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2013年海天考研英语语法讲义 (1)

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海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂2013年考研英语语法讲义主讲:王国清副教授简介:资深考研英语命题研究专家,英语翻译专业硕士,新西兰惠灵顿大学国际经济学博士,多次参加考研及四、六级阅卷工作,全国二十多家大型培训机构特邀全程主讲老师,MBA、MPA教育中心首席主讲,2008年北京奥运会赛后新闻发布会同声传译,并从事雅思、托福等多种培训权威指导,培训的学员达数十几万之多,授课效果立竿见影、专业性强、重点突出、激情幽默,著有《考研语法重难点精解》、《考研红宝书英语写作—(图画+话题)180篇》、《考研英语最后五套题》、《考研英语正红版最后两套题》、《考研英语正红版写作重点30篇》、《四、六级写作》、《四、六级阅读方法概要》、《大学英语四、六级经典语法指南》等30多部丛书,堪称英语界“语法权威”,翻译界“金牌同传”。语法,无论是对于英语学习者还是教授者而言,都是最难掌握的问题,而掌握扎实的语法无疑是学好英语的关键,尽管在研究生英语考试中并不直接涉及语法,但阅读理解,写作和翻译等试题无不体现出它的重要性。然而,市场上种类繁多的语法书籍,大都是内容多而不精,即次重点不分,并且对于在学习过程中,大家共同反映的较有难度的语法,如非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句都未能作出精辟分析,使读者看后仍不知所云。本着这个目的,我们再次相聚考研讲堂,希望通过两天的深入学习使广大考生对语法有个彻底的了解,在今后考试中遇到相应问题能游刃有余。一、语法知识回顾(一)基础语法知识1.英语句子的基本句型(BasicSentencePattern)(1)主+系+表(SVP)(2)主+谓(不及物动词)(SV)(3)主+谓(及物动词)+宾(SVO)(4)主+谓(及物动词)+间接宾语(指人)+直接宾语(指物)(SVOO)(5)主+谓(及物动词)+宾+补足语(SVOC)2.按照用途句子的分类(1)陈述句(DeclarativeSentence)(2)疑问句(InterrogativeSentence)①一般疑问句(GeneralQuestion)②特殊疑问句(SpecialQuestion)11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂③选择疑问句(AlternativeQuestion)④反意疑问句(TagQuestion)(详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的反意疑问句)(3)祈使句(ImperativeSentence)(4)感叹句(ExclamatorySentence)3.按照结构句子分类(DivisionbyStructure)(1)简单句(SimpleSentence)只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子称为简单句:(2)并列句(CompoundSentence)用并列连词(或分号、冒号、逗号)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子叫并列句(3)复合句(ComplexSentence)由关联词把一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句联系在一起所构成的句子称为复合句,也称为主从复合句,复合句根据关联词在句中的作用可分为如下类型:①名词性从句(NounClause)(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)②状语从句(AdverbialClause)(详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中状语从句)(二)重点语法回顾1、主谓一致(Subject-verbAgreement)一致是指句子成份间或词语间必须在人称、数、性等方面保持一致关系,一致这一语言现象在日常应用及各类英语考试中出现较多,最主要的一致关系是主谓一致。(1)主谓一致的分类:①语法一致,即主语为单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。②意义一致,即从意义上着眼来处理主谓一致问题,也就是说有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数,这时谓语动词视其意义采用复数形式,反之亦然。③就近一致,即谓语动词的人称和数往往和最靠近的词语保持一致。(2)主谓一致原则的具体应用:①数词与表示时间、金钱、度量衡、温度等名词作主语,表示一定量或总量时,谓语动词用单数形式:②集体名词,如:army,board,family,committee,couple,crowd,crew,jury,staff,team,public,government做主语,指整体时谓语动词用单数,指集体各成员时,谓语动词用复数:、、、、、、(详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的主谓一致)2、强调句(EmphaticSentence)强调句是就句中某一成分着重说明(1)在谓语动词前加助动词do,did,does强调该谓语动词,构成强调句:(2)强调句中谓语以外的其它成分时用强调句型(详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的强调句)3、倒装句(InvertedSentence)(1)全部倒装①therebe句型,有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型②here,there,now,then,thus,hence置于句首而主语不是人称代词时:③表示方向、地点的状语置于句首,如:up,down,away,here,in,out,off(2)部分倒装11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂①否定词或具有(半)否定意义的词或词组置于句首作状语时,如:never,scarcely,hardly,rarely,seldom等;②only+副词/介词短语/状语从句,即句首状语由only修饰时;、、、、、、(详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的倒装句)4、※定语从句(AttributiveClause)在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词,定语从句必须置于先行词之后,定语从句是研究生及四、六级等各类考试中常考点,也是语法中的重点:关系代词:which,that,who(m),whose,as(1)引导词关系副词:when,where,why(2)关系代词引出的定语从句和关系副词引出的定语从句的区别(略)(详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的定语从句)5、※虚拟语气(SubjunctiveMood)虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种形式,用来表示非真实的假设,或用来表示命令、建议以及说话人的主观愿望,有时也可以使语气缓和、委婉的作用,虚拟语气作为一重点语法,在各类考试中占有相当大的分值,所以理会该语法,不仅对于考试,还是日常应用中都有相当大的作用:(1)虚拟语气常用于条件句中,表示与现在、将来、过去事实相反的假设,下图表显示的是与现在、将来、过去 相反假设时,虚拟语气主句与条件从句谓语动词的变化形式,现以动词do为例。主句条件从句现在would/should/could/might+dobe→were/do→did将来would/should/could/might+dowereto+do/should+do(只能用should)过去would/should/could/might+havedonehaddone(2)混合式虚拟语气有时条件从句和主句时态不一致,可以根据主、从句动作发生的时间分别运用相应的虚拟语气;、、、、、、(详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的虚拟语气)6、※非谓语动词(Non-finiteVerb)非谓语动词是动词的一种形式,就其定义而言,它在句中不能单独作谓语,非谓语动词包括动名词、分词和不定式,非谓语动词是语法学习中的重点也是难点。(详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的非谓语动词)(1)分词(Participle)①分词的时态(Tense)(以动词do为例)语态时态  主动被动现在分词一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂过去分词done②分词的用法(Usage)、、、、、、(2)动名词(Gerund)动名词是一种非谓语动词,它的形式与现在分词相同,具有名词和动词的某些特征,它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语,在句中不能单独作谓语。①动名词时态(Tense)(以动词do为例)主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone②动名词用法(Usage)、、、、、、(3)不定式(Infinitive)动词不定式是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语。①不定式时态(Tense)以动词do为例主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing②不定式用法、、、、、、(4)非谓语动词之间的区别(DifferencesamongtheNon—FiniteVerbs)①分词和动名词②动名词和不定式③不定式和分词、、、、、、7、比较级结构(ComparativeStructure)(详见“考研英语语法重难点精解”中的形容词章节中的比较级结构)(1)同级比较形式为:…as+(形容词或副词)原级+(名词)+as…(2)优劣比较①优等比较形式为:…比较级+than…TomranfasterthanI(did)inthemilerace.②劣等比较形式为:…notso(as)+原级+as…=less+原级+thanSheisnotsobeautifulashersister.=Sheislessbeautifulthanhersister.、、、、、、11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂二、试题精练:(一)非谓语动词、独立主格结构1.Thesecurityofthebabiesissupposedto______bythenurses.A)seetoB)beseentoC)beseeningtoD)beseen2.Heclaimed______atyesterday’sparty.A)totreatbadlyB)tohavetreatedbadlyC)tobebadlytreatedD)tohavebeenbadlytreated3.“Didyoufindoutwhohadstolenmywatch?”“Thatchilddidn’tadmit______”A)tohavedonethatB)haddonethatC)doingthatD)havingdonethat4.Doyouremember______toProfessorSmithduringyourlastvisit?A)tobeintroducedB)beingintroducedC)havingintroducedD)tohaveintroduced5.Oneofthepropertiesoflightis______travellinginwaveformasitgosefromoneplaectoanother.A)itB)it’sC)itsD)their6.Thevacuumtube,inventednearthebeginningofourcentury,gaveustheuseofradiowaves,anenergysourceneverbefore______,andlateropenedtheroadfortelevision,A)wascapturedB)capturedC)capturingD)hadbeencaptured7.Theheadmaster’sordertohavethewholeplace______atoncewasunreasonablesincehedidnotprovideanytools.A)cleaningupB)tocleanupC)cleanedupD)cleanup8.______neglectingoureducation,myfathersentmybrotherandmetoasummerschool.A)AccusedofB)AccusingofC)ThathewasaccusedofD)Tobeaccusedof9.Susanstoodmotionlessattheendofthedivingboard,handsathersides,heelsslinghtlyraised,everymuscle______action.A)anticipatingB)anticipatedC)toanticipateD)havinganticipated11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂10.Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,butourwork______,wedeclinedtheoffer.A)notbeingfinishedB)nothavingfinishedC)hadnotbeenfinishedD)wasnotfinished11.Helayonastrawmatwithhis______.A)closedeyesandhismouthopenB)eyesclosedandhisopenmouthC)closedeyesandopenhismouthD)eyesclosedandhismouthopen12.______inthecupboardshewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.A)WithsomethingleftB)WithnothingleavingC)WithoutanythingleftD)Withoutsomethingleft13.______byanAmericanuniversity,IfinallyflewtoSanFranciscoonAugust6,1988A)BeinginvitedB)HavinginvitedC)HavingbeeninvitedD)Hadbeeninvited14.“Whyisn’tRoberthere?”“Itismysecretary’sfault.Heforgotallabout______him.”A)telephoningB)totelephoneC)totelephonetoD)telephoningto15.Thewayhetalksissimplyintolerable.Iobjectto______likeachild.A)treatB)betreatedC)treatingD)beingtreated16.______,wehavetoadoptnewmeasurestosolvetheproblem.A)SoisthesituationB)ThatbeingthecaseC)ThatisthecaseD)Thesituationisso17.Theyoungdoctorcouldnotsleepatnight,histhoughts______himnopeace.A)gaveB)givingC)beinggivenD)togive18.Theroomissodirtythatitwants______.A)cleaningB)beingcleanedC)tocleanD)cleaned19.BeforetheSpringFestival,theleadersofthevillagemadehouse-to-housesurvey,______ineachfamilyabouttheirneedsandproblems.A)toinquireB)tobeinquiringC)inquiringD)inquired20.Alargefishwasslowlyswimmingthroughthewater,itstail______backandforthlikethependulumofaclock.A)swungB)wasswung11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂C)swingingD)wasswinging(二)倒装、强调、省略1.Notnoly______diffculttolight,butitsmelledofoil.A)itwasB)itmadeC)diditmakeD)wasit2.______youhavebeenlookingforwardto.A)TheletteristhatB)TheletterishereC)HeretheletterisD)Hereistheletter3.Inthescientificstation_______designedtorecordmoonquakesandmeteoriteimpacts.A)instrumentswereB)wereinstrumentsC)standsinstrumentsD)instrumentsstand4.Mostpeoplewouldagreethatonlyinexceptionalcircumstances______theturthfromthepatient.A)shouldadoctorhideB)adoctorshouldhideC)adoctorwouldhideD)adoctorwillhide5.Asistheteacher,______.A)soisthepupilB)sodoesthepupilC)thepupildoessoD)thepoupilisso6.Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,_______theatomosphere.A)asitisB)thesameisC)soisD)andsois7.Humble______itmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.A)althoughB)asC)howD)that8.Wooddoesnotconductelectricity,______.A)sodorubberB)sodoesrubberC)nordoesrubberD)norrubberdoes9._______youwantmetodo?A)WhoisitthatB)WhatisitthatC)WhereverisitthatD)Wheneverisitthat10.Upwentthepriceand______.A)thelivingstandardcamedownB)camedownthelivingstandardC)downthelivingstandardcameD)downcamethelivingstandard11.NotuntilIshoutedatthetopofmyvoice______hishead.A)thatheturnedB)didheturn11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂C)hedidn’tD)hehadturned12._______AdamSmith’s“TheWealthofNations”thatJimGreenwasfascinatedbyeconomictheory.A)AfterreadingB)ItwasreadingC)ItwasafterreadingD)Havingreading13._______thefirsttousenuclearweapons.A)AtnotimeChinawillbeB)NeverChinawillbeC)AtnotimewillChinabeD)WillChinaneverbe14.Nosoonerhadthebellrung_______.A)whentheclassbeganB)thantheclassbeganC)whiletheclassbeganD)thentheclassbegan15.Onlywhenyouhaveoccupiedsuffcientmaterials_______cometoasoundconclusion.A)canyouB)youcanC)youwillD)youareto16.Little______thathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly.A)weexpectedB)didweexpectC)doweexpectD)weexpect17.Innoway_______smokeintheair-conditionedbus.A)passengerscanB)arepassengerspermittedtoC)passengersarepermittedD)arepermittedpassengersto18.Allanimalsneedairand_______.A)soplantsdoB)soneedplantsC)sodoplantsD)plantsareso19.Itisduringhissparetime______JhonhasbeenstudyingacourseinEnglish.A)whenB)whereC)thatD)as20._______thelighteningwhenIheardaclapofthunder.A)NosoonerhadIseenB)NomorethanIhadseenC)ScarcelyhadIseenD)NotuntilIhadseen(三)一致关系1.Thisisthebestoftheautomobilesthat______inworkingorder.A)isB)hadC)areD)have2.Fifteenminutes______foraboywhoiseagertoseehisgirlfriend.A)seemalongtimeB)seemedalongtime11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂C)seemsalongtimeD)seemslongtimeago3.ItisnotIbutyouwho______thefirsttoruntothegoalinthatcompetition.A)isB)wasC)areD)isgoingto4.Withtheelevationofpeople’sstandardofliving,cosmetics______favoritetopic,especiallyamongwomen.A)becameB)becomesC)becomeD)havebecome5.Breathingnormallyinaheavily-pollutedcity_______equaltosmokingapackofcigarettesaday.A)areB)isC)beD)willbe6.Whatthemansaidundertheoath______byseveralotherwitnesses.A)wasdisputedB)weredisputedC)disputedD)bedisputed7.Tobalancethebudgetandtoprovidejobs______twogoalsoftheelectedofficial.A)isgoingtobeB)isC)becomesD)are8.Thecommunity,aswellastheownersoftheland______indevelopment.A)areinterestedB)areinterestingC)isinterestedD)isinteresting9.NotnolyJoanbuthersisters______thecombinationtothesafewhichcontainsthelistofthefamilysecurities.A)haveknownB)knowC)knowsD)isknowing10.______eitherheorhisaccountantsgoingtoclaimfortheloss?A)AreB)WhereC)IsD)Does11.Manyanairplane______intheexhibition.A)areshownB)hasbeenshownC)hasshownD)showthem12.Aseriesofdebatesbetweenthelecturers______forthenextweekend.A)arescheduledB)wasscheduledC)werescheduledD)havebeenscheduled13.NotonlyTombutalsohiswife______fondofwatchingtelevision.A)areB)wereC)beD)was11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂14.Joe’sfather,alongwithhistwouncles,______inNewYorkonemoreday.A)demandthathestayB)demandsthathestaysC)demandsthathestayD)demandthathestay15._______goingtotheexhibition.A)AllbutheandIareB)AllbutheandIamC)AllbuthimandmeareD)Allbutheandmeam16.Atthemomenteachofthegirlswastoobusythinkingabout______ownpersonalsafetytocaremuchabouttheluggage.A)herB)theirC)hisD)our17.Accordingtotheschedule,there-fourthsofthedyke______bytheendofthisyear.A)hadtobefinishedB)aretobefinishedC)havetobefinishedD)hastobefinished18.Manyspeciesofanimalswhichoncelivedontheearth______nolongerinexistence.A)isB)areC)wasD)were19.Myfamily______veryinterestedinplayingbowls,which______verymuchinfashionnow.A)is…isB)are…areC)is…areD)are…is20.ThenumberofstudentsintheoralEnglishprogramtraining______to20.A)limitsB)islimitedC)limitedD)arelimited(四)虚拟语气、情态动词+完成式1.Everything______ifAlberthadn’tcalledthefirebrigade.A)willbedestroyedB)willhavedestroyedC)wouldhavedestroyedD)wouldhavebeendestroyed2.Ifyouhadstudiedtheproblemcarefullyyesterday,______.A)youwon’tfindanydifficultynowB)youwouldnothavefoundanydiffficultnowC)youwouldnotfindanydifficultynowD)youhavenotfoundanydifficultynow3.Hewouldbestudyingattheuniversitynowifhe______theertranceexamination.A)passedB)havepassed11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂C)hadpassedD)shouldhavepassed4.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,______allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.A)couldloseB)wouldhavelostC)mightloseD)oughthavelost5.Butthathecametohelpme,I______.A)couldnothavesucceededB)didnotsucceedC)couldnotsucceedD)can’tbutsucceed6.Manystudentsandteachersurgedthatthelibrary______duringthevacation.A)shouldkeepopenB)wouldbekeptopenC)iskeptopenD)bekeptopen7.ItismovedthatLucy______aperformanceattheeveningparty.A)willgiveB)shallgiveC)giveD)gives8.It’sabouttimepeople______noticeofwhatwomendidduringtheWar.A)takeB)tookC)havetakenD)willtake9.“Thelecturerwasatallthinmanwithwhitehair.”“Thenit______Dr.Firldbecauseheisshortandfat.It______Dr.Jones;heisthin.”A)can’tbe…mustbeB)couldn’thavebeen…mighthavebeenC)mustbe…can’tbeD)can’thavebeen…musthavebeen10.Itisgenerallythoughttobeofnecessitytoacollegestudentthathe______atleastoneforeignlanguage.A)knowB)knowsC)wouldknowD)shouldhaveknown11.Thebusinessisrisky.But______,wewouldberich.A)shouldwesucceedB)mightwesucceedC)wouldwesucceedD)couldwesucceed12.Georgewouldcertainlyhaveattendedtheproceedings______.A)hadhenothadaflattireB)hadthetirenoflatteneditselfC)iftheflattirehadn’thappenedD)ifhedidn’tgetaflattire13.Nelson______thefight,withalittlemoretrainingandabettermanager.A)wouldwinB)hadwonC)couldhavewonD)won14.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinlastelection,he______ourchairman11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒 海天考研中国考研辅导第一课堂now.A)wouldhavebeenB)musthavebeenC)wereD)wouldbe15.Itisobligatorythateveryyoungman______inthearmedforces.A)servesB)servedC)mustserveD)shouldserve16.Itisashamethathe______thatpoorlittlegirl!A)deceivedB)shoulddeceiveC)deceiveD)deceiving17.Itseemstobehightimethatthisargument______puttoanend.A)mustB)isC)wereD)should18.Mrs.Blisskeptthedoorandthewindowsshutlestthenoiseoutside______herson’ssleep.A)wouldinterferewithB)hadinterferedwithC)interferedwithD)shouldinterferewith19.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,soitseemsasifthesun______roundtheearth.A)werecirclingB)becirclingC)iscirclingD)circles20.Thejuvenileoffenderwasreleasedfromcustodyonconditionthathe______ajobimmediatelyand______outoftroubleforsixmonths.A)finded…stayedB)find…stayC)find…staysD)finds…stay衷心祝愿全国考研学子2013年考研马到成功!Bestwishestoallnationwidestudentswinningspeedysuccessinexamsforpostgraduateschool2013!11海天教育:责任海天成就未来18年路程,我们一步一个脚印走来;18年目标:飞跃梦想绽放生命;18年教学:我们坚信品质铸就永恒