七级英语语法体系教学讲义(完整版) 73页

语法基础题（提高版本）第一章代词（人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、疑问代词、不定代词）第二章数词（数次的分类、基数词和序数词的构成、用法）第三章冠词（定冠词，不定冠词的用法）第四章形容词与副词第五章介词与连词第六章情态动词的区别与用法第七章时态（一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将來时）第八章时态（现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时）第九章被动语态第卜章句子（否定句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句），句型变化练习第T-一章反意疑问句 第一章代词基础：InGeneral:项目人称代词物主代词指示代词反身代词人称主格宾格形容词名词性策一人称单数Imemyminemyself复数weusouroursourselves第二人称单数youyouyouryoursyourself复数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称单数sheherherhersherselfhehimhishishimselfitititsitsthisthatitself复数theythemtheirtheirsthesethosethemselvesInDetail:(1)人称代词①人称代词作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格：He(主语)isagreatwriter.Theyalllikehim(宾语)verymuch.②shenJ"以用來代表国家，船只，大地，刀亮等：Chinalovesherpeople・③在并列的主语中，I总放在最后：XiaoYuandIaregoodfriends.(2)物主代词①形容词型的物主代词只能作定语，如：mybrothe匚②名词型的物主代词冇充当名词的作用：Whosedictionaryisthis?It"smine.Oursisabigfamily.Youmayusemypen.Fllusehers.(3)反身代词Icarftexpress(表达)myselfinEnglish.Thatpoorboywasmyself.重要补充：①为了强调语气，表示"亲白"。如：Hesayshe"lldoithimself.②反身代词常和某些动词连用，如：Ihopeyou"llenjoyyourselves.希望你们玩得开心。Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish・请吃，点鱼。(4)指示代词 Isthisthebuswewant?Thoseapplesaremine・重要补充：对于前曲刚提到的东西，英语中常用that（或those）表示，而汉语常用“这”表示。Wehavenotimetodoit.Thatisourtrouble.我们没冇时间做这事。这就是我们的问题。提高：（五）不定代词Some:1.可用在“请求、建议、反问”等含义的疑问句中，以期待得到对方肯定的回答。Wouldyouwantsomecoffee?Didn"thegiveyousomebooks?难道他没有给你一些书？2.可修饰单数可数名词，表示“某个”。Theremustbesomereasonforwhathe"sdone.他T这些事，肯定有某种原因。3.可修饰数词，表示“大约”。Ittookmesometwentydaystogetthere.我人约花了20天才到达那里。Other与another1、Other具有代词和形容词性质，即可指人，也可指物。Other表示“另外的，其他的”，theother表示两者中的另一个；theothers表示“在一个范围内的其他全部”，others用于泛指，表示“其余的人或物。”2、another具冇代词性质，即可指人也可指物，表示“泛指的另一个，而不是两者中的另一个。”Few与afew,little与alittleFew,afew用来代替或修饰可数名词。Few表示否定意义，译为“没几个”，afew表示肯定意义，译为“一些，儿个。”little与alittle用來代替或修饰不可数名词。Little表示否定意义，alittle表示肯定意义。None和neither的区别：None表示“在三个或三个以上当屮，没有人或物……”，而neither指“在两个当中，没有人或物”。Noneofthestudentshaseverreadthebook.Neitherofmyparentshaseverreadthebook. 复合不定代词复合不定代词由some,any,no,every加上-boby,-thing,-one构成。somebody某人anybody任何人someone某人anyone任何人something某物anything任何事物nobody没人everybody每人noone没人everyone每人nothing没东西everything一切特殊用法：1、表请求、建议，或希望得到对方肯定的答复。Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?2、在肯定句中，其强调作用，表示“无论什么事（人）、任何事（人）Anybodywilltellyoutheway.3、复合不定代词被形容词所修饰时，形容词必须放在它的后面。Thereissomethingwrongwiththeradio.Thereisnothinginterestinginthisstory. 代词拓展题 1、Therearetwonewcarsinfrontofthecompany.Oneismine,andisthemanager"sA.otherB.anotherC.theotherD.other2、You"dbetterinvitetoourEnglishparty.A.themallB.boththemC.allthemD.themofall3、-Wouldyoulikeabagofrice?-Yes,Ihavericeathome・A.someB.littleC.alittleD.afew4^Thismathsproblemissodifficultthatonlystudentscanworkitout.A.afewB.fewC.alittleD.little5、TheweatherinsummerinBeijingiscoolerthaninShanghai.A.thisB.itC.thatD.one6^Thatscientistwastoobusytoworkinhislab.Hehadtimetodotheresearch（研究）work.A.fewB.afewC.littleD.alittle7^Thereissnowthiswinte匚A.manyB.muchC.mowD・afew8、Fmnotbusy.Ihaven"ttodo.A.somethingB.everythingC・nothingD.anything9^MyparentsandIareinterestedinmusic.A.bothB.allC.neitherD.no10、hastakenmypencilbymistake・Ican"tfindit.A.SomebodyB.AnybodyC.EverybodyD.Nobody11、YingzeStreetisstraight,longandwidewithtallbuildingsonsidesofit.A.bothB.allC.eachD.every12、oftheshoesintheshopweretherightsizeforme.Theywereeithertoobigortoosmall.A.BothB.NeitherC.NoneD.Either13、・Didtheyfindinthegarden?-No,theyfoundthere・A.anybody;nobodyB・somebody;everybodyC・anybody;somebodyD.everybody;anybody14、WouldyoupleasecallmeuplatertheyflytoBeijing・A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.what15^Thereiswaterinmyglass.Willyoupleasegiveme.A.little;someB.few;anyC・few;someD.little;any16、Lucyiscomingtomyhousethisevening.『11givehertocat.A.anythingdeliciousB・deliciousanythingC・delicioussomethingD.somethingdelicious 17^ThereisonChannel6.Pleasetrytofindit.A.importantsomethingB.somethingimportantC・importantanythingD.anythingimportant18^Childrenenjoyedintheparkyesterday.A.himselfB.yourselfC.itselfD.themselves19^-Eveforgottentobringmybread・-Nevermind,youcanhave.A.someofusB.ussomeC.someofoursD・someofyours20^HemetKateonwayhomeyesterday.A.heB.himC.hisD.my 第二章数词基数词 1One20twenty101onehundredandone2two21Twenty-one123onehundredandtwenty-one3three30thirty1000onethousand4four40forty1001onethousandandone5five50fifty1023onethousandandtwenty-three6six60sixty2235twothousand,twohundredandthirty-five7seven70seventy8eight80eighty10000tenthousand9nine90ninety1百万onemillion10ten100Onehundred1千万tenmillion［注（hundred,thousand,million前面有数词修饰时，用单数形式。hundredsof,thousandsof表示概数数词与其他词构成复合形容词，其中，名词要用单数形式：aty^o-year-oldbo序数词第1〜第10第20〜第90第100以上1stfirst2ndsecond20thtwentieth3rdthird30ththirtieth4thfourth40thfortieth5thfifth50thfiftieth100thhundredth1000山thousandth6thsixth60lhsixtieth7thseventh70thseventiethl5000,000,hmillionth8theighth80theightieth9thninth90lhninetieth1Othtenth提高：1、分数分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母用复数形式。如：1/5(onefifth),2/3(twothirds),1/2(ahalf),l/4(aquarter)2、算式的读法A+B=CAplusBisC./AandBisC.A-B=CAminusBisC./BfromAisC.AxB=CAtimesBisC.A・B=CAdividedbyBisC.3、章节、页码的读法第一章：thefirstchapter;Chapterone 第二节：thesecondsection;Sectiontwo 第三课：thethirdlesson;Lessonthree笫234页：pagetwothreefour第2345貝:pagetwothreefourfive(twenty-threeforty-five)1、年代、日期、时刻■公元1995年：nineteenninety-fiveA.D.■二十世纪九十年代:1990s/nineteennineties・5月10H：May10th/Maytenth-Hundred,thousand,million前面有具体数了，要用单数形式，但如果他们后见血有of,那它们■要用复数形式，同时，前面不能再加具体数字。女U：twohundred,hundredsof■时刻通常用基数來读：8:10eightten=tenpasteight9:30ninethirty=halfpastnine拓展题1、Thelittleboywrotealettertohisuncle.A.two-thousand-wordsB.^o-thousand-wordC・two-thousands-wordsD.bvo-thousands-word2、Todaywearegoingtolearnthelesson.A.twentyB.20C.twentiethD.twentieths3、A.Onthe1990sB.Inthe1990sC.Atthe1990sDin1990s4、Inourclassofthestudentsboys.A.threefifth;areB.threefifths;areC.threefifth;isD.threefifths;is5、Twodaysisnotenoughformetofinishthework.Ineedday.A.otherB.theotherC.thethirdD.athird6、Thecomputerwascheap.Ispentonlytwoyuanonit.A.thousandsB.thousandC.thousandsofD・thousandofmygrandmaworkedasateacher.7、A.Grade9B・Class9C.Group9D.No.9Whatclassareyouin?-Pmin8、A.ManythousandsB・ManythousandsofC・ManythousandofD.Manythousandbooksmustbeproducedforthechildren.9、A.tenmetredeepB.tenmetresdeepC.ten-metredeepD.ten-metres-deep10^Decemberismonthoftheyear.A.thetwelfthB.thetwelvethHowdeepisthehole?ItisC・twelveD.atwelfth第三章冠词归纳定冠词的用法1>Lookattheblackboard,please.2.thesun,themoon,theearth 3、Ifindapencilinthebox・ThepencilisLucy"s・1.Theold,theyoung,thepoor.2.Playtheflute,playthepiano,playtheviolin6、Inthemoming,thedayaftertomorrow1、TheThames,thePacific8、TheSmiths不定冠词a/an…泛指，修饰单数可数名词1Hegavemysisterusefulbookyesterday.2、WhereisLucy?・She"shavingrestoverthere.3、・Haveyouseenpen?Ileftitherethismorning・■Isitblackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.［析］以元音因素开头的名词前用an,在辅咅因素开头的名词前用a,如:anhonestboy,an8-year-oldgirl,anhour,提高：这些场合不用冠词2、China,Classone,某些专有名词的前;3、Havelunch,playfootball,在三餐和球类运动名称前不用冠词；4>Inwinter,inJune,onMonday,^节、日期、星期、节日和学科的名称前;5>名词前血12有作定语用的this,these,that,those,my,their,some,many等词Theballisinmyroom.拓展题：用（a,an,the,/（不填））把句子补充完整。1>Look!Thereisparkinthecentreofcity.2、Aspaceshipfliesataboutelevenkilometerssecond・3、ThereisuhMinthewordhour.4、・Whoisgirlreadingunderthetree?5、Canyouseeone-eyedcowinfield?6、Thisisemptybottle.Couldyougivemefullone? 7、Mr.SmithalwaysgivesmehandwhenIamintrouble.8、Whatgreathelphe"sgivenus!9、sunrisesineastandsetsjnwest.10>Theyoftenlistentoradioinevening.第四章形容词、副词 (-)形容词与副词辨析1>Alone与lonelyAlone与lonely意思相近，前者表示“独白一人”的状态，而后者表示“孤单、寂寞”的情绪。①alone作形容词时，只作表语Butthechildrenarenotalone.Hewillbealonefromnowon.②alone也可作副词，修饰动诃Shewassittinginthebedalonewhenwewenttoseeher.③lonely—般只用作形容词Soweneverfeellonely.Heisaverylonelytraveler.2>too,also与either这三个词作副词用时，都含有“也”的意思，但用法不一样。①Too与also只能用于肯定句中.FminClass1,too.Chinesetake-wayfoodisalsopopula匸②either只能用于否定句中,—般放在句尾。Wedon"tlikethesamecolours,either.so与such①so是副词,译为"如此”，修饰形容词,如：sodelicious②such是形容词，修饰名词。如：suchagoodboy4>instead与insteadof①instead只能单独使用,常位于句首或句尾。Sheisverytired,letmegoinstead.Heneverstudieshard.Instead,heplayswithwaterallday.②insteadof后面要跟名词、动词、代词或介词如语。Shallwehavefishinsteadofeggstoday?5>sometimes,sometime与sometime①sometimes译为"有吋，往往，不吋地”Sometimeswearebusyandsometimeswearnot.Isometimeshavelettersfromhim.②sometime的意思是“某个时候，”可指将来，也可指过去。We’lltakeourholidaysometimeinMay.③Sometime是指“一段时间”，可以是几分钟，几小时，几天或几年。Thefirewentonforsometimebeforeitwanbroughtundercontrol.拓展练习：—、用alone与lonely填空。 1、Hecamebecausehisbrotherwasill.2、Withallhisfriendsawayfromhim,hefeelsvery3、Idon"tlikegoingoutafterdark.用too,also与either填空。1、IhavebeentoParis,•2、I,,knowwhereheistobefound.3、Mydogisthirsty.Isyourdogthirty?4、、somestudentscametoseeMr.Smiththatafternoon・5、Idon^tsingthatsong,.二、单项选择1、-Whatdoyouthinkofthebridge?-Ihaveneverseenbefore・A.soalongoneB.solongoneC.suchalongoneD.asuchlongone2、FmnotsureifFmgoingtoTim"sparty;Imaygototheconcert•A.onlyB.insteadC.earlyD.late3、Shehas.A.atimeB.aenoughtimeC.enoughtimeD.manytime4、Youdon"tlikethesamecoloursandIdon,likethem,.A.tooB.alsoC.eitherD.neither5、Noneofthestudentswatchedit.A.carefulenoughB.enoughcarefullyC・carefullyenoughD.enoughcareful6、Theremustbeinthetea・Ittastesgood.A.anythingsweetB.somethingsweetC・sweetsomethingD.everythingsomething7、Heeatsfood,soheisfat.A.muchtoo;toomuchB.muchtoo;toomanyC.toomuch;muchtooD.toomuch;manytoo8、Marywon"tgoandPeterwon^tgo.A.tooB.alsoC.eitherD.neither9、Willyoucomeagainnextweek?A.sometimeB.sometimesC.sometime10>Ifyouhavenotime,Fllgoou.A.insteadB.insteadof(-)原级、比较级、最高级一、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则1.-•般单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词，比较级在后面加最高级在后面ill-est； (1)单音节词如：small—>smaller—>smallestshort—►shorter—>shortesttall—>taller—>tallestgreat—>greater—>greatest(2)双音节如：clever—>cleverer—>cleverestnarrow—>narrower—>narrowest1.以不发音e结尾的单音节词，比较在原级后加小最高级在原级后加・st；如：large—>larger—>largestnice—>nicer—>nicestable—>abler—>ablest2.在重读闭音节(即：辅音+元音+辅音)中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加・er,最高级加・est；如I:big—>bigger—>biggesthot—>hotter—>hottestfat—►fatter—►fattest3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i,比较级加・er,最高级加・est；如：easy—>easier—>easiestheavy—>heavier—>heaviestbusy—>busier—>busiesthappy—>happier—►happiest4.其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前血加more,最高级在前血加most；如：beautiful—>morebeautiful—>mostbeautifuldifferent—>moredifferent—>mostdifferenteasily—>moreeasily—►mosteasilvVVv4.有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。原级比较级最高级good,wellbetterthebestbad,ill,badlyworsetheworstmany,muchmorethemostlittlelesstheleastfarfarther(further)thefarthest(furtherst)二、形容词、副词的同级、比较级和最高级的用法1、同级比较①两者程度相同as+原级+asMikeisastallasBill.②两者程度不同notas(so)+原级+asHedoesn"tdriveas/socarefullyashisfather.2、比较级“A+be+形容词比较级+than+B”意思为“A比B更……如:Thistreeistallerthanthatone.这棵树比那棵树高。提rWj: ①在比较级前面使用much/far,表示程度程度“强得多S在比较级前面使用alittlc/abit表示程度程度“强i占占”八、、八、、女口:Awatermelonismuchbiggerthananapple②very,quite般只能修饰原级，不能修饰比较级。③.“比较级+and+比较级”或"moreandmore+原级”表示“越来越……"如：Itbecomeswarmerandwannerwhenspringcomes・春犬來(,犬气变得越來越暖和fItisgettingcoolerandcoolc匚天气越来越凉爽。Thewindbecamemoreandmoreheavily.风变得越來越人。Ourschoolisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.我们的学校变得越來越美丽。④.在含冇or的选择疑问旬中，如果冇两者供选择，前面的形容词要用比较级形式。如：Whoistaller,TimorTom?谁更高，Tim还是Tom?⑤.“the+比较级……,the+比较级”，表示“越……越......”。Themoremoneyyoumake,themoreyouspend.钱你赚得越多，花得越多。Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。提高：①要避免重复使用比较级。(Ih)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.(对)Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.(Xj)Heisclevererthanhisbrothe匚②要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。比较：Whichislarger,CanadaorAustralia?Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?Sheistallerthanhertwosisters・Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters・3、最高级：要用來表示三者或三者以上人或事物的比较，表示“最……”的意思。the+高级+of/in短语，of后接可数名词复数或等川1代词.如：Heisthetallestinourclass.他在我们班里是最高的。Sheistheyoungestofthegirls.她是女孩中最年轻的。Heisoneofthefattestboysinhisclass他是他班上最胖男孩Z—。 5.比较级与最高级的转换：Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass・Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentinhisclass 提高：①序数词通常只修饰最高级。Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.②形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用。TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld・Hestudieshardestinourclass・③形容词的最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不用定冠词。Jimismybestfriend.④形容词most前血没有the,不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.⑤使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。（错）Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers・（对）Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers拓展练习（一）写出下列形容词与副词的比较级与最高级形式LongwidefatHeavyslowfewBrightlybadlyfarQuicklyhappyunhappy(二)用所给词的正确形式填空1.Whichis(difficult),physicsorbiology?2.Gold(黄金)is(little)usefulthaniron(铁).3.Insummer,fs(hot)inWuhanthaninShanghai.4.JohrTsparentshavefourdaughters,andsheisthe(young)child・5.The(cheap)bagsarethenotusuallythebestones6.Whichbookis(interesting),Englishbook,Chinesebookorthestory-book?7.Shanghaiis(large)cityinChina.8.Dicksings(well),shesings(well)thanJohn,butMarysings(well)inherclass.9.Shewillbemuch(happy)inhermewhouse・10.Thisdressisthat.(twice,as...as...,expensive)(三)单项选择 1.Ofthetwotoys,thechildchose・A.theexpensiveoneB.onemostexpensiveC・aleastexpensiveD.themostexpensiveofthem2.JaneisthanBetty.A.lesstallerB.lesstallestC.lesstallD.notastall3.Chinaiscountryintheworld.A.thethirdlargestB.thelargestthirdC・thethirdlargeD.athirdlargest4.-WhichisseasoninBeijing?-Ithinkit"sautumn.A.goodB.betterC.bestD.thebest5・-Whichis,thesun,themoonortheearth?-Ofcourse,themoonis.A.smallB.smallerC.smallestD.thesmallest1.TheairinBeijingisgettingmuchthanafewyearsago.A・cleanB.cleanerC.cleanestD.thecleanest2.Mobilephonesareveiypopularnowandtheyarethanbefore・A.cheapB.cheaperC.cheapestD.thecheapest3.IstudyEnglishasasmybrothe匚A.hardB.harderC・hardest4.Whichis,abicycleoracomputer?A.expensiveB.moreexpensiveC・themostexpensive5.TheYellowRiverisoneofriversinChina.AlongBlongerCthelongest6.hurry,speed.A.More;lessB.Much;littleC.Themore;thelessD.Themuch;thelittle第五章连词定义：连词是一•种虚词，它不能独立担当句子成分，在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句了与句了以及引导从句的作用。分类: (1)简单连词：and,but,or,if,before,after,since(自从，既然)(2)关联连词：both…and…既又,either•…or…或者或者,neither...nor...既不乂不，notonly...butalso...不但而且(3)选择连词：or,either■…or…不是就是，orelse否则，otherwise否则(4)短语连词:asif/asthough仿佛,assoonas一就，sothat以便；结果,incase假使;以免，inorderthat为了(5)分词连词:supposing(that)假如,considering(that)考虑到,provided(that)只要(6)转折连词：but但是，yet然而，while而，however可是，然而，until直到一、单项选择★1、Hurryup,weUlbelateforthemeeting.A.andB.butC.soD.or★2、Thenurseisverytiredsheistillworkingveryhard.A.butB.andC.orD.if★3、Youmaydoityourselfleaveittome.A.either...or...B.notonly...butalsoC.neither...nor...D.both...and★4、Englishisn^teasy,Ilikeit.A.butB.orC.sinceD.because★5、myfathermymotherareteachers.A.Neither...norB.Both...andC.Either...orD.Not...but★6、WewillgotovisitTiananmenSquareitdoesn^traintomorrow.A.ifB.assoonasC.whenD・since★7、Jackspendsmuchmoneyonbooksheisnotsorich.A.thoughB.whenC.ifD.because★8^Iwon,believethatlittleBobcanrun100metresin15secondsIseeitwithmyowneyes.A.untilB.afterC.whenD.while★9、Youmustleaveherenowyourmothercangetsomemorerest.A.becauseB.thoughC.sothatD.so★10>NotonlyyourfatherbutalsoyougoingtotheHistoryMuseum. A.isB.amC.areD.be★★11、Don"tcrosstheroadthelightturnsgreen・A.asB.whenC.whileD.until★★12、It"sfarwalkhomefi-omhere・Let"stakeabus.A.so;thatB.too;toC・enough;toD.such;that★★13、Neitheryounorhethere・A.goB.goesC.goingD.togo★★14、Wewillstayathomeifmyaunttovisitustomorrow.A.comesB.willcomeC.iscomingD.came★★15、youyoursistercanjoinus.Wewantjustoneofyou.A.Both;andB.Both;orC・Neither;norD.Either;or★★★16^Japaneseisdifficult,itisusefulinteresting.A.for,andB.so,orC.so,andD・but,andWe,asmiddleschoolstudents,shoulddrinksmoke.A.both,andB.either,orC.not,butD.neither,nor★★★18^Boysandgirls,youmayspeakEnglishinclassoutsideourschool.A.neither,norB・either,orC・not,butD.neither,nor★★★19、Thewaitresscaughtabadcold,shedidn^tgotoworkintherestaurantthatday.A.becauseB.so,thatC・soD.becauseof★★★20^IwilltellyouwhereshecomesfromwhatsheisLA.and,eitherB.and,alsoC.and,aswell,D.and,soon★★★22^itwaslate,theystillwentontheresearchwork.A.Since,/B.Because,soC.Though,butD.Though,/★★★23、WewillhavethefootballmatchwithClassTwoItrainsheavily.A.ifB.asC.unlessD.after介词定义：介词又叫而置词，一般放在名词的前面。它常与动词、形容词、名词等一起构成固定 搭配表示不同的意思。分类：(1)简单介词：about,above,across,after,against,among,at,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,by,down,during,except,for,from,in,of,off,on,over,past,round,till,to, with等。(2)合成介词，即由两个简单介词组合而成的介词。如：inside,into,onto,outof,outside,upon,throughout,within,without等。(3)成语介词：infrontof,becauseof,insteadof等。提高：1、at的用法①用于时刻前。如：atnoon,atnight,atsunrise②用于钟点前。如:atoneo"clock,ataquarterpasttwo③固定搭配。atChristmas,atNewyear2、in的用法①用于某个较长的时间。事迹、年、季节、月份等inthetwenty-firstcenturyin2005inautumninMarch②用于泛指一天的某个时间。Inthemorning/intheafternoon③用于表示“从现在起，多长时间后或多久以后”的短语Theywillfinishtheworkinanhour.3、on的用法①用于星期*口期。OnSundays/weekdays,onSundaymorning②指具体的时间点。OnMarch1,onacoldmorning,onthenightofOctober1,onthefirstday③用于公共节假Ll前。Onteachers"DayOnChristmasDayOnNationalDay拓展练习：用介词at,in,on填空1、WhatarcyoudoingSunday?Andwhatisyourwifcdoingtheweekend?2>He5llseeyouMondaymorning・Andhe"llseeyourbothernextMonday.3、Theyoftengoouttheevenings・ButtheydorftgooutSundayevening・4、DoyouworkFridays?DoessheworkeveryFriday?5、Paulgotmarried1999.Hegotmarried9o"clock19May1999・6、Theyusuallyhavealongholidaysummer.ButtheirsoncanonlyhaveashortholidayChristinas.单项选择1、HisfatherleftNanjingBeijinglastnight.A.towardsB.toC.forD.from2、Myunclelives108Beijingstreet.A.atB.onC.toD.in 3、Itisverykindyoutoshowmetheway.A.ofB.toC.forD.with A.onB.inC.withD・under5、Ihavegoodnewsyou.A.toB.forC.withA.at6、IhavestudiedEnglish2003.A.sinceB.forC・fromD.in7、Gothisroadandtakethesecondturningontheleft.Thebookshopisonyourright.A.throughB.pastC・acrossD・pass8>Itisimpossibleformetoworkoutthisdifficultproblemyourhelp・A.withB.withoutC.noD・about9^Shehadtolookheryoungersisterbecausehermotherwasill.A.atB.afterC.outD.for10^Thesebeautifulflowersaremadepape匚A.inB.ofC.byD.with11、M匚GreenhaslivedLondontenyears.A.at;torB.in;sinceC・in;forD・in;by12>Kunmingisfamousitsniceweather.A.inB.asC.forD.with13.Don"treadbed.Wsbadyoureyes.A.on;ofB.on;toC.in;forD.at;to14>Doyouknowwhotheyarcwaiting?A.atB.forC.withD.on15、ThebookwaswrittenEnglish・A.inB.byC.fromD.with16^Doitread.It"sbadforyoureyes・A.undersunB.underthesunC.insunD.inthesun17.Teenagersarcveryfondcartoons.A.inB.amongC.withD.of18.-HaveyoueverWuzhenandTaohuaIsland?-No,never.ButFmgoingtoWuzhenorTaohuaIslandthissummc匚A.beeninB.goneinC・beentoD.goneto19.Mr.WhitearrivedShanghaitwodaysago. C.inD.intoA.toA.onA.inB.on21・lampreparingA.forB.to17.Thereisabookshoptheothersideofthestreet.B.byD.foratriptotheUnitedStates.C.ofD.at22.Pleaseturntheradioandlistentothenews. 第六章情态动词1、can的用法Hecanswimwell,but1cantIcanfinishitinanhour.Youcanusemybike.表“能力”可用beableto代替Mymothercan(isableto)payforthecoat.Marywillbeabletotellyouwheresheworks. Hehasbeenabletowork.2、may表示允许、也许，意为“可以，也许，可能”。—般问句的定回答一般是：Yes,please./Certainly./Sure等，否定回答—般是：Pleasedon"t./No,youcan"t/mustn"t.might是may的过去式，与may川法类似，常用于过去时中；丿IJ在疑问句中，还口J表示委婉客气。3、must否定式mustift,表示不一定，禁止Youmustn"tbelate.你定不要迟到。Youmustn"tleaveus.你不许离开我们。回答must引起的问句时-Mustweleavesosoon?-Yes,wemust./-No,weneedn"t./-No,wedon"thaveto.must表示推测must表示对已发生的事悄的推测时，must要接完成式Ididn"thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。3、need:只有一种形式，后跟不带to的动词不定式，中用于否定句和疑问句。:有动词的全部形式，needs,needing,needed,needto判断Heneedn"tescape.Hedoesn"tneedtoescape.疑问句的回答：Needyou...?Yes,Imust.No,Ineedn"t.5、shall,will用来征求对方意见，shall用于第一人称，will用于第二人称，用来表示意愿；shall用于第二、第三人称，will用于第一人称6、would,should为will,shall的过去式，would用于现在时，表示委婉提出请求、建议或看法Wouldyoupleasenotdoitagain?should还有“应该”的意思，但语气比must弱。would,should为will,shall的过去式，would用于现在时，表示委婉提出请求、建议或看法，如Wouldyoupleasenotdoitagain?should还有"应该"的意思，但语气比must弱。★怎样选用can和may情态动词can和may都能表示“可能性”。如：Hemayberight.他可能对。Hecan"tberight.他不可能对。 那么，在表示可能性这个概念时，二者的区别是什么呢？①二者所适用的句子类型不同。一般说来，can多用于疑问句和否定旬，表示怀疑或不相信等态度；而may则多用于陈述句（肯定），表示一种揣测。 Canitbetrue?No,itcannotbetrue.Wherecantheybenow?IheartheremaybeafewcopiesleftWhathesaidmaynotberight.①二者所强调的意思不同。一般來说，can强调客观上的可能性，而may则强调主观上的推测或判断。Mancannotlivewithoutairorwater.Shemaybeinthelibrary,Isuppose・Shemaynotbetheretoday.②二者表示的语气不同。在否定句中，can表达的否定语气较强，意为“不可能J而may表达的否定语气较弱，意为“可能不"或“也许不Thatcannotbetrue・(=Itisimpossiblethatthatistrue.)Thatmaynotbetrue.(=Itispossiblethatthatisnottrue.)根据以上分析，我们可以归纳为三条原则：⑴在肯定句中用may不用can;⑵在疑问句中用can不用may;(3)在否定句中，若语气肯定，表示“不可能”时用cannot,若语气不肯定，表示“可能不”时用maynot.★浅析can和beableto的区别①现在时：can与beableto-样，但后者不常用。Hecanwritewell.Heisabletowritewell.但beableto后不能接被动语态不定式。如Thestarcannotbeseen・(iE)Thestarisnotabletobeseen.(谋)②将來时：can没有将來式，此时要用willbeabletooIwillbeabletospeakEnglishinthreeyears.但决定将来是否冇能力时，也常用can。CanyoucometoseeusnestSunday?③过去时，could表示一般能力，was/wereableto表示具体场合的能力。如MyfathercouldspeakEnglish・ HewasabletotranslatethisstoryintoFrench.Howmanyeggswereyouabletoget?Could的否定式也可表示具体场合的能力。Thequestionwassodifficultthathewasn"tableto/couldn"tanswerit.注意：could不表示时态 1）提出委婉的请求,（注意在回答中不可用could）＜,■一CouldIhavethetelevisionon?—Yes,youcan./No,youcan"t・2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。Hecouldn"tbeabadman.他不大可能是坏人。★比较may和might①表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may放在句首，表示祝愿。MayGodblessyou!Hemightbeathome・②注意：might表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may小。成语：may/mightaswell,后而接不带to的不定式，意为"不妨”。Ifthatisthecase,wemayaswelltry.典型例题Petercomewithustonight,butheisn"tverysureyet.A.mustB.mayC・canD.will★比较haveto和must①两词都是"必须"的意思，haveto表示客观的需要,must表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。Mybrotherwasveryill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.（客观上需要做这件事）Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.他说他们必须努力工作。（主观I：要做这件事）②haveto有人称、数、时态的变化，ifljmust只有一种形式。Hehadtolookafterhissisteryesterday.③在否定结构中：doncthaveto表示“不必”mustn"t表示“禁止匕Youdon"thavetotellhimaboutit.你不一定耍把此事告诉他。Youmustn"ttellhimaboutit.你一定不要把这件事告诉他【例1】一Where"sMrLi?Ihavesomethingunusualtotellhim.—Youfindhim.HeJapan.A.maynot,hasgonetoB.maynot,hasbeentoC.can*t,hasgonetoD.can"t,hasbeento【例2]一CouldIlookatyourpictures?一Yes,ofcourseyou.A.couldB.canC.willD.might【例3】一WhereisJack,please?一Hebeintheclassroom.A.canB.needC.wouldD.must【例4】TheboysaidhehadtospeakEnglishinclass,buthespeakitafterclass・ A.couldB.didn"thavetoC.mightD.shouldn"t【彳列5]Thesebooksoutofthereadingroom.Youhavetoread,themhere.C.cantakeD.mustn"tbetakenA.can"ttakeB.mustbetaken强化练习14.Iopenthewindow?It"shothere.A.MustB.ShallC.WillD.Would15.GoandaskMrLiu.Hetellyou.A.mayB.canC.wouldD.could16.youpleasetellmethetimeplease?A.ShallD.Might17.—Itryoutalltheideas?—No,you.D.Must?donftA.Must,mustn"tB.NeedneedC.Must,don"thaveto1&IspeaktoMrGreen,please?A.WillB.CouldC.MustD.Would19.HesaidKatecometotheparty.ButIdon"tthinkso.A.couldB.mightC.needD.must20.—NeedIdomylessonsrightnow?—Yes,you.A.needB.canC.shouldD.must21.—Wouldyouliketogoswimmingwithmethisafternoon?——Fdloveto.ButTmafraidI.1havetoomuchworktodo.A.can"tB.mustn"tC.needn"tD.maynot22.Tomakeourcitymorebeautifuhrubbishintotherive匚A.needn"tbethrownB.mustn"tbethrownC.can"tthrowD.maynotthrow23・Don"tworry!Wecangettothebusstationintimeandtheearlybus.A.don"tmissB.canmissC.willmissD・won"tmiss24.—Pleasedon"tmakeanynoiseinthereadingroom.—A.Sony,Iwon"t・B・Sorry,Ican"t・C.Yes,Iwon"t.D.OKJdidn"t.25.—MustIreturnyourdigitalcameratomorrow.Tina?—No,you.A.mustn"tB.maynotC.neednrtD.won"t26.—Wouldyoulikesomemore?—Tmfill.A.Yes,please.B.Fdloveto.C.NoJwouldn"t.D.No,thanks. D.won"tD.didn"t24.Youswiminthispartofthelake.It*sdangerous.A.mustn"tB.maynotC・needn"t25.—Youre-mailaddressagain?Iquitecatchit.—HrZhou@263.com.A.doiTtB.can"tC.woiTt 第七章时态（一）InGeneral:（1）时态的概念：作谓语的动词用来表示动作（惜况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。（2）英语一共有十六个时态：一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时一般将来时将来进行吋将来完成时将来完成进行时一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时（3）各个吋态的构成法，大体上可以归纳如下:①一般时态： A.一般现在时用动词原形，但笫三人称单数后要+词尾-s(-es)；B.一般过去时用过去式；C.—•般将来时用shall或will+动词原形；①进行时态：助动词be+动词的现在分词；②完成时态：助动injhave+动词的过去分词InDetail:(1)一般现在时①一般现在时表示现在的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态。与它形影不离、亲密无间的频度副词和时间状语有often,always,sometimes,usually,everyday等。②一•般现在时主要表示：A.经常性或习惯性的动作：Lucyworksveryhard.B.客观真理或事实：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.C.现在的特征或状态：ImajorinEnglish.提高：①在here,there开头的句子中，常用一般现在时取代现在进行时。Theregoesthebell!②在时间状语从句和讦引导的条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替一般将來时。Ifitdoesn"traintomorrow,wellgotothepark.如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园。③表示(书、信、报纸、通知、牌示、广播等)“说"、“报道〃，用一般现在时。Thenoticesays,"NoParking/"通知说："不准停放车辆。"拓展练习1、JapantotheeastofChina・A.lieB.liesC.isliesD.islying2、TheplanetoShanghaiat8:30.A.1eavesB.1eavingC・willleaveD・leave3、Wewon"tgounlessyousoon.A.comingB.cameC.willcomeD.come(2)—般过去时①表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，讲述过公的事实。与一般过去时"不见不散〃的时间状语有yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastyear/month/night/week,justnow,twodaysago,then,in1999/1988等。②一般过去时主要表示： A.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。 JohnhadabirthdaypartylastMonday・A.表示过去连续发牛的-•连串动作。MotherwenttoabookshopandboughtanEnglishdictionaryformethismorning.c.表示过去某一段时间内经常、反复发牛的动作。WhenIwasyoung,Ialwaysplayedfootballafterschool.提高：①常用“would+do〃表示过去经常反复发生的动作。Wewouldturntohimforhelpwhenwewereintrouble.我们一遇麻烦，就向他请求帮助。拓展练习1>Tom(watch)TVathomelastnight.He(go)nowhere・2、Whenl(be)young,Ioften(play)footbalL3>It(happen)anhourago.4.Mrs.Li(live)heremanyyearsago.5.he(do)hishomeworkyesterday?No,he(notfinish)it.6.Itwasverycold,soheonhiscoat・(put)7.Thebedwasn"tgood,Iverywell.(sleep)8.Theplaywasn"tinteresting.Theyitverymuch,(enjoy)9.Shewasinahurry,soshetimetocookforyou.(have)10.Whothewindowjustnow?(break)11.ItYangUweiabout21hourstheearth14timesinhisspaceship.A.spent;circlingB.took;travelingC.spent;totravelD.took;tocircle12.-Yourphonenumberagain?Iquitecatchit.-It"s66783929.A.didn"tB.couldn"tC.don"tD.can"t13.HesaidhemeapresentapresentunlessIindoingtheexperiment・A.hadnogiven,hadnosucceededB・wouldnotgive,succeedC・willnotgive,succeedD・wouldnotgive,willsucceed(3)一般将来时①一般将來时表示在将來某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也可表示将來某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态。它常与表示将来的时间状语如soon,tomorrow,nextweek,inafewdays,thedayaftertomorrow等合作。②一般将來时主要表示： A.表示将来的动作或状态。Iwillmakeatoyshipformybrothertomorrow・A.表达说话人的某一种意愿，多用will—词。Tomisn"tagoodboyandIwillnothelphim.提高：①一般将來时除了借助于助动词will和shallZ外，还冇其它一些表达方式：begoingto表示根据现有的各种因素，推断将要发生的事情，或按计划安排、主观打算将要做的事。Whatareyougoingtodothedayaftertomorrow?beto+动词原形，表示“就要・・..・.",指计划要做的事情。Wearetoclimbthathillthisafternoon.beaboutto+动词原形，表示即将发生的动作。Iwasabouttogotobedwhenhecalledmeup.②有些表示位置转移的，如come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly,move等动词的现在进行时可表示按计划或安排将要发牛•的动作，常与表示将來的时间状语连用。HeisleavingforShanghaitomorrow・Theyarearrivingtomorrowafternoon.③beto和begoingtobeto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，begoingto表示主观的打算或计划。Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)goingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)拓展练习1.Iwon"t[be)freetomorrow.2.thestudentshave)ameetingthisweekend・3.Jim(see)afilmtomorrow.4.ou(need)metohelpyou?5.They(notgo)thereifitsnowstomorrow.6.Shecome)heresoon.7.Whenwegetourtickets,bemarked"firstclass".A.itistoB.itwillC.theyweretoD.theywill &Look!ThewomanwithcurlhairoverthereusatalkaboutDNA.A.isabouttogiveB.wouldgiveC.wasgoingtogiveD・hadgiven9.Shemeattheairportthisevening.A.isseeing,outB・isseeing,offC・sees,offD.willsee,out10.Eitheryouorhetheretomorrow. A.goB.goesC.aregoingD.isgoing⑷过去将来时①表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时不可以单独使用，主要用在宾语从句中。女II：TheytoldmethattheywouldgotoworkinGuangdong・②构成：Would+动词原形，无人称变化。或was(were)goingto+动词原形。③Would常缩写为"d,ill：rd,you,d,he,d拓展练习1・Theythegamewhenitbegantorain.A.wereabouttostartB・wereaboutstartC・weretostartingD.wereabouttostarting2.Hewas8ycarsold・Itwoyearshe10.A.willgoB.wouldgoC・hasgoneD.goes.3.theteachersaidthatsheustotheparkthenextday.A.willtakeB.hastakenC.wouldtakeD.istaking4.Mr.BrownaskedwhothemessagetoMr.Evans・A.wasgoingtotalkB.hastakenC.couldgiveD・willtell5.-Whatdidthescientistsay?-Hesaidhewonderedifintospacebyspaceshiponeday.A.hehadtoflyB.hecouldflyC.canheflyD.couldhefly第八章时态（二）（4）现在进行时①表示现在正在进行的动作。②现在进行时主要表示：A.表示现在（说话瞬间）」E在进行或发生的动作。Whatishedoinginthenextroomatthemoment?B.表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作。M匚Greeniswritingabookthesedays.C.表示按计划即将发生的事情，但这仅限于少量动词，如go,come,leave,start,arrive等。ThetrainisleavingforBeijingsoon.提高：①表示赞叹、厌烦、表扬、批评等不同情感。常与always连用。Joyisalwayshelpingothers.（表扬） Heisalwaysleavinghisthingsabout.（批评） ②一般情况下，不用现在进彳亍时的动词°这些词通常表示思考，理解：understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember拓展练习1>DictionaryJhavelookedforiteveiywherebutstillit.A.haslost;don"tfindB・ismissing,don,findC.haslost;haven"tfoundD・ismissing,haven"tfound.2.MywifeA.hasforevercriticizedmeB.forevercriticizesmeC.doesforevercriticizemeD・isforevercriticizingme3.MissGaoAshe"sworking.A.isn"tsleepingB.doesn"tsleepC・issleepingD・sleeps4.Areallthetwinsthesameclothes?A.putonB.puttingonC・wearD.wearing5.1don"tthinkthatit"strue.He"salwaysstrangestories.A.tellB.tellingC.toldD.tells(5)过去进行时定义：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。构成：was/were+现在分词(1)表示过去某一个时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发牛的动作，通常与表示过去的时间状语then,atthis/thattime,atnine,lastnight,at*o,clockyesterday,while从句等连用。At8o"clockyesterdayeveningIwashavingdinnerwithsomefriends.Hedoorbellrangwhilemymotherwascookingthedinne匚(2)过去进行吋中有always,forever,continually,constantly,frequently等副诃，表达说话人的赞美、厌烦等情绪。Hewasforevercomplainingaboutsomething.提高：(1)在过去时的时间状语从句屮，延续性动作用过去进行时，非延续性动作用一•般过去时；若表示两个延续性动作在过去某一时刻同时发牛，则主句和从句都用过去进行时。WhatwasJimdoingwhentheteachercamein?Thestudentswerereadingwhiletheteacherwasgradingtheirhomework.拓展练习1.Ididn"tseeyouatthemeetingyesterday,why?IforalingdistancecallthenfrommydaughterinCanada.A.waitedB.havewaitedC.waswaitingD.willwait2.Maryadresswhenshecutherfinger.A.madeB.ismakingC・wasmakingD.makes 1.Asshethenewspaper,Grannyasleep.A.read;wasfallingB.wasreading;tellC・wasreading;wasfallingD・read;fell2.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn"tknowheuntilyesterday.A.willcomeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.comes3.Whentheteachercamein,thestudents.A.talkB.aretalkingC.weretalkingD.willtalk（6）现在完成时定义：现在完成时表示在过去发牛但与现在情况有密切联系的动作或状态。构成：have/has+过去分词Ihavebeenillforaweek.我已病了一周了。（现在还在生病）Iwasillforaweek.我病了一，周。（过去病了一周，现在好了）用法：（1）表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态；常和表示一段时间的状语连用。Ihaven"teatenanythingsincebreakfast.Ihaveworkedatthisschoolfor20years.（2）表示过去发牛或已经完成的某一动作対现在造成的影响或结果。Ihavejustpostedalettei;我刚把信邮寄了。Shehaslostherwatch.她把表丢失了。提高：A.现在完成吋和一般过去吋的区别。（1）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发牛的时间是在过去。Ihavewashedthecai我洗过了车。（现在看上去很漂亮）Iwashedthecaramomentago.我刚才洗过车了。（只是一个事实陈述）Shehaswateredtheflowers.她己经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）Shewateredtheflowersyesterday.她昨天浇了花。（2）现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。 Ithasrainedforfivehours.雨已经下了5个小时了。（Itrainedforfivehoursyesterday.昨天卜了5个小时的雨。（ Ihavereviewedtwolessonsthismorning・今天上午我已经复习了两课。（时间：Ireviewedtwolessonsthismorning・今天上午我复习了两课。（时间：）B.Have（has）beento和have（has）goneto的区别。Have（has）beento：曾经到过某地。（去了回来了）Have（has）goneto：已经去了某地。（去了还没回來）TheyhavebeentoBeijing.他们去过北京。（）TheyhavegonetoBeijing.他们到北京去了。（）拓展练习:1.—Whatanicebike!Howlongyouit?—Justtwoweeks.A.will;buyB.did;buyC・are;havingD.have;had2.-Doyouknowourtownatall?-No,thisisthefirsttimeIhere.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming3.-Haveyoubeentoourtownbefore?-No,it"sthefirsttimeIhere.A.even;comeB.even;havecomeC.ever;comeD・ever;havecome4.-MayIgotoplaytenniswithyou,Dad?youyourcompositionyet?A.Are;finishingB.Did;finishC.Will;finishD.Have;finished5.Youdon"tneedtodescribeher.Iherseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC-metD.meet6・-I"msorrytokeepyouwaiting.—Oh,notatall.Ihereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe7.Heherein1980.Heateacherfc)rovertwentyyears.A.came;wasB.came;hasbeenC・hascome;isD.hascome;hasbeen过去完成吋1、构成“had+过去分词”2、 过去完成吋1、构成“had+过去分词”2、 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前，己经发生或完成了的动作。他表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过BytheendoflastmonthwehadlearnedtwelveEnglishsongs.到上月底,我们已经学了12首英语歌曲。3、表示在过去某一吋间Z前开始，并一直延续到那时的动作或状态。Shehadlivedinthenorthforfiveyearsbeforeshecamehere.她來这儿z前，在北方住了五年。拓展练习:1.ThestudentsbusilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabooksheintheoffice.A.hadwritten;leftB.writing;hasleftC・hadwritten;hadleftD.werewriting;hadleft2.1hadhopedmyletter.A.hertoanswerB.thatsheanswerC・thatshewouldanswerD.heranswering3.Bythetimeschoolover,therainsoIdidn"tusemyraincoat.A.was,hasstoppedB.was,hadstoppedC.hadbeen,stoppedD.hadbeen,hadstopped4.ThefilmonfortenminuteswhenJackgottothecinema.A.hasbeenB・hadbeenC.beD.wouldbe5.-Didyoutheconcertlastnight?-Veiymuch,IA.enjoy;haven"tgoneB・enjoy;haven"tbeenC.enjoy;hadn^tgoneD.enjoyed,dicinggo6.ItnicetoseeJohnyesterday.Ihimforalongtime.toaconcertforalongtime.A.was;haven"tseenC.was;hadrftseenD.hadbeen;hadn"tseenB.hadbeen;haven51seen7.LastnightIA.finished;finishedC.hadfinished;hadfinishedD.finished;hadfinished1>Youwon^tgounlessyousoon.综合练习A.comingB.cameC.willcomeD.comestudyingat9:30.Billcameat9:50.BythetimeBillcame.Imyhomework.B.wouldfinish;finished2、Maryadresswhenshecutherflnge匚A.madeB・ismakingC・wasmakingD・makes 3>Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn^tknowheuntilyesterday.A.willcomeB・wascomingC・hadbeencomingD.comes4、Since2000,Nanjinghasbecomeanewcity.Everything・A.ischangedB.waschangedC・haschangedD.hadchanged5>FI1cometoseeyouassoonasIback・A.willbeB.ambeingC・wasD.am6、Heherein1980.Heateacherforovertenyears.A.came;wasB・came;hasbeenC・hascome;isD.hascome;hasbeen7、Ifittomorrow,FIIgobyca匚A.rainB.willrainC.rainsD.wouldrain8、Iyouforalongtime.Whereyou?A.didn"tsee;did;goB・didn^tsee;have;goneC・haven"tseen;have;beenD.haven"tseen;have;gone9、LiHuainthefactorysincesheleftschooltenyearsago.A.worksB.workedC.hasworkedD.hadworked10>Myuncletoseeme.HeTIbeheresoon.A.iscomingB・comesC・hascomeD・came11、WeTVwhenthetelephone•A.watched;wasringingB.werewatching;rangB.watch;ringsD・arewatching;rang12>Heaskedmeduringthewinterholidays.A.whereIhadgoneB.whereIhadbeenB.wherehadIgoneD.wherehadIbeen13、M匚BlackChinaformanyyears.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC・basbeeninD.hascometo14^Thatbuildingtwoyearsago,butitlooksquiteoldnow.A.builtB.wasbuiltC・isbuiltD.builts15>-Doyouknowthetwinsare?-Yes?theyFuzhou.A.havegonetoB・havebeentoC・havegoneD.wentto A.doesheB.didhe17、TheclassbeforetomA.began;waswalkingB.begins;walksB.didn"theD.hadheintotheclassroom・B・hadbegun;walkedC.wasbeginning;walked18>Ialetterfromhimsinceheleft.A.didn"treceiveB.haven"tgotC・didn"thaveD.haven"theard19、-Yoifresmokingalot.-Onlyathome.Noonemebutyou.A・isseeingB.hadseenC.seesD.saw20^Since2000,Nanjinghasbecomeanewcity.Everything・A.ischangedB.waschangedC・haschangedD.hadchanged第九章被动语态一、什么是被动语态？英语中时态很多，但语态不多，只冇两种，即：主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”，相当于中文中常说的“被......”、“由……”的句式，如：“他的白行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”主语是动作的执行者，用主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，用被动语态。二、被动语态的结构那么，英语中被动语态是怎么样构成的呢？请看下而的例句（注意划线部分）：Hisbicyclewasstolen.Thebuildinghasbeenbuiltin2000.通过上而的例句，可以看出，“被动语态”的构成是：bc+过去分词+（by+动作执行者）三、被动语态的运用什么情况下要用被动语态呢？一般地说，冇下面儿种情况：（1） Paperismadefromwood.（纸是山木材半产出来的。）Thehouseisquiteold.Itwasbuiltin1950.（这座房子太旧了。它是1950年建成的。） Hewaswoundedinthefight.(他在战斗在受伤了。)Electricityisusedtorunmachines.(电是用來开动机器的。)Calculatorcan"tbeusedinthemathsexam.(计算器不能用于数学考试。)Booksandnewspapersinthereadingroommustntbetakenaway.(阅览室的卩籍和报纸不准带走。)(3)Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbecompletedbytheendofnextmonth.(新实验室必须在下个刀底前完工。)★四、各种时态的被动语态举例-•般地讲，被动语态可用于英语的各种时态。为了能准确地运用被动语态，重点是要掌握be动词的各种时态变化。各种时态的被动语态举例如下：1、_般现在时的被动语态.Ourclassroomiscleanedeveryday.ThiscarismadeinChina.2、_般过去式的被动语态：Hisdeskwascleanedjustnow.Thestationwasbuiltin1928.3、现在进行时的被动语态：Anewfactoryisbeingbuiltinourcitynow.Sometreesarebeingcutdowninthepark・4、过去进行时的被动语态：Anewfactorywasbeingbuiltinourcityatthattime.SomebabieswerebeinglookedafterbyMissChenlastyear.5、一般将來时的被动语态：(A)will/shall+be+动词的过去分词(B)am/is/are+goingtobe+动词的过去分词.Somenewfactorieswillbebuiltinourcitythisyear.Yourwatchisgoingtobemendedinanhour.6、过去将来时的被动语态：(1).would/should+be+动词的过去分词(2).vvas/were+goingtobe+动词的过去分词. Shesaidthatsomenewfactorieswouldbebuiltsooninourcity.Hethoughtthatyourwatchwasgoingtobemendedafteranhour.7、现在完成时的被动语态:Somenewfactorieshavebeenbuiltinthecitysincelastyea匚 Yourwatchhasbeenmendedalready.8、过去完成时的被动语态:Hesaidthatsomenewfactorieshadbeenbuiltinthecity.Ididn"tknowthatmywatchhadbeenmended・9、含情态动词的被动式：例如：Hecannotbefound./1mustbepaidforthis.五、如何将主动语态变成被动语态1、从句子意义上说，就是重新找出“什么事物""是“被完成""的。例1.主动语态：人们说英语。PeoplespeakEnglishinmanycountries.被动语态：英语被说。Englishisspokeninmanycountries..例2.主动语态：我们造这座桥。Webuiltthisbridgelastyear.被动语态：这座桥被建造。Thisbridgewasbuiltlastyear.主动语态：小王邀请你（宾语）被动语态：你（宾语）被邀请。2、从语法的角度说，把原句的宾语改成主语。例1.XiaoLiuhasinvitedyoutoalunchparty.YouhasbeeninvitedtoalunchpartybyXiaoWang.例2.主动语态：你不准带走杂，忐（宾语）Youmustnottakethesemagazinesoutofthereading-room.被动语态：杂’忐（宾语）不准被带走.Thesemagazinesmustnotbetakenoutofthereadingroom.例3.主动语态：他们授给他（宾语）-•枚奖章（宾语）.被动语态：他（宾语）被授了一枚奖章.被动语态：-枚奖章（宾语）被授给了他.Theygavehimamedalforhiswonderfulwork.Hewasgivenamedalforhiswonderfillwork.Amedalwasgiventohimforhiswonderfulwork.六、牢记（相关）句型上海牛津教材中与彼动语态相关的旬型冇：bemadefrom由制作（发生化学变化）bemadeby被（某人）制造1.becoveredwith被覆盖2.bemadeof由制作（发生物理变化）bemadein由（某地）制造3.beusedfor被用来beusedas被当作（作为）來使用beusedtodosth.被用來做某事 1.Itissaidthat...据说Itishopedthat...希望Itiswellknownthat...众所周知例如:®—Yourcoatlooksnice.Isitcotton?一Yes.It"sShanghai.A.madeof；madebyB・madeof；madeinC.madefor；madebyD・madefor；madein②Thismachineisusedtheroomwet.A•forkeepingB.askeepingC•keepD.tokeeping注意特例将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况：1.含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：①将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变；②将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。例如：①Hetoldusastory.（变被动语态）—>Weweretoldastory（byhim）.或：Astorywastoldtousbyhim.②Hermothergaveheranewpen.（变被动语态）Anewpenherbyhermother.2.短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。例如：①Thisdictionarymustn"tfromthelibrary・A.takeawayB.takenawayC.aretakenawayD.betakenaway②Shewilltakegoodcareofthechildren.（变被动语态）Thechildrenwill（byher）. 3・含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：SomeonesawhimswiminQianlingLakeyesterday.（变被动）HeswiminQianlingLakeyesterday.4.不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“tobe+过去分词”。Theradiosaysawildanimalzooistoinourcity.A.bebuildingB.buildC.bebuiltD.built5.以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语,但仍然放在句子开头。例如：Whohasbrokenthecup?（改为被动语态）—>Bywhomhasthecupbeenbroken?初中英语被动语态专项练习1.Weshalldiscusstheproblemattomorrow^meeting.2.Hasanybodyfedthebirds?3.Peoplewillneverforgettheaccident.4.Theyarerepairingthecarinthegarage.5.Someonemusthaveturnedonthelightwithoutyournotice・6.Theyhavefoundwaystomakewastewaterclean.7.Someonemusttakecareofthechildrenwhenwegoout. &Theywon"tholdthemeetinguntilnextFriday. 1949.D.wasfoundA.speaksB.arespokenC・isspeakingD.isspoken)3ThisEnglishsongbythegirlsafterclass.A.oftensingsB.oftensangC.isoftensangD.isoftensung()4ThiskindofcarinJapan.A,makesB.madeC.ismakingD・ismade)5Newcomputersallovertheworld.A.isusedB・areusingC・areusedD・haveused)6Ourroommustclean."A.keepB.bekept)7-Tdliketobuythatcoat.C・tobekept-Fmsorry.D.tokeepA.itsoldB.it"ssellingC・It"sbeensold)8Anewhouseatthecorneroftheroad・#A.isbuildingB・isbeingbuiltC・beenbuilt)9ThekeyonthetablewhenIleave.A.wasleftB.willbeleftC.isleftD.ithadbeensoldD.bebuildingD.hasbeenleft10Doctorsineverypartoftheworld.A・needB.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed)11Hisnewbooknextmonth・歹MMA.willbepublishedB・ispublishingC・isbeingpublishedD・hasbeenpublished)12Japaneseineverycountry・A.isnotspokenB・arespokenC.isspeaking)13Thesepapersyet.A.havenotwrittenB・havenotbeenwrittenC.hasnotwrittenD・hasnotbeenwrittenD.isnotspeaking)14Thesportsmeetbehelduntilnextweek.A.didn"tB・won"tC.isn"t)15—Myshoesarewornout.—A.Can"ttheybemended?D・doesn"tB.Letmehavealookatit.()1ThePeople"sRepublicofChinaonOctober1,A.foundB.wasfoundedC・isfounded)2EnglishinCanada. )16thewatchbeenrepairedyet?Ibadlyneedit.A.DocsB.HasC.IsD.Arc)17thesedesksbeneeded?/—A.WillB.AreC・HasD・Do()18Whytotalkaboutityesterday?A.didn"tameetingholdB・wasn"tameetingheldC.wasn"theldameetingD.ameetingwasn"theld()19Whowasthebook?A.writeB.wroteC.writtenD.writtenby()20Wheretheseboxesmade?A.wasB.wereC.isD・am()21Theflowersoften.D.mustwaterD.wasA.mustbewaterB.mustbewateredC.mustwatered)22Thebooksmayfortwoweeks.A.bekeptB.beborrowedC.keepD.borrow)23Theteachermadehimhishomework.A.todoB.doC.didD.done()24Theboystreetswithoutpayintheolddays・A.wasmadetocleanB.madecleanC.madetocleanmadeclean)25Thesechildrendance.A.wereseentoB.wereseenforC.wereseenD.sawto)26Thesestones_well.A.arefittedB.fitC.fitsD.isfitted)27Thebike#500yuan.A.wascostB.costedC・costD・iscosted)28Theimportantmeetingonacoldmorninglastyear.A.washadB.washeldC.heldD.had)29GreatchangesinthepasttenyearsinChina.A.tookplaceB・havetakenplace ()30Youcan"tusethecomputer,itA.wasbrokendownB.iswrongC・isbadD.hasbrokendown)31Greatchangesinourcountryduringthepast20years.A.havehappenedB・happenedC.havebeenhappenedD.werehappened()32Thewatchhasoftendown.A.satB.lainC.brokenD.fell)33A.isbrokenB.isbreakingC.brokeD・broken)34Thestorybooksbythewriterinthe1960s.A.arewrittenB.werewrittenC・arewritingD.werewriting()35Whattimethedooreveryday?A.does;closedB.does;closeC.is;closedD・/;closePleasepassmeanothercup・Thisone.)36Canhehimself?A.getdressB.getdressedC.getsdressedD.insteadof)37HefellfromhisbikeandA.ishurtB.getshurtC・gothurtD.hurt)38Lookout,pleasekeepawayfromtheyourtrouserswill_A.burntB.burnC.burningD.getburn)39Theappleverysweet.A.istastedB.tasteC・tastesD.aretasting()40Youmorebeautifulinthelightblueshirt.A.seeB.watchC.lookD・lookat()41Whatyousaid.likeagoodidea.A.heardB・listenedC.soundD・sounded)42・WhatdoyouthinkoftheTVplay?-Wonderful.Itisworthasecondtime.A.watchingB.watchedC・seenD.seeing)43・Howdirtythetablesare!Theyneed・A.tocleanB・cleanC.cleaning)44.Thebookisworth.A.seeingB・readingC・seen)45ThebrokenbikeherebyMrSmith.D・cleanedD.read A.canmendB.canmendedC.canbemendD.canbemended)46Theoldbridgeinmyhometownnextmonth・A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willrebuilt"C.aregoingtoberebuiltD・aregoingtorebuilt)47TheplayatthetheatrenextSunday.D.isshownA.isgoingtobeshownB・willshownC.willshow)48Theoldstonebridgenextweek・A.isgoingtoberebuiltB・willberebuildC.arcgoingtoberebuiltD.willrebuild第十章句子(一)分类：(1)按使用目的分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。(2)按结构分:简单句、并列句和复合句(从句)。基础：(-)陈述句(1)肯定陈述句①Thisisabook,(be动词)②Helooksveryyoung.(连系动词)③IwantaT-shirtlikethis.(实义动词)④1canbringsomethingstoschool.⑤There"sacomputeronmydesk.(Therebe结构)(2)否定陈述句①Thisisnot(isn"t)abook.②Hedoesnot(doesn"t)lookveryyoung③Idonot(don"t)wantaT-shirtlikethis.④Icannot(can"t)bringanythinstoschool.⑤Thereisnot(isn"t)acomputeronmydesk. （二）祈使句祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等等。谓语动词一律用原形。句子中通常不用主语（1）肯定祈使句①Standup.起立②Pleasegoandasktheman..③Let"slearnEnglish④Comein,please.⑶否定祈使句（一般结构：Doift+动词原型）①Don"tbelate.③Don"thurry.（三）疑问句（1）一般疑问句①Isthisabook?②Doeshelookveryyoung?③DoyouwantaT-shirtlikethat?④Doyoubringanythingstoschool?①Isthereacomputeronthedesk?（2）选择疑问句Isthetablebigorsmall?⑶特殊疑问句基础：①特殊疑问句要由疑问代词或疑问副词开头，询问的内容不同，使用的疑问词也不同。疑问词冇what（询问事物）,howmuch（询问价格）,whattime（询问时间,尤其是点钟）,when（询问时间）,why（询问原因）,who（询问人）,where（询问地点）等等。②特殊疑问句的语序。特殊疑问句由疑问词开头，其构成是“疑问词+-般疑问句Whattimeisit?现在儿点钟？Whoisyourteacher?谁是你的老师？（1）问年龄HowoldisLucy?Sheistwelve.⑵问种类Whatkindofmoviesdoyoulike?1likeactionmoviesandcomedies.⑶问身体状况Howisyouruncle?Heiswell/fine. （4）问方式Howdo/canyouspellit?Howdowecontactyou?⑸问原因Whydoyouwanttojointheclub? (6)问时•间What"sthetime?(=Whattimeisit?)Whattimedoyouusuallygetup,Rick?Atfiveo"clock.Whendoyouwanttogo?Let"sgoat7:00.⑺问地方Where"smybackpack?iVsunderthetable.⑻问人物Who"sthat?It"smysister.Whoistheboyinblue?MybrotherWhoisn"tatschool?PeterandEmma.WhoareLisaandTimtalkingto?(9)问东西Whafsthis/that(inEnglish)?It"sapencilcase.(10)问姓名What"syouraunt"sname?HernameisHelen./She"sHelen.(11)问哪一个Whichdoyoulike?Ilikeoneinthebox.(12)问价格Howmucharethesepants?They"re15dollars.(13)问电话号码Whafsyourphonenumber?It"s576-8349.(14)问职业(身份)Whatdoyoudo?I"mateacher.What"syourfather?He"sadocto匚(15)问颜色Whatcolorarethey?Theyarelightblue.提高：就for引导的一段时间提问用howlong；就in引导的一段时间提问用howsoon；就距离提问用howfar；就周期、频率提NJhowoften0Hewaitedforherforanhour.HewillcometoShanghaiinaweek・Itis6kilometersfromheretoyourhome.HegoestoHongkongonceamonth・（四）感叹句Whatafunnytimetoeatbreakfast!吃早饭多么有趣啊！感叹句巧解：感叹句耍看后而，即看形容词眉的东东,1）若|形容词|后紧跟可数名词单数,就用whata/an；是不町数名词或叮数名词复数，只用what。2）若形容词示后紧跟a/an/the/my/your/this/that/Tom^等等乱七八糟的东西，想都不用想，肓接用how就OK了。如：例句1:Whatagood形容词例句2：Whatgoodboyheis!他是个多么好的男孩啊！单数名词 boystheyare!他们是多么好的■）］孩啊! 形容词复数名词例句3：Whatcoldweatheritis!多么冷的天气啊!形容词|不可数名词例句4：Howgoodtheboyis!这男孩多好啊!形容词乱糟糟★★★若没有形容词，而出现副词或是句子，直接用how.例：Howwellheplaystheguitar!他吉他弹得多好啊!/副词（what不可以修饰副词，看到副词直接用how）Howtimeflics!HowfastLiuXiangruns打汕诗一首：感叹句往后看昼词示是名单就用whata或whatan形后若是不可数或名复数只用what就可以形容词后乱糟糟只写how就OK了句型变化综合练习一、完成下列感叹句。1).difficulthomeworkwehadyesterday!2).cutedogitis!3).interestingthestoiyis!4).badtheweatherinEnglandis!5).honestboyTomis!6).tastysmellthecakegaveoff!7).goodtimewehadonthebeachyesterday!8).excitingnewsyou"vebroughtus! 1).coolyournewcaris!2).scaiythesetigersare!二、选择填空。1.fasttheboyran!A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan2.wellyousingbutbadlyhedances!A.How,howB.What,whatC.How,whatD.What,how3・deliciousthesoupis!fdlikesomemore・A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan4.foolstheywere!Theybelievedwhatthemansaid.A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan5・foolishtheywere!Theybelievedwhatthemansaid.A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan6.difficultquestionstheyare!Ican"tanswerthem.A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan7・1missmyfriendverymuch.1wanttoseeher!A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan8・lovelyweatherwearehavingthesedays!A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan9・beautifulyournewdressis!A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan10.interestingworkitistoteachchildren!A.HowB.HowanC.WhatD.Whatan三、所给旬了填空，使填空旬变为相应的感叹旬：1・Theboyswamveryfast.theboyswam!2.Theschooltripisveryexciting. theschooltripis!1.HeiLongjianglooksverybeautifulinwinter.HeiLongjianglooksinwinter!2.Itisaveryusefuldictionary.dictionaryitis!dictionaryis!3.Thestudentsarelisteningverycarefully・thestudentsarelistening! 第十一章句子（二）反意疑问句反意疑问句是英语屮最常见的句型z—,属初屮必考题型。其构成和使用看似纷繁复朵，其实，仍有规律可循。1.陈述句部分是am..."句型时，附加问句部分常用oIamateacher,?我是一个老师，不是吗？2.陈述句部分是"Therebe…”句型时，附加问句部分常用。Therearesomebooksonthedesk,?桌子上冇一些书，不是吗？3.陈述句部分是nIwish...n句型时，附加问句部分用oIwishIwereyou,?我希望我是你，可以吗？4•陈述句部分是”祈使句”时，附加问句部分常用Pleasecometotheblackboard,?请到黑板这边来，行吗？5•陈述句部分是”Lett引导的祈使句”时，附加问句部分常用。Let"sgohome,?咱们回家吧，好吗？6•陈述句部分是”Let+us(me,him,her・・・)引导的祈使句”时，附加问句部分常 用oLetustakearest,?让我们休息一卜，可以吗？4.陈述句部分是”主从复合句”时，附加问句部分的主语和谓语动词形式应该与主句的主语和谓语动词形式保持一致。ShethinkstheboycansingthesonginEnglish,doesn"tshe?她认为那个男孩会用英语唱这首歌，不是吗？注意：陈述句部分是nIdonftthink(believe...)+宾语从句”时，附加问句部分的主语和谓语动词形式应与从句中的主语和谓语动词形式保持一致。Idon*tthinkshecancomehereontime,canshe?我认为她不会准时到这儿来，对吗？5.陈述句部分是”感叹句，时，附加问句部分常用tobe的现在时，且必须用否定形式。Whatagoodgirl,isn*tshe?多么好的一个女孩啊，不是吗？Whatafinedaytoday,isn*tit?今天天气多好啊，不是吗？9・陈述句部分是”并列句”时，附加问句部分的主语和谓语动词的形式应该与邻近的句子的主语和谓语动词的形式保持一致。Itislatenow,buthegoesondoinghishomework,doesn"the?现在天晚了，但是他仍在继续做作业，不是吗？10.陈述句部分含有表示否定意义的词(如：no,nothing,nobody,little,few,never,neither,hardly,seldom等)时，附加问句部分用肯定形式。Thereislittlewaterinthecup,isthere?杯了里几乎没有水，是吗？Theyhaveneverseenthefilm,havethey?他们从未看过这部电影，是吗？11.陈述句部分中含有表示否定意义的前缀或后缀(如：un-，in-,im-,dis-,-less等)的词时，附加问句部分用否定形式。 TheydislikeEnglish,don"tthey?他们不喜欢英语，不是吗？Thafsunfair,isn*tit?那件事不公平,不是吗？Youaretoocareless,aren"tyou?你太粗心了，不是吗？12•主语为somethinganyoneeverybody等不定代词时，附加问句部分主语为he或者they。13.You6dbetter句型中附加问句部分为hadn"tyou?14.Mustbe在表示猜测是附加问句部分为，be+主语拓展题1.Theyaren"tworker,?2Thereisadeskintheroom,3Hisfatherisateacher,?4.MaryandherparentswillcometoChina,?5Mysistercan,swim,?1.LiHualivesinthishouse,?2.TheyplayedfootballlastSaturday,?3.HehasneverbeentoAmerica,?9.Sheknowslittleaboutchemistry,?10.Thereisnothingintheroom,?11.Nobodycametoseeme,?12.Nothingcanmakehimturnagainsthiscountry?BLet"sgohome,?14.1don"tbelievesheknowsit,?15.Heneversaidhewouldcome,?16.YounavenoclassesonSunday,?17.Horsescanrunfasterthandogs,?18.Youneedanewbike,?19.HespeaksneitherRussiannorFrench,? 13.Hecanhardlybelieveit,?21Thereislittletimeleft,?22.Youhaven"seenmysonanywhere,?23.hisbrotherdoesn"tlearnFrench,?24Nobodycandothiswork,?25.Thisisaninterestingbook,?26.Let，sgotothecinematogether,?27.Don"topenthedoor,?28Theywereplayingbasketballthistimeyesterday,?29ThestudentslearnedtospeakEnglish,?30.Thebirdshaveflownaway,?