英语语法讲座不定式 23页

语法讲座：不定式一、不定式的形式1．不定式的时态与语态不定式的时态与语态一共有六种形式，现以动词do为例，列表如下：A)不定式的一般式todotodo所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之后，但也可以是在谓语动词之前或与谓语动词几乎同时发生。 eg.Ihavealotofworktodo.ToimproveyourEnglish,youshouldpractisereadingaloudeveryday.Heseemstoknowtheanswer.I’mgladtoseeyou.B)不定式的完成式tohavedonetohavedone所表示的动作都发生在谓语动词之前。eg.Iamsorrytohavebroughtyousomuchtrouble.Sheseemstohavereadthebook.C)不定式的进行式tobedoingtobedoing所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。eg.IthappenedtoberainingwhenIarrived.Thechildpretendedtobesleepingwhenhismothercamein.D)不定式的完成进行式tohavebeendoingtohavebeendoing所表示的动作，是从谓语动词之前某一个时间开始，进行到谓语动词所表示的时间。eg.Heissaidtohavebeenwritingaplayformonths.Themanseemedtohavebeenlyingonthegroundforawhile.E)不定式的一般被动式tobedonetobedone所表示的动作是被动的意义，多为发生在谓语动词之后，但有时也可以是在谓语动词之前或几乎与谓语动词同时发生。eg.Thenewundergroundrailwayissaidtobeopenedattheendofthisyear. It’sanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.注：有的时候，不定式所表示的动作虽然有被动意义，但我们不用被动形式，仍然用主动形式。这种现象主要在以下几种情况下出现：a)在一些形容词如easy,difficult,hard,nice,interesting,important,pleasant,dangerous,heavy,light,fit之后。eg.Mybagisveryheavytocarry.Thesentenceiseasytounderstand.Thewaterisnotfittodrink.IfoundthetextdifficulttotranslateintoChinese.这类的句子都可以用以it开头的句子来改写。如：Itisheavytocarrymybag.IfounditdifficulttotranslatethetextintoChinese.b)这个不定式与最近的一个名词或代词的关系是被动，但是在前面我们可以找到这个动作的执行者。eg.Ihavealotofworktodo.Willyoupleasegivemesomebookstoread?试分析：Ihavefiveletterstotypetoday.Ihavefiveletterstobetypedtoday.c)在therebe句型中的不定式，如果是被动的意义，我们可以用被动式，也可以用主动式。eg.Thereisnothingtodo. Thereisnothingtobedone.F)不定式的完成被动式tohavebeendonetohavebeendone所表示的动作是被动意义，发生在谓语动词之前。eg.Hewasproudtohavebeenchosencaptainoftheteam.ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.2．不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式就是把not加在to之前。eg.Takecarenottocatchcold.Thestudentpretendednottobelistening.Theyaresaidnottohavefinishedtheworknow.3．不定式的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语可以用forsb放在不定式之前。eg.It’snotnecessaryforyoutodosomanyexercises.It’simportantforustomasteraforeignlanguage.例外情况：当表语形容词表达的是对逻辑主语本身的性质时，可以用of，而不用for。Itisniceofyoutogivememoney.二、不定式的功能1．作主语不定式作主语时一般都看成单数。eg.Tobeanastronautishisdream.Tomakemistakesishuman. 不定式作主语可以用it作形式主语，而把真实主语放在后面。eg.Itisnicetohearyourvoice.Itisimpossibletolivewithoutair.在作主语的不定式的前面还可以加上疑问词，如whattodo,whentodo,wheretodo,以及whethertodo等。（注意：没有iftodo的说法！）eg.Whattodonexthasnotbeendecidedyet.Whethertocarryouttheprojectwillbediscussedlater.注：不定式作主语与动名词作主语的区别我们已经在学习动名词时讨论过了，此处不再重复。2．作表语eg.Hisambitionistoopenashopofhisown.Histheoryprovedtobetrue.Whatsurprisedmemostwastoseemyfatherintheprincipal’soffice.“wh-+todo”的形式也能作表语。eg.Ourproblemwashowtogetthoseinvolvedinformedassoonaspossible.注：不定式作表语与动名词作表语的区别我们已经在学习动名词时讨论过了，此处也不再重复。3．作宾语eg.Herefusedtogivemeahand. TomfailedtopasstheEnglishexam.LittleAliceappearedtohavecaughtcold.“wh-+todo”的形式也能作宾语。eg.Wehavedecidedwhereandwhentoholdameeting.Theoldmantaughtmehowtocatchfishwiththenet.如果在不定式宾语的后面还有宾语补足语的话，可以用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放到后面。eg.Ifounditnoteasytopersuadehimtochangehismind.4．作宾语补足语eg.Theteacheradvisedmetoreadalot.Hisillnesscausedhimtomissthegame.注：在一些感觉动词与使役动词后面的不定式宾语补足语要省略“to”，这些动词是see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,hear,listento,feel;make,have,let等。help后的宾补的to可以省略，也可以保留。eg.Inoticedamanstealintotheoffice.Theyheardthespaceshiptakeoffwithaveryloudnoise.Don’tletthechildrenplayinthestreet.Iwillhavethemcheckitagain.I’llhelpyou(to)carrythebagupstairs.但如果这个动词是被动语态，那么“to”就不省略。eg.Thepoorboywasmadetocopythetexttentimes.Hewasseentoquarrelwithanoldman. 注：不定式与分词都能用作宾语补足语，如果是主动的则现在分词与不定式都可以用，但分词强调动作在进行当中，而不定式则可能动作已经完成，强调整个过程，或是带有将来的意义。如果宾语与宾补的关系是被动的，那么就选用过去分词，偶尔也可看到用beingdone。试比较：Iheardthetelephoneringingintheoffice.Iheardthetelephoneringthreeorfourtimesintheofficethismorning.IonceheardthesongsunginEnglish.Iheardtheboybeingscoldedbyhismother.Hehadtheboystandingatthecorner.Hehadtheboydotheexerciseagain.Hehadthewatchmendedagain.5．作定语不定式作定语，放在被修饰词之后。eg.Heworkedoutaplantohelphisbrother.Haveyouanythingtosayaboutit?Tomwasthefirsttocomethismorning.注：不定式作定语，经常用在something,anything,nothing与序数词之后。并要特别注意不定式定语时，有时与被修饰词之间所用的介词不能忘记。eg.Thefirstthingforhimtodoistofindaroomtolivein. Youwon’thaveanythingtoworryabout.Pleasefindmeaknifetocutthepaperwith.与分词相比较，不定式作定语常带有将来的意义。试比较：DoyouknowthenameofthebookbyMrGlen?6．作状语不定式经常用作目的、原因和结果状语。eg.SheworkeddayandnighttopayforthedebtTobeateacher,onemustfirstbeapupil.Iamgladtomeetyou.Hewassadtohearthenews.Ihurriedtothestationonlytofindthetraingone.Theboywokeuptofindhisbagofmoneymissing.与分词作状语一样，不定式作状语时，也要注意它的逻辑主语应该与句子的主语一致。试分析：Tolearnthelanguagewell,______.A.moreexerciseshouldbedoneB.it’snecessarytoreadalotC.learningsomegrammarishelpfulD.onemustpractisealot.应该选D。但也有一些不定式可以看作一个固定词组，作整个句子的状语，如totellthetruth,tobefrankwithyou,tobeginwith等。tobetranslatedbeingtranslated translatedeg.Tobefrankwithyou,Idon’tliketheidea.三、不定式的省略1．省略to。A)在用and,or等连接的两个并列的不定式，第二个不定式前的to可以省略。eg.Therobotcanhelpyoutocleantheroomand(to)washclothes.Beingblindanddeaf,Helenwasnotabletoseeor(to)hear.在ratherthan后的不定式一般都要省略to。Hepreferstoworkwithhishandsratherthanworkwithhisbrain.B)在but,except之后，有时要省略。比较：HedidnothingbutwatchTValltheevening.Hehadnochoicebuttowaitoutsidepatiently.C)在make,have,let,see,hear,notice等词或词组之后的不定式宾补，要省略to。2．省略to后面的行为动词或词组，但保留to。eg.“Wouldyouliketoseeamoviewithme?”“I’mgladto.”或“Sorry,Iamnotableto.”Myfatherhasgivenupsmoking,butheusedto.高考真题：01年29题Doletyourmotherknowallthetruth.Sheappears____everything. A.totell.tobetoldC.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold选D。本句考不定式的时态语态表达。后面一句的意思应该是“别人似乎已经告诉她这一切了”。不定式所表示的“告诉”是被动，而且发生在以前，所以要用它的完成被动形式。02年25题Inordertogainabiggershareintheinternationalmarket,manystate-runcompaniesarestriving____theirproductsmorecompetitive.A.tomakeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.havingmade选A。本题考非谓语动词的用法。在英语中有的动词后面用不定式作宾语，有的用动名词作宾语。动词strive后面只能用不定式，意思是“努力去做某事”，因此也不可能用不定式的完成形式，因为不定式的完成形式表示的是一个发生在谓语动词之前的动作。02年30题Quiteafewpeopleusedtobelievethatdisaster____ifamirrorwasbroken.A.wassureofstrikingB.wassureofhavingstruckC.wassuretobestruckD.wassuretostrike选D。本题主要考词组besuretodo与besureof的区别。besuretodo 的意思是“一定会......”，表示说话人的一种猜测。而besureof的意思是“确信”，表示句中主语对某事非常有把握。根据题意“相当多的人过去常认为，如果镜子打碎了，那么灾难一定会降临”，要表示的是说话人的猜测，所以应该用D。03年43题Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenordered____clearwarningsbeforefiringanyshots.A.toissueB.beingissuedC.tohaveissuedD.tobeissued选A。本题考非谓语动词作宾语补足语。根据order一词的用法，惯用搭配是ordersbtodosth.，所以要用不定式做宾补。04年33题Thefluisbelieved____byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.优盟名师课程内部讲义上海优盟教育中心版权所有严禁复制电话021-50396388www.bestedu.org5 A.causingB.beingcausedC.tobecausedD.tohavecaused选C。本题考非谓语动词作补语。在动词believe后，应该用不定式作，所以A、B两项都不行。此外，根据下文中的by...，可以看出此处要表示的是被动意思，所以只能选用C。05年35题Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust____alookatthesportsstars.A.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have选C。本题考非谓语动词作状语。根据上下文，可以看出，这是一个目的状语所以应该选不定式。整句的意思是：简直不能相信，那些追星族在体育馆外等了三小时，就是为了看一眼那些体育明星。06年33.题Energydrinksarenotallowed____inAustraliabutarebroughtinfromNewZealand.A.tomakeB.tobemadeC.tohavebeenmadeD.betomaking选B。本题考不定式的时态和语态。因为动词allow的习惯用法是allow...todo...，而energydrinks与make又是被动关系，所以选B。 06年36题Themotherfeltherself____coldandherhandstrembledasshereadtheletterfromthebattlefield.A.growB.grownC.togrowD.tohavegrown选A。在动词feel之后的宾语补足语可以用不定式或者分词，如用不定式时要省略to。因为growcold与herself的关系是主动的，所以不能用过去分词，所以只有A项符合题意。07年35题ThereisnothingmoreIcantry____youtostay,soIwishyougoodluck.A.beingpersuadedB.persuadingC.tobepersuadedD.topersuade选D。其实本题考的是非谓语动词作定语，所修饰的词是不定代词nothing。因为一般习惯用不定式修饰不定代词，所以只有D项正确。1.Astimewenton,Einstein’stheoryproved____andsoonhebecameworldfamous.A.tobecorrectedB.tocorrectC.tobecorrectD.tohavebeencorrected2.MarytoldLittleTimnot____allthemoney.A.spendB.spentC.spendingD.tospend3.____thesafetyofgas,thegovernmenthascheckedthecity’sgassupplysystemthoroughly. A.ToensureB.EnsuringC.HavingensuredD.Tohaveensured4.Asyou’veneverbeentherebefore,I’llhavesomeone____youtheway.A.toshowB.showC.showingD.shown5.Heusedto____histeachingwhenhewasyoung.A.devotetoB.bedevotedtoC.devotingtoD.beingdevotedto6.Thewaiterwasmade____totheguest.A.apologizeB.apologizingC.toapologizeD.tobeapologizing7.Childrenatthebeginningofthe20thcentury____alotand____themselvesevenwithouttelevision.A.usedtoread;enjoyingB.usedtoread;enjoyedC.wereusedtoreading;enjoyD.wereusedtoread;enjoying8.Sandycoulddonothingbut____tohisteacherthathewaswrong.A.admitB.admittedC.admittingD.toadmit9.InordertoimproveEnglish,____.A.Jenny’sfatherboughtheralotoftapesB.Jennyboughtalotoftapesforherself优盟名师课程内部讲义上海优盟教育中心版权所有严禁复制电话021-50396388www.bestedu.org6C.alotoftapeswereboughtbyJennyD.alotoftapeswereboughtby herfather10.Thepressure____causesgraduatingstudentstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.A.tocompeteB.competingC.tobecompetedD.havingcompeted11.Everyonehopesthatwecandosomethingtomakethingsbetter,sowecan’thelp____underthestress.A.butworkingB.buttoworkC.workD.butwork12.Wouldyouplease____spoilyourchild?Hehasdestroyedallthegreensinourgarden.A.notB.nottoC.tonotD.don’t13.Iwouldliketobeinvitedtotheparty,butIdidn’t____.A.expectB.expecttoC.expecttobeD.expecttobeso14.I’mglad____achancetovisityourcountry,whichhasreallygivenmeawonderfulimpression.A.togiveB.tohavegivenC.tobegivenD.tohavebeengiven15.Everybodysaysthisistoogoodachance____.A.forbeinglostB.tobelostC.forbeingmissedD.tobemissing16.Wouldyoubesokind____meafavour?A.todoB.ofdoingC.fordoingD.astodo17.____thetaskaheadoftime,weneedmoreexperts. A.FulfillingB.HavingfulfilledC.TofulfillD.Tobefulfilled18.Haveyoueverrespondedtosomeone’squestionabouttheweatherbysayingitwaswarm,only____outthepersonthoughtitwascold?A.findingB.foundC.tofindD.tohavefound19.In1938PearlBuckbecamethefirstAmericanwoman____theNobelPrizeforLiterature.A.toreceiveB.tobereceivingC.receivingD.received20.Everyminuteismadegood____of____forthecomingnationalexaminations.A.use;prepareB.use;toprepareC.used;toprepareD.used;preparing21.Hegaveuphisjobandmovedabroad,never____from.A.hearingB.beingheardC.tohearD.tobeheard22.Canyouarrangeforanewexperiment____?A.tobedoneB.todoC.beingdoneD.done23.Togetwell,____.A.wearegoingtogivethepatientachemicaltreatmentB.thedoctorssuggestachemicaltreatmentC.achemicaltreatmentisnecessaryD.thepatientneedsachemicaltreatment24.Hissuithasbecomeloose.Heseems____someweight.A.toloseB.beinglostC.losingD.tohavelost 25.Whatwayareyouthinkingof____ridoftheflies?A.gettingB.togetC.beinggotD.tobegetting26.Ifshehadremembered____thedoor,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.A.tolockB.lockingC.tohavelockedD.havinglocked27.“Where____thisweekend?”“Whynot____totheforestpark?”A.togo;goB.going;togoC.go;goingD.togo;going28.Thepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficulty.A.notmakingB.notmakeC.nottomakeD.nortomake29.I’mgoingtothesupermarketthisafternoon.Doyouhaveanything____?A.tobebuyingB.tobuyC.forbuyingD.bought30.TheEntranceExams,which____inJuly,havenowbeenmovedtoJune.A.wereusedtotakingB.usedtotakeC.usedtobetakenD.wereusedtobeingtaken31.Thepilotfeltsomething____wrongwiththeenginesoonaftertheplanetookoff.A.goB.goesC.goneD.togo32.Herewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemed____offthemountain.A.tohavebeenblownB.toblowC.tobeblownD.tohaveblown 优盟名师课程内部讲义上海优盟教育中心版权所有严禁复制电话021-50396388www.bestedu.org733.Hecan’thelp____thebikebecauseheisbusydoinghishomework.A.torepairB.repairingC.repairedD.beingrepaired34.It’snecessaryforus____ofourownmistakes.A.beingremindedB.toberemindedC.remindingD.toremind35.Allthestudentsexpectedthere____morerevisionbeforethefinalexams.A.beB.tobeC.beingD.havingbeen36.Thelastman____thesinkingshipwasthecaptain.A.leftB.toleaveC.tobeleavingD.leaves37.Goon____theotherexercisesafteryouhavefinishedthisone.A.todoB.withdoingC.tobedoingD.doing38.Thechildpretended____towhathismotherwassaying.A.tobenotlisteningB.notlisteningC.notbeinglisteningD.nottobelistening39.Ihadintended____totheparty,butIhadaveryimportantmeetingtoattend.A.tocomeB.tohavecomeC.comingD.havingcome40.Whenthesailorcameintothecafe,Inoticeda____look____over thewaitress’facealthoughshedidn’tsayanything.A.surprising;tocomeB.surprised;tocomeC.surprise;comeD.surprised;come41.Whodidtheteacherhave____anarticleforthewallnewspaperjustnow?A.writtenB.writingC.writeD.towrite42.Emilyhadthestore____thepackagedirectlytoherhouselastSaturday.A.deliverB.deliveredC.deliveringD.todeliver43.Ihadmeant____youaboutit,butIforgot____so.A.telling;doingB.telling;todoC.totell;doingD.totell;todo44.____thegoal,Chinaplans____promisingyoungscientistswithmorekeynationalprograms.A.Forachieving;toprovideB.Forachieving;providingC.Toachieve;toprovideD.Toachieve;providing45.Thelabelsonthebottleofmedicineshouldbeeasy____.A.toreadB.forreadingC.tobereadD.read46.Canyoufindmesomething____?A.toopenthetinB.thatIcanopenthetinC.toopenthetinwithD.withthattoopenthetin47.LastsummerItookacourseon____. A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade48.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident____losehisjob.A.sonotastoB.soasnottoC.soastonotD.notsoasto49.Shesearchedthetopofthehillandstopped____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest50.“Thelightintheofficeisstillon.”“Oh,Iforgot____.”A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff51.LittleJimshouldlove____tothetheatrethisevening.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking52.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered____thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented53.Ratherthan____onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers____abicycle.A.ride;rideB.riding;rideC.ride;torideD.toride;riding54.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim____.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto55.Weagreed____herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet56.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade____.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning 57.Iwouldlove____tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.优盟名师课程内部讲义上海优盟教育中心版权所有严禁复制电话021-50396388www.bestedu.org8A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone58.Robertissaid____abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying59.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake60.____lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingslept61.Thelittletimewehavetogetherwetry____wisely.A.spendingitB.tospenditC.tospendD.spendingthat62.WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson____.A.tosendB.forsendingitC.tosendittoD.forsendingitto63.“DoesyourbrotherintendtostudyGerman?”“Yes,heintends____.”A.todoB.toC.soD.that 64.Tofetchwaterbeforebreakfastseemedtomearule____.A.toneverbreakB.nevertobebrokenC.nevertohavebrokenD.nevertobebreaking65.Heclaimed____inthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.A.beingbadlytreatedB.treatingbadlyC.tobetreatedbadlyD.tohavebeenbadlytreated66.Acomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople____.A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneC.havedoneitD.havingitdone67.“Mum,whydoyoualwaysmakemeeataneggeveryday?”“____enoughproteinandnutritionasyouaregrowingup.”A.GetB.GettingC.TogetD.Tobegetting68.Therearefivepairs____,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing69.They’renotverygood,butwelike____.A.anywaytoplaybasketballwiththemB.toplaybasketballwiththemanywayC.toplaywiththembasketballanywhereD.withthemtoplaybasketballanyway70.Chinahaspromisedtoreviseitsexistingregulationsand____newpoliciesaccordingtoWTOrequirements. A.formingB.toformC.tobeformingD.haveformed(CDABBCBABADACDBDCCABDADDBAACBCAAABBBADADCADCACABCCACCACBBABACCBBDACBBB)课后练习：1.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher______upfromchildhood.A.growB.grewC.wasgoingD.togrow2.—Iusuallygotherebytrain.—Whynot______byboatforachange?A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing3.LittleJimshouldlove______tothetheatrethisevening.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking4.Shepretended______mewhenIpassedby.A.nottoseeB.notseeingC.tonotseeD.havingnotseen5.Iwouldlove______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone__