谓宾五、情态动词　关于情态动词，我要强调的是在写作中主动地使用这些词。　1.should,ought应该　○Everyoneoughttobearthesayinginmind“Everymanisthemasterofhisownfate.”主谓宾状同位从Everymanisthemasterofhisownfate主系表定○Powerfulnationsshouldnotattempttocontroltheweakerones.主谓宾2.can,could能，能够，可能，可以　 ○Thecomputergamescanstimulatechildren"sinterestinelectronicsandcomputer主谓宾定science.3.must,haveto必须；一定，准是（表示推测）　○Peoplemustproceedtoabandonoldhabitsinordertoembarkontheroad主谓1状状tonewachievement.定4.may,might可能，会　○Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.　　主谓宾5.dare,dared敢，敢于　○Iscarcelydarethinkofit.主状谓宾6.need需要，notneed不必　○Thatproblemneedn"tbediscussed.主谓○ThenortheastChinaneedbedevelopedwithgreatefforts.主谓状7.will，would就，表示一种倾向或揣测　○Aslongaswelearnsomethingfromfailure,we"llcertainlymakeourmarksintheend.状从主谓宾状Aslongaswelearnsomethingfromfailure连主谓宾状六、语气　语气就是说话人的口气，主要包括陈述语气、虚拟语气和祈使语气三种。文章中出现的大多数句子是陈述语气，我们主要讨论后两种。　1.虚拟语气　虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况，或一种主观意愿，即动词所表示的动作或状态与事实不符或不可能实现。虚拟语气的形式有三种：　1）与现在的事实相反　条件从句的动词用过去式或were,主句的动词用should（would,could,might）+动词原形，如：　○IfIwereatopstudentinourclass,Iwouldgetscholarship.从句主谓宾IfIwereatopstudentinourclass连主谓宾状2）与过去的事实相反　与过去的事实相反的条件从句的动词用had+过去分词，主句的动词用should(would,could,might)+have+过去分词，如：　○Ifyouhadgraduatedfromuniversitylastyear,youwouldhaveenteredthisinstitute.从句主谓宾Ifyouhadgraduatedfromuniversitylastyear连主谓状 3）与将来的事实相反　条件从句的动词用wereto或should+动词原形，主句的动词用should(would,could,might)+动词原形，如：○IfI(wereto)shouldseehertomorrow,Iwouldgiveyourbestregardstoher.　从句主谓IfIshouldseehertomorrow连主谓宾状4）主句、从句的动词时间不一致　宾状主、从句的动词时间不一致时，可按实际情况分别加以处理，如：　○Ifyouhadworkedalittlebitharderinthepast,youwouldn"tgetsuchalowscoretoday.从句主谓定宾状Ifyouhadworkedalittlebitharder连主谓状2.虚拟语气的其他用法　1）wish引导的虚拟语气宾语从句　①与现在事实相反，如：　○IwishIwereasstrongasalion.主谓宾从Iwereasstrongasalion.主系表状从②与过去事实相反，如：　○IwishIhadnottreatedherlikethat.　主谓宾从Ihadnottreatedherlikethat主谓宾状③与将来事实相反，如：　○IwishIwouldbecomeanastronomertomorrow.主谓宾从Iwouldbecomeanastronomertomorrow主谓宾状2)Itis(high)time(that)句型　其动词形式要用过去式。　○Itistimethatyoumadeaplanforyourfuture.　　定从thatyoumadeaplanforyourfuture（that=when=inwhich）状主谓宾状3)wouldrathersb....宁愿某人做…　其动词形式要用过去式或过去完成式。　○I"dratheryoukeptsilentthanspeakoutyourmind.　主谓宾语从句I"drather=Iwishyoukeptsilentthanspeakoutyourmind主系表连谓4)Butthat...要不是　宾 ○Butthattheprofessorhelped,ourexperimentwouldnothavebeensosuccessful.　　状从主系表5)用短语表示虚拟条件，如：　○Withoutcomputers,therewouldnotbemodernindustry.　　状谓主○Butfortheircommonefforts,theycouldnothaveachievedsomuchintheirresearch.　　状6)Ifonly引导的句子　主谓状状Ifonly引导的感叹句，也要求用虚拟语气，其意义相当于“HowIwish+宾语从句”。该结构中的谓语动词形式与wish类从句动词形式相同。　○IfonlyIcouldseeheronce!　连主谓宾状○IfonlyIhadn"toffendedher.　　连主谓宾7)asif,asthough好像，犹如　虚拟语气用于asif(though)引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish所跟从句中的形式完全相同。　○Hetalksasif(though)hehadbeentoFrance.　主谓方式状语从句asifhehadbeentoFrance连主系表8)虚拟语气中的省略　虚拟语气中的省略有：　①在Itisvital(imperative,necessary)that引导的主从句中要用虚拟语气，可省should。　○Itisveryimperativethatwetakedrasticactionstomakeourcitiesgreener.　形主系表真主类似的形容词还有：possible,important,essential,desirable,insistent,natural,strange,right,advisable,better,best,unusual,significant,urgent,preferable,normal,sorry,incredible等。请牢记上述这些词的特殊用法。②虚拟语气中表语从句省略should　在sb."ssuggestionisthat...后面的表语从句要用虚拟语气，可以省略should,如：　○Hissuggestionisthatsuchacriticism(should)beaccepted.　主系表语从句thatsuchacriticism(should)beaccepted连主谓类似的名词有：proposal,order,request,demand,requirement,motion,insistance,preference,wish,necessity,law,condition,decision,importance,plan,idea,recommendation,apity,ashame,nowonder等词，请牢记它们的这一用法。③宾语从句中省略should　在suggest,propose,recommend等动词之后的宾语从句需用虚拟语气，可以省略should，如：　○Studiessuggestthatcartoonsmostoftenteachchildrenthedifferencebetweengoodandevil.主谓宾语从句 thatcartoonsmostoftenteachchildrenthedifferencebetweengoodandevil连主状谓间宾直宾定类似的动词还有：advise,order,command,decree,demand,require,request,urge,desire,insist,determinate,decide,ask,move,vote,maintain,direct,advocate等词，请牢记它们的用法。④lest及incase引导的目的状语从句可省略should，如：　○You"dbettertakeanumbrellawithyoulestit(should)rain.　主谓宾状目的状语从句lestit(should)rain连主谓⑤虚拟语气可省略if如if,则were,should,had要倒装，如：　○WereIyou,Iwouldtakethisjob.　从句主谓宾IfIwereyou连主系表○ShouldIbecomeamillionairetomorrow,Iwouldtakeoutofhalfmymoneytohelp从句主yourvillagebuildaschool.　IfIshouldbecomeamillionariretomorrow谓宾状连主系表状⑥asif(though)引导的状语从句的省略　asif(though)引导的虚拟语气从句可省主语和系动词，如：　○Thecardrivesveryfastasifflying.　主谓状状语从句asif(itis)flying连主谓9)情态动词可以用于虚拟语气　①should本应该，本可以，如：　○Iregrethavingleftthebookunfinished;主谓宾（动名）Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.主谓宾状状②can,could(can"t,couldn"t)能，可能，可以，如：　○Hecouldhavedonebetterifhehadbeenmorecareful.　主谓状状语从句ifhehadbeenmorecareful引主系表○Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.　主谓③might有可能，会，如：　○Ifwehadmadeadequatepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded.　状语从句主谓Ifwehadmadeadequatepreparations引主谓宾 ④must一定，如：　○Thestreetsarewet.Itmusthaverained.　主系表主谓⑤needn"t本不必，如：　○Yougotupearlybutyouneedn"thavedoneso,becauseyouhadnoworktodo主谓状连主谓状thatmorning.becauseyouhadnoworktodothatmorning引3.祈使语气　主谓宾定状祈使语气用来表示请求、希望、劝告或命令，在写作中也是常遇到的句型。　1)表示请求、希望、劝告，如：　○Whenyouseesomeoneindifficulty,don"thesitatetogiveyourlovetohim.状谓宾Whenyouseesomeoneindifficulty连主谓宾定○Useyourwittoamusenotabuse.　谓宾状2)表示命令，如：　○Beguardagainstvariousshamtheories.Don"tbefooledbythem.　谓定宾谓状 第三节宾语　宾语的性质和主语最接近，如前所述，主语可以由名词、名词化形容词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的现在分词和过去分词、短语及句子充当，同样宾语也可由这些成分充当，本节只讲述作宾语与作主语不同的成分。　一、动词不定式作宾语　不定式作宾语分下面五种情况：　1.在某些动词之后只接不定式作宾语　这些动词包括decide,refuse,manage,pretend,intend,promise,attempt,fail(没能)，plan,seem,wouldlike,agree,happen(碰巧)，如：　○SaddamrefusedtosurrendertotheUnitedStates.　主谓宾○ThemainlandmanagedtostimulateindividualconsumptionbyallmeansinJulythisyear.主谓宾状状注意：help后面接动词不定式可省to，如：　○Savejustalittlewatereveryday,andwewillhelplessenthetension谓1定宾状连主谓宾ofthefreshwatershortage.　定2.在remember,forget,regret后面　在上述三个动词之后接动名词作宾语时,表示该动作已发生过了；接不定式作宾语时，表示该动作还没发生，如：　○Irememberaskinghimthisproblemthreeyearsago.　主谓宾状○Iremembertohaveaninterviewtomorrow.　主谓宾状○Iregrettosaythatwe"lldeparttomorrow.　主谓宾thatwe"lldeparttomorrow引主谓状○IregretsayingthatIhatedyou.　主谓宾thatIhatedyou引主谓宾3.在mean,try后面接动名词和不定式作宾语发生词义变化　meandoing意味着做…，meantodo打算做；trydoing试着做…，trytodo尽力做…。○InTaiwan,thePartyinpowerhasbeenmeaningtomakeTaiwanindependentbutinvain.状主状谓宾ButTheindependentinvain在省略句○Otherpeoplethinkthatsuccessmeansholdinganimportantgovernmentpost.主谓宾从thatsuccessmeansholdinganimportantgovernmentpost引主谓宾 ○Intherecentyears,Chinahastriedtoreducethenumberofherarmymen.　状主谓宾○TheUnitedStatestriedpersuadingothercountriesintheworldtooffermoremoney主谓宾定othercountries的补语forIraq"sconstructionafterthewar.　4.在like后面　like后面的动作是抽象意义的就用动名词，是表达具体时间发生的具体动作就用不定式，如：　○Hedoesn"tliketalkingaboutpersonalaffairs.　主谓宾○Iliketotakeawalkonthecompusaftersupper.　主谓宾5.it作形式宾语代替不定式　当不定式作宾语后面接补语时需要用it指代不定式，然后将补语放在it之后，如：　○IthinkitnecessarytodeepenChina"sreformall-round.（it指代动词不定式短语）主谓形宾宾补真正宾语○Inordertospeeduptheconstructionofthewest,hethinksitnecessarytotransitthe状people"sconceptionfirst.　二、动名词作宾语　使用动名词作宾语要分清下列三种情况：　1.只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有：　主谓形宾补真宾admit(承认)，advise(建议)，avoid(避开，避免)，appreciate(感激，欣赏），approveof(批准），can"thelp(禁不住），can"tbear(忍受不了)，can"tstand(忍受不了)，consider(考虑)，delay(耽搁)，deny(否认)，dependon(依靠，依赖)，dread(害怕)，endure(容忍)，enjoy(享受)，escape(逃脱)，excuse(原谅)，fancy(想要)，favour(偏爱)，feellike(觉得像)，finish(完成)，forgive(饶恕)，giveup(放弃)，insiston(坚持)，intentto(打算)，imagine(想象)，keep(on)(继续)，stop(停止),lookforwardto(盼望)，mention(提到)，mind(在意)，miss(错过)，objectto(反对)，parden(重复)，permit/allow(允许)，postpone(推迟)，practise(实践)，prevent(防止)，putoff(推迟),quit(戒)，recall/recollect(回忆)，relyon(依靠，依赖)，report(报导)，resist(抵制)，resent(憎恨)，resume(恢复)，risk(冒险)，thinkabout(考虑)，suggest（建议），understand(理解)，swearto(断言，坚决肯定)，tobecustomedto/tobeusedto(习惯于…)，如：　○Furthermore,governmentsofmanycountrieshavetakeneffectivemeasurestocallon状主定谓宾状peopletogiveupsmoking.○Itisnoteasytoquitsmokinganddrinking.　形主系表真主2.作介词的宾语，如：　○Thecoalremainsofservicetomankindafterbeingburiedundergroundforyearsandyears.主系表状状○Besidesspeedinguptheapprovalprocedureforforeigninvestmentventures,weshould状主谓 helpthemtosolveproblems.　宾宾补注意：动名词的复合结构作宾语时，其逻辑主语有三种形式：　①物主代词作动名词的逻辑主语，如：　○Thefinalpurposeofmystudyingincollegeisnotmerelytogetadiploma,butto主定系enrichmyknowledge.　②名词作动名词的逻辑主语，如：　○Idon"tlikeyoungpeoplesmoking.　主谓宾③名词所有格作动名词的逻辑主语，如：　表○ThevisitorsweresurprisedatChina"simprovingherenvironmentinthepastfewyears.主谓状状3.少数几个动词后面接动名词作宾语表示被动　接动名词作宾语表示被动的词有：need,want,require,deserve,如：　○TheGenghisKhan"sGraveyardneedsrebuilding/toberebuilt.　主谓宾　○Yourpaperrequiresrewriting.　主谓宾此外beworth和bebusy后面接的动名词也表示被动，如：　○TheZhangjiajieNatureReserve,locatedinthewestofHunan,isfantasticandworth主定系表visiting.三、代词作宾语　作宾语的代词有：　　1.人称代词宾格作宾语，如：me,us,him,her,them,you　○Richexperiencecanhelpme(us)tideoveradifficulty.　　主谓宾宾补○Somepeoplethinkthebestwaytoraisechildrenistoencouragethemtobeindependent主谓宾语从句thinkers.thebestwaytoraisechildrenistoencouragethemtobeindependentthinkers主定系表2.不定代词作宾语,如：　all,one,noone,nothing,nobody,everyone,everything,everybody,some,someone,something,somebody,anyone,anything,anybody,each,eachone,other,another,anotherone,anotherthing,none,either,neither,many,(a)few,(a)little,both　○Abuseofpoweroftendoomsonetofailureanddisrepute.　主谓宾状○Theenergycanbetransformedfromoneformtoanother.　　主谓状3.指示代词作宾语，如：this,that,these,those,such,so,it　 ○Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselve.　主谓宾定从whohelpthemselve主谓宾○Agoodleadershowsthewaytothoseledbyhimandneedsupportfrommasses.　　　主谓1宾4.反身代词作宾语　状定连谓2宾○Respectyourself,ornooneelsewillrespectyou.　　谓宾连主谓宾○Propermeasuresshouldbetakentoenablethetalentedpeopletoconcentratethemselveson主theirwork.　　四、介词宾语从句　谓状○Largeandsmallenterprisesdifferinthattheformerusuallyinvolvesconglomeratesand主谓状thelatterprivateindividuals.thattheformerusuallyinvolvesconglomeratesandthelatterinvolvesprivateindividuals引主谓宾连主谓宾○Itisextremelyhardsometimestosayasimplethinglike“Iwaswrong”.主系表状真主tosayasimplethinglike“Iwaswrong”谓定五、双宾语　宾定○Contactwithdifferentfriendsgivesusabroadoutlookonlife.　　主谓间宾直宾定○Competitiongivesstudentsabigincentivetolearn.主谓间宾直宾定○Wealthcanbuyussomematerialthingsbutcannotmakeushappyandfree主谓间宾直宾连谓fromsadnessandworries.状六、谓宾被状语分割　宾宾补宾语通常都是紧跟谓语之后。但是，如果宾语有较长的修饰语作定语，往往被状语所分割，研究这种现象不仅能提高我们的阅读能力，还能提高我们运用语言的能力。如：　○Theopenpolicyhasbroughtinfromtheoutsideworldsomeharmfulideasonpolitics主谓1状宾1定andarousedsomefalseopinionsaboutChinaamongcollegestudents.　谓2宾2定　状第四节补语　补语分主语补足语和宾语补足语两种，分别补足主语或宾语的意义，表达“使人或物怎么样”“发现或认为某人或事物怎么样”“相信某人某事怎么样”等。充当补语的有：名词 及名词短语、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词或介词短语等。一、主语补足语　1.名词及名词短语作主语补足语　○Literaturehasbeenconsideredthehighestformoflanguage.　　主谓定主补定2.不定式作主语补足语　不定式作主语补足语是在被动语态的谓语动词之后，如：　○Therightsoftheindividualareconsideredtobethemostimportantinafreesociety.　主定谓主补状○Ifclaimsoftheothersideprovetrue,wemaybeforcedtoalterourposition.　状从主谓主补Ifclaimsoftheothersideprovetrue连主系表3.动名词作主语补足语　○Hisjobwasfoundworkinginalibrary.　　主谓主补○Teachingisoftencalledsellingknowledgeinschool.　　主谓主补4.现在分词作主语补足语　○Hewasfoundstealingmoney,underthepedestrianunderpass,yesterdayafternoon.　主谓主补○IwasthoughtworkinghardbymyteacherswhenIwasacollegestudent.　主谓　主补状状从whenIwasacollegestudent引主系表5.过去分词作主语补足语　○Ｈewasthoughtquitequalifiedforthejobafterthreedaysofwork.　主谓主补状○Mystolenbikewasfoundabandonedattheroadsidenearby.　主谓主补状6.形容词作主语补足语　○Herofficeisalwayskeptcleanandtidy.　　主谓主补○ThedoorofChinawasmadeopenin1978.　　主定谓主补状7.副词作主语补足语　○Ourteacherwillbeaskedinforourdiscussion.　　主谓主补状○Thatquestionneedn"tbebroughtin.　　主谓主补8.介词或介词短语作主语补足语　○Tobaccoconsumptionisknownasoneofthemostseriousproblemsintheworld.　　主谓主补 ○Workservesasabridgebetweenmanandreality.　主谓状定○Humanityismadeupofmanytypesofpeople.　　主谓二、宾语补足语　508121091.名词作宾语补足语　○Internetallowsscientistsswiftaccesstoallthedataandresearchfindingsintheirfields.主谓宾宾补定○Inshort,wemustworkdiligentlytomaketheworldabetterplaceforthecoming状主谓状状generations.2.不定式作宾语补足语　不定式作宾语补足语有二种形式：①带to；②省略to①带to，如：　○Ifyouwantyourwishtocometrue,healthisthemostimportantingredientofyour状从success.Ifyouwantyourwishtocometrue主系定表定连主谓宾补○Allcountriesneedtoeducatetheircitizenstobemoretolerantofotherideologies.　　主谓宾toeducatetheircitizenstobemoretolerantofotherideologies动宾补②省略to，如：　在感官动词和使役动词后不定式作宾补时通常省略to。　○Thenexttimewetakeupourpentowrite,letus(to)rememberthatweholdinour状主谓宾宾补谓宾宾补handthemostpowerfulinstrumentmankindpossesses.weholdinourhandthemostpowerfulinstrumentmankindpossesses.主谓状mankindpossesses.主谓宾定从○Moreandmorepeopleasklawyerstohelpthem(to)drawupcontracts,(to)settle定主谓宾宾补disputesand(to)makewills.　　tohelpthem(to)drawupcontracts,(to)settledisputesand(to)makewills动宾补1补2连补3○Energymakestheworld(to)go.　主谓宾补注意：省略to的不定式变成主语补足语时，to不能省，否则算用法错误，如：　○Therulesandregulationsshouldbemadetobemanifesttoallstaff.(manifestadj.显然主谓宾补的，明白的)状 3.现在分词作宾语补足语　○Justasindividualpeopleneedchallengestomaketheirlivesmoreinteresting,Ibelieve状从thehumanraceitselfneedschallenges.　宾从主谓Justasindividualpeopleneedchallengestomaketheirlivesmoreinteresting引主定谓宾补thehumanraceitselfneedschallenges主同位语谓宾○Moststudentsthinkitdishonestanddegradingtocheatinexams.　主谓形宾宾补真宾4.过去分词作宾语补足语　○Nowadays,peopleconstantlyfindthemselvesexposedtovariousadvertisement.　状主状谓宾宾补○Ifsmokingbringsusillnessanddeath,whynothaveitbannedbythegovernment?　　状从连Ifsmokingbringsusillnessanddeath引主谓间宾直宾5.形容词作宾语补足语　谓宾宾补状○Self-educationisaneffectivewaytomakeonenoble-minded,moreableandintelligent.主系表定　tomakeonenoble-minded,moreableandintelligent动宾补○Manygraduatesoftenfindithardtotranslatetheirbookknowledgeintorealjobskill.　主谓形宾宾补真宾6.介词作宾语补足语　○Womenarethoughtofasweakerthanmenbothphysicallyandintellectually.　主谓主补状从状○Astrictlawshouldbeissuedtokeeptheadvertisementsunderpropercontrol.主谓状tokeeptheadvertisementsunderpropercontrol动宾补第五节表语表语说明主语身份、类别、状态、性格和特征。可以充当表语的词有名词、名词化的形容词、现在分词和过去分词、形容词、介词、代词、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式、数词和句子。　一、名词作表语○Gradesareawaytotestastudent"sachievementinacertaincourse.　主系表定○Somepeoplearguethatinvestinginstockisnotasafepursuit.　　主谓宾从 thatinvestinginstockisnotasafepursuit连主系表注：名词作表语的冠词用法（a,an,the,零冠词），以及单、复数变化，与作主语同。　二、名词化的形容词、现在分词和过去分词作表语　○Thosewhoneedanurgenthelpherearethewounded.　　主定语从句系表whoneedanurgenthelphere主谓宾状○Amongallthefeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest.　　状三、形容词作表语　主系状表形容词作表语有以下三种情况：　　1.有些形容词作表语要求接动词不定式，如：　○Thosewhohavegreatcouragetofacedifficultiesandacceptallkindsofchallengesare主定从morelikelytoberewardedwithsuccess.谓状whohavegreatcouragetofacedifficultiesandacceptallkindsofchallenges主谓1宾定连谓2宾○Ifyoulearnsfromtheteachermodestly,youwillbeabletoprofitfullyfromtheteacher"s状从主knowledgeandassistance.　Ifyoulearnsfromtheteachermodestly引主谓状状2.形容词作表语后面不接或接介词短语，如：　系表○Infact,friendsaresometimesmoreimportantandusefultousthanourownfamily状主系状表members.○Artislong,lifeisshort.　主系表主系表3.用其他系词　状○WhenIsucceedorfail,getpraisedorcriticized,happyorsad,Icanfindinbooks状语从句agoodmirrortoreflectandguideme.　宾定主谓状WhenIsucceedorfail,getpraisedorcriticized,happyorsad引主谓系表表○Moreandmorepeoplehavebecomeawareoftheharmofsmokingtohumanbeings.　主系表○Thenecessityfornuclearnonproliferationseemsclear.　主定系表○Thenobleattemptsofdoctorstorelievepainandsufferingofpatientsoftengo主定定系 unrecognized.　表四、介词短语作表语　○Thewisdomofprolongingliferemainsinquestionwhenconsideringthealready主系表时间状语从句massiveglobalpopulation.　whenconsideringthealreadymassiveglobalpopulation连谓宾○Whatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistothesoul.　　状从主系表Whatsculptureistoablockofmarble连主what=as系表○Manypeopleareoftheopinionthatwealthprovidessolutionstoalltheproblems.　主系表同位thatwealthprovidessolutionstoalltheproblems引主谓宾定五、代词作表语　○Mentaldisorientationisbutoneofthemanyeffectsofalcoholconsumption.　　主系状表定○Comparingnationalcharacteristicsisoneofthemostinterestingareasoflearningabout主系表定foreignlanguagesandpeople.　　六、现在分词作表语　○Toadevotedscientist,theoreticalreasoningandexperimentaremostexcitingandfar状主系表连表fromboring.　○Itistouchingtoseethathowadogattachesitselftoitsownerandsharesallhisorher主系表真主joyandsorrow.　thathowadogattachesitselftoitsownerandsharesallhisorherjoyandsorrow.引状主谓1宾状谓2宾七、过去分词作表语　○Theplaintruthisthatpeoplearemostoftenself-centered.　主系表从thatpeoplearemostoftenself-centered连主系表○Justafewyearsago,theideaofhavingacomputerinone"shomeseemedfar-fetched状主定系表formostChinese.　　状八、动名词作表语　○Thetragedyofwaristheunnecessarydeathandsufferingofmillions.　　主系表 ○Laborisdoingwhatwemust.　主系表(含宾语从句)九、动词不定式作表语　○Oneofthemostdisgustingtraitsofhumanbeingsistoblametheirfailureon定主定系表others.Suchpeopleshouldrealizethatachievementrestswiththeindividual.　主谓宾语从句thatachievementrestswiththeindividual引主谓宾○Thekeytodealwithpersonalcontactsbetweendifferentsexesistodifferentiate主betweenloveandfriendship.十、数词作表语　定系表○IknowthatChristianunluckynumberis13sinceitisthenumberofpeoplewhojoined主谓thelastsupperbeforeJesuswaskilled.　宾语从句thatChristianunluckynumberis13sinceitisthenumberofpeoplewho引主系表状从joinedthelastsupperbeforeJesuswaskilledsinceitisthenumberofpeoplewhojoinedthelastsupperbeforeJesuswaskilled连主系表定whojoinedthelastsupperbeforeJesuswaskilled定从主谓宾状从beforeJesuswaskilled连主谓　○AreportbytheDepartmentofEducationestimatesthatthestudent-teacherratioin主定谓宾从ChinaisfourtimeshigherthanintheU.S.　thatthestudent-teacherratioinChinaisfourtimeshigherthanintheU.S.　引主定十一、句子作表语　1.that引导的表语从句，如：　状表状　○Theobviousflawintheplannedeconomywasthatitfailedininstillingacompletive主定系表语从句spirit.　thatitfailedininstillingacompletivespirit连主谓状○Theimportanceofwashingone"shandsbeforeamealisthatitpreventsinfection.　　主定系表从thatitpreventsinfection引主谓宾2.what,whether引导的表语从句　○Somepeoplethinkthatafailureiswhattheymustpassthroughbeforereachingtheir主谓宾从 destination.　thatafailureiswhattheymustpassthroughbeforereachingtheirdestination连主系表从whattheymustpassthroughbeforereachingtheirdestination宾主谓状○Somepeoplearguethatthepointofsportisnotwhetheryouwinorlose,butinsteadhow主谓宾从youplaythegame.thatthepointofsportisnotwhetheryouwinorlose,butinsteadhowyouplaythegame引主系表从whetheryouwinorlose,butinsteadhowyouplaythegame.连主谓连状状主谓第六节定语　宾定语就是说明名词、代词品质、状态、特征的词、词组及句子。如果说主谓(宾)是句子的骨架，那么定语和状语则是句子的血和肉，是制造文章风采的成分。可以充当定语的有形容词、介词短语、名词、代词、数词、副词、现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、动名词、短语、量词、句子。　一、形容词作定语　①形容词作定语大部分前置,如：　○Withtheriseingeneralincome,meat,fishandotherhighproteinfoodhavebecome状apopularpartoftheaveragediet.　表定主系○Forthesakeofmoney,somepeoplewouldtryeverypossiblemeansandrisk状主谓1宾everythingtoobtainit.　宾状　②少量的,尤其是成双成对的形容词作后置定语，如：　谓2○Challengesarewelcometopeople,oldandyoung,whowanttoliveameaningfullife.　主谓状定定从whowanttoliveameaningfullife主谓宾○Everynation,bigorsmall,developedorundeveloped,hasitsuniqueculture.　　主定谓宾二、介词短语作定语　介词短语作定语须后置，如：　○Severalneardisastersgiverisetomuchcontroversyonthesafetyofnuclearenergy.　　主谓宾定○Forthesakeofhiscontinuingdevelopment,thehumanmustchangehisattitude状主谓宾towardsnature.定 三、名词作定语　名词作定语须前置，如：　○Weatherandcommunicationsatelliteshavebenefitedpeopleallovertheglobe.定主　谓宾定○Mostcollegegraduatesarenotonlyconcernedaboutsalarylevels,butalsoaboutjob定主谓satisfaction.　四、代词作定语　作定语的代词有：　①形容词性物主代词作定语，如：　宾宾○Ireallyenjoyedmystayinyourhotelonthe6thandthe7thofMay.　主谓定宾　定定○ChinesecollegegraduateshavefarlesslatitudethantheirWesterncounterpartsin定主谓定宾状从termsofjobchoiceandlocation.　状②指示代词作定语，如：　○Theselatestrevelationswillseverelydamagetheauthor"sreputation.　定定主谓宾○Thepeoplegoingabroadarethegeniusesofourcountry,andmanyofthemlike主定系表定连主定谓theconditionofthatcountry,sotheydwellthereandnevercomebackagain.　宾定状语从句　sotheydwellthereandnevercomebackagain引主谓1宾连状谓2状③相互代词作定语，如：　○Trueloversarewillingtosacrificethemselvesforeachother"ssake.　主谓宾状○Theyhavegreatconcernforoneanother"swork.主谓宾定④不定代词作定语，如：○Ifyouaretoimproveyourpronunciation,youmustpracticeeverysoundagainand状从主谓定宾状again.Ifyouaretoimproveyourpronunciation连主谓定宾○Weenjoyallthecheerfulthings.主谓定宾五、数词作定语　○Ourcountryisundergoingtheconstructionofthefourmodernizations.　主谓宾定○Thefirstgraphshowsthatin1975,themostpopularwaytocommunicatewas定主谓宾从letter-writing. thatin1975,themostpopularwaytocommunicatewasletter-writing引状定主定六、副词作定语　副词作定语可后置，也可前置。　①副词作定语后置，如：　○Thebridgesaroundwerebuiltlastyear.　　主定谓状系表○Icameacrossanoldfriendonmywayhomelastweek.　主谓定宾　状定状○I"lltourXinjiangbybikeonmynextholidaysoff.　　主谓宾状状定○ThemetersherewereimportedfromJapanlastsummer.　　主定谓状②副词作定语前置，如：　○Thethengovernmentwasverycorrupt.　定主系状表○Theaboveremarksarequitetothepoint.　　定主系表七、现在分词作定语　现在分词作定语可以前置也可以后置。　①现在分词作前置定语，如：　状○Withthegrowingindustryandboomingdomesticmarket,moreandmoremanufacturers状定主arerealizingtheimportanceofmediainthepromotionoftheirproducts.　谓宾定定○Manufacturersmustplaceimportanceonensuringqualityandguaranteeingservicesto主谓宾状maintainconsumerloyalty.　　②现在分词也可以作后置定语，如：　○Somecommonformsofpollutionarewastesfromtheburningfossilfuelsand主主定系表1定sewagerunningintorivers.　表2定○Afriendlysmilecanandwillremovebarriershinderingsocialinteraction.定主谓宾定八、过去分词作定语　过去分词作定语即可前置也可后置。　①过去分词有时可作前置定语，如：　○Smokinganddrinkingisanacquiredtasteandisnotinborn.　主系定宾连谓②过去分词在多数情况下作后置定语，如：　○Fromthetable,wecanseetheaveragescoresachievedinfiveschoolsubjects状主谓定宾定byschoolboysandschoolgirls.　 ○IwishtoapplyforthepositionadvertisedinBeijingEvening.　主谓宾九、动词不定式作定语　①不定式作定语总是后置，如：　定○Thereisstillalongwaytogotowardssolvingtheproblem.　谓状定主定○Failuretohaltthespreadofweaponsofmassdestructionincreasesthechancefora主nuclearwar.定谓宾定②不定式复合结构作定语也要后置，如：　○Ifoneisreallyinadead-endjob,thenitisthetimeforhimtoleave.　　状从状主系表定○Theneedforonetorationallyevaluatethecircumstancesofanysituationisabsolutely主essential.　　表十、动名词作定语　动名词作定语总是前置，如：　定系状○Tourismleadstothedevelopmentofhotels,shoppingfacilitiesandotherfundamental主谓宾定constructions.　(此处的shopping不可理解成现在分词，如果是分词，则有下面的逻辑关系：facilitiesareshopping。下同)　○Aswellasdeepeningthecitizen"sreadingability,newspapersalsoencouragethereader状主谓宾totakedownadictionarytolookupanexactreference.　宾补十一、短语作定语　短语的构成有以下几种形式：　①名词+名词，如：　○TheneedforimprovedSino-USrelationsisobvious.主定系表○Theargumentofparentalinfluenceoveryoungpeoplecanbeansweredbysimple主observationofdaytodaylife.　　状②形容词+名词　定谓○Afewuniversities,bydrawingtop-qualityprofessorsfromtheworld,maydevelop定主状谓intoworld-classuniversities.　　状③名词+形容词　○Somepeopleprefertochoosingoneoccupationastheirlife-longcareer.　　主谓宾状 ○Therearemanyduty-freecommoditiesavailableinthisstore.　　谓④副词+形容词　定主定○Ontheotherhand,itmustbeadmittedmigrantworkersputanextraburdenonthe状形主谓主从already-seriousproblemsoftheurbanareas.　migrantworkersputanextraburdenonthealready-seriousproblemsoftheurbanareas主谓宾状⑤数词+名词　○Afive-dayweekhasfoundanimmediatewelcomeandmuchpopularitysinceitwas定主谓定宾officiallyadoptedacrossthecountry.　状从sinceitwasofficiallyadoptedacrossthecountry.连主谓⑥副词+现在分词　状谓状○Aworthyleaderisafar-seeingpolitician.　　定主系定表○China"sreformhasproducedafar-reachinginfluenceonothercountries.　　主⑦名词+现在分词　谓定宾状○WecancreateanEnglish-speakingenvironmentwherewecanstilllearnEnglishwell主谓定宾定从ifwehavenochancetogoabroad.　状从wherewecanstilllearnEnglishwell连主谓宾状ifwehavenochancetogoabroad.　连主谓宾定○Chinesepeoplearepeace-lovingpeopleandagainstunjustwars.　　定主系定表连表⑧副词+过去分词　○YaoMinghasbecomeawell-knownbasketballplayerintheworld.　　主系定表状○Thisnewly-builtgymnasiumisequippedwithmodernfacilitiesandhasreceived定主谓宾连谓favorablecommentsfromthemasses.　　定宾定⑨形容词+现在分词　○Somegood-lookingapplesmaynottastegood.　　定主系表十二、量词作定语　量词作定语修饰不可数名词和可数名词。　①量词修饰不可数名词，如：　 ○Peopleshouldnotonlyeatalotofmeatandmilk,butalsoenoughgrain,fruitand主谓定宾连宾vegetablesforthesakeoftheirhealth.　状○Theincreasinghumanoccupationofspaceandenvironmentalpollutioncausethe定主谓extinctionofalotofwildlife.　　宾定②量词修饰可数名词，如：　○Abunchofflowersisneveranoutdatedgifttoalady.　　定主系状定表状○Childdevelopmentdependsonanumberoffactors,bothphysicalandpsychological.删除的内容:主十三、从句作定语　谓定宾定从句作定语有以下几种：　1）关系代词引导的定语从句　①who引导的定语从句，如：　○Peoplewhoarefilledwithhatredfortheirworkcanhardlyhaveremarkable主achievements.　　宾定从谓定whoarefilledwithhatredfortheirwork主谓宾定○Thosewhoclaimthattheydon"thavegoodluckjustcan"trecognizeormakegood主定从状谓1谓2useofopportunity.　宾whoclaimthat…主谓宾从thattheydon"thavegoodluck.连主谓定宾②关系代词which引导的定语从句，如：　○Tosumup,therecanbenoachievementwhichisnotbasedonsolidfoundationofpractice.状谓主定语从句whichisnotbasedonsolidfoundationofpractice.主谓定宾定○Weareenteringanewerawhichrequirescontinuingpersonalsacrifices.　主谓宾定从whichrequirescontinuingpersonalsacrifices.主谓定宾③关系代词that引导的定语从句，如：　○Iamwritingtoyouinthehopeofobtainingthejobasasecretarythatyou主谓状状定从advertisedinthenewspaper.　（指代人）　 ○Oneofthebestqualitiesthatmostpeopleadmireisthewillingnesstoadmitone"s主定定从系表定ownmistakes.（指代物）　thatmostpeopleadmire连主谓○Oneofthemostseriousproblemsmanypeopletalkaboutcentersonthelack主定定从谓宾ofadequatehousingspace.　(that引导定语从句，如在从句中作宾语时，that可省略。)　定④关系代词在从句中作定语时要用whose，如：　○Childrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclinedto主定定谓possesshighlevelsofself-confidence.　　宾2）关系副词引导的定语从句　①关系副词why引导的定语从句，如：　○AfurtherreasonwhyIadvocateanattitudeofcompetitionisthatpeopleoften定主定从系表从makegreateffortsinacontest.　whyIadvocateanattitudeofcompetition关系副词（状）主谓宾定thatpeopleoftenmakegreateffortsinacontest连主谓宾状○Therearevariousreasonswhythelandlockedwesthaslaggedbehindinitseconomic谓development.定主定从whythelandlockedwesthaslaggedbehindinitseconomicdevelopment.关系副词（状）主谓状状②关系副词where引导的定语从句，如：　○Theissueofparentalinfluenceoveryoungpeopleisanareawherereligiousthought主agreeswithscience.　定系表定从wherereligiousthoughtagreeswithscience.关系副词（状）主谓宾③关系副词when引导的定语从句，如：　○Thereareinstanceswhenonemustabandonthetendencyforself-preventioninorderto谓主定从assistapersoningravedanger.　whenonemustabandonthetendencyforself-preventioninordertoassistaperson关副（状）主ingravedanger.　谓宾定状 ④关系副词how引导的定语从句，如：　○That"sthewayhowIsolvedthedifficultproblem.　主系表定语从句howIsolvedthedifficultproblem.关副（状）主谓3）非限定性定语从句　定宾非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句有三点明显的区别：A.非限定性定语从句中的关系代词指代的面比较宽，它可以指主句中一个词、一个短语或整句或句中的实质内容，而限定性定语从句中的关系代词只能指代主句中一个词；B.非限定性定语从句前面要用逗号隔开，限定性定语从句前面不用标点符号；C.非限定性定语从句中的关系代词指人时只能用who，指物时只能用which，限定性定语从句中的关系代词无论指人还是指物还可用that。who修饰人，如：　○Asoldier,whodoesnotwanttobemarshal,isnotagoodsoldier.　　主定从系定表whodoesnotwanttobemarshal主谓宾○Aman,whodoesnotwanttoexcelothersinknowledge,hastosighatother"sachievement.　主定从谓状whodoesnotwanttoexcelothersinknowledge主谓宾○Intheeternalnature,joyisadrivingpower,whichpushestheworldforward.　　状主系定表定从whichpushestheworldforward.主谓宾状○After1978,therapideconomicgrowthdemandedimportationofhigh-technology,状定主谓宾定whichinturnboosteditsdevelopment.　定从whichinturnboosteditsdevelopment.主状谓宾○Physicalexercisehelpscutyourmedicalbill,whichisofteneatingabigchunkof主谓宾连（主）谓定yourfamilyincome.　宾○Asaresult,tobaccoconsumptionisexperiencingadecreasedayandday,which状主谓宾状主leadstothedeclineoftheproduction.　（指代整句）　谓宾定○Inthepastfewyears,somenarrowstreetswerewidened,whichreducedthe状定主谓主谓congestionofthetraffic.　（指代整句）宾定4）which在定语从句中作定语与of连用，作状语与其他介词连用。①作定语与of连用，如：　 ○Perhapsnoissuesaremorecontroversialthaneuthanasiaandabortion,bothof状主系表状从引whichinvolvetakingthelifeofahumanbeing.　谓宾定②作状语与其他介词连用，如：　○Theeagernesswithwhichyoudiscussthejobratherthanthesalarymayrevealyour主enthusiasm.定从谓宾withwhichyoudiscussthejobratherthanthesalary状主谓宾○Learningisaprocessinwhichmanadaptstohissurroundings.　主系表5）定语被分割　状主谓宾定语从句通常都有它的固定位置，紧紧地放在它所修饰的名词之后，但也有被分割的。定语从句被分割有两种情况：一是被介词短语分割；二是被谓语分割。这种分割往往会给我们的阅读造成困难，搞不清定语从句的修饰对象。　①被介词短语所分割，如：　○Onlynatural-borncitizensoftheUnitedStateswhohaveattainedtheageof35定主定主谓宾yearsandwhohavelivedintheUnitedStatesfor14yearsmaybeelected连主president.　　主补谓状状系谓○Tourismcancreatejobsforlocalpeoplewhichcaneasilygetbigmoney.　　主谓宾状主谓宾②被谓语分割　在英语句型中如果主语有较长的定语修饰，谓语又很短，为了保持句子的平衡结构，这些定语往往被谓语分割，如：　○Inpractice,whatoftenhappensisthatanewtheoryisdevisedthatisreallyan状主从系表从主谓定从extensionoftheprevioustheory.○Eventuallystoriesaroseexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.状主谓定第七节状语　中国学生写作时增加句子的复杂程度常常靠状语，状语在写作中具有突出地位。我们要重点解决两个问题：一、什么成分可以充当状语；二、状语可修饰哪些词。一、什么成分可以充当状语　可以充当状语的成分有：　　1．副词作状语　副词作状语的位置很灵活，大致可分四种：　1)状语放在助动词与主动词之间，如：　 ○Withoutparents"fullsupport,eventhebestteacherscanhardlyachievethe状状定主谓状谓宾successineducatingchildren.　　定○Asensiblepersoncanreadilyrecognizethedifferencebetweenappropriateand定主谓状谓宾定inappropriatebehavior.2）状语放在动词之前，如：　○Forthereasonspresentedabove,Istronglycommittothenotionthat状主状谓宾引advertisementcanbringusnumerousbenefits.　主谓间宾定直宾○Manyinstitutionstraditionallyplacemoreemphasisonthecompetitivespirit.　　主状谓宾状3）状语放在动词之后，如：　○Itismoredifficulttowritesimply,directly,andeffectivelythantoemployflowery形主系表真主状butvagueexpressionsthatonlyobscureone"smeaning.　○Morethananytimeinthepast,studentsnowadaysneedmorepressurefromtheir状主状谓宾定teacherstomakethemstudyharder.　状4）状语放在句首，如：　○Quiteobviously,immediateactionisneededtoextricate80millionChinesepeople状定主谓主补fromthegripsofpoverty.　○Unfortunately,availableevidencefailstoestablishanydirectlinkbetweensmoking状andcancer.　2.介词短语作状语　定主谓宾定介词短语作状语是最常见的修饰手段，用途很广，可以作：1）方式状语；2）条件状语；３）原因状语；４）结果状语；５）让步状语；６）表示关于；７）表示对于　○Wemustsettlethisbyargumentnotbyfighting.（方式）　主谓宾状○Asahuman,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.　（条件）　状主谓状谓状○Weshouldabandonaworkableplansimplybecauseofminorsetbacks.（原因）　主　谓定宾状○Hewassentencedtodeath.　（结果）主谓状○Despitethelackofexperience,hehasfinishedthetaskgivenbyhisleaderintime.（让步）　状主谓宾定状 ○Thereisnoconsensusofopinionamongpeopleastohowtoviewopportunity.（关于）谓主定定○AIDSisnolongeroneofthetop10Americankillers,butthesamecan"tbesaid主系状表定连主谓formanycountries.（对于）状3.不定式作状语　○FromnowonIwillconcentrateallmyenergyonmystudiessoastoqualifymyself状主谓宾状状asatalentinthe21stcentury.　（目的状语，可放在句首或在inorder,soas,not,forsb.之后或在某些不及物动词之后）　○Toabsorbforeignfunds,wemustimproveourinvestmentclimate.　　状主谓宾○Hemadealongspeech,onlytoshowhisignoranceofthesubject.　（不定式作结果状主谓定宾状语，在only,enough,so...as,notso...as,never,too...之后，或在某些不及物动词之后）　○Iamveryhappytoworktogetherwithyou.　（原因状语，在形容词之后，或由hear,主系表状learn等构成的不定式短语）○You"llbesokindenoughtoletmeknow.　（条件状语，跟will,should,could等情主系表态动词连用）4.现在分词作状语　状状○Studyingathome,youarefreefromthedistractionswhichcomefromother状主谓宾主谓宾studentsaroundyou.　（时间）定○Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldIletitslipaway?　（原因）状疑问词助主谓宾宾补○Inordertogetthebestscoreintheirexamination,studentscompetefiercely,thus状impellingthemtolearnmore.　（结果）　主谓状状○Havingbeenaskedtostay,Icouldn"tverywellleave.　（让步）状主谓状谓○Havingonlybookknowledge,youcannotworkwellinthefuture.　（条件，现在分词状主谓状状作条件状语时，主句多半用情态动词can和will）　○SeeingthatNieHaishengcameoutofthespace-capsule,manycitizenswentoutand状marchedthroughthestreets,singinganddancing.（伴随）状状主谓○Standingonthetopofthemountain,hegazedfaraway.　（方式）　　状主谓状5.过去分词作状语　 ○Borninadifferentage,theoldergenerationexperiencedallsortsofhardships.(原因)　状主谓定宾○Hegothomeatlast,（being）listlessandexhausted.　（结果）主谓　状状○Theterroristsfledintomountainspursuedbythearmy.　（伴随）　主谓状状○Grantedyourpromise,yourconclusionisstillfalse.　（条件）　状主系表○Noonecansailtheoceanoflifesingle-handed.　（方式）　主谓宾定状6.名词作状语，名词作状语后置，如：　○Tomaketheworldabetterplacetolive,wemustworkhandinhandtoprotectwaterresources.　状主谓状状○Therehasbeenamodestdecreaseinhousepricesthisyear.　　谓7.状语从句　定主状状语从句是修饰主句中的谓语动词的，可以表达：1）时间；2）条件；3）原因；4）让步；5）结果；6）目的；7）比较；8）方式；9）地点；10）伴随等概念，在写作中起着重要作用。　1）时间状语从句　引导时间状语从句的连词有：when,whenever,while,as,assoonas,aslongas,before,after,till,until,once,sincenowthat,themoment,everytime,如：○Whenyoustartajob,youmuststicktoit.　(when比while使用的面要宽，它既可连主谓宾主谓宾以跟表持续动作的动词连用，也可跟表示暂短的动作的动词，如本句中的start连用，然而，while只能跟表持续动作的动词连用，不能跟表示暂短动作的动词连用。本句中的when不可替换成while。)○WhileIwasreadinginthelibrary,hewaswatchingTVinthedormitory.(while可连主谓替换when)2）条件状语从句　状主谓宾状引导条件状语从句的连词有：if,evenif,unless,as(so)longas,incase,suppose,supposing,provided,providing,oncondition,sofaras,如：○Ifyouwanttopursueyourprofessionalcareersuccessfully,itisessentialtofind连主谓asatisfactoryjob.　　宾状形主系表真主○Aslongaswelearnsomethingfromfailure,we"llcertainlymakeourmarksintheend.连主谓宾状主谓状谓宾状○Suppose(supposing)(that)Ishallnotfindasuitablejobaftergraduation,I"llgo连主谓定宾状主谓abroadtotakeupadvancedstudies.　状　 3）原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的连词有because,inthat,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthat,notthat...butthat,如：　○ManychildreninthewestofChinadroppedoutofschoolbecausetheirparentsare主toopoortopaythefees.定谓状状从becausetheirparentsaretoopoortopaythefees.　连主系表状○Anthropologyisascienceinthatanthropologistsusearigoroussetofmethods主系表连主谓定宾andtechniquestodocumentobservationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.　　状4）让步状语从句　引导让步状语从句的有：　①连词though(although),while,as,nomatter　○Thoughcomputersdonotthinkintelligentlyasman,withsoftwaretheycancarry连主谓状状从状主谓outmissionsimpossibleforhumanbeings.　宾定○Whilefiguresofstatisticsaremostoftenmathematicallycorrect,Isuggestthey连主定系表主谓caneasilybemanipulatedtoserveone"spurpose.宾从theycaneasilybemanipulatedtoserveone"spurpose主②关系代词whatever　谓状○Whateverwedo,therearealwaystwopossibleresults:successorfailure.　　状从Whateverwedo宾主谓③关系副词however　谓状定主同位语○Howevergreatthedemandtosucceed,oneshouldneverabandonhismoralandsocial状从consciousness.　宾Howevergreatthedemandtosucceedis表主定系5）结果状语从句　主谓定引导结果状语从句的连词有：sothat...,so...that...,such...that...　○Thedifficultiesinvolvedinthistaskaresogreatthatwecan"thopeformorethana主定系表状从tentativeandincompleteanswer.　thatwecan"thopeformorethanatentativeandincompleteanswer连主谓宾 6)目的状语从句　引导目的状语从句的连词有：sothat,inorderthat,incase,lest,forfearthat,如：○Entertainmentisnecessarysothatwecanhavesomemomentsofrelaxation.　主系表连主谓宾定○Ｂeijingbuiltmoreroadsandlightenedtrafficmanagementlastyearinorderthatit主谓宾状mighteasetrafficdifficulties.　　状从inorderthatitmighteasetrafficdifficulties连主谓宾7）比较状语从句　○Systematicstudiesprovethatpeopleplacegreatervalueonpersonalexperiencewith主谓宾从productsthantheydoonadvertisements.　　状thatpeopleplacegreatervalueonpersonalexperiencewithproductsthantheydo连主谓宾状状从onadvertisements○Infact,youcanlearnmorefromtheInternetthanyoucanatschool.　　状主谓宾状状8）方式状语从句　引导方式状语从句的连词有：as,asif(though)，如：　○Leavethingsastheyare!　　谓宾状语从句astheyare连主系○WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.　状从谓状从WhenyouareinRome，连主系表astheRomansdo.连主谓9）地点状语从句　○Ｈewantstoworkwhereothersarenotwillingtowork.　主谓宾whereothersarenotwillingtowork.连主谓10）伴随状语从句　状从○Inthelasttwocenturies,asindustrializationandman"sthirstformaterialgoodsgrew,the状状从naturalbalanceinthebiologicalworldwasalteredinavarietyofways.　主定谓状asindustrializationandman"sthirstformaterialgoodsgrew连主定谓 二、状语可修饰哪些词　状语可以修饰：1.动词；2.形容词；3.介词；4.连词；5.数词；6.副词；7.句子　1.修饰动词　副词修饰动词的位置比较活，可中，可前，可后，参见“副词作状语”。但修饰动词不定式以及作定语的分词和动名词要放在前面。　①修饰不定式，如：　○Engineersusecomputerstoautomaticallycontrolcomplicatedindustrialproduction.　主谓宾状○Someseemtototallyignorethefactthatprogressdependsonchange.　　主谓状谓宾同位语从句thatprogressdependsonchange连主谓宾②副词修饰现在分词，如：　○Theexplosivelygrowinghumanpopulationhasresultedintheworld"swildlife　状extinction.　主谓宾③副词修饰过去分词，如：　○Ontheotherhand,yourstomachwouldturnattheideaoffryingpotatoesinanimal　状主谓状定fat—thenormallyacceptedpracticeinmanynortherncountries.　　同位定○Wehaveonlylimitedtimetolearnunlimitedknowledge.　主谓状定宾定④副词修饰动名词，如：　○Fromthegraph,wecanseethedramaticallyincreasingofoutputofTVset.　　状2.修饰形容词　主谓状宾定　副词修饰形容词时要前置，如：　○Thistremendoustobaccoconsumptionnotonlycausesvasteconomic　定主连谓1状定consumptionbutalsothreatenspeople"shealth.　　宾连谓2宾butalsothreatenspeople"shealth.连谓宾○Itisabsolutelyessentialtoreversetheirrationalmisuseofnonrenewableresource.　形主系状3.修饰介词　表真主副词修饰介词时前置，如：　○Trueromanceisfoundonlyintherealityofhardwork.　　主谓状状○GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinapartiallyduetotheforeigninvestment.　主4.修饰连词　谓状状　 副词修饰连词要前置，如：　○Longbeforechildrenareabletospeakorunderstandalanguage,theycommunicate连主谓宾主谓throughfacialexpressionsandbymakingnoises.　状5.修饰数词　副词修饰数词要前置，如：　○Smokersaccountforapproximately20percentoftheworldpopulation.　主谓宾　○Accordingtorecentstatistics,thereareovertwomillionchildreninChinawho状hasdroppedoutofschool.　定从whohasdroppedoutofschool主谓状6.修饰副词　谓主状副词修饰副词要前置，如：　○Wecan,andquiteoftendo,blameourcontemporariesforpersonalfailures.　主助助谓宾状　○Archaeologicaldataareallchangesinthematerialworldresultingfromhumanaction主系表1定or,moresuccinctly,thefossilizedresultsofhumanbehavior.　　状7.修饰句子　表2定副词修饰整个句子，其位置通常放在句首，并用逗号与句子隔开，如：　○Similarly,ifpracticeisnotsufficientlydone,youcan"texpectacheftocook状连主谓状谓主谓宾宾补adeliciousdish,amechanictofixacar,andanacrobattoperformonarope.　宾宾补宾宾补○Fortunately,theworld"sattentionhasnowadaysbeenshiftedtoecologicalbalance.　状定主谓状谓状第八节同位语　同位语是变相的定语，当两个句子成分处于同等位置，后者用来说明或解释前者时，后者就是前者的同位语。　一、名词作同位语　名词充当同位语可归纳为四种情况：　①单个名词作同位语，不用逗号，如：　○Thewordtoleranceisanambiguoustermthat,Ibelieve,isworththinkingabout.　主同位语系定表连插入语谓○Alotofusstudentsatcollegedreamofgoingabroadforfurtherstudy.　定主同位语状谓宾状②名词短语作同位语，要用逗号隔开，如：　 ○Mostpeoplebelievethatfaminesarecausedbydroughtsorfloods,factorsbeyond主humancontrol.谓宾从同位语thatfaminesarecausedbydroughtsorfloods连主谓状○BillGates,founderofMicrosoft,isaclassicexampleofsuccess.　　主同位系定表定③解释性的同位语用破折号隔开，如：　○Onequalityofleadershipisimagination—theabilitytoseeawaythroughproblems主定系表同位语andtodevelopnewideas.　　○Anumberoffactorscontributetochangingmoralvalues—self-indulgence,thelack定主谓宾同位语ofconsciousnessandthedegenerationofsocietyitself.　④类似于举例性质的同位语用冒号隔开，如：　○Therearemanyformsoflifeonearth:organisms,animals,plants,andhumanbeings.　谓主定同位语○Withtheprocessofglobalization,manywesterncountriesfeelChineseimpact:状定主谓宾Chineseboxing,ChinesefoodandChineseculture.　　同位二、数词作同位语　○Whilewetwoadvocatecompetition,wecannotforgetcooperation.　连主同位谓宾主谓宾　○Theprojectwascompletedwithintwoweeks,halftheusualtime.　主三、代词作同位语　谓状同位○Iappreciatethatweallhavearesponsibilitytorespectnature.　主谓连主同位　谓宾定○Nothingmattersmorethanlifeitself.　主谓状状从thanlifeitselfmatters连主同位谓　四、由thatis,especially,suchas,or,particularly等词语引起的同位语。　○Thereisanotherruletohelpone"saccomplishments,thatis,punctuality.　谓主定连同位○Everyoneintheworldfearstheoutbreakofawar,especiallyanotherworldwar主定谓宾定同位inwhichnuclearweaponmaybeused.　　定从 inwhichnuclearweaponmaybeused　状主谓○Factorssuchasself-confidenceandambition,combinedwithdeterminationandwill　主同位状power,contributetoeventualsuccess.　谓宾○HelikesalltheTVprograms,particularlyquizshows.　主谓五、同位语从句　宾同位　同位语从句和定语从句鉴别的方法是看引导词，同位语从句中的引导词在句中不作句子成分，定语从句中的引导词在句子中担当成分。○Perhapsitistimetoreexaminetheideathatcollegedegreesareaguaranteeofintelligence.状形主系表(that不担当成分)真主同位从thatcollegedegreesareaguaranteeofintelligence连主系表定○Whethertherewasproofthatthedefendantwasnotonthecrimespotisessentialin　主从proofofhisinnocence.　(that引导同位语从句修饰proof)状第九节省略　系表省略是使句子简练的修辞手段，更是使句子难懂的修辞手段，在阅读中给同学们带来了很多麻烦。省略分成：一、并列句的省略　在并列句中，后分句中出现与前分句相同的部分往往省略，以求句子结构的简练。　○Thereasonsforpovertyaremany,butforthemostpart（thereasons）centeron主定系表连状主谓illiteracy,thelackofopportunitiesandinsomecasespurelaziness.　宾（center前省略主语thereasons）○Weoftenignoretherealproblemandinsteadsearchforaneedleina　主谓1状定宾连状谓2宾haystack.　(and后省略主语we)　状○HemajorsinEnglish,andI,inFrench.(I后省略谓语major)　　主谓状连主状○Aswecanseefromthebargraph,fromMarchtoMay,thereweretwofemaledeaths定从状谓定主whilenomaleones.　（while后省略therewere）状 Aswecanseefromthebargraph连主谓状○Self-confidencegivesyoulightwhenyouareindarkandencouragementwhenyouare主谓间宾直宾1状从直宾2状从dismay.（省略self-confidencegivesyou）二、状语从句的省略　状语从句的省略规则是：当主句的主语和从句的主语相同，从句的谓语动词是be动词时，可同时省略主谓。　1）时间状语从句的省略，如：　○Youwillseesomerealcollisionsofideasandperspectiveswhenreadingbooksof主谓宾状从differentopinions.　（省略youare）○Somepeopledonothingbutcomplainaboutthemselvesandtheobjectiveconditions主谓状whenfacedwithfailures.　状语从句2）条件状语从句的省略　○If(itis)handledproperlyandnotmisused,theclonetechnologywillonlybring状从morebenefitthan(itwillbring)disastertomankind.　宾状主谓状谓○If（itis）convenient,pleasesendmeanapplicationformforgraduateadmission.　　状从3）让步状语从句的省略　状谓间宾直宾状○Although（theyare）apparentlyrigid,bonesexhibitadegreeofelasticitythat状从主谓定宾enablestheskeletontowithstandconsiderableimpact.　　定从Althoughtheyareapparentlyrigid连主系状表thatenablestheskeletontowithstandconsiderableimpact主谓宾补○Anyopinion,whether（itis）rightorwrong,shouldbeconsidered.　　主4）比较状语从句　①省主语　状从谓○Wefoundthepressurehigherthanwasneeded.　主谓宾宾补状从○Thesituationisdevelopingfasterthanwasexpected.　主谓状状从 ②省略主—谓—宾　○Criticismcontendsthattheselectionofthewinnersoftenhaslesstodowithtrue主谓连主定状谓writingabilitythanwiththepeculiarinternalpoliticsoftheAcademyandSwedenitself.　　宾③省略主—系　状○Itisbettertobepreparedthanunprepared.　主系表④省略系词　真主状语从句　○Friendshipismoreimportantthanmoney(is).　　主系表状○NooneisasrichasBillGates(is).　主系表状从⑤省略主—系—表　○Inwinter,itiscolderinBeijingthaninGuangzhou.　　状主系表状状⑥省略谓语　○Womenareprovingthattheycancontributejustasmuchasmen(do)tosociety.　　主谓宾从thattheycancontributejustasmuchasmen(do)tosociety连主谓状状5）方式状语从句的省略　○Somepeoplelookasifafraidofnothing主谓状从.asif(theywere)afraidofnothing连主系表