英语语法(10不同文体的句法结构) 34页

UnitTen:SentenceStructuresinDifferentStylesofWriting,abriefintroductionIssuesofthisunit:1)Formalvs.informalspeech2)Sentencesinverydifferentwritings(science,law,advertisement,literature) A、Formalvs.InformalEx.(AnAmericanpolicemantalkingaboutthesamething)：a.法庭上面对法官说：“Iapprehendedtheallegedperpetrator.”(我对这个行凶嫌疑人实施了拘捕)b.酒吧里对同事说：“Icollaredthiscreep.”(我逮了这恶棍) InformalspeechFormalspeechsimplesyntaxcomplex,compoundstr.simpledailywordstechnicalterms,mincedpersonaltoneimpersonaltone Ex.a.图书馆的告示：ImpersonaltoneIthasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced. Ex.b.图书馆的告示：personaltoneWefindthatthenumberofbooksinthelibraryhasbeengoingdown.Pleasemakesurethatyouknowtherulesforborrowing,anddon’tforgetthatthelibraryisforeveryone’sconvenience.Sofromnowon,we’regoingtoenforcetherulesstrictly.Youhavebeenwarned! B、新闻写作(amixtureofformalandinformal)：语法特征：长句，信息浓缩September12,1997,USSecretaryofStateMedeleineAlbrightsaysatAlexandriathatshetoldPresidentHosniMubarakofAmerica"sresolvetoworkwithEgyptandotherfriendlystatestoremainvigilantwhilealsorespondingtoopportunitiestoreducetension,andthensheproceedstoSaudiArabia,thenextstoponherdebutregionaltour. 词汇运用特征：1.新闻习惯表达法（journalisticjargon），例如：peoplepower,zipper-gate,wargames,operations等等。经常使用缩写，如：NATO,NASA,UNESCO,TMD,AIDS.2.新闻记者生造语词（coinage），表达新的概念或为了吸引眼球(asaneye-catcher)，例如：technicalknow-how,hijack,stagflation,no-goarea,thevillageGuru,Wintel等等。 3.在报道中，语言使用灵活多变。例如：Beijing"sdecisiontocancelaportvisittoHongKongbytheU.S.aircraftcarrierKittyHawklastmonthcouldgodownindiplomatichistoryasawatershedinChina"sforeignpolicy. Thehigh-decibel"no"tothecarriergroup——andalsototheU.S.frigateReubenJames,whichwantedtodockatHongKongonNewYear"sEve——coincideswithatoughstanceBeijinghasassumedinsovereigntydisputeswithVietnamoverisletsintheSouthChinaSea.ChinaalsohasreactedwithuncharacteristicvehemencetothehospitalitythattheUnitedStates,CanadaandespeciallyGermanyhaveshowntheDalaiLama. C、科技写作特征(typicalformalstyle)：1.最明显的是技术专门语汇，试比较：Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!howinfiniteinfaculty!informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable!inactionhowlikeanangel!inapprehensionhowlikeagod!thebeautyoftheworld!theparagonofanimals!(byShakespeare)Manismetazoan,triploblastic,chordale,vertebrate,pentadactyle,mammalian,eutherian,primate;themainoutlinesofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofotheranimals,tothefishes.(byBorradaile) 2.使用正式专业词汇：Wecaneasilytakethesemachinestopiecesandputthemtogetheragainafterwehavelookedatthemallover.Thesemachinescanbeeasilydismantledandreassembledaftercarefulexamination.(Formalwordsaremorepreciseinmeaning.) 3.偏向于使用名词来替代动词：A1.Youcanrectifythisfaultifyouinsertawedge.A2.Rectificationofthisfaultcanbedonebyinsertionofawedge.B1.Ifweaddorremoveheat,thestateofmattermaychange.B2.Theadditionorremovalofheatmaycausechangesinthestateofmatter. 4.更多地使用被动式：Ablastofhotairisblownintothebottomofthefurnacetomakethecokeburnfiercely.Itisforcedintothefurnacethroughpipes.Thesepipesareplacedaroundthecircumstanceoftheblastfurnaceabout8feetabovethebottom. D、法律文本特征(highlyformalinstyle)：1.技术词汇，定义精确，排除任何歧义：demise=death;forcemajeure不可抗力tort=anywrongfulact,damage,orinjurydonewillfully,negligently,orincircumstancesinvolvingliability,butnotinvolvingbreachofcontract,forwhichacivilsuitcanbebrought;(民事侵权行为，不包括毁约)alibi=theevidencetoshowthatthesubjectwasnotpresentonthespotwhenthecrimehappened.amendehonorable=公开道歉并赔偿损失 2.古语词，已经不再使用的词(archaicwords)：hereinafter=inthisdocumentandafterthispoint;thereof=ofit;thereby=bymeansofwhich3.语法特征：要求语句必须完整，与其他文体不同的是，法律文本语句要求所有的结构，包括短语、分句等等都尽量组合成一个单一的独立的语句，把各个意义成分综合在一起，以表达完整独立的含义：例如： Iherebygiveandconveyto(赋予)you,allandsingular,myestateandinterests,right,title,claim,andadvantagesofandintheorange,togetherwithallrind(果皮),juice(果汁),pulp(果肉)andpits(果核),andallrightsandadvantagestherein,anythinghereinbeforeorhereinafter,orinanyotherdeedordeeds,instrumentorinstrumentsofwhatevernatureorkindwhatsoever,tothecontrary,inanywise,notwithstanding.Thepassageabove=“Iletyoueatmyorange.” E、广告写作特征(informalinmanycases)：1.生造词：例如：“Windex”是一窗玻璃清洁剂的名称,由“window”and“excellent”组和而成；“washingmachine”加“automatic”构成新的形容词：“washmatic”；转换词：“Xerox”“Pleasexeroxthispaperforme”、“TodayI’llgiveyouaxeroxedcopyofthematerial.” 2.口语化风格，使用日常用词：例如：一种名为“Guiness”的啤酒广告语：“MyGoodness!MyGuiness!”Wehavetakenourwhiskyinmanyways,butalwaysseriously.——威士忌酒的广告 3.简单句型：有人统计发现，广告语的句子平均每句只有10个单词，例如：“Cool!”“Thinkonce.Thinktwice.Thinkbike.”Gowell,goShell.Gotoworkonanegg. 4.押韵及押头韵：头韵(alliteration)“Sea,sun,sand,seclusion——andSpain!”“Betterlatethanthelate.”尾韵(rhyming)You’llwonderwherethedirthaswent,WhenyoucleanyourteethwithPepsy-dent.Loseounces,Savepounds. F、文学写作(variablestyles)：Literaturedoesnothaveafixedpatterninwritingstyle.Thestyleofwritingdependsonwhoiswritingandwhatiswrittenabout.Therefore,literarywritingsareasdiversifiedaslifeitselfis.However,onethingiscertain:literarywritingresortstoimagecreationinordertomakethereadersfeelasiftheywereinthesituationofthestory. Ex.长句、完整句型：Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver——smallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastbouldersandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomemergedinthesea,andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.(byB.Russell) Ex.短句，不完整句：Shekissedme.Myyouth.Neveragain.Onlyonceitcomes.Orhers.Takethetraintheretomorrow.No.Returningnotthesame....ThenewIwant.Nothingnewunderthesun....Thinkyouareescapingandrunintoyourself.Longestwayroundistheshortestwayhome....Allchanged.Forgotten.Theyoungareold.(From“Ulysses”byJamesJoyce) Ex.甚至不合语法句：Youdon’tknowaboutme,withoutyouhavereadabookbythenameof“TheAdventureofTomSawyer,”butthatain’tnomatter.ThatbookwasmadebyMr.MarkTwain,andhetoldthetruth,mainly.Therewasthingswhichhestretched,butmainlyhetoldthetruth.Thatisnothing.Ineverseenanybodybutlied,onetimeoranother,withoutitwasAuntPolly…...(From“HuckleberryFinn”byMarkTwain) AnunderstandingofstylesinwritingsinEnglishmighthelpyoualot.Hopeyoubetterfamiliaritywiththeminthedaystocome. Finally:TipsforEnglishgrammarlearning 由于英语语法的特性：famousforhavingthesmallestnumberofrules;notoriousforhavingatleastoneexceptiontoalmosteveryrule.所以，专读语法书、记背语法条目是效率十分低下的学习方法。好的学习方法应该将语法书作为工具书，有必要时查阅。 语法的掌握最好与其他技能结合进行。五项技能：听、说、读、写、译It’simportanttogotoclass,butafterclassyoucantrytheseways: 选择语言对象模仿：句型、用词跟别人说英语：学语法或挑语病背诵名言名句、幽默句、套话等等，仿其句型造句；例如： 例如：Whenthewellisdry,weknowtheworthofwater.Thewaytobesafe,isnevertobesecure.___BenjaminFranklinLoveisatemporarypsychoticcurablebymarriage.___AmbrosBierce 学习富兰克林的仿造：Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Wherethereismarriagewithoutlove,thereislovewithoutmarriage.Hewholaughslast,laughsbest.Hethatliesdownwithdogs,shallriseupwithfleas. Orimitatecustomaryspeeches,suchas：LadiesandGentlemen:OntheoccasionoftheSpringFestivaloftheYearofTiger,Iwouldliketoextend,onbehalfofmyfamily,toallofyou,myheartfeltwishthatyouhaveahappyNewYear,agoodhealthandasmooth-sailingofeverything! 谨以此句作为本课程的结束。祝各位同学：寒假轻松！春节快乐！身体健康！ Thisistheendofthecourse.