英语语法--绪论及句子结构 3页

Language（语言）≠linguistics（语言学—thestudyoflanguages）linguistics(语言学)Phonetics(语音学)howtopronouncesounds.(phoneticsymbols:vowelandconsonant)语音系统Phonology（音位学）formameaningfulsequenceofsoundsMorphology（形态学）formwordsbytherules语法Syntax（句法学）wordsformcorrectsentencesbytherulesSemantics（语义学）thestudyofthemeaningoflanguage语义Pragmatics（语用学）thestudyoflanguageinuse(meaning+context)语用grammar(语法)morpheme（词素）hierarchyword（词）phrase（词组）clause（分句）sentence（句子）morpheme（词素）freemorpheme（自由词素）(onethatmayconstituteameaningfulwordbyitself)simpleword(简单词)boy,take,roomcompoundword（复合词）football,sunflower,intakeboundmorpheme(粘附词素)（onethatmustbeattachedtoaword,namely,itcannotstandbyitself.Itfunctionsasaffix）inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)(1)名词复数标记s/es;(2)名词属格标记"s;(3)第三人称动词单数现在时标记s/es；(4)动词-ed分词或-ing分词标记；(5)形容词或副词比较级和最高级的标记er/estderivationalaffix（派生词缀）(1)prefix(前缀)(2)infix（中缀）(3)suffix（后缀）word（词）wordformation（构词法）simpleword(简单词)，derivative（派生词）andcompoundword（复合词）.itsgrammaticalfunction(语法功能)(1)openclass（开放词类）---contentword(实义词)---noun,adjective,adverbandmainverb(2)closedclass（封闭词类）---functionword（功能词）--preposition,pronoun,determinerandauxiliary3 (3)此外cardinalnumeral(基数词),ordinalnumeral(序数词)，interjection(感叹词)介于“开放”和“封闭”之间。clause(分句)syntacticalfunction（句法功能）(1)independentclause(独立分句)anddependent/subordinateclause(从属分句)(2)simpleclause(简单分句)andcomplexclause(复杂分句)(3)mainclause(主句)andsubordinateclause（分句）(4)finiteclause(限定分句),infiniteclause(非限定分句)andverblessclause(无动词分句)sentenceFullsentence(完全句)（至少一个完整的主谓结构的句子）按结构形式分为：(1)simplesentence(简单句)<只含一个主谓结构且各部分均由词组构成>(2)compoundsentence(并列句)<并列连词或标点符号等其他手段>(3)complexsentence(复杂句)<从属连词及主从从句或宾语从句等>(4)compoundcomplexsentence(并列复杂句)Minorsentence(不完全句)（不具备完整主谓结构的句子）省略句，警示语等。Adog!,Noparking!Help!basicclausetypes（基本句型）SVCIamateacher./Iambeautiful./Iamingoodhealth.Theflowerssmellfragrant/thatcarismine.SVIronrusts./pricesaregoingdown.SVOIwantareturnticket./theplaneislosingaltitude(降低高度)./Thetrainisbuildingupspeed(提速).SVoOIsenthimatelegram./Imademyselfacupoftea.SVOCWemakehimmonitor./Wemaketheroomneatandtidy.Wemakehimlaugh./Heorderedthemaway.Hepronouncedhimselfinfavoroftheplan.SVAIliveinShijiazhuang.SVOAIputthebookonthetable.1.Clauseelements:subject（主语）,predicate(predicateverb谓语动词),object(directobject直宾/indirectobject间宾),attributive(定语),adverbial(状语),complement(补语).此外linkingverb(连系动词或系动词),transitiveverb(及物动词),intransitiveverb(不及物动词),compoundsubject/predicate(并列主语/谓语)2.不定式除了谓语其它句子成分均可以做；动词ing除了谓语其它句子均可以做；过去分词只能做定状补成分。1语法术语；2系统、全面、深入的构建语法知识；3对语法中辨析易混淆的语法知识；4实践与应用3 系动词分类——根据系动词的意义，将其分为三类：表“状态”表示某种特征、性质和处于某种状态。这类系动词强调“存在”。常见的有be,seem,appear,smell,look,taste,feel,sound,ring,read,die,marry,part,split,break,awake,rise,blow,turnout等。除了be和seem是完全系动词外，其余属于半系动词。表“变化”表示某一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这些系动词均属于半系动词，如become,get,come,go,grow,turn,fall,run,make,prove,return,wear,work,draw,cook,burn,blush,flush等。表“持续”表示某种情况或状态的持续。这些系动词均属于半系动词，如remain,stay,keep,continue,lie,stand,rest,hold等。3