英语语法总结[大学] 34页

英语语法总结[大学]一、大学英语三、四级语法归纳二、时态和语态I、时态◇时态是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式。每一种“时间＋方式”就构成一种时态。从时间上看，有现在、过去、将来和过去将来之分，从动作上看，有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。（英语动词有16种时态）在实际应用中以及TOEFL等考试中出现最多的时态也只有4种，即一般现在时，现在完成时，一般过去时及过去完成时。◇1．用一般现在时表示将来的动作。B.在由连词evenif,unless,assoonas,if,when,incase,before,after,until,once,themoment,aslongas等引出状语从句中，谓语一般不用will或shall来表示将来的动作，仅用一般现在时。例如：C.eg.Shewillcometoseeyouthemomentshefinishesherwork.◇Thebosswon’tgivetheworkerspayunlessthey______theirworktoday.(03/12,43)D.A)finishB)finishedC)willfinishD)hadfinished◇Suchcrimesmaybesocomplexthatmonthsoryearsgobybeforeanyone__________them.E.A)discoveredB)willdiscover(03/1,31,CET-4)F.C)wouldhavediscoveredD)discoversG.B.某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按预定计划或时刻表在短时间内将发生的动作。这类动词有：be,go,come,start,leave,depart,arrive,begin,return等。例如：◇Thetrainleavesatfivesharp.H.2.现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别1)现在完成时：I.①构成：have／has+过去分词J.②语法意义及要点：A.表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。eg.sofar，uptonow，since，foralongtimeetc.K.eg.HehasworkedasateacherformanyyearsL.Uptillnow，nothinghasgonewrong．◇Don’tdisturbFather.He________lettersallmorningandhaswrittentensofar.(99/6,42)M.A)writeB)hasbeenwritingC)haswrittenD)waswritingN.◇Thisistheworsttimeoftheyear.It________everydaysofar.(02/6,42)O.A)israiningB)hasrainedC)rainedD)rainsP.B．表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用(eg.yet，just，before，recently,etc.)；也同表示频度时间状语连用(eg.often，ever，never，sometimes，severaltimes,etc).；还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用(eg.now，today，thismorning,etc).但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(lastyear，inl997etc.)Q.eg.IhaveneverlearnedJapanesebefore．34 英语语法总结[大学]A.Wehavebeenquitebusylately/recently．B.◇IammeetingIvantonight;I_______aRussianbefore.(01/1,49)C.A)didn’tevermeetB)haveevermetC)hadnevermetD)havenevermetD.C．在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。◇We"llstartat50"clockifithasstoppedrainingbythen．◇IshallgotoseeyouwhenIhavefinishedmyhomework．E.Note：行为不能持续的瞬间动词(InstantaneousVerb)，eg.arrive,begin,come,go，start,leave,die，join，etc.通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。◇Hehasjoinedthearmyforfiveyears．(F)◇Hehasbeeninthearmyforfiveyears。(T)F.2)过去完成时：G.①构成：had+过去分词H.②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。I.eg.DavidandJennyhadknowneachotherforalongtimebeforetheirmarriage.J.Theyhadgoteverythingreadybeforethepartybegan．◇Theburglary______beforeIarrivedattheoffice;allIcoulddowastocallthepolice.(03/6,56)K.A)hasoccurredB)hadoccurredC)wasoccurringD)wouldoccurL.Note:与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。◇Hesaidthathehadseenherthedaybeforeyesterday.M.3)将来完成时：N.①构成：shall／will+have+过去分词O.②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。P.eg.Hewillhavegraduatedfromhighschoolbeforehisnextbirthday，Q.Theshopwillhaveclosedalreadybeforeyougetthere．R.◇Bytheendofnextyearthey_________togetherfortwentyyears.(01/1,48)S.A)willhaveworkedB)hadworkedC)wouldworkD)haveworkedT.◇--"MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Williamsatfiveo"clocktonight?"(00/6,41,CET-4)--"I"msorry.Mr.Williams_______toaconferencelongbeforethen."A)willhavegoneB)hadgoneC)wouldhavegoneD)hasgoneU.◇BythetimehearrivesinBeijing,we_______herefortwodays.(01/6,31,CET-4)A)havebeenstayingB)havestayedC)shallstayD)willhavestayedV.◇BythetimeyougettoNewYork,I_______forLondon.(02/1,41,CET-4)A)wouldbeleavingB)amleavingC)havealreadyleftD)shallhaveleft34 英语语法总结[大学]A.4)将来时间表示法：B.①begoingto+V.表示不太明确的意图、打算。◇We’regoingtotobuildanewhighwaytotheeast.C.②be+to+V.表示正式的安排、指示、命令、禁止等。例如：D.You’retodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.◇You’renottotellhimanythingaboutourplans.E.③beaboutto/beonthepointof表示不久的将来，后者表示更近的将来，强调将来要发生的事情已临近。例如：◇Ifeelthatsomethingterribleisabouttohappen.◇Ican’tseeyounow.I’monthepointofleaving.F.④bedueto表示将来的用法与时刻表、实施计划有关。例如：◇ThetraintoHangzhouisduetoarriveat13:15.II、语态G.英语动词有两种语态，一种叫主动语态（ActiveVoice），一种叫被动语态（PassiveVoice）,分别表示主语和谓语动词的主动关系和被动关系。.主动语态用于主动句，表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态用于被动句，表示主语是动作的承受者。H.☆基本公式是：“是”动词＋过去分词（被动语态有13种）I.1.am/is/are+P.P2.am/is/are+being+P.PJ.3.was/were+P.P4.was/were+being+P.PK.5.hasbeen+P.P6.had+been+P.PL.7.shall/willbe+P.P8.should/wouldbe+P.PM.9.should/shall/would/must/need/may/might/oughttoN./can/could/willbe+P.P(情态动词)O.10.be+tobe+P.P(不定式)11.tohavebeen+P.P(完成体)P.12.being+P.P(动名词及分词)13.havingbeen+PP(完成时动名词及分词)☆动词不定式符号to的处理。Q.感官动词（verbsofperception）,如see,watch,observe,notice,listento,hear,feel,etc;R.使役动词（causativeverbs）,如make,have,let,etc;S.如后面接不定式作为其宾语补语时，该不定式不能带有“to”这个符号。T.即：感官动词U.主语+使役动词+宾语+不带to的不定式V.但当上列结构由主动语态转成被动语态时，不带to的不定式须换成带to的不定式。W.eg.Wesawhimcrossthestreet.Hewasseentocrossthestreet.X.JohnheardMarygodownstairs.Marywasheardtogodownstairs.Y.Thesharppainmadehercryout.Shewasmadetocryoutbythesharppain.Z.二、非谓语动词34 英语语法总结[大学]I、动名词☆动名词可以在句中作主语补足语、主语、宾语、表语。它具有动词特征，有时态和语态的变化。例如：B.◇Transplantingwillsoonstart.(S)◇It’snousewaiting.(S)C.◇Wouldyoumindstandingonyourhead?(O)◇Myfavoritesportisswimming.(P)◇Hisjobislookingafterthetwodogsoftheoldwoman.(S-c)1.某些动词后要接动名词D.某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit，avoid，appreciate(赞赏)，complete，consider，can"thelp，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，endure,excuse,fancy，favour(赞同)，finish，forgive，involve，imagine，mind，miss，postpone，practise，prevent，quit，resent，risk，resist，suggest,etc.E.Shesuggestedspendinganotherdayinthemountainarea．F.There"snowaytoescapedoingthework．G.Sheisconsideringaskingheremployerforarise．H.◇Ishallpostpone________mypaperuntilIgetenoughinformationonthesubject.(02/6,55)I.A)writingC)writtenB)beingwrittenD)towriteJ.MaybeI’ll______theMAprogramaftergraduatingfromcollege.(03/1,54)K.A)considertotakeB)considertotakingL.C)considertakingD)considerontakingM.◇Heconsiders_______anMAprogramaftergraduationintwoyears.(03/6,51)N.A)takingB)totakeC)tookD)takenO.◇Trytoimagine________thePacificOceaninasmallboat.(03/12,54)P.A)crossingB)tocrossC)tobecrossedD)oncrossingQ.◇Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggested_______atthenexttown.(00/6,34,CET-4)A)tostopB)stoppingC)stopD)havingstoppedR.◇Thatyoungmanstilldenies_______thefirebehindthestore.(01/1,45,CET-4)A)startB)tostartC)havingstartedD)tohavestartedS.Note：①在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式◇Theclockneeds／wantsrepairing．(＝Theclockneeds／wantstoberepaired．)◇Thedisableddeserverespecting．(＝Thedisableddeservetoberespected．)34 英语语法总结[大学]A.②在like、hate、prefer等动词后，如果表示一般倾向，则用动名词作宾语；如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。B.Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind，butldon"tliketoreadthatbook．C.Shepreferswalkingtocycling．D.Iprefertostayathometoday．E.③在remember、forget、regret等动词后，如果用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前；如果用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后。F.Irememberedlockingthedoor．(＝IrememberedthatIhadlockedthedoor.)G.Irememberedtolockthedoor．(＝Irememberedthatlwastolockthedoor.)H.Iregrettellingyouaboutit．(＝Iregretthatltoldyouaboutit.)I.Iregrettotellyouhehasfallenill．(＝IregretthatIamtotellyouhehasfallenill.)J.2.动名词作介词的宾语K.动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。◇Hisdreamofbecomingasuccessfulwriterhascometrue．◇Sheleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetous．L.动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有：beaccustomedto，believein，confessto，dreamof，feellike，giveup，insiston，beinterestedin，lookforwardto，objectto，havean(no)objectionto，payattentionto，putoff，beresponsiblefor，succeedin，betiredof，be(get)usedto，worryabout,etc.◇Heisusedtolivingonhisown．◇Hehasmadeuphismindtogiveupsmoking.M.3、带逻辑主语的动名词N.动名词可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的所有格+动名词”。带逻辑主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语，宾语，表语和介词的宾语。在非正式语体中，如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以用宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主语。但需注意的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的所有格来作动名词的逻辑主语。O.YourdrivingacartoNewYorktooklongerthanIexpected．P.IappreciatedherdevotingherselftothecauseOfeducation．Q.Yourmotherwillbeastonishedatyourcominghomesolate．R.WhatwefeltuneasyaboutwasLiMing"shavingtoomuchconfidenceinhimself．S.◇Idon"tmind______thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.（00/1，43,CET-4）A)youtodelaymakingB)yourdelayingmakingC)yourdelayingtomakeD)youdelaytomakeT.Ⅱ、不定式1.某些动词后要接不定式U.某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有:agree，apply,afford，arrange，appear，ask，attempt，care，choose，continue，claim,decide，dare,34 英语语法总结[大学]demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，fear，forget，hate，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，like，love，manage，mean(打算)，neglect，offer(主动提出)，plan，prefer，prepare，pretend，promise，prove，refuse，regret，remember，resolve(决心),seek，seem,tend，try，volunteer，want，wish，etc.A.Whatdoyouplantodotomorrow?B.Shehatedtomovefromsuchanicevillage．C.Inclassteachersshouldtrytogetfeedbackfromtheirstudents.D.2.不定式的被动式E.不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。F.eg.Thelastquestiontobediscussedtodayishowtodothejobmoreefficiently．G.Shepreferredtobegivenmoredifficultworktodo．H.Itisagreathonorformetobeinvitedtotheparty.I.Ifthebuildingproject_________bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.J.A)beingcompletedB)iscompletedC)tobecompletedD)completed(01/6,48,CET-4)K.3.不定式的完成式L.当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。◇Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutthenewsalready.◇HeWasbelievedtohavebeenaveryrichman．M.4.不定式的完成被动式N.当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。O.eg.Theforestfireisreportedtohavebeenputoutlastnight．P.Itissupposedtohavebeenfinishedwithoutreferringtoanyreferencebooks．Q.◇Twentysoldierswerereported________inthatbattle.(99/6,44)R.A)tohavebeenkilledB)havingbeenkilledC)tobekilledD)beingkilled◇Theaccidentisreported________atdawnthismorning,killingabouttenpeople.(03/6,42)S.A)tohaveoccurredB)tohavebeenoccurredC)occurredD)occurringT.◇Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_______inbroaddaylightyesterday.(01/1,63,CET-4)A)beingrobbedB)havingbeenrobbedC)tohavebeenrobbedD)robbedU.5.带逻辑主语的不定式短语V.不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为"for+代词的宾格(或名词)+不定式"。带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。W.Itisnoteasyforyoutocatchupwiththeminashorttime．34 英语语法总结[大学]A.Ithinkitbetterforyoutoseethedoctor．B.Whatwewantisforyoutounderstandthematterclearly．C.IsenthimsomepicturesforhimtoseewhatParisislike．D.6.带疑问词的不定式短语E.不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语宾语、表语或状语等。F.HowtoimproveEnglishisoftendiscussedamongthestudents．G.Wehaven"tdecidedwhentovisittheplace．H.ThemostdifficultthinginlearningEnglishishowtospeakthelanguagewell．I.Youhaven"tansweredmyquestionwheretosetthesebooks．J.7.某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是:feel,have，hear，let，make，notice，see，watch,etc.K.eg.Suddenlylfelttheatmosphereintheroombecometense．L.Ioftenhearthemsingthissong．M.◇Aswefelttheground_______toshake,weallhurriedoutandstoodintheopen.(03/6,50)N.A)tobeginB)begunC)hasbegunD)beginO.Ⅲ、分词☆分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。1、现在分词与过去分词的区别P.现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。Q.Cf：achangingworld(一个变化着的世界)VSachangedworld(一个已经起变化的世界)R.Surprisingnews(令人惊讶的消息)VSsurprisedpeople(感到惊讶的人们)S.2.分词作状语T.作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。U.eg.Hearingthenews，heheavedasignofrelief．V.Givenanotherchance，I"lldoitmuchbetter．◇Allthings_______,theresultissatisfactory.(99/6,50)W.A)consideredB)toconsiderC)consideringD)areconsidered◇Childrenmayimprovetheirspeechbylisteningtopeopletalk,afactthatmaygo_________.(01/1,59)X.A)nottobenoticedB)unnoticedC)beingunnoticedD)nottonotice34 英语语法总结[大学]A.◇Ithinkthat_________withtherailway,thehighwayismuchbetter.(02/6,44)B.A)comparingB)comparedC)tocompareD)compare◇________hishomework,theschoolboydashedtotheplaygroundtojoinhisfriendsinthegame.(03/6,48)C.A)FinishedB)WithfinishingC)FinishingD)TofinishD.◇AsaruleMr.Smithwentforawalkaftersupper,________byawhitelapdog.(03/6,52)E.A)followingB)followedC)tofollowD)havingfollowedF.◇Theboylookedatthestrangercarefully,_______whohecouldbe.(03/12,42)G.A)towonderB)wonderedC)wonderingD)havingwonderedH.◇______inthisway，thesituationdoesn"tseemsodisappointing.(00/1,68,CET-4)A)TolookatB)LookingatC)LookedatD)TobelookedatI.◇Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo_______bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.A)unrecordedB)tobeunrecordedC)unrecordingD)tohavebeenunrecorded(00/6,26,CET-4)J.◇_______inarecentsciencecompetition,thethreestudentswereawardedscholarshipstotaling$21,000.A)JudgedthebestB)Judgingthebest(01/1,46,CET-4)K.C)TobejudgedthebestD)HavingjudgedthebestL.◇________intheUnitedStates,St.Louishasnowbecomethe24thlargestcity.(01/6,60,CET-4)A)BeingthefourthbiggestcityC)OncethefourthbiggestcityB)ItwasoncethefourthbiggestcityD)ThefourthbiggestcityitwasM.◇Hewasn"tappointedchairmanofthecommittee,________notverypopularwithallitsmembers.A)tobeconsideredC)beingconsidered(02/1,53,CET-4)B)consideringD)havingconsideredN.◇Weleftthemeeting,thereobviously___________nopointinstaying.(02/6,58,CET-4)A)wereB)beingC)tobeD)having◇Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completely________totheoutsideworld.(03/1,43,CET-4)O.A)havingbeenlostB)tobeloseC)losingD)lost-----(belostto)P.3.分词作定语34 英语语法总结[大学]A.分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。◇He"saspoiltchild．◇ThemanstandingoverthereisourEnglishteacher.B.4.分词作宾语补足语C.分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。D.常用的感觉动词主要有：see，hear，notice，watch，find，observe，smell,etc.E.常用的使役动词主要有：Set，have，keep，leave，set，make，let,etc.F.此外，分词还可在want，like，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。G.Shewatchedherbabysleeping．H.Igotmyhaircut．I.Idon"twantyouworryingaboutme.．J.◇Theyhadtheirnewhouse________intheearthquakelastweek.(02/6,52)K.A)bedestroyedB)beingdestroyedC)tobedestroyedD)destroyedL.◇Asamember,hetiredhardtomakehisvoice________inthecommittee.(03/6,46)M.A)heardB)hearC)hearingD)beheard◇Thewoundedsoldierhadthemessage________straighttothearmycommander.(03/12,46)N.A)sentB)tosendC)tobesentD)beingsentO.◇CornoriginatedintheNewWorldandthuswasnotknowninEuropeuntilColumbusfoundit______inCuba.（00/1，45,CET-4）A)beingcultivatedB)beencultivatedC)havingcultivatedD)cultivatingP.◇Youwillseethisproduct_______whereveryougo.（00/6，30,CET-4）Q.A)tobeadvertisedB)advertisedC)advertiseD)advertisingR.◇Withthedevelopmentinscienceandtechnologymancanmakevariousflowers_________beforetheirtime.A)bebloomedB)bloomC)bloomedD)blooming（01/6，36,CET-4）S.◇Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers__________ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.A)informB)informingC)beinformedD)informed（01/6，54,CET-4）T.5、分词与连词的连用34 英语语法总结[大学]A.分词可与各种连词(如：when，while，once，until，if，unless，though，although，evenif，as，asif，asthough等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。B.eg.She"llgetnervouswhenspeakinginpublic．C.Hewentontalking，thoughcontinuallyinterrupted．◇Though_________inabigcity,Peteralwayspreferstopainttheprimitivescenesofcountrylife.D.A)grownB)raisedC)tendedD)cultivated（03/1，32,CET-4）E.6、分词的独立结构F.分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致；否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。G.分词的独立结构由“名词、代词+分词”构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。H.eg.Weatherpermitting，thefootballmatchwillbeplayedonWednesday．I.Hersonhavingbeensenttoschool，shebegantodosomeshopping．J.Hereturnedthreedayslater，hisfacecoveredwithmudandhisclothestornintopieces．K.Thereweretwopartiesyesterdayevening，eachattendedbysomestudents。L.◇Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_____onbenches,chairsorboxes.A)havingseatedB)seatingC)seatedD)havingbeenseated（00/1，46,CET-4）M.◇Somanydirectors_______,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.（01/1，58,CET-4）N.A)wereabsentB)beenabsentC)hadbeenabsentD)beingabsentO.◇Allthetasks________aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.（01/6，56,CET-4）A)beenfulfilledB)havingbeenfulfilledC)werefulfilledD)hadbeenfulfilledP.◇Allflights________becauseoftheterribleweather,theyhadtogotherebytrain.（02/1，67,CET-4）A)havingbeencanceledC)havingcanceledB)hadbeencanceledD)werecanceledQ.7、with引导的独立主格结构的构成方法及应用R.With+名词/代词+形容词S.Hesleepswiththewindowsopeneveninwinter.T.With+名词/代词+介词短语◇Thewomancameintotheofficewithamobiletelephoneinherhand.34 英语语法总结[大学]A.With+名词/代词+副词◇Withtheshiftover,wewenttoseethefilm.B.With+名词/代词+动词的现在分词◇Withmorepeoplehelpingthem,theywillbeabletoaccomplishthetaskaheadoftime.C.With+名词/代词+动词的过去分词◇Withthequestionsettled,theywerehappyandrelaxed.D.With+名词/代词+不定式E.Heknewthatwithhimtohelpher,shecouldsucceed.F.注：Without也能引导独立结构。◇Iwouldn’tdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.G.8.垂悬分词短语作状语。H.垂悬分词是一种具有独立性的分词，在句中作状语时，它的逻辑主语不必与句子的主语保持一致。常见的垂悬分词有：regarding(关于),concerning，considering，assuming(假设)，admitting(that),granting/granted(that),seeing(that),judgingfrom,generallyspeaking,allowingfor(考虑到),etc.◇Hedidabadjobconcerninghisexperience.◇judgingfromthenumberofcars,therewerenotmanypeopleattheclubyet.二、虚拟语气I.虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实或与事实相反。J.BasicVerbsK.eg.Thejudgeinsistedthatthecaucusedmanappearinprison.L.ontheaccusedmanappearinginprison.M.Werecommendthataneutralchairmanbeappointed.N.Verbs(themeaningoftheNaresimilarwiththeVerb)N.eg.TheboardhasgiventheinstructionthattheagentflyBoston.O.Youradvicethathewaitnextweekisreasonable.Adj.N.P.eg.Itisappropriatethatthistaxbeabolished.Q.Itisnecessarythathecomewithoutlate.R.常考的几种虚拟语气句型：1.表示现在／过去／将来情况的虚拟条件句S.虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：1)表示与现在情况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+动词原形",从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”(动词be的过去式一律用were)。◇IfIwereyou，Iwouldnotaccepthisoffer．◇IfIhadtime，1wouldcertainlygotothecinemawithyou．T.2)表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+have+过去分词"，从句谓语用过去完成时。34 英语语法总结[大学]A.eg.IfIhadgetupalittleearlier，Iwouldn"thavemissedthetrainB.IfIhadbeenmorecareful，Imighthavepassedthatexam．C.◇Theplantswouldhavegrownallrightifshe______themproperly.(99/6,53)D.A)hadwateredB)wateredC)haswateredD)watersE.◇Thingsmighthavebeenmuchworseifthemother_______onherrighttokeepthebaby.A)hasbeeninsistingC)wouldinsist（02/1，59,CET-4）B)hadinsistedD)insistedF.3)表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用"would／could／might+动词原形”，从句谓语用"were+动词不定式”或"should+动词原形”。◇IfIweretodothejob，Iwouldnotbeabletohaveenoughtimetostudy．◇Ifitshouldraintomorrow，Iwouldnotgooutwithyou．G.2.虚拟条件句连接词if的省略H.如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were，had，should，could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were，had，should，could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。I.WereItodothejob，Iwouldfinishdoingitwithintwoweeks．J.Haditnotbeenforhishelp，wecouldn"thavearrivedthereontime．K.Shoulditraintomorrow，Iwouldstayathome．L.3.wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成M.动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。1)表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时(be的过去式为were)。N.eg.IwishIhadenoughmoneytobuyacar．O.IwishIwereasyoungandenergeticasyou.P.◇SometimesIwishI______inadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.（00/1，58,CET-4）A)belivingB)werelivingC)wouldliveD)wouldhavelivedQ.2)表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时(had+过去分词)或"would／could+have+过去分词”。◇IwishIhadn"tmadesuchamistake．◇IwishIcouldhavedoneitbetter．R.◇Jackwishesthathe________businessinsteadofhistorywhenhewasinuniversity.（01/6，50,CET-4）A)studiedB)studyC)hadbeenstudyingD)hadstudiedS.3)表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用"would／should(could，might)+动词原形"。◇IwishIwouldnotgetold．34 英语语法总结[大学]◇IwishIcouldtravelaroundtheworldonedayB.4.某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气C.在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advise，ask，command，decide，Decree(命令，宣布)，demand，desire，direct，insist，move（提议），order，allow,propose，pray,prefer,recommend（推荐，劝告），request，require，suggest，Vote（表决）等。D.eg.Theworkersdemandedthattheirwages(should)beraisedby10percent.E.Theteacherdecidedthatyoudotheexperimentfirst．F.◇Heleninsistedthatshe______someoneknockingatthedoor.(99/6,47)G.A)hadheardB)hasheardC)washearingD)shouldhaveheardH.TheteachersallrecommendedthatGerman______thefirstelectivesubjectinthissemester.(03/1,52)I.A)beB)mustbeC)isD)wasJ.◇Mike"suncleinsists______inthishotel.（00/1，52,CET-4）A)stayingnotB)nottostayC)thathewouldnotstayD)thathenotstayK.5.某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气L.在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advice，idea，instruction，insistence(坚持),motion，order，plan，proposal，recommendation，request，requirement，suggestion，等。M.eg.Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)sendforadoctorimmediately．N.◇Yourproposalthatshe______tillnextweekiswise.(00/12,55)O.A)waitB)waitingC)willwaitD)waitedP.◇Thesuggestionthatthemayor_______theyprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.（00/6，30,CET-4）A)wouldpresentB)presentC)presentsD)oughttopresentQ.◇Manyadelegatewasinfavorofhisproposalthataspecialcommittee_______toinvestigatetheincident.A)weresetupB)wassetupC)besetupD)setup（02/1，47,CET-4）R.6.错综时间条件句S.条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的，如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设，这种句子称为错综时间条件句。T.eg.Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable，thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter．34 英语语法总结[大学]◇IfI__________harderatschool,Iwouldbesittinginacomfortableofficenow.（03/1，35,CET-4）B.A)workedB)weretoworkC)hadworkedD)wereworkingC.7.某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气D.某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类主语从句一般由“Itis(was)+形容词／过去分词+that引导的从句”构成。E.该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable(合理的)，appropriate(适当的)，crucial(紧要关头的),desirable，essential(紧要的)，imperative(迫切的)，important，insistent(坚持的),necessary，obligatory，proper，preferable(更可取的),strange(不可思议的),urgent(紧迫的)，vital(极其重要的)等；F.常用的过去分词主要有：arranged，decided，demanded，desired，ordered，proposed，recommended，requested，suggested等。G.eg.Itisnecessarythatyou(should)stopsmokingsoheavily.H.Itisarrangedthatyou(should)enterforthiscompetition．I.◇Itisvitalthatshe________ajobtosupportherfamily.(02/6,46)J.A)hasB)haveC)willhaveD)had◇Itwasvitalthatwe__________everymeasuretoprotectthebeautifulsceneryaroundthelake.(03/12,57)K.A)musttakeB)willtakeC)havetotakeD)takeL.◇Itisessentialthattheseapplicationforms______backasearlyaspossible.(00/1,64,CET-4)A)mustbesentB)willbesentC)aresentD)besentM.◇Itisimportantthatthehotelreceptionist_______thatguestsareregisteredcorrectly.(01/1,41,CET-4)A)hasmadesureB)madesureC)mustmakesureD)makesureN.8.asif／though引起的从句O.当asif／though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。P.如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；Q.如果从句表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；R.③如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语动词用would(might，could)+动词原形。S.Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears．T.Irememberthewholethingasifithappenedyesterday．U.Itlooksasifitmightrain．V.◇Noonewouldimaginethatthiscitywasjustanight"sjourneyfromhere.Itseemedasthough________inanotherworld.(02/6,57)W.A)ittobeB)itwereC)ithasbeenD)it34 英语语法总结[大学]beingA.Note：如果asif／though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。◇Itseemsasifitisgoingtorain．◇Themeattastesasifithasalreadygonehad．B.9.lest，forfearthat和incase引起的从旬C.当lest，forfearthat和incase表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should+动词原形。D.eg.Heranawaylestheshouldbeseen．E.wewereafraidlestheshouldgetheretolate.F.HediditlestsheseesG.(should)seeit.H.may/shallseeI.Theanimalsmustbedestroyedincasethediseasespread.J.lestK.Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthelasttrain．L.He"sworkinghardforfearthatheshouldfallbehind．M.◇Hewaspunished________heshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.（01/6,58,CET-4）A)unlessB)providedC)ifD)lest◇Whilecrossingthemountainarea,allthemencarriedgunslestthey___________bywildanimals.N.A)shouldbeattackedB)hadbeenattacked（03/1,38,CET-4）O.C)mustbeattackedD)wouldbeattacked◇Webookedroomsatthehotel_________weshouldfindnovacanciesonourarrival.P.A)wheneverB)ifC)sinceD)lest（03/9,42,CET-4）Q.10.Ifonly引出的从句R.Ifonly引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是…就好了”。用法和Iwish基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。Ifonly从句经常省略结果主句，且主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能实现的愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。◇Ifonlytherainwouldstop．◇IfonlyI"dlistenedtomyparents．S.Note：Ifonly引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都以用虚拟语气为正确答案。T.11.Butfor引出的从句U.Butfor引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要不是。。。就。。。”。V.eg.ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.◇_________thehelpoftheirgroup,wewouldnothavesucceededinthe34 英语语法总结[大学]investigation.（03/1，47,CET-4）A.A)BesidesB)RegardlessofC)ButforD)DespiteB.◇________thestorm,theshipwouldhavereacheditsdestinationontime.（03/6，42,CET-4）C.A)ButforB)IncaseofC)InspiteofD)BecauseofD.12.wouldrather(that)引出的从句E.wouldrather意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省略关系代词that。但Wouldrather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。此外，Wouldsooner(宁可),wouldassoon(宁愿)后若接宾语从句也适用该句型。F.I"dratheryoutoldmethetruth．G.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrowthantoday．H.I"dratheryouhadn"ttoldmeaboutit。I.◇Wouldn"tyouratheryourchild_______tobedearly?（00/1，49,CET-4）A)goB)wentC)wouldgoD)goesJ.◇Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughter_______inthesameoffice.（00/6，48,CET-4）A)hadnotworkedB)nottoworkC)doesnotworkD)didnotworkK.13、Itis(about／high)time(that)句型L.该句型表示“(早)该做…”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。M.eg.Itistimethatwewenttobed．N.Itishightimethatsomebodytaughtyoutobehaveyourself.O.◇Ithinkitisabouttimewe________ourjourneytotheseashore.(03/6,60)P.A)shouldstartB)startedC)startD)arestartingQ.◇Itisabouttimethatyou______downtobusiness.(03/1,53)R.A)mustgetB)gotC)gettingD)willgetS.◇Itishightimethatsuchpractices_________.(03/1,58,CET-4)T.A)areendedB)beendedC)wereendedD)mustbeendedU.14.表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义V.一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。1)couldhave+过去分词A．表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，“可能做了某事”。◇Hecouldn"thaveseenheryesterday．34 英语语法总结[大学]◇Theycouldhavelosttheirway．A．表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，“本可以做某事”。B.eg.Wecouldhavestartedalittleearlier．C.Icouldhavekilledher.Itwasanarrowescape．D.◇Somewomen______agoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome，buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.(00/1,70,CET-4)E.A)mustmakeB)shouldhavemadeC)wouldmakeD)couldhavemadeF.2)may(might)have+过去分词A．表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已做某事”。◇Hemayhaveheardthenews．◇Imighthavecometoawrongconclusion．B．表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。◇Itwasanarrowescape．Youmighthavekilledyourself．◇Alotofmendiedwhomighthavebeensaved．G.3)musthave+过去分词H.表示逻辑上的必然性，即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过的某事。I.eg.Shemusthavemadeabigmistake．J.Thecityatonetimemusthavebeenprosperous，foritenjoyedahighlevelofcivilization．K.◇Sincetheroadiswet,_______lastnight.(99/6,52)L.A)itmusthaverainedB)itshouldhaverainedC)itmustrainD)itshouldrainM.◇Thelineisbusy;someone_______thetelephone.(01/6,48)N.A)mustbeusingB)usedC)musthaveusedD)mustbeusedO.◇Investigatorsagreedthatpassengersontheairliner________attheverymomentofthecrash.A)shouldhavediedB)mustbedyingC)musthavediedD)oughttodie(02/6,67,CET-4)P.◇Thepolicemandeclaredthattheblowonthevictim’shead_________frombehind.(03/9,53,CET-4)Q.A)shouldhavebeenmadeB)musthavebeenmadeR.C)wouldhavebeenmadeD)oughttohavebeenmadeS.4)needn"thave+过去分词T.表示过去不必做某事，但已经做了，即本可不必做某事。◇Youneedn"thavewokenmeup．Idon"thavetogotoworktoday．◇Heneedn"thavewateredtheflowers，foritisgoingtorain．U.5)should／oughttohave+过去分词34 英语语法总结[大学]A.表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。B.eg.Youshould／oughttohavedonewhatyourparentstoldyou．(Butyoufailedtodoit.)C.Youshould／oughttohavebeenmorecareful．(Butyouweren"t.)D.◇Mary_______typingthereportanhourago.(01/1,56)E.A)shouldfinishB)shouldbeenfinishedC)shouldbefinishedD)shouldhavefinished◇“HasJenniefinishedtypingthosereports?”F.“Probably.She______itanhourago.”(01/6,45)G.A)shouldbefinishedB)shouldfinishC)shouldhavebeenfinishedD)shouldhavefinishedH.◇You__________yourhomeworklastnight,butyoudidn"t.(02/6,54)I.A)oughttohavedoneB)needtohavedoneC)musthavedoneD)callhavedoneJ.◇Jackfailedhischemistrytestagain.He______spentmoretimeinthelab.(03/1,47)K.A)musthaveB)shouldbeC)mustbeD)shouldhaveL.◇Youpromisedheraletter;andyououghtto_______toherdaysago.(03/12,58)M.A)writeB)havewrittenC)bewritingD)bewrittenN.6)shouldn"t／oughtnottohave+过去分词O.表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。P.eg.Youshouldn"t／oughtn"ttohavecrossedtheroadwhenthelightswerered.(Butyoudid．)Q.Theyshouldn"t／oughtn"ttohaveleftsosoon．(Buttheydid.)R.◇You_______himsoclosely;youshouldhavekeptyourdistance.(00/6,42,CET-4)A)shouldn"tfollowB)mustn"tfollowC)couldn"thavebeenfollowingD)shouldn"thavebeenfollowing◇Thecarelessmanreceivedaticketforspeeding.He_________havedrivensofast.(03/1,33,CET-4)S.A)can’tB)wouldn’tC)shouldn’tD)mustn’tT.7)wouldhave+过去分词U.表示对现在或将来某时之前业已完成的动作的推测。可译为:“可能”、“也许”、“想必”。◇Hewouldhavearrivedbynow．◇Shewouldhaverecoveredbythen.V.◇Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,________allpracticalvaluebythe34 英语语法总结[大学]timetheywerefinished.(01/6,33,CET-4)A)hadlostB)wouldhavelostC)wouldloseD)shouldhavelostA.◇Hesaidthatthedrivermusthavehadanaccident;otherwisehe_______bythen.(03/1,56,CET-4)B.A)wouldhavearrivedB)musthavearrivedC)shouldarriveD)wouldarriveC.四、从句D.§I、定语从句1、先行词为all，anything，something，nothing，everything，much，little，none等不定代词时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。且在大多数情况下that可以省略。E.eg.Pleasetellmeeverything(that)youknowaboutthematter．F.That"sall(that)wecandoatthemoment．G.◇Heneverstoppedtryingtodosomething________todo.(01/6,49)H.A)whichhedecidesB)thathehaddecidedC)hedecidesD)hewoulddecideI.◇Thesepeopleoncehadfameandfortune;now_________islefttothemisutterpoverty.(02/6,61,CET-4)A)allthatB)allwhatC)allwhichD)thatallJ.2、as引出的限制性定语从句K.在such．．．as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。as有时和thesame连用，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语等。Suchas这种结构中such是代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语、或同位语。Suchas＝thosethat/who,意为“这样的人，事或物”L.Suchpeopleaswererecommendedbyhimwerereliable．——SM.I"veneverseensuchatalentedyoungmanasheis.——PN.Ihavethesametroubleasyou(have)．——OO.3、as引出的非限制性定语从句P.as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句或主句的谓语部分，可与which互用。通常译为“(正)如…一样”，“(正)像…一样”等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面。但要注意，as引导定语从句可置于句首，而which引导的定语从句则一般不能出现在句首。另外，as引导的代表整个主句的意思的定语从句有时可能放在句子中间，而which引导的代表整个主句的意思的定语从句一般须后置。例如：Q.Ilivealongwayfromwork，asyouknow．R.Shedidnot，asherfriendhadfeared，breakdown．S.Asisgenerallyaccepted，economicgrowthisdeterminedbythe34 英语语法总结[大学]smoothdevelopmentofproduction．A.4、分隔式定语从句B.定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。C.eg.Thedaysaregonewhenpowerpoliticsworked．D.AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouFrench．E.◇Weconsideritnecessary_________weshouldopenourdoortotheoutsideworld.(99/6,57)F.A)whetherB)ifC)whatD)that◇—WhatdidJohnthinkofyourdecision?G.—He________tobelievethatIreallydidwanttogotherealone.(02/6,56)H.A)founditimpossibleC)foundimpossibleI.B)foundwhichimpossibleD)foundthatimpossibleJ.5.介词+关系代词(which／whom等)引出的定语从句K.如果关系代词(which／whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词(which／whometc.)+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。L.eg.Thisisasubjectaboutwhichwemightargueforalongwhile．M.ThefourtravelerswithwhomIsharedtheroomwerepleasantpeople．N.◇Wewentuptotheroof,_________wehadagoodviewoftheparade.(02/6,60)O.A)ofwhichB)fromwhichC)beforewhichD)behindwhichP.◇Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds_______hisargumentsinfavourofthenewtheory.A)tobebasedonB)tobaseonC)whichtobaseonD)onwhichtobase(00/6,36,CET-4)Q.◇Governmentreportsexaminationcompositionslegaldocumentsandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituations___________formallanguageisused.(01/6,46,CET-4)A)inwhichB)atwhatC)onwhichD)inthatR.6、关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略，一般有以下几种情况：1)关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时，在大多数情况下可以省略。◇Thisissomething(that)youmustalwayskeepinmind．◇Theman(whom)youjustmetisourmanager．S.关系代词作介词宾语时，介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略；介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。◇Thisistheroom(which)Churchillwasbornin．◇ThisistheroominwhichChurchillwasborn．(which不可省略)34 英语语法总结[大学]A.2)关系代词作主语时一般不能省略，但如果关系代词在由“there…be”存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。◇Thisistheonlybook(that)thereisonthissubject．◇Theoldprofessormadefulluseofthetime(that)therewaslefttohimtocontinuehisresearch．B.3)在way后面的定语从句中“inwhich”或“that”通常省略。◇That"stheway(that／inwhich)Ilookatit．◇Idon"tliketheway(that／inwhich)youlaughather．C.7、非限制性定语从句D.非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个主句，起补充说明的作用，如果省略掉，原句句意仍保持完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开，其引导词不能用that。非限制性定语从句属于正式语体。——(经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三种)1)由which、as引导的非限制性定语从句。which、as代表整个主句。E.eg.Hesaidthathehadneverseenherbefore，whichwasnottrue．F.Chinaisstilladevelopingcountry，whichisknowntoallofus．G.◇Itriedtogetoutofthebusiness,________Ifoundimpossible.(99/6,49)H.A)aboutitB)whichC)thatD)withthisI.◇HespokeEnglishconfidentlyandfluently,________impressedmemost.(03/12,48)J.A)sothatB)itC)thatD)whichK.2)由“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。L.eg.Hesentheraletter,inwhichhesaidthathewassorryforwhathehaddonetoher．M.Hefailedtopasstheexam，becauseofwhichhisparentsscoldedhim．N.◇Livinginthewesternpartofthecountryhasitsproblems,_______obtainingfreshwaterisnottheleast.A)withwhichB)forwhichC)ofwhichD)which(00/6,46,CET-4)O.3)由“数词、代词或名词+of+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。P.Hehadthreesons,oneofwhomwasmyson"sclassmate．Q.Thereareabouttwentystudentsinthiscourse，mostofwhomarefreshmen．R.Theyaretwodifferentwords，thespellingofwhichareeasilyconfused．S.◇Theresidents,________hadbeendamagedbythefire,34 英语语法总结[大学]weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.(02/6,64,CET-4)A)alloftheirhomesB)alltheirhomesC)whoseallhomesD)allofwhosehomesA.§Ⅱ.状语从句B.(状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多，这里给予简单介绍。)1)时间状语从句C.时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导：when，whenever，as，while，since，until，till，before，after，assoonas，once，hardly(scarcely)．．．when，nosooner．．．than,etc.D.Iwilldiscussthematterwithyouwhenwemeettomorrow．E.Hedidn"tgotosleepuntilhefinisheddoingHshomework，F.Youhavechangedalotsincewemetlasttime．G.◇We________thefinaloftheNationalCuponTVwhenpowerfailurecame.(03/6,53)H.A)arewatchingB)watchedC)werewatchingD)watchI.◇Contrastmaymakesomethingappearmorebeautifulthanitiswhen________alone.(02/1,61,CET-4)A)seenB)isseenC)tobeseenD)havingbeenseenJ.此外，时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词(themoment,theinstant,everytime,etc.)和副词(instantly，directly,etc.)引导：◇Iwilltellyouthenewstheinstantlknow．◇Directlytheteachercameineveryonewasquiet．K.Note：①before除了可表示“在…之前”外，还可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很长或花费的力量相比较大，可译为“…才”。("not．．．before"可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很短或花费的力量相比较小，可译为“…就”)。◇ItwasalongtimebeforeIgottosleepagain．◇Theyhadnotbeenmarriedamonthbeforetheyquarreled．L.②如果位于when引导的分句之前的主句使用过去进行时、过去完成时或"was／wereaboutto，was／wereonthepointof"等结构时，when表示突然发生某事，可译为“正在…突然…”或“刚…就…”等。这时，不能够用as或while来代替when。M.IwaswalkingonthestreetwhenIranintomyoldfriendJohn．N.Shehadjustfallenasleepwhenthetelephonerang．O.Weworeabouttoleavewhenitbegantorain．P.2)条件状语从句Q.条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导：if，unless，providing/provided(that)，suppose／supposing(that)，oncondition(that)，as／solongas，incase,etc.R.Solongasyouworkhard，youwillsurelyachievegoodresults34 英语语法总结[大学]inexaminations．A.IshallreturnnextThursdayunlesssomethingunexpectedhappens.B.Iwillgoprovidedthatyougowithme．C.PleasegivethislettertoJohnincasehecomes.D.3)让步状语从旬E.让步状语从句主要由以下连词引导：though，although，evenif，eventhough,whatever，however，whoever，wherever，nomatterhow／what／where／when,etc.F.◇Nomatterhow_______,notnecessarilyworthless.(99/6,43)G.A)dryadesertmaybeB)mayadesertbedryC)adesertmaybedryD)adesertdrymaybeH.◇_______getsthejobwillhavetoshoulderalotofresponsibilities.(01/1,46)I.A)ThepersonB)AnyoneC)whoeverD)WhoJ.◇_______,ifhedoesn’tlearn,heknowsnothing.(01/6,55)K.A)HowamaneverissocleverB)HoweverisamancleverL.C)HoweveramaniscleverD)HowevercleveramanisM.◇__________happens,I’llsticktomypositionontheissue.(02/6,45)N.A)NomatterthatC)NomatterwhichB)NomatterhowD)NomatterwhatO.◇Myparentsalwayswaitedupforme,_______Igothome.(03/1,51)P.A)nomatterwhattimeB)howeverwhattimeC)nomatterhowtimeD)whateverhowtimeQ.◇________smartyoumaybe,youareexpectedtobemodest.(03/6,45)R.A)NomatterwhatC)NomatterhowB)NomatterwhenD)NomatterwhyS.◇_______peoplesayabouthim,I’msurethatheisinnocent.(03/12,47)T.A)WhoeverB)WhateverC)HoweverD)WheneverU.◇_______difficultieswemaycomeacross,we"llhelponeanothertoovercomethem.(01/1,57,CET-4)A)WhereverB)WhateverC)HoweverD)WheneverV.（以下介绍几种较特殊的让步状语从句。）W.①34 英语语法总结[大学]while引导的让步状语从句多放在句首，while相当于although，表示“尽管”，“虽然”。◇WhileIadmitIdidit，Ididn"tintendto．◇WhileIunderstandwhatyousay，Ican"tagreewithyou．B.②短语"evennow／then／so"相当于"thoughitis／wastrue"，表示“尽管如此”，“尽管这样”。◇Thefirewasout，butevenso，thesmellofsmokewasstrong．◇I"vetriedmybest，butevennow／thensheisnotsatisfied．C.③as引导的让步状语从句要倒装。◇Childashewas，hecouldspeakfourlanguages．◇Hardasshetried，shefailedtogetthejob．D.◇_______,hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.(00/6,49,CET-4)A)AlthoughmuchhelikesherB)MuchalthoughhelikesherC)AshelikeshermuchD)MuchashelikesherE.4)比较状语从句F.比较状语从句主要由以下连词引导：(not)as．．．as，(not)thesameas，(not)such．．．as，notso．．．as，than，"the+比较级．．"，"the+比较级"etc.G.eg.Wehavehadalotmorerainfallthisyearthanwehadlastyear．H.ShecanspeakEnglishasfluentlyasherteacher(can)．I.◇LastyearTomearned_______hisbrother.(99/6,51)J.A)twicethanB)twiceasmuchasC)moretwicethanD)twicemuchmorethanK.◇Manypeoplehave________theythinktheyhave.(01/1,57)L.A)moreabilitythanB)abilityfarthanC)morethanabilityD)abilitythanmoreM.◇Johnplayed________Maryattheconcert.(01/6,54)N.A)alotmorewellthanB)alotbetterthanO.C)muchmorebetterthanD)muchmorewellthanP.◇LastyearJackearned__________hissister,whoisageneralmanagerofajointventure.(02/6,53)Q.A)astwicemuchasB)twiceasmanyasC)twiceasmuchasD)astwicemanyasR.附：倍数的表达方法S.◇Thecityhasnowovertenfive-starhotels,almost______thereweresixyearsago.(03/12,44)T.A)asmanyasthreetimesB)threetimesasmanyasU.C)asthreemoretimeasD)asthreetimesmanyas34 英语语法总结[大学]1.要表示A是B的几倍，通常有三中表达方式：B.AisXtimeslongerthanB.C.AislongerthanBbyXtimes.D.AisXtimesaslongasB.E.2.下面是三种不同的表达方式：1）Number+“times”+N/Pron◇Thegrainoutputthisyearisthreetimesthatin1970.F.2)Number+“times”as+A/Ad(as…)◇Itwouldcostmeaboutthreetimesasmuch.G.3)Number+“times”as+A/Ad-erthan◇Thesunisahugeblazingball,amilliontimeslargerthantheearth.H.3.倍数+the+表示大小、数量等的名词，如：capacity(容量),distance(距离),size(面积),output,number,length等+of+被对比对象，表示甲是乙的多少倍。例如：◇Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.◇Thistruckistwicethelengthofthattruck.I.§Ⅲ.宾语从句1)及物动词后的宾语从句J.有些动词的宾语从句前还可有一个间接宾语。K.Irememberthatwehave1earnedthiswordbefore．L.Idon"tunderstandwhatyouhavesaid．M.SheaskedtheteacherhowshecouldlearnEnglishwell．N.2)介词的宾语从句◇Itdependsonwhetheryouwanttodoitornot．◇Thereisdisagreementamongeconomistsaboutwhatmoneyisandhowmoneyismeasured．O.Note：在介词in后面跟that引导的宾语从句中，"inthat"可看成是一个固定的搭配，表示“因为”或“在…方面”。P.eg.Theevidenceisinvalidinthatitwasobtainedthroughillegalmeans．Q.Aturtlediffersfromallotherreptilesinthatithasitsbodyencasedinaprotectiveshellofitsown．R.◇Althoughmanypeopleviewconflictasbad，conflictissometimesusefulitforcespeopletotesttherelativemeritsoftheirattitudesarebehaviors.(00/1,56,CET-4)A)bywhichB)towhichC)inthatD)sothatS.附IV.名词性从句T.带有疑问词的疑问句，即以who，what，which,when,where,why,how,etc.开头，再加上词序的改变，可起到名词性从句的作用。U.eg.Whenhediditisamystery.——作主语V.Thequestioniswhenhedidit.——在be之后34 英语语法总结[大学]A.Iwonderwhenhedidit.——在引述动词之后B.Itdependsonwhenhedidit.——在V+prep之后C.I’minterestedinwhenhedidit.——在adj.+prep之后D.◇Alltheemployeesinthecompanyknow______thebosssaysisalwaysright.(03/6,49)E.A)whatB)whyC)howD)that1)that引导的名词性从句F.that本身无词义，在从句中也不充当任何成分，只起到连接作用。G.eg.Thatmenhavelearnedmuchfromthebehaviorofanimalsishardlynew.H.Thereasonwhyhewaslateforschoolisthatheoversleptthismorning.I.Itismyopinionthattheplanwillnotwork.J.◇_______hassomethingtodowithhisoddcharacter.(03/6,55)K.A)ThatshedoesnotlikehimB)ShedoesnotlikehimL.C)WhatshedoesnotlikehimD)ShedidnotlikehimM.2)What引导的名词性从句N.What既起到了连接的作用，又在从句中充当某一成分。O.eg.Insomecountries,whatiscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeople.P.Theyareteachersanddon’trealizewhatittakestostartandrunacompany.Q.3)Whether（if）引导的名词性从句R.Whether(…ornot)可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句；S.而if只能引导宾语从句和主语从句，当引导主语从句时，不能放在句首。T.eg.Whethershecomesornotmakesnodifference.(此句中不能用if)U.◇_______shelikesthepresentisnotcleartome.(01/1,45)V.A)IfB)WhatC)WhichD)WhetherW.4)Whoever,whatever,whichever引导的名词性从句X.eg.Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.Y.◇Thegoldmedalwillbepresentedto_______comesoutfirstintherace.(99/6,56)Z.A)whomeverB)whoC)whoeverD)34 英语语法总结[大学]whomA.◇______getsthejobwillhavetoshoulderalotofresponsibilities.(01/1,46)B.A)ThepersonB)AnyoneC)WhoeverD)WhoC.五、一致性D.一致性指的是句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、数、性等方面保持一致关系。主要表现为：主谓一致、代词一致、主语及其补足语的一致、宾语及其补足语的一致等。☆主谓一致E.分类（有3种）（1）语法一致（GrammaticalConcord）,即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。F.eg.Littlemoneyisneededfortheproject.G.Ironandcopperareusefulmetal.（2）意义一致（NotionalConcord）,即从意义上着眼来处理主谓一致问题。H.eg.Breadandbetteriswholesome(有益健康的、卫生的)food.I.Breadandbetteriswhattheyusuallyhaveforbreakfast.J.FivethousandpondsismorethanIcanafford.（3）就近一致（ConcordofProximity）,即指谓语动词的人称和数往往和最靠近它的词语保持一致。K.eg.Notonlyhischildrenbuthehimselfishopingtobethere.L.EithermywifeorIamgoingthere.M.Ontheleftofeachpersonisatable-napkinandaplatewitharollonit.N.(☆何时采用何种原则须视习惯用法而定。碰到捉摸不定时，比较稳妥的方法还是遵循语法一致原则。☆)O.主谓一致原则的具体应用P.非并列主语的主谓一致(略)Q.并列主语的主谓一致R.①并列主语一般后面都跟复数名词，但当在意义上指同一个人、同一事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。S.eg.Whiskyandsodaisalwaysmyfavoritedrink.T.Thereisaknifeandforkonthetable.U.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.V.◇Theownerandeditorofthenewspaper_________theconference.(02/6,57,CET-4)34 英语语法总结[大学]A)wereattendingB)weretoattendA.C)istoattendD)aretoattendB.②every…and(every)…单数动词C.each…and(each)…单数动词D.eg.Everyteacherand(every)studentisadmitted.E.Eachboyand(each)girlwascongratulated.F.Everymanandwomaninthiscommunity________oftheseriousconsequenceofsmoking.G.A)areconvincedB)haveconvinced(99/6,60)H.C)isconvincedD)hasconvincedI.◇Everymeans________beentiredsincethen,buttheresultwasfailure.(02/6,47)J.A)isB)haveC)hasD)hadK.③the+adj.+and+the+adj.+单数名词复数动词L.eg.Thetenth(chapter)andthelastchapterarewrittenbyJack.M.Thered(rose)andthewhiterosearewitheringinthecod.N.Cf.ThetenthandlastchapteriswrittenbyJack.O.Theredandwhiteroseiswitheringinthecold.P.④由or/either…or…/neither…nor…/not…only…but(also)…连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，即动词与最靠近的并列成分保持数的一致。Q.eg.Atechnicalmanualorsamplesaredistributedfreeattheexhibition.R.EitherGeorgeorIamtoblame.S.EitheryouorGeorgeistoblame.T.Neitherhenoryouarewrong.U.Neitheryounorheiswrong.V.Notonlytheswitchesbut(also)theoldwiringhasbeenreplaced.W.⑤subject+aswellas(asmuchas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan)(视主语而定)X.eg.Someoftheworkers,aswellasthemanager,wereworkingduringtheholiday.Y.Thedriver,aswellastwoofthepassengers,hasdiedintheaccident.34 英语语法总结[大学]A.Thecoach,asmuchastheplayers,wasresponsibleforthedefeat.B.Ruth,ratherthanherroommates,istoblameforthetheft.C.Women,nolessthanmen,areparticipatinginallkindsofworkintheconstructionoftheircountry.D.TomandJack,morethanothers,areanxioustogotoDetroit.◇Theheadmasteraswellastheteachers_________theresponsibilityforkeepingtheclassinorder.(00/12,53)E.A)hasB)isC)areD)haveF.⑥(single)subject+with(alongwith/togetherwith/except)(单数动词)G.eg.Theheadmaster,withtherestofthestaff,wasengagedinaheateddiscussion.H.Mary,togetherwithhersister,goestoworkbysubwayeveryday.I.AX’mascard,alongwithasetofbooks,waspresentedtohimyesterday.J.Noone,exceptTomandJack,waslatefortheclass.◇ProfessorBrown,tighterwithhisstudents,_______toarriveontheeveningflight.K.A)isB)areC)maybeD)willbe(01/6,59)L.六、其他1、常考的几种倒装结构:M.当表示否定或基本否定的词或词组位于句首作状语时用倒装。N.这类词或词组常用的有：never，nowhere，seldom，rarely，little，hardly，scarcely，bare,notuntil，notonly，onlywhen,bynomeans，innotime，undernocircumstances，undernocondition,innoway，innocase，atnotime，onnoaccount(切不可)，etc.O.Neverhavelhearditbefore．P.NowherecanIfindmylostwatch．Q.Undernocircumstanceshouldastudentcheatintheexam.R.Onnoaccountarevisitorsallowedtofeedtheanimals.S.NotonlywasChurchillastatesman，butalsoapoet．T.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemother34 英语语法总结[大学]leavetheroom.A.Onlywhenonelosesfreedomdoesoneknowitsvalve.B.InnowaycanIbeheldresponsible.C.◇Notuntiltheyearof1966______madethecapitalofthisprovince.(99/6,48)D.A)thecitywasB)whenthecityC)wasthecityD)whenwasthecityE.◇Rarely______facedwithsodifficultachoice.(01/1,60)F.A)couldshehasbeenB)shecouldhasbeenG.C)shecouldhavebeenD)couldshehavebeenH.◇Bynomeans______lookdownuponpeoplewhohavelesseducationthanwedo.(01/6,58)I.A)shouldweB)weshouldC)shouldwenotD)weshouldn’tJ.Note：当"nosooner．．．than"和"hardly／scarcely．．．when/before"位于句首时用倒装。该结构表示“一…就…”，在时态上主句—般用过去完成时，when或than引导的从句用一般过去时。K.eg.Hardly／ScarcelyhadIgothomewhen／beforethebellrang．L.Nosoonerhadtheperformancebegunthanthelightswentout．M.◇Hardlyhadhefinishedhisspeech_________theaudiencestartedcheering.(99/6,41)N.A)asB)sinceC)thanD)whenO.2)当here，there，now，then，thus，only，hence，little等副词位于句首,且主语不是人称代词时，句中主、谓用倒装。P.Hereisthebookforyou.Q.Theregoesthebell．R.Thencametheordertotakeoff．S.Thusarosethedivisionbetweenthedevelopedanddevelopingcountries.T.OnlyslowlydidIunderstandwhatshemeant.U.◇Onlyinthelastfewyears_______theconditionsofthepoorareasinthatcountry.(01/6,44)V.A)theyhaveimprovedB)theywouldimproveW.C)havetheyimprovedD)wouldtheyimprove34 英语语法总结[大学]A.◇Onlybyreadingextensively_________youmind.(02/6,51)B.A)youwillbroadenB)youmaybroadenC)soyoubroadenD)canyoubroadenC.◇OnlywhenyouseetheimportanceoflearningEnglish_______workhardatit.(03/1,42)D.A)youwillB)youwouldC)wouldyouD)willyouE.◇Onlyafterhewassenttoprison________howserioushiscrimewas.(03/6,47)F.A)hecametoknowB)hashecometoknowG.C)hehascometoknowD)didhecometoknowH.3)当"so／such．．．that"结构中的so或such位于句首时用倒装。I.SocoldwasitatnightthatIcouldhardlyfallasleep．J.Suchwastheforceofexplosionthatallthewindowswerebroken．K.Somuchdoesmysonworryaboutthecollegeentranceexaminationthathecan’tsleepwellatnight.L.4)分句以so，neither，nor，nomore等副词位于句首，表明前面句子中所说明的情况也使用于后面的句子时用倒装。M.eg.Copperisagoodconductor．Soaremanyothermetals．N.Hedidn"tseethefilmlastnight，neitherdidshe．O.◇Icanhardlyhearwhathe’ssaying;_________.(01/1,42)P.A)norcanalltheotherpeopleB)sohardlycanalltheotherpeopleQ.C)socanhardlyalltheotherpeopleD)noralltheotherpeoplecanR.◇Paulneverlearnedaforeignlanguage,________.(03/1,59)S.A)hedoesn’tthinkhehastoB)nordoeshethinkhehastoT.C)neitherhethinkshehastoD)hethinkshehasnotto,eitherU.2、强调句型V.这里讲的强调句主要是以it为引导词的分裂句。W.其构成形式为：Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who，which)+句子的其他部分。被强调的部分通常为主语、宾语和状语。34 英语语法总结[大学]A.eg.Itisonlywhenoneisillthatonerealizesthevalueofhealth．B.Itiswhatyouwilldothatisessential．◇Itwasnotuntilhehadarrivedhome_________rememberedhisappointmentwithhisgirlfriend.(01/6,60)C.A)heB)thatheC)andheD)whichheD.◇Itwasthepowerfulmine________killedagroupoftheenemy.(03/6,57)E.A)whichB)whoC)whatD)thatF.◇Itwaswithgreatjoy______wegotthenewsthatChinahadsuccessfullylauncheditsfirstmannedspacecraft.A)whichB)becauseC)asD)that(03/12,53)G.◇______sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.(00/1,61,CET-4)H.A)NosooneritgrewdarkthanB)HardlydiditgrowdarkthatC)ScarcelyhaditgrowndarkthanD)ItwasnotuntildarkthatI.Note：①在被强调部分的后面，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。但是如果强调的部分是表示人的名词，那么也可用who；◇ItwasJanethat／wholentmethemoney．◇Itwasthisnovelthat／whichtheytalkedaboutlastnight.J.②如果强调的是原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不能由since,as或why引导。K.eg.ItwasbecausehehadneverhadtheopportunitythatJohnhadn"tlearnedtodrive．(NotsinceOras)L.③有三类句子成分不可以进行强调，即表语、谓语动词和由though,although，whereas等引导的从句。M.Itisalthoughheisyoungthathecanspeakfourlanguages．(F)N.Althoughheisyoung，hecarspeakfourlanguages．(T)O.ItiswhereashepreferspopsongthatIlikeclassicalmusic.(F)P.Ilikeclassicalmusicwhereashepreferspopsongs．(T)Q.3、使役动词后的宾语补足语R.使役动词除了要有宾语之外还要加上宾语补足语才能使句子的意义完整。S.34 英语语法总结[大学]常用的使役动词有：have，want，make，get，leave，set，let等。可以担当使役动词宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式和分词等。◇AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy．◇Agoodnight"srestwillsetyouright．B.Note：①动词不定式可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语，但在make，let，have等使役动词后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不用to。C.Hemadehergiveuptheopportunity．D.Whatwouldyouhavemedo?E.Herpridewouldnotletherdothis．F.②分词也可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语。现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的被动意义。G.Herremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat．H.Thejokesetthemalllaughing．I.Hemanagedtogetthejobdoneontime．J.I"vejusthadsomenewphotostaken．K.4、平行结构L.在英语中，当两个或两个以上的同等成分(主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语等)并列时，要求它们的词性或结构相同，即名词对名词，介词短语对介词短语,分词对分词，句子对句子等等。这就是英语的平行结构准则。一般在使用并列连词如and，but，or，neither．．．nor，either．．．or，notonly．．butalso，both．．．and，more(less)．．than，aswellas，rather．．．than等时，要注意不要违反平行结构准则。M.HelikeswatchingTVmolethanreadingbooks．N.thesoldierpreferredtodieratherthansurrender．O.WesawTomwalkingtowardstheriver，takingoffhisclothesandplungingintothewater．P.Censorshippreventsamoviefrombeingshownorabookbeingsold.Q.◇Fiftyyearsago,wealthypeoplelikedhuntingwildanimalsforfun________sightseeing.(01/6,47,CET-4)A)ratherthantogoB)morethangoingC)otherthangoingD)thantogoR.◇Infact,PeterwouldratherhaveleftforSanFranciscothan_______inNewYork..(02/6,47,CET-4)A)tostayB)stayedC)stayingD)havingstayedS.5、反意疑问句——34 英语语法总结[大学]在具体运用反意疑问句时应注意以下几点：1)如果陈述句部分是一个含有宾语从句的复杂句，则反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与主句的谓语动词和主语相对应。B.eg.Heneversaidshewouldcome，didhe?C.YoutoldmeIhadpassedtheexam，didn"tyou?D.◇whathelacksiscourage,_______?（99/6，59）E.A)isn"titB)isn"theC)isitD)isheF.◇Therehasbeenagreatincreaseinretailsales，_________?(02/6,43,CET-4)A)doesthereB)isn"tthereC)hasn"tthereD)isn"titG.但是如果陈述句部分是"I(don"t)think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,fancy,reckon等+宾语从句"的结构时，反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与宾语从句的谓语动词和主语相对应，并且要注意否定的转移。H.Isupposeyouarenotserious，areyou?I.Sheimaginesthatpeoplelikeher，don"tthey?J.Idon"tbelievesheknows"it，doesshe?(因don"t的否定意义后移而不用doesn"t)K.Ididn"texpectshewouldcome，wouldshe?(因didn"t的否定意义后移而不用wouldn"t)L.2)如果陈述句部分是祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用"willyou"。但是在否定祈使句后还是用"willyou"。◇Readthetext，willyou?◇Don"tbelate，willyou?M.如果陈述句部分是以let"s开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用"shallwe"；如果是以"letus"开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用"willyou"。◇Let"shaveapartytonight，shallwe?◇Letusgohome，willyou?N.3)如果陈述句部分带有never，nothing，nowhere，hardly，scarcely，seldom，rarely，barely，little，few等否定词或半否定词，反意疑问部分的动词要用肯定式。◇Youcanhardlybelievethis，canyou?O.Hehasfewgoodreasonsforstaying，hashe?34