英语语法PPT(制作人：徐守威) 211页

NIIT（2）班：徐守威无锡城市学院2011年1月18日英语语法 Unit1一般现在时—————一、一般现在时的用法1.表示经常发生的动作，存在的状态或日常习惯。常与everyday,often,always.Sometimes等连用。IgotoBritianeveryyear.Iamateacher.2.表示主语的性格，能力特征 ThestudentsoftheuniversitieslikeEnglishverymuch.Mydaughtersingsverywell.Mybrotherworksveryhard3.表示客观事时或普遍真理ThesunrisesintheeastTwoandtwoisfour 第三人称单数的构成1.一般在词尾加s.Work-workslive-livesplay-plays2.以sh.ch.s.o.结尾加-esWash-washesteach-teachesdress-dresses3.以辐音自母加y结尾,变y为i加-es.Study-studiesfly-fliestry-tries 一般现在时否定式1.在be动词后加notArenot=aren’tisnot=isn’t2.主语+don’t+动词原形。主语+doesn’t+动词原形Billlikesparties.Billdoesn’tlikepartiesWestudyEnglishhardWedon’tstudyEnglishhard. 一般现在时疑问式1.将be动词提到句首。HeisateacherTheyarestudentsIsheteacher?Aretheystudents?2.在句首加Does或DoTheystudyEnglish.----DotheystudyEnglish?HelivesinAustralia.DoesheliveinAustralia?。 Unit2特殊疑问句以what.who.whom.whose.which.whenwhere.why.how引导。除who外，一般加一般疑问句式.Whendoeshegotobed?Wheredoesshecomefrom?WhydoyoustudyEnglish?Howmanypeoplearethereinyoufamily 名词性物主代词第一人称：mineours第二人称：yours第三人称：his,hers,its,theirs.P15exercises2.Thisispen.Thatis,too..3.3.Thisscarf.Thatistoo.4.Thisisnewspaper.Thatis,too. 5.Thesearechildren.Thoseare,too.6.Thesearestudents.Thoseare. 感叹句１.How+形容词＋主谓结构（可省）。Howbeautifultheflowersare.２.What+名词单数。Whatawonderfuldayitis.What+名词复数Whatlovelychildren.Whatexcitingnews. Unit3名词一.规则变化1.在名词后+sbook-booksstudent-students2.以sh,ch,s,x结尾+esclass-classesinch-inchesbrush-brushes3.辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+es.factory-factoriesfamily-familiesuniversity-universities 部分以o结尾词+es.Hero-heroespotato—potatoestomato-tomatoesradio—radiosphoto—photospiano—pianos4.部分以f结尾，变f为v+eslife—livesknife—knivesleaf--leaves*roof—roofshandkerchief--handkerchiefs 二。不规则变化man—menwoman—womenmouse—micefoot—feettooth—teethchild—childrendeer—deersheep—sheep Unit4不定代词1.some:用在肯定句中，修饰可数名词和不可数名词。Thereissomecoffee.2.any:用于疑问句和否定句。Isthereanymilkinthebottle?Ihaven’tgotanybrothers.3.no:作定语，修饰可数不可数。Thereisnosugarinthebox. Some也用在下面疑问句中1.Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?2.Willyoulendmesomebooks?二、可数名词与不可数名词。1.个体名词：man,teacher,student2.集体名词：class,team,army.*以上两种名词属于可数名词。3.物质名词：milkcottonair4.抽象名词：lovehappinesslife Unit5现在进行时1.用法：表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。TheyarewatchingTVinthelivingroom.Heislisteningtotheradio.IamreadingEnglish. 2.构成主语+be+现在分词现在分词的构成：1）、在动词原形后+ing.watch-watchingtalk-talkingGo-goingtell-telling2).重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这一字母+ing Win-winningsit-sittingswim-swimmingbegin-beginning3)以不发音e结尾，去e+ing.give=-givingmove-movingHave-havingtake-taking 现在进行时与一般现在时的区别一般现在时表示经常发生的动作，而现在进行时表示在此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。TheyalwaysgooutonSundays,butthisSundaytheyarestayingathome.有些动词是不能用于现在进行时的：seehear,like,love.Prefer,hatewantneedmeanforgetknowseembelieve tobegoingto+动词原形表示主观打算、看法或即将要发生的动作。Iamgoingtomakedinner.Thefootballmatchisgoingtostartateight.Itisgoingtorain. 2.现在进行时表将来，常用动词有：goleavecomestartdovisitHeisnotcoming.WhenareyougoingbacktoyoufactoryMaryisleavingforParis.WeareinvitingTomtoaparty. 4.一般现在时表将来：表示已经安、排计划、或规定好的动作。Thetrainleavesatfiveo,clock.TheboysstartschoolonMonday.Whendoesthedelegationcomehere/Ourflightleavesateleventhirty. 以上三种表示将来的用法比较Iamgoingtoleavenextweek.（带有主观意向）Iamleavingnextweek.（已决定这样做并已安排。）Ileavenextweek.（根据日程表的安排） Unit6一般将来时.用法：表示纯属客观将来2.构成：will(shall)+动词原形Youwillbefortyyearsoldnextyear.TomorrowwillbeSunday.注意；shallI……Willyou……表示征求对方意见Shallwehaveadrink?Willyoupassmethecup? Unit7一般过去时一、用法：表示过去某一时刻发生的动作二、构成：主语+动词过去式三、过去式的构成（一）规则动词1.在动词后+edwork-workedhelp—helpedstay-stayedcall-called 2.辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+edstudy-studiedtry-tried3.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这一辅音字母+edplan-plannedadmit-admitted4.以不发音e结尾，+darrive-arrivedlive-lived 倒装句So+be/do/will/did+主语SheisFrench,andsoamI.Theywerelate,andsowerewe.HewenttoIndialastyear,andsodidshe.Wewillhaveatwo-weekholiday,sowill Unit8.形容词比较级一、用法：两者之间进行比较二、构成：规则变化（一）单音节和部分双音节词1，+ertall-tallergreat-greaterlong-longer2.以e结尾只+rFine-finerlate-laterbrave-braver .重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再+er.big-biggerhot-hotterthin-thinner4.辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+erHappy-happierbusy-busierlucky-luckier （二）、多音节和多数双音节词，在词前+more.famous---morefamousInteresting---moreinterestingdifficult---moredifficultexpensive---moreexpensive 三、不规则变化good—betterbad—worselittle—lessmany—moreold—olderfar—farther---elder---further注意:older的意思是较老的,说明人的年纪或事物年代的久远. elder的意思是较年长的.Thatismyelderbrother.HeistwoyearsolderthanI.Farther:较远的Further:进一步的TomjumpsfartherthanI.Haveyouanyfurthernewsfromthemeeting? 比较级的一些其他用法1,The+比较级…..the+比较级表示越来越.Themore,thebetter.Thefasterwego,thesoonerwearrive2.比较级+and+比较级表示越来越Thebusranfasterandfaster..Theboyisgrowingtallerandtaller. 比较级的修饰语:muchalotfaralittleabit.SheisabittallerthanI.TomdidthejobfarbetterthanMary.Thecropsaregrowingfarbetterthanlastyear. Unit9形容词最高级的构成与比较级是相似的tall-tallestbrave-bravestbig-biggestclever-cleveresthappy-happiestfamous-mostfamousinteresting-mostinteresting 最高级的不规则变化good-bestbad-worstLittle-lestmanymuch-mostLate-latest 最高级的其它用法1.作表语时可以不加theCottonshirtsaregenerallycheapest.Thelightbythewindowisbest.2.amost表示非常常.It’samostdifficultquestion.Wespentasmosthappyevening. unit10现在完成时的构成。主语+have(has)+过去分词过去分词的构成：1.规则动词（1）。在动词后+edwork—workedlook—looked(2).以e结尾直接+darrive—arrivedlive—lived辐音字母+y结尾，变y为i+ed 现在完成时与一般过去时区别一般过去时强调动作本身，包括时间地点。IsawMaryanhourago.Shelostherhandbagyesterday现在完成时强调动作的结果或对现在产生的影响。IhavebeentotheGreatwall.Ihaveseenthefilm.Hehaslostherhey.Hehasgoneout. Unit11被动语态一、定义：主语是谓语动词的承受者Thegateislockedat6:00everynight.TheEnglishtestismarkedbyMr.West.二、构成：be+过去分词1，一般现在时：am,isare+过去分词2，一般过去时:was,were+过去分词3，现在进行时:am,isare+being+过去分词 4,现在完成时：have,has+been+过去分词5，过去完成时:had+been+过去分词6.一般将来时：will,shall+be+过去分词7，情态动词:情态动词+be+过去分词 三、用法1.当不知道或不必提动作的执行者时。ThecarsaremadeinJapan.2.Footballisplayedallovertheworld.PrintingwasintroducedintoEurope 2.当强调动作的承受者时Thousandsofriversarepollutedinthecountry.BillClintonwaselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericain1993. 四、带有行为主体的被动结构（by+行为主体）Thevillagewasdestroyedbyabomb.Theprintingisveryvaluable.ItwaspaintedbyVanGogh. Exercise:Changethefollowingsentencesintothepassive.1.Thestudentshaveinvitedustoadance.Wehavebeeninvitedtoadance.2.Afiremightkilltheanimals.Theanimalsmightbekilledbyafire. 3.Thehotelisrebuildingtherestaurant.Therestaurantisbeingrebuilt.4.Thepolicebroughtthechildhome.Thechildwasbroughthome.5.Hiswifecallshimdarling.Heiscalleddarling. 五、被动语态的补充用法。It+被动语态+that.常用于该结构的动词有：Saythinkbelieveagreefeelknowreportprovesuggest.Itissaidthathecanspeaktheirlanguage.Itisreportedthatheisstillalive.Itisthoughtthataboutamilliondogsareborneachyear. Unit12将来进行时1、用法：表示将来某时正在进行的动作。2、构成：willshall+be+V-ingWhenyouarriveattheairport,aguidewillbewaitingforyou.Hewillbewearingadarkgreenshirt. 将来完成时1，用法：表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。常与by+时间名词连用.2.构成：willshall+have+过去分词Iwillhaveretiredbytheyear2019.WeshallhavefinishedtheworkbeforenextFriday.Youwillhavechangedyoumindbytomorrow. Unit13过去进行时一、构成：waswere+过去分词1.Hewasn’tthinkingaboutwhatwashappening.2.Whilewewerehavingbreakfast,Johnwastalkingonthephone.二、用法：1.表示过去某一时间进行的动作。Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayat7p.m? Itwasrainingalltheafternoon.2.表示一个动作发生时另一个动作正在进行。WhenIcamein,hewaswatchingTV. Unit14:过去将来时1.Wasweregoingto+动词原形Itlookedlikethatthewasgoingtostay.TheyweregoingtoleaveforBritain.2.waswereaboutto+动词原形IwasabouttoleaveforavisittoJapan.Hewasabouttoquithisjob. 3.wasweredueto+动词原形TheBA561wasduetoarrive.4.过去进行时表将来Iwasmeetingmysisteratthestation.5.waswereto+动词原形Hewastowritehisbestworksthere. Unit15如何将直接引语变成间接引语直接引语：直接引用别人所说的话。Hesaid:”IlikeEnglishverymuch”间接引语：间接转述别人所说的话。HesaidhelikedEnglishverymuch.如何将直接引语变成间接引语？1.时态的变化 现在变成过去一般现在变成一般过去.Hesaid:”Iamtired”Hesaidhewastired.现在进行变成过去进行.Shetoldme,’Wearemeetinghimatthepub.”Shetoldmetheyweremeetinghimatthepub. 现在完成变成过去完成Shesaid;”Ihavewaitedforages.”Shesaidshehadwaitedforages.过去时变成过去完成或不变。Shesaid:”Itookithomewithme.Shesaidshehadtakenithomewithhim Theteachersaid;”ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.TheteachersaidColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.将来时边成过去将来时Hesaid“IwillbeinParisonMonday.”HesaidhewouldbeinParisonMonday 2.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化P623.直接引语为祁使句，变为间接引语时常用：askedsb.todosth.toldsb.todosth.orderedsb.todosth.‘Remembertoturnthelights.,shesaid.Shetoldmetoturnoffthelights. 4.直接引语为一般疑问句式+if/whether.将一般疑问句式变为正语序。‘Isitraining?”Heaskedifitwasraining.5.直接引语为特殊疑问句式，将特殊疑问句式变为正语序。Whydoyoucomesolate?HeaskedmewhyIcamesolate. Exercise:Changethefollowingintoindirectspeech.1.Whattimedoesthematchstart?2.Whereareyougoingtospendyourholiday?3.Whoisgoingtobuyyourbike?4.Areyouthirty?5.Willyoubecomingtotheparty 6.Remembertoswitchoffallthelights.7.Iwilldoittomorrow.8.Ihavegotmanyfriends.9.Mysoncanswimverywell.10.Ihavebeenwaitingforages. Unit16:动词不定式动词不定式有两种形式：带to不定式不带to不定式Hedecidednottodoit.Let’snotdecidenow.一.动词不定式时态与语态 主动语态被动语态一般式:tomaketobemade进行式:tobemaking完成式:tohavemadehavebeenmadeIamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Noharmseemstohavebeenmade.Thisisadaynevertobeforgotten. 不定式的用法1、不定式作目的状语Thecatsanddogssleeptogethertokeepwarm.HewenttoFrancetostudyFrench.2.不定式作结果状语Hearrivedatthecinemaonlytofindthathehadseenthefilmbefore. Hewastooexcitedtosleep.3.不定式作宾语Iaskedtoseethemanager.Hewantstobeleftalone.4..不定式作宾语补足语Thedoctoradvisedhimtotakeagoodrest.Iheardhimsinginthenextroom. Wefeltthehouseshake.IwillhaveyouknowthatIamaqualifiedengineer.注意不带的to不定式feelsb.dosthseesb.dosthhearsb.dosthmakesb.dosthletsb.dosthhavesb.dosth 5.疑问词+不定式Whentostarthasn’tbeendecided.Idon’tknowwhat/which/whotochoose.Iwonderedhow/when/wheretogetintouchwithhim.Thedifficultyiswhattocallourdog. 6.不定式作表语Yourmistakewastowritetheletter.Thishouseistolet.AllIdidwastopressthebutton Unit17.名词性从句名词性从句即指：主语从句，宾语从句表语从句。名词性从句引导词有两类：从属连词thatwhetherif疑问词who,whose,what,which,when,where,why,how Itistruethatsheisanactress.(主语从句)IknowthatPhillipsisagoodmake.(宾语从句)Myideaisthatweshouldstickourplan.(表语从句)WhatI’dreallylikeisaremotecontrol.(主语从句) 主语从句Thatshehasachievedsuchfamesurprisedher.(主语从句)Whathedidisnotyetknown.(主语从句)Howshewrotethatbookisastoryinitself.(主语从句)Itissaidthathe’sgotmarried.(主语从句 宾语从句Ibelievethatyoucangetagoodqualitystereo(宾语从句)Haveyouconsideredwhetherhehassignedthecontract.(宾语从句)Doyouhaveanyideaofwhatyouarelookingfor?.(宾语从句) 表语从句Thefactisthatwearebehindschedule.(表语从句)Thequestioniswhetherhassignedthecontract.(表语从句)Whatworriesmemostisthatmywifeisstillinhospital.(表语从句) Unit18状语从句1、方式状语从句：常由连词：asifasasthoughinawayintheway引导。Thisfishisn’tcookedasIlikeit.Sheactsasif/asthoughsheownstheplace.Lillianwastremblingasif/asthoughhehadseenaghost. 2.让步状语从句:常由连词：althoughthoughevenifeventhoughnotthat引导Althoughyoufeelveryillrightnow,Thisisacommondisease.ThoughhehaslivedforyearsinLondon,hewritesinGerman.Eventhoughthedrugsaregood,itisdifficulttocureitwithdrugsalone 3.结果状语从句：常由连词so…thatsuch…that引导.Mr.Joneswassofrightenedabouthavinganoperationthatshecried.Heissuchamarvellousjokerthatyoucan’thelplaughing. 4.目的状语从句：常由连词sothatinorderthat引导.Shipscarrylifeboatssothatthecrewcanescapeiftheshipsinks.Wecarvedtheirnamesonthestonesothat/inorderthatfuturegenerationsmightknowwhattheyhaddone. IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytoyou.Iftherewerenoair,theskywouldbeblack.IfIwereyou,Iwouldplantsometreesroundthehouse.Ifwedidn’tgototheirpartynextweek,theywouldbeveryangry. Unit19虚拟语气一、．虚拟语气在英语中，说话人的意图不同，动词需用不同的形式；称之为语气。虚拟语气是这些语气中一种，用以表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。1.带if的虚拟条件句(1).当假设与现在的事实相反时，其结构是：If+过去式……主语+would+动词原形 翻译下列句子1.如果我英语讲的好，我就会去合资企业工作IfmyEnglishweregood,Iwouldgoandworkinanjointventure.2。你处在我的地位上，你会怎么办?Whatwouldyoudoifyouwereinmyplace. 3.要是不再下雨，我们就去跳舞了。Ifitwerenotraining,wewouldgodancing.4。要不是正忙着打扫屋子，我会去陪你听音乐的。IfIwerenotbusycleaningthehouse,Iwouldgoandlistentothemusicwithyou. （2）当假设与过去的事实相反时，其结构是：if+主语+had+过去分词…..,主语+wouldhave+过去分词.IfIhadknownthatyouwereill,Iwouldhavegonetoseeyou.IfIhadgonetothemeetinglastnight,Iwouldhaveseenher. （3）非真实条件句主句与从句有时不一致，这叫错综条件。Ifyouhadstudiedhard,youwouldtakeiteasynow.Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavourable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter. Wish常用虚拟语气2。省略if虚拟条件句(1)在虚拟条件句中，如含有were,had,should,可把这些词放到主语前面省略if。Wereyounothere,noneofuswouldcome.Shouldshecomehere,wewoulddiscusthematterwithher.Hadwehadenoughmoney,wewouldhaveboughtit. 3.虚拟条件句的其他表示法1)。不用ifWithoutsolarradiation,animalsandplantswoulddie.Butforyourhelp,Iwouldhavebeendrowned.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn’thaveachievedsomuch. 2)Wish+动词过去式，表示与现在事实相反IwishIhadacar.IwishIweretallerthanyou.wish+woulddo表示与将来事实相反Theweatherisawfultoday,Iwishitwouldbewarmertomorrow.wishhaddone表示与过去事实相反IwishIhadn’tspentsomuchmoney. 3).在表示建议、命令、有求、愿望等动词后面的主语从句、宾语从句中谓语一般用should+动词原形，should可省略。要求这类从句常见的动词有：demand,desire,insist,order,recommend,require,suggest. Thedoctorsuggestthathehavearest.Itissuggestedthattreesbeplantedaroundthehouse.Itisdesiredthatyoufinishthetestontime.Thegovernmentdemandsthatthepollutionprobleminthecitybesolvedwithinsixmonths. 4)在itisnecessary,important,impossible,natural,strange后面的主语从句、宾语从句中，谓语一般用should+动词原形，should可省略Itisabsolutelynecessarythatoneobeythelaw.Itisimportantthattheexperimentresultsbechecked.Itisnaturalthatachildloveitsmother. 在asif,asthough引出的与事实不符的方式壮语从句中，从句中的谓语用过去时表示对现在情况的推测，用过去完成时表示对过去情况的推测。TheforeignexpertsspeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese.Shetoldthestoryasifithappenedtoher. 5)在Itisabout(high)time+从句中表示早该做而未做的事，从句谓语形式用过去式。Itishightimethatwebegantostudy.ItisabouttimeIweregoing. Unit20动名词．动名词动名词是非谓语动词的一种。动名词可以在句子中作：主语、宾语、表语、定语等。动名词可以有时态：一般式和完成式。动名词有语态：一般式的被动语态和完成式的被动态 1.动名词作主语Swimminghasitslaw.Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.动名作主语时有时使用形式主语itIt’snogoodlearningwithoutpractice.It’sworthwhilediscussingthequestions 2.动名词作表语.Ourdutyismakinginstruments.Myfavouritesummersportisswimming.3.动名词作宾语.Theybeganstudyingcomputerlastweek.Haveyoufinishedrepairingthetaperecorder?Theygotexcitedonhearingthegoodnews. 有些动词常要求动名词来作宾语，这些动词有：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’thelp,mind,enjoy,require,delay,practice,consider,excuse,escape,miss,fancy,deny,及短语动词等。有些动词后两者都可跟，但是意思有差别。这些动词如下：remember,forget,regret,try,stop,want等。 remembertodosth:记住去做某事Pleaseremembertoposttheletterforme.rememberdoingsth记得做过某事Irememberedpostingtheleter. regrettodosth遗憾地做某事Weregrettoinformyouthatyouwon’tbeabletoattendtheclass.regretdoingsth.后悔做某事Iregrettedhavingdonesuchathing. stoptodosth停下来去做某事Let’sstoptochatawhile.stopdoingsth停止做某事Stopsmoking,please. trytodosth努力去做某事Iwillworkhardandtrrtoimprove.trydoingsth试着做某事Let’strydoingtheworkthisway. 在英语中有些动词后要求跟不定式作宾语，这些动词主要有：want,wish,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,promise,mean,pretend,intend,decide,attempt,learn,desire,agree,choose,determine,expect…等。 动名词作定语Thesepassagemaybeusedaslisteningmaterials.Ihaveahearingaid.Thereadingroomofthelibraryisalargesquarehall. 动名词有语态：一般式的被动语态和完成式的被动态Thematterisfarfrombeingsolved.Beforebeingusedtherecordershouldbetested.Afterhavingbeentreatedthewatercanbeusedforraisingfish. 动名词的逻辑主语Pleaseexcusemyinterruptingyou.WeallthoughtXiaoWang’sgivinguphisjobagreatmistake. 用所给动词正确形式填空1.________(read)Japaneseiseasierthanspeakingit.2.Itisnouse_______(ask)himaboutit.3.It’snogood______(try)tolearnEnglishby_________(read)only.4.Ittooklongerthansheexpected________(get)apassport. 5.Itwasdifficultforthem_________(understand)ourpolicy.6.Afterwehadfinished________(eat),heproposed__________(setoff).7.Inherleisurehourssheenjoyed________(read)novelsor_______(go)tothepark. 8.Henevermissed________(attend)eveningschool.9.Shecouldn’thelp_________(smile)atthewords.10.Soonafterwardshegaveup________(teach)andjoinedthearmy.11.Ican’tunderstandhis_______(leave)sosuddenly. Unit21分词分词：一、分词分为现在分词和过去分词，其区别是：1。现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成。boilingwater开着的水boiledwater开过的水developingcountry发展中国家developedcountry发达国家 2，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。theexploitingpeople剥削人的人theexploitedpeople被剥削的人二、句法作用1。做表语Theyareinterestedinmusic.Thenewsisexciting. 2.做定语Thestoresellsusedbooksonly.Thefloatingneedleofacompassalwayspointsnorthandsouth.3.做状语Workingintheplant,welearntalotfromtheworkers. Givenbetterinstructions,thewatermelonscouldhavegrownbigger.Notknowingheraddress,Ican’tvisitherpersonally.Whenheated,icewillbechangedintowater.Isatbythewindow,watchingTVandreadingbooks. 4.做补足语，常见的动词有find,gethavehearkeepmakeletseenoticeimagineA.做宾语补足语：Wesawhimgoingaway.Allofusheardsomebodysinginginthenextroom.Wekeptthemwaitingforalongtime. B.做主语补足语：Hewasseengoingaway.Somebodywasheardsinginginthenextroom.注意分词完成时态：HavingtaughtEnglishfortenyears,sheknowsthegrammarverywell.Havingbeengivenawrongnumber,wecouldn’tcontacthimoverphone. 5.分词做独立主格：分词或分词短语带有自己的动作主体。Timepermitting,theywillstarttodoanewjob.Theexperimentfinished,weleftthelabandwenthome. 分词与不定式在句法案上的区别：1）作定语时的区别：主动态分词作定语表示与谓语动作同时发生；而主动态的不定式表示在谓语动作之后发生。例如：Thisisafactoryproducingcomputers.Afactorytoproducecomputersisbeingbuilt. 被动态的分词表示的动作在谓语动作之前完成；而被动态的不定式表示在谓语动作之后发生。例如：Itisoneoftheproblemssolvedatthemeeting.Therearemanyproblemstobesolved 作补足语时的区别：分词和不定式作补足语都表示与谓语录同时发生，但分词强调“动作进行过程”；不定式强调“动作发生的事实”。试比较： 现在分词不定式Isawherdoingtheexperiment.Isawherdotheexperiment.我看见她在做实验。我看见她在做实验。Shewasseendoingexperiment.Shewasseentodoexperiment.人们看见她在做实验。人们看见她在做实验。 过去分词则表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。例如：Wefoundtheworkcompletelydone.我们发现工作全做好了。Theworkwasfoundcompletelydone.发现工作已完全做好了。 Unit22定语从句。定语从句。一个用来修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。例如：Themanwhotoldyouthenewsisafriendofmine.定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词来引导的。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,which,that.关系副词有：when,where,why等。 1.who代替人，在从句中做主语。Doyouknowthemanwhowrotethearticle?Whatwasthenameofthemanwhodancedwithyoulastnight?2.whom代替人，在从句中做宾语Thisistheboywhomwewerelookingfor.3.whose代替人，在从句中做定语 Whatisthenameofthestudentwhosefatherworksinourlab?Thebuildingwhoseroofwecanseefromhereisourdepartment.4.which代替物，在从句中做主语或宾语Thatwasafaultwhichcouldbeforgiven.Iwillusethereferencebookwhichyouborrowedfromlibrary。 5.that代替人或物，在从句中做主语或宾语Whoisthemanthatislecturingintheclassroom.Whoisthemanthattalkedwithyou? 6.when表示时间，在从句中做状语。Wedon’tknowtheexacttimewhenweneededhelp.Thedaywillcomewhenwewillwinthefinalvictory.7.where.表示地点，在从句中做状语Thehousewhereweusedtolivehasbeenpulleddown. 8.why表示原因，在从句中做状语Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewassohappy?定语从句when,where相当于“介词+whichThisistheroominwhichchairmanMaolived.IwillneverforgetthedayonwhichIbecameaPartymember. 注意：1，动词+关系代词引出的定语从句Themantowhomyouaretalkingtoisthemanagerofthecompany.Theworldinwhichweliveismadeofmatter.Thefamousprofessorofwhomwenaveoftenheardwillcometoouruniversity. 2.名词+介词+关系代词引出的定语从句Therearenineplanetsinthesolarsystem,someofwhicharemuchlargerthanourearth.Therearesomenewtermsinthearticle,themeaningofwhichmaybedifficulttothestudents. 定语从句又分为两种：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。注意这两种定语从句之间的区别。限制性定语录从句与先行词之间的关系密切，一旦去掉从句，主句意思不完整，甚至在逻辑上不能成立。这种从句和主句之间一般不能用逗号分开。例如：Shehasasonwhoisadoctor. 这类从句译成中文时，要把从句译至先行词之前。“她有一位当医生的儿子”。非限制性定语从句与先行词之间关系不密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明。本身也具有独立性。如果从句去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。在非限制性定语从句和主句之间不用that,只能用which.非限制性定语从句有时修饰前面整个句子。例如： Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.Themostimportantformofenergyiselectricenergy,whichiswidelyusedinoureverydaylife.Galileo,whomadethefirsttelescope,diedin1642. Tompassedallhisexaminations,whichpleasedhisparents.在这里which代表的是前边整个句子。在下列情况下，用that来代替人或物，而不用who或which.1.当先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时。例如：SheisthetallestgirlthatIknow.ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread. 2.当先行词是不定代词all,everything,anything,nothing,something…等。例如：Shetolduseverythingthatsheknew3.3当先行词被only,any,no,very等形容词和序数词修饰时。例如：Thatistheonlywaythatleadstomyhome.Pleasegivethenotetothefirstmanthatcomeshere. 在下列情况下省略关系代词：1.关系代词在从句中作宾语时。例如：Ilikethefilm(that/which)wesawyesterday.2.关系代词在从句中作介词宾语、而介词又在句末时。例如：Hereisthekeyyou’vebeenlookingfor.3.关系代词在从句中做表语时。例如：Sheisnotthekindofwomanyouthoughthertobe. Exercisesfornoun:A.WriteCorUaftereachofthefollowingwords:1.knowledge2.life3.decision4.triumph5.information6.appreciation7.laughter8.service9.desire10.sacrifice11.labor12.popularity A.Completethefollowingsentenceswiththewordsgivenbelowusinganyorsomeifnecessary.paperadviceprogressworkexpensivepermissioninformationmachinerysceneryaccommodation 1.  They’lltellyIdon’tthinkAnnwillgetthejob.Shehasn’tgot__________.2.youallyouwanttoknow.They’llgiveyouplentyof____________.3.Tom’sChinesehasimproved.Hehasmade____________. PronounExerciseOne:Putasuitablepersonalpronounineachblank:1Mycousinhadapaininhershoulderso________wenttoseeadoctorabout_______.2. WhenMaryhadfinishedwiththemagazines_______took_______roundtoherfriendandgave______to______.3.PeterandIaskedSusanwhether______wouldliketocomewith______when______went 1.Ilookedatthenewriflebut_______seemedratherrustyto______.2.Thedangersinvolvedintravelinouterspacemaynotbeobvioustousyet,but______shouldnotunderestimate_________.Iknewtheeffectwhichaircurrentswouldhaveontheairplanewhenwepassedoverth 1.mountains,so_______wasnotsurprisedwhen_______made_______fallsharplyandthenriseagain.2WhenIaskedSylviatohelpboth________brotherand_______with_______computerscienceproblems,shesaidthatshecouldhelp________Thursdayafternoon. Key:1.she,it2.she,them,them,him/her3.she,us,we4.he,them5.it,me6.we,them7.I,they,it8.my,me,our,us ExerciseTwoUnderlinethepronounerrors.Writethecorrectformattheendofeachsentence.Ifthereisnoerror,writenone. 1.Thesupervisorkeptwatchinghimandmeclosely.2. TheletterwasaddressedtobothCarlosandshe.3. SeeingLucyandme,themanagercamerightover.4. Weknowtheyandtheirexcusesalltoowell. 1.  Thereisnothinguswaiterscando.2. BeforehelpingJoyceandI,theclerkmadeuswaitanhour.3Themayorappointedstrangers,forgettingweoldfriends.4.Itwasherwhomissedthetest. 1.Areyou,IandJohnlate?2. HehopedthepassengerwouldbeMaryandindeeditwassheB.1.  Thesearemyboots;whereareyour’s?2.  Weputoursinthesavingsaccount3. Whereisthatcassetteoftheir’s? 1.Doyouput“Your’struly”attheend?2. It’salreadytoolatetoapply.3. There’sthewhistle;itstimetoquit.Key:A.1.none2.she,her3.none4.they,them5.us,we6.I,me7.we,us8.her,she9.you,IandJohn,you,JohnandI10.none B.1.your’s,yours2.none3.their’s,theirs4.Your’struly,Yourstruly5.none6.its,it’s 反身代词1.Fillineachblankwithoneofthefollowing:yourselfherselfitselfoneselfhimselfthemselvesbesidethemselvesforthemselves(all)bymyself 1. --Didyoumakethatdress_________?---Yes,Imadeit__________.2. Sheisalways_________,nomatterwhatthecircumstances.3. Thechildrenwere___________onthenightbeforethestartoftheirholiday.4.   TheSmithskeptplentyoffish___________.5.  It’snogoodtryingtopersuade___________thatyouareright,Tom. 1.Thehotel___________isquitenicebutit’sinratheranisolatedplace.2.Isupposeoneshouldguard__________againstthatsortoftrick.3.Suit________,Jane.Youcantakeitorleaveit.4.Janealwaysprides__________onheracademicbackground.5.Shewas,thebossknew,hisbestsecretaryandalwaysloyalto_______ Key:1.yourself,(all)(by)myself2.herself3.besidethemselves4.forthemselves5.yourself6.itself7.oneself8.yourself9.herself10.himself 冠词的用法Fillintheblankswithaoranwherenecessary.1. ______telephoneis______veryimportantmeansofcommunication.2.______mothersoftentell______smallchildren______storiesbeforebedtime.3.  I’llpayyou______thousand______year.It’snot_______enormoussalarybutafterallyouare_____completelyunskilledworker. 1. You’llget______shockifyoutouch_____livewirewiththatscrewdriver.Whydon’tyouget_____screwdriverwith_____insulatedhandle?2.I’mnot______wage-earner;I’m_______self-employedman.Ihave______businessofmyown.3. Thenyou’renot_____worker;you’re______capitalist! 1. Ihave_____hourand_____halfforlunch.Ionlyhave_____hour---barelyfor______smokeand_____cupofcoffee.2.  Ittravelsatjustunder______thousandmiles_____hour3.Ihaveneverknownsuch______hotweather. Key:1.A,a2.x,x,x,3.a,a,an,a4.a,a,a,an5.a,a,a;6.a,a7.an,a;x,an,x,a, Insertaoranwherenecessary.1. Ihadverybadnight;Ididn’tsleepwink(眨眼;打吨).2.Thismanhashonestythatweallappreciated.3. Mr.BrownhadvisionofnewandhappierEurope.It’stimeyouhadholiday.Youhaven’thaddayofffor 1.  Thereishourlyserviceofbusesinthisroute.2. Itisgreathonortobeinvitedtosuchgathering.3. Iwouldn’tclimbmountainfor$1,000!IhavehorrorofheightsChildrenusuallylearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongatearlyage. 1. Hehadsquarenose,grayhairandbrownskin.Shehadneverseensohandsomeman.2. Howevergreatdisasterhesuffered,Johnnevergaveup.3.Manyshipwreckedsailorhasbeenrescuedbyourbravecoastguards4.  Suchurgentneedrequirespromptaction. 1.  sourgentneedrequirespromptaction.2.  ThisisaslovelypictureasIhaveeverseen.3.  Idon’tthinkyourealizewhatseriouscrisisthisis.4.  YoucanhardlyhopetosucceedwheremanygreatermanhasfailedHowseriouscrimehadbeencommittedwasnotrealizeduntilmuchlater. Key:1.averybadnight,awink2.anhonesty3. avisionofanewandhappierEurope4.aholiday,adayoff,amonth5.anhourlyservice6.agreathonor,suchagathering7.amountain,ahorror8.atanearlyage 9.aword10.aboy11.abigproblem,nottoobigaproblem12.asquarenose,sohandsomeaman13.Howevergreatadisaster14.Manyashipwreckedsailor15.Suchanurgentneed16.Sourgentaneed17.aslovelyapicture18.Whataseriouscrisis 19.manyagreaterman20.Howseriousacrime Fillintheblankswithaorthewherenecessary1.  After_______lunch,wewentfor_______walkby______sea.2.  _____steam-enginewasinventedbefore______internalcombustionengine.3._____bat,theysay,judgesdistancesby______kindofecho-location.4.Hegoesto_______churcheverySunday;_______churchheusuallygoestohave______ 1.   eatsforover_______thousand.2.Thisis______mostusefulreferencebookIhaveonthissubject.3.Wehave______goodmarketin_______townwherewebuyour______fruitand______vegetables.4._____prisoninthistownis______grim-lookingbuilding. 1.  _____youngestboyhasjuststartedgoingto______school;______eldestboyisat_____college.2.   _____deadnolongerneed______help.Wemustconcernourselveswith_____living.3Johnbecame_____managerand______secretaryofthecompanyat______sametime.Key:1.x,a,the2.The,the3.The,a4.x,the,x,a5.the6.a,the,x,x7.The,a8.The,x;the,x9.The,x,the10.the,x,the Insertaorthewherenecessary:1.Horseisnobleanimalandfaithfulservantofman.2. Chessisgamewhichrequiresgreatskillandpatience.3.  Thestrangerwenttoschooltocomplainaboutbehaviorofonepupils.4. Dinnerwasgood,butIdidnotenjoyspeechesthatcameafterit. 1Animportantaspectindevelopingmotivation(动力,促动因素)issettingofgoals.2. Hegotbronchitis(支气管炎)andwastakentohospital.Iexpectthey’llsendhimhomeatendofweek..Haveyourunghospitaltoaskhowheis?3. Didn’tyouhearthatnewsoverradiothismorning? 1.  Flute(长笛)ismyfavoriteinstrument.2.   Wehaveverygoodtrainservicefromheretocitycenterandmostpeoplegotoworkbytrain.Youcangobybus,too,ofcourse,butyoucan’tgetseasonticketonbus.3.  Everywheremanhascutdownforestsinordertocultivateground,ortousewoodasfuelorasbuildingmaterial. Key:1.Thehorse,anobleanimal,afaithfulservant2.agame3.theschool,thebehavior,thepupils4.Thedinner,thespeeches5.thesettingofgoals 6.thehospital,attheendoftheweek7.theradio8.Theflute9.havea,thecitycenter,geta,onthebus10.theground,thewood Fillintheblankswiththewherenecessary:1______Thames,_______Seineand_______Rhinearefamousrivers.______SamuelJohnsonwhowasaprofessorofColumbiaUniversitywasnot______Samuel 1. JohnsonwhowasafamousEnglishriver2.   ______AndesareinSouthAmerica,and_______AlpsareinEurope.3.    ______woolofwhichthissuitismadecomesfrom______Australiansheep.4. ______woolisoneof_____chiefexportsfrom______Australia. 1.Heremembers______Londonof______pastandsaysitwasgayerthan______Londonof______today.2.______GulfofMexicoand______CaribbeanSeaarereallypartof______AtlanticOcean.3.Macy’s(商店名)ison______34thStreetbetween_____Broadwayand______SeventhAvenue. 1.Mr.Jenkinsreads_____DailyTelegraphbuthiswifereads______Times.2.  Frankisastudentat______LiverpoolUniversity.Key:1.The,the,the2.The,the3.The,the4.The,the5.x,the,x6.the,the,the,x7.The,the,the,8.x,x,x,9.the,the,10.x both,all及each,every的用法1.  ThericewasgoodthatIate_______.2.   ________houseneededrepairing3.   Haveyouread________book?4.   Severalprisonersescapedbuttheywere_________caught.5.__________lessonwasspoiltbyJohn. __________tiresonthecarneededrepairing.1. Therewasnotmuchsoap,soIused__________.2.Itwasnotuntilthe18thcenturythatmanrealizedthat_________ofthebrainwasinvolvedintheworkingofthemind. Completethefollowingwithevery,everyone/everybody,everyone,eachorall:1.   ---Didyousee_________filmthatwasonlastweek?---Yes,wesaw_________ofthem.2.  Themencarriedtwosuitcases_________.3.    ________weresurprisedathisability.4.________manwasgivenhisindividualassignment. 1.   He_________butdiedofhiswound.2.   ________ofthefasttrainhasgone.3.   Theteachergavealistoffivebooksforhomereading.__________istobefinishedintwoweeks. 1. Heis_________theworsefortakingthismedicine.2.      I’mgoingtogiveapartytowhich_________isinvited.3.   ________oftheMinisterwasinvitedtostatehisviewsand______ofthemdidso.Key:itall2.Thewhole3.thewhole4.all5.Thewhole6.Allthe7.itall8.thewhole .every;all/everyone2.each3.All4.Each5.all6.Everyone7.Everyone8.all9.everyone10.Each,everyone 时态练习1.  Theemployers_________(start)negotiationsassoonasthemen________(return)towork.2.   TheGovernment_________(have)todecidewhattodoaboutthesenavalbasesbeforethepresenttreaty________(expire)(期满)3Whathe_________(do)whenhe________(leave)school?Assoonasthere_________(be)evenatemporarybreakintheweather,theclimbers 1.______(renew)theirattemptstoreachthesummit.2.Manyfamiliarfaces________(be)absentfromParliamentwhenthenewsession_______(open)nextThursday.3.Ifwe________(notleave)soon.Theparty________(be)overbythetimewe_______(get)there. 1.   Ifyou________(wait)foranotherhourbeforeyou________(make)upyourmind,it_______(be)toolate.2.  WhenConcord(协和式客机)________(come)intoservice,thejourneyfromNewYorktoLondon________(take)onlythreehourstwentyminutes.3.Howpopularsupersonictravel________(become)onceConcord_______(be)inservice. 1.    Ifyou_________(nottell)himthetruthnow,hesimply_________(keep)onaskingyouuntilyou________(do).Key:1.willstart,return2.willhave,expires3.will(be)do,leaves4.is,willrenew5.willbe,opens6.don’tleave,willbe,get7.wait,make,willbe8.comes,willtake9.will(supersonictravel)become,is10.don’ttell,will(simply)keepon,do Puttheverbsinthebracketsintobegoingtoorwilldoforms:1.    ---Whereareyouofftowiththatladder?---I________(have)alookattheroof;it’sleakingandIthinkatilehasslipped.2.  ---Herearethematches;butwhatdoyouwantthemfor?---I________(make)abonfire(篝火)attheendofthegarden;Iwanttoburnthatbigheapofrubbish. -Well,becareful,Ifthefiregetstoobigit________(burn)theappletrees.1.  ---I’mafraidI’mnotquiteready.---Nevermind.I________(wait).2. ---Doyouhavetocarrysomuchstuffonyourbacks?---Yes,wedo.We________(camp)outand________(cook)ourownmeals,sowehavetocarryalot. 1.  Whereareallthosechildrenofftowithbaskets?---They_______(pick)blackberries.Theyprobably________(come)backatsixwiththeirbasketscrammed(塞满)andthentheirmothers________(start)makingjam.2.  Ladiesandgentlemen,myfriendsandI________(present)youwithapuzzlingproblem. Wewouldlikeeachofyoutotrytosolveit,sopleasepayattentionforthenextfewminutes.1.   GeorgeandPaulfindaninjuredmanlyingbytheroadside.Paul:I_______(stay)withhim.George,yougobackandgethelp.George:Allright.I_________(try)togetadoctorback.2.  Mrs.Smith:Yourcold’sworse,Ann.GobacktobedandI_______(ring)theschoolandtellthemyoucan’tcome. 1Mrs.Smithwasjustpickingupthereceiverwhenherhusbandcamedownstairs.“Ann’snotwell,”shesaid.“I________(ring)theschoolandsaythatshecan’tcome.”2.---No,I’mnotgoingawayfortheweekend.I’mstayingathome.I_______(start)buildingmygarage.Thebrickshavecomeatlast.---You_______(do)itallbyyourself? -No,mynephew________(help)me.Isuggestedittohimyesterdayandhewasquiteenthusiastic.Key:1.amgoingtohave2.amgoingtomake;willburn3.willwait4.aregoingtocamp,cook5.aregoingtopick,will(probably)come,willstart 6.aregoingtopresent/willpresent7.willstay;willtry8.willring9.amgoingtoring10.amgoingtostart;Are(you)goingtodo;isgoingtohelp/willhelp Puttheverbsinthebracketsintotheirproperforms:1. She________(be)herejustnow,butshe________(go).2.   Ann________(think)thegarage_______(be)empty,soshe_______(turn)offthelights.“Hey,”________(shout)Paulfromunderthecar,“I’msorry,Paul,”_______(say)Ann,“I_______(notknow)you________(be)there.” 1.   WhenIfirst________(come)tothishouse,it_________(be)averyquietarea.Butsinceaschool_______(build)here,it_________(become)verynoisy.2.     --You_______(apply)forthejob?---I_______(write)tothemlastmonth,butthey________(not,answer)yet.3.   ---Kim,you_______(have)agoodtrip? --Yes,theflight________(be)lovely,oneofthebestI________(have),butit________(take)agestogetintotheplane.Firstthey_______(think)thatoneofus_______(be)ahijacker(劫机者),andthey________(search)usallforweapons.Theoneengineoftheplane________(go)wrong.Wefinally________(take)offanhourlater.1.   ---You________(be)tothetheaterrecently? -Yes,I_________(go)totheBeijingoperalastnight.---You_________(like)it?---Yes,butI____________(notsee)verywell.I_________(be)rightattheback.1.      ---You__________(see)Peterlately?I__________(call)hisflatseveraltimesbut________(get)noanswer. -Oh,he__________(be)inParisforthelasttwomonths.He__________(fly)thereforaconferenceandthen___________(decide)tostayforanothersixweeks.---You_________(hear)fromhim?---Yes,I__________(get)alettershortlyafterhe_________(arrive). 1.      -Tom__________(meet)Paulatlunchtimeand__________(say),“I__________(notsee)youatthebusthismorning.You__________(miss)thebus?---“I__________(notmiss)it,”__________(reply)Paul.“I__________(notmiss)abusforyears.ButthismorningGeorge__________(give)mealift.” 1. WhenI_________(buy)mynewhouseI___________(ask)foratelephone.ThePostOffice_________(tell)metowait,butI__________(wait)ayearnowandphonestill________(notcome).2.  Peter_________(try)tocomeinquietlybuthismother_________(hear)himand_________(call)out.“Whereyou_________(be)?Yousupper_________(be)intheovenforanhour.” 1. --Whenyou__________(begin)school?---I_________(begin)schoolwhenI________(be)five.I_________(go)toaprimaryschoolfirst.I________(stay)thereforsixyearsandthenI_________(go)toacomprehensiveschool. 1.  You__________(be)toCambridge?---Yes,I__________(be)therelastmonth.---Howyou__________(get)there?---Mybrother__________(take)meinhiscar.2.---WhenI_________(be)seventeenI________(start)myuniversitycourse.---Whenyou__________(get)yourdegree?---Oh,I_________(notget)mydegreeyet;I’mstillattheuniversity.Ionly_________(be)therefortwoyears. 1.We________(live)inthishousesince1970,thatistosay,eversincemyfather_________(die).He_________(come)tothiscountrytwentyyearsago.He_________(be)borninSouthAmerica,and__________(live)thereuntilhe_________(get)married.2.  Althoughwe_________(be)inthisvillagesixyearssofar,we_________(notget)toknowmanypeopleyet.Butournextneighbors_________(be)veryhelpfulwhenwefirst_______(move)in. 1.I________(receive)John’sinvitationyesterday,and__________(accept)itatonce.I______(notsee)himseveralweeks.Key:1.was,hasgone2.thought,was,turned,shouted,said,didn’tknow,were3.came,was,wasbuilt,hasbecome4.Have(you)applied;wrote,haven’tanswered did(you)have;was,havehad,took,thought,was,searched,went,took6.Have(you)been;went;Did(you)like;didn’tsee,was7.Have(you)seen,called,got;hasbeen,flew,decided;Have(you)heard;got,arrived8.met,said,didn’tsee,Did(you)miss;didn’tmiss,replied,haven’tmissed,gave bough,asked,told,havewaited,hasn’tcome10.tried,heard,called,have(you)been,hasbeen11.did(you)begin;began,was,went,stayed,went12.Have(you)been;wasdid(you)get;took was,started,did(you)get;haven’tgot,have(only)been14.  havelived,died,came,was,lived,got15.  havebeen,haven’tgot,were,moved 将下列句子译成英文1.我半年多没有看电影了.2.他于是2000年入伍,参军已三年了.3.这是我第一次用电脑写文章.4.      ---我买了一本汉英字典. --在哪儿买的?---学校旁边的书店.1.      ---你看见约翰了吗?---没有.他可能在教室里.---我去过那里,里面没有人.2.出车祸后,皮特先生一直在医院里.3.我已醒了好长时间了. 1.   --你常去度假吗?--不常去,已有五年没有度假了.2.我希望等我们明年夏天回来时,他们已经修好这条路.3.他把业余时间都花在种树上.他说到明年年底,他将完两千棵树.Key:1.Ihaven’tseenafilmformorethanhalfayear./It’sbeenhalfayearsinceIlastsawafilm. Hejoinedthearmyin2000.Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears3.ThisisthefirsttimeI’vewrittenanessayonthecomputer.4---I’veboughtaChinese-Englishdictionary.---Wheredidyougetit?---Thebookstorenexttoourschool. 3.  -HaveyouseenJohn?---No.Perhapsheisintheclassroom.---I’vebeenthere.Nobodywasin.4.  Mr.Pitthasbeeninhospitalsincehisaccident.5. I’vebeenawakeforalongtime. 6---Doyouoftengoonholiday?---No,it’sfiveyearssinceIwentonholiday.7.Ihopetheywillhaverepairedthisroadbythetimewecomebacknextsummer.8.Hespendsallhissparetimeplantingtrees.Hesaysthatbytheendofnextyearhewillhaveplanted2,000. 复杂的事情要简单做；简单的事情要认真做； 认真的事情要重复做；重复的事情要创造性地做！ 希望你们能舞动自己的人生！