精编高中英语语法考点专题解析---第11章虚拟语气 11页

高中英语语法考点专题解析第十一章虚拟语气一、语气的概念及分类语乞是动词一种形式，是一种语法范畴，用以表示说话人的意图或态度。英语中有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。1、陈述语气：表示所说的话是事实。如：Waterflowstothelowerplace.ChinaliesintheeastofAsia.2、祈使语气：表示请求、命令、号召、警告、禁止等。如：Goout.Don"tmakenoise.Takeiteasy.3、虚拟语气：虚拟语气把动作动作一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测"，而不是当作客观现实中的真实条件，表示说话人一种主观的想象、愿望和建设等。如：IwishthatIlivedonthemoon.IfIwereamillionaire,IwouldbuyanythingIwanted.Hesuggeststhatweshouldtryanotherway.二、虚拟语气的形式分类虚拟语气的形式有一些七种。1、动词原形。用于一切人称和数。如：Onlythathedoesn"tworkhard,hewouldbefired.Ifthatbeso,whatshouldwedo?2、动词是过去式，用于一切人称和数，be的过去式用wcrco如：Ifyoutoldmeit,Iwouldn"tcome.IfIwereyou,Iwouldapologizetohe匚3、had+过去分词，用于一切人称和数。如：IfIhadgotupearly,Iwouldhavecaughtthetrain.IwouldrftbecomesickifIhadrfteatenthatbadapple・4、should+动词原形(should可以省略，又称动词原形虚拟语气)用于一切人称和数。如： Hesuggestedthatthey(should)delaythemeeting.Itisstrangethatheshouldpasstheexam.5、助动词should（第一人称）或would（第二、第三人称）+动词原形。如：IfIwitnessedtheaccident,Iwouldcallthepolice.IfIwereyou,Ishouldfaceitout.6、助动词should+have+过去分词，用于一切人称和数。如：Ishouldhavetoldyouaboutthenews.Ifssurprisingthatheshouldhavedonethatthing.7^助动词should（第一人称）或would（第二、三人称）+have+过去分词。如：IfIhadcarriedanumbrella,Ishouldn"thavebeencaughtinthestorm.（但常用would代替should）Hewouldhaveearnedalotofmoneyifhehadcontinuedtoopenthestore.三、虚拟语气在条件句中的运用英语中条件句中有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句。真实条件句所表示的假设是可能发生的或实现的，从句和主语都用陈述语气。非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的。虚拟语气用在非真实条件句中，条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气，非真实条件句包括虚拟条件句、错综时间条件句和含蓄条件句等。1、虚拟条件句虚拟条件句可分为三大类：一是叙述与现在事实相反的情况，二是叙述与过去事实相反的情况，三是用来推测将来的情况，也称之为“推测条件句二其构成列表如下：条件从句结果主句与现在事实相反IfI（we、you、he、she、it>they）+动词过去式（be动词的过去式须用were）I（we>you、he>she>it、they）+would+动词原形与过去事实相反IfI（we>you>he^she^it、they）+had+过去分词I（we、you>he、she>they）+would+have+过去分词与将来时间相反①一般过去式（be的过去式须用were）②were+不定式©should+动词原形Would（should）+动词原形 注：上表中的would有时可换用should>could或mighto①与现在事实相反的非真实条件句。IfIknewthewaytosolvetheproblem,Iwould(should)beagenius.Whatwouldyoudoifyousawtheaccident?②与过去事实相反的真实条件句。Ifwehadsavedmoney,weshouldhaveaffordedtobuyaflat.Thesoupwouldhavebeenbetterifithadhadmoreoilandlesssalt.③与将来事实相反的非真实条件句。IfIattendedtheparty,Iwouldsingasong.Ifheweretofinishhishomework,hewouldgoouttoplay.Ifitshouldsnowagain,wewouldrunintotrouble.对上述虚拟条件句还应注意以下几点：a、条件句通常放在主句前，但也可以放在主句后，有时也可放在句中。如：IfIhadknownthetruth,1wouldn^thavebeentakenin.Iwouldn"thavebeentakeninifIhadknownthetruth.I,ifIhadknownthetruth,wouldn"thavebeentakenin.b、如果条件从句中含有were>had>should时，可以省略if,扌巴were>had>should提到主句前，用倒装结构。如：Wereitpossible,Iwouldcontinue・Hadyoustoppedme,Iwouldn"thavemadesuchabigmistake.ShouldIgotothemoononeday,Iwouldlivethereforalongtime.c、虚拟语气中的主句通常是陈述句，但也可以是疑问句、感叹句或祈使句。如：Ifyouwereveryrich,wouldyoubehappiest?Iftheyhadgotmarried,howhappytheywouldhavebeen!Ifyouwereanxiousinpublic,takeiteasy.d>虚拟条件中的谓语可用进行时，表示"如果正在…"等，主句中的谓语仍用would(或might、shouldcould)o如：Ifhewerebeingsick,weshouldtakegoodcareofhim.Iftheworldwerebecomingmorepeaceful,humanbeingscouldbelivinghappily.Ifyouhadbeenpursuingyouraim,youmightrealizeitsoonerorlate匚e、couldhave+过去分词，也可用于虚拟条件句中，这里的could时情态动词，表示"能够"，相当于hadbeenabletoo如： IfIcouldhavehadmoremoney,Iwouldhavemademoreconditionstomyvillage・Ifwecouldhavepreventedallkindsofpollution,wemighthavelivedinamorefreshenvironment.d、条件从句中不可用would,否则就犯了严重的语法错误。但是如果表示某种愿望，条件从句也可用would,常表示说话人不相信主语的愿望。如：Ifhewouldhavetried,hemighthavesucceeded・（误）Ifhehadtried,hemighthavesucceeded・（正）2、错综时间条件句当虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致时，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间运用适当的虚拟语气形式，此语言现象称之为“错综时间条件句”。如：IfIhadlistenedcarefullythatday,Iwouldsolveitsmoothlynow.（过去一＞现在）IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavecomeyesterday.（壬见在一＞过去）Ifhehadstartedoutearlythismorning,hewouldarrivewithinonehour.（过去一＞将来）Ifheshouldbecomeanexpert,hemighthavemadealotofgreateffortsinthepast.（将来t过去）Ifyouhadstudiedhardatayoungage,youwouldbeenjoyingagoodlifenow.（过去一＞现在进行）注意：在错综时间条件句中，主句和从句中都有相应的现在、过去及将来时间的暗示。如果出现现在时间或将来时间，则将没有相应时间状语时该用的时态向前推一步（如：过去将来完成时一＞一般过去将来，过去完成时T■一般过去时）；出现过去时间时则向后退一步（一般过去时—过去完成时）3、含蓄条件句非真实条件句中的条件从句有时并不表示出来，而暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。这种条件可暗含在词或短语中，常见的词有withoutxor＞otherwise＞but＞with＞butfor＞butthat等及形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语及定语从句或上下文来体现。如：Hewouldn"tgetsucharesultwithoutyourhelp・Butforyourhelp,wecouldn"thavesucceeded・Hemusthavebeenthereorhenevercouldknowtheplacessowell.Shewasill,otherwiseshecouldhavebeenpresentatthemeeting.ItoldhimtogotherehimselfbutperhapsIshouldhavegonetogetherwithhim.Shewouldhavegonetothetheater,onlyshehadtoattendtoherbaby.Iwouldn^tbelieveitbutIseei仁Iwouldn"thavebelieveditbutIsawit.要注意but+表示条件的结构： Would+动词原形+but（except）+现在时陈述句一＞表示同现在事实相反的假设Wouldhave+过去分词+but（except）+过去时陈述句—表示同过去事实相反的假设ButthatItriedit,Icouldn"thaverealizeditsdifficulty.Butthatitrainedheavily,wecouldhavearrivedhome・（=butfortheheavyrain）注意：butthat只能表示虚拟条件，常放在句首，可同4"butfor+名词""互换；而but不仅可以表示虚拟条件，也可表示真实条件，但but只能放在句末。Anoblemanwouldn"thaveinsultedothers.（名词短语）相当于Ifhehadbeenanobleman,hewouldn"thaveinsultedothers.Yourdisagreementwouldmakeherangry.相当于Ifyoudisagreed,shewouldbeangiy.Inthatcasewecouldhavedonetheworkbetter.（介词短语）Ishouldsaysoinyourposition.（介词短语）Withbettermodernequipment,thecompanycouldhaveearnedmore.（介词短语）Moreeffortswouldhavebeenmadetomakesomeprogress.（相当于Ifyouhadwantedtomakesomeprogress）（不定式短语）Thissamething,happeninginthepastwouldleadtoadisaster.（现在分咗司短语）Givenanotherchance,wcwouldsucceed・（相当于Ifwcweregivenanotherchance）（过去分词短语）Tohavewateredtheflowers,theywouldhavegrownwell.（相当于Ifyouhadwateredtheflowers）（不定式短语）Lefttohim,hecouldnothavefinishedhiswork.（相当于Ifhehadbeenlefttohim）（过去分词短语）Acountry,whichwasofteninvolvedinconflictsandwars,wouldneverdevelop.（相当于Ifacountrywereofteninvolvedinconflictsandwars）（定语从句）Hewouldbeafoolwhoshouldbelievethat・（相当于Ifheshouldbelievethat,hewouldbeafool）四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用。1、动词wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。wish后的虚拟语气可分为如下三种：一、与现在事实相反，用were或动词的过去式。二、与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词或would/could+have+过去分词。三、表示将来没有把握或不大可能实现的愿望，用would（should>might>could）+动词原形。如：Shewishesthatsheweretenyearsyounger.IwishthatIhadacar. Hewishesthatthataccidenthadn"thappened・IwishthatIhadpassedthedrivingtest.Iwishyouwouldstayalittlelonge匚Hismotherwisheshemightn"tbenervousintheexam.2、wouldrather>wouldsooner后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，用一般过去时，表示一个现在或将来的愿望；用过去完成时，表示一个过去的愿望。如：Iwouldratherhewenthomenow.Iwouldsoonerhevisitedmenexttime.He"dratherhehadn"tsaidthat.3、虚拟语气用在suggest>demand等后的宾语从句中。常见的这类动词有：suggest>advise>propose>recommendsinsistdemand>requirerequest、desire>dccidc^determineairangc、ask^move、consent>intend>arrange>beg>resolve>prefer>argue>object>permitdirectexpedition>appoint、maintain>dictate>urge、advocate、instruct>perfect、specify>decree>vote等。这些动词一般表示"建议、要求、决定、命令、坚持、恳求""等，这时谓语动词用should+动词原形的形式，should通常省略。如：Hesuggestedthatthey(should)havearest.Theofficerorderedthatarmy(should)advance100miles.Iinsistthatyou(should)givemymoneyback.Thedoctordesiresthatthepatient(should)stayinhospitalforanothermonth.Hedecidedthathe(should)leaveatonce.Heprefersthathiswife(should)notgotowork・Ithasbeenarrangedthatyou(should)attendthemeeting.要特别注意suggest和insist后宾语从句不用虚拟语气的情况：当suggest不表示“建议"而作“表明、暗示”解时，其后的宾语从句要用陈述句语气，不用虚拟语气。同样，当insist不表示“坚决要求"而作“坚决认为、坚持说"解时，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气，不用虚拟语气。如：Shesuggestedthatherfamily(should)haveatrip.(建d义)Herpalefacesuggestedthatshewasill.(暗示，表明)Heinsistedthatdoingsportswasgoodforhealth.(坚持认为，坚持说)4、think>allow>admit、accept>consider^grant、suppose>mean等意念动词也表示可能情况的意志或态度，后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，但只能用should+动词原形结构，不用be型结构。如:Ineverthoughtthatheshouldrefusemyinvitation.Idon"tsupposethatyoushouldstayupsolate・ Myparentspromisedthattheyshouldmakeanewplanforthewholefamily.5、regret>marvekrejoice>wonder等表示强烈感情的动词，其后的宾语从句用should+动词原形结构的虚拟语气，一般不用be型结构。如：Heregrettedthatheshouldrefuseher.Wemarvelthatheshouldwinsuchwidefame・6^think>believe>expect、dreamsuspect等动词用于否定句或疑问句，其后的宾语从句用should(间或用would)+动词原形式虚拟语气，这种结构中的should不可省略，表示“惊讶、怀疑、不满、恐慌"等感情。如：Doyouthinkitpreferthatheshouldspeaktohisteacherinthatway?IdidrftexceptthatIshouldmeetyou.Hecouldn"tbelievethathisbrothershouldchangesomuch・7、动词imagine后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，表示对现在或将来非真实想象时用were型结构，表示对过去非真实想象时用had+过去分词结构。如：Imaginethatyouwereonthedesertalone・Imaginethatyouhadn"tstoppedhim,whatwouldhavebecomeofhim?8>wouldrather...than和would...ratherthan这两个结构中，than后的从句要用should+动词原形式虚拟语气，than后的从句引导词that可省略。如：Thesoldierwouldratherdiethan(that)heshouldgiveintotheenemy.Hewouldgobeggingratherthan(that)heshouldbegforhisfather;9、ifonly和wouldthat都表示“但愿…，如果…就好了""后用虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式或过去完成时。如：IfonlyIwerelessnervous.IfonlyIgotupearlier.IfonlyIhadknownthesecret.WouldthatIcouldflylikeabird.WouldthatIwereasyoungasyou.10、虚拟语气用在以表示“建议、要求、命令”等动词为跟的名词后的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。这时谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可省略。常见的这类名词有：advice>suggestionproposal、order、decisionapreference>desire、motion、plan>sentencexdemand、necessity>idea^requirementsrequest、resolution>recommendationo汝口：Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)sendafewpeopletohelptheothergroups.Hegaveustheorderthatwe(should)withdrawatonce・ Itismyplanthatwe(should)haveapartytocelebrateourvictory.另夕卜,还用于主语从句itis(was)suggested(desiredproposed>decided、requested.••等)that.••句型中。如：Itisdesiredtherule(should)becancelled・Ithasbeendecidedthatwe(should)haveajourneybytrain.11>虚拟语气用在important等形容词及apity等名词后的从句中。①常见的这类形容词有important、necessary>essential>careful>advisable>anxiousridiculous、unthinkable>resolvedeagerurgent、desirable>insistent>appropriate>proper>good>compulsory>vital>keen>pitifuLimperative等。可以构成"Itis+形容词+that"或"主语+be动词+形容词+that"句型，其后的句子要用should+动词原形虚拟语气，should可省略。如：Itisimportantthatwe(should)takeactionsatonce.Itisdesirablethathe(should)winthefirstprize.Sheiseagerthatshe(should)knowtheresultoftheexam・②在Itis(was)strange(surprising>amazing、wrong>astonishingincredible>shocking>frightening>dreadful>annoyingirritable>despicable>alarming>embarrassing>disappointing>perplexing^contemptible>lamentable>deplorableapity^ashame>thousandpitiestoberegrettedbe+surprised(ashamed、glad、happy>pleased、embarrassed>upset)等结构后的that从句，要用should4-动词原形式虚拟语气，should-般不可省，意为“竟会，竟然”，表示惊讶、失望、恼怒等感情。如：Itisstrangethatheshouldtellthetwinsapart.Itisincrediblethatsheshouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages.Itisapitythatheshouldmisssuchapreciouschance.Itisashamethatthebeststudentshouldfailintheexam.Fmsurprisedthatthelittleboyshouldcountfromonetohundred.有时候，可以将句子前半部分省略，只保留that以后的部分成为虚拟式感叹句，如上述例句：Thatsheshouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages!Thatheshouldmisssuchapreciouschance!Thatthebeststudentshouldfailintheexam!Thatthelittleboyshouldcountfromonetohundred!12>Itis(high、about)timethat...从句中要求用虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况表示“早该干某事了这种结构中可用should+动词原形，但should不能省略，因为should在此代表过去式，但不如用过去式普遍。如： It"stimethatwehaddinne匚IfstimethatweleftIfstimethatweshouldgotoschool.It"shightimethatsheshouldgetmarried.It"stimethatwewereoff.IfstimethatIwasinbed.(这里不可用were)13、在inorderthat、sothat^forhearthat、lest引导的目的状语从句中，从句谓语动词用should(might、could)+动词原形。在以lest引导的从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可省去。如：Heexplainedhisreasonsmanytimesinorderthatweshouldforgivehim.Shesangloudlysothatshemightbeheardclearly.Hetookanumbrellaforfearthatitmightrain.Shespokeinalowvoicelestshe(should)disturbothers.Hetriedhisbesttorunfastlesthe(should)lagbehind.14、asif和asthough引导的方式状语从句或表示从句有时要用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大时，用would（might>could）+动词原形。如：Shelovesusasifwewereherchildren.Helooksasthoughhewerefreshoutofprison.Theytalkedasiftheyhadknowneachotherformanyyears.Itseemsasifitwouldrain.当然asif和asthough后面的从句也可用陈述语气，在从句法一章方式状语从句部分已详尽阐述，请参考相关章节。15、情态动词may和might用于虚拟语气。情态助动词may（might）是一种特殊的虚拟式，可用在从句中表示目的、让步或用在独立句中表示祝愿。如：Hestudieshardsothathemayliveuptohisparents9expectation.（目的）Shedressednormallyinorderthatothersmightlookuptohe匚（目的）Howeveritmaybe,Ishalltrustyou.（让步）Comewhatmay,wewon"tstop.（让步）Howeverharditmaybe,Ishalltry.（让步）Longmayyoulive!（祝愿）Mayyoubebeautifulandyoungforever!（祝愿）五、虚拟语气的其它用法 1>should条件句+祈使句结构当条件句的谓语形式为should+动词原形时，主句往往是祈使句，且可将should提到句首把if省略。如：Ifyoushouldmeether,pleasetellhertocallme.（相当于Shouldmeether,pleasetellhertocallme.）Ifyoushouldvisitme,pleasecontactmeaheadoftime.（相当于Shouldvisitme,pleasecontactmeaheadoftime.）2、ifitwerenotfor...表示“如果没有…"，表示同现在事实相反的假设，主句用should型虚拟语气。Ifithadnotbeenfor表示"如果当时没有…"，表示与过去事实相反的假设。如：Ifitwerenotforyou,Ishould（would）belockedintheroom.Ifithadnotbeenforthedoctor"stimelyarrival,theinjureddriverwouldhavedied.3、suppose/supposingthat可以表示真实条件（用陈述语气）；也可以表示非真实条件（用虚拟语气），表示对现在或将来的假设。如：Suppose/supposingthatitrains,wewillstayathome.Suppose/supposingthatitrained,wewouldstayathome.4、incase引导的句子既可用陈述语气也可用虚拟语气，只不过陈述语气可能性更大些，虚拟语气由should+动词原形构成，should可省去。如：Hewillleaveaheadoftimeincaseitsnows.Hewillleaveaheadoftimeincaseit(should)snow.5、独立条件句中的虚拟语气。在虚拟条件状语从句中，主句可以省略，只剩下条件句，仍用虚拟语气，独立存在表示“但愿…该怎么办""等。如：IfIwereagirl!Ifhewerealive!IfIcouldlivethroughit!Ifitshouldrain!Ifmyparentsdidn^tpromise!6^wouldthink结构表示"会认为、会想到"。如：Whowouldthinkyouarehisson.Hewouldnotthinkofgettinghelpfromher.7、tothink表示“真没想到"。如：Tothinkthatheshouldbesoselfish. Tothinkthatsheshouldhavebecomeafamoussongstarovernight.8、should...but结构表示"原来是…"。如：WhoshouldknockatthedoorbutTom.WhatshouldIeatforbreakfastbutapieceofbread・9、表示“祝愿、愿望或诅咒"。如：Mayyouenjoyalonghfe.“Godblessyou".Heavenhelpme!Heavenforbid!Sobeit!Sobeitthen!