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MathQuestionsIfhegivesmeacookie,Iwillhavetwiceasmanyashe.IfIgivehimacookie,wewillhavethesamenumberofcookies.HowmanycookiesdoIhave?Howmanycookiesdoeshehave?
代词
代词概说代词的分类(P82)代词VS.限定词(P83)
Keyto1-171–5BABAB6–10ABBAC11–15CDDAA16–17AD
人称代词和物主代词(书本)人称代词的形式(P84)物主代词的形式(P87)人称代词:主格VS.宾格物主代词:形容词型VS.名词型人称代词的泛指:we,you,they特殊的人称代词:she,it
人称代词用法补充人称代词作同位语(pron.+n.)两个以上的人称代词并用时:单数:按2、3、1人称排列复数:按1、2、3人称排列表示不祥之事、承认错误或自我批评时,说话人一般把自己放在他人之前人称代词在数、格上的前后一致
ItisIthat/wholoveyou.Itismethat/whomheloves.Itiswrongtotellalie.Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.Itisuncertainwhowillcome.Shefounditdifficulttoconvincehim.Itookitforgrantedthatheknewme.it
人称代词it的用法补充强调句型中的it作形式主语的itIt+v.+其他+作形式宾语的it主语++it+其他+tododoing从句take,findmake,believethink,considertodothat
Usepronounsclearly!TomwrotetoJoewhilehewasonvacation.WhileTomwasonvacation,hewrotetoJoe.WhileJoewasonvacation,Tomwrotetohim.Helikesyoubetterthanme.HelikesyoubetterthanI.Helikesyoubetterthan(helikes)me.HelikesyoubetterthanI(likeyou).HishouseislargerthanI.
反身代词和相互代词反身代词的形式:P89相互代词:eachother,oneanother
反身代词的用法主语与宾语为同一人时,宾语须用反身代词Don’toverworkyourself.Theyoughttobeashamedofthemselves.加强语气、表示强调Imyselfusedtomakethesamemistake.You’dbettergothereyourselves.含有反身代词的惯用语(PP90-91)Ihaven’tbeenmyselfforweeks.NowI’mquitemyself.
含有反身代词的惯用语补充Makeyourselfathome,please.Thedooropenedofitself.(自动,自行)PoorJanehasbeenalmostbesideherselfwithtoothache.(……得要命、发狂)ShepridesherselfonknowingFrench.(=beproudof=takepridein)Hebusiedhimself(in)tidyinguphisdesk.Heoftenabsentshimselffromclasses.dressoneselfin,devoteoneselfto,applyoneselfto,cometooneself....
指示代词指示代词的形式:第一类(课本P92):this,that,these,those第二类(其他指示代词):so,such,thesame第一类指示代词的基本用法:PP93-94
第一类指示代词的其他用法(PP94-95)that与those可用以代替前面所提过的名词,以避免重复(但this和these不可以);that和those后面一般必须有后置修饰语,但不可有前置修饰语。可数名词单数或不可数名词:that可数名词复数:thosethat用于某些成语中(P95)
第一类指示代词的其他用法this与that可用以代替前面所提过的句子或从句,以避免重复Ididnotgo.This/Thatmadehimveryangry.但指下文要叙述的事情时只能用this,不能用that...andthat+修饰语(adv.):“…,而且…”Callhim,andthatatonce.Hemakesmistakes,andthatveryoften.
第一类指示代词的其他用法this=thelatter,that=theformerHealthisabovewealth;thiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.(this=wealth;that=health)thosewho=peoplewhoGodhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.
第二类指示代词的用法-Itlookslikerain.-Ihopeso.Imayhaveoffended,butsuchwasnotmyintention.Hisparentsbelievedthathewasacleverboy,buthewasn’tsuchinfact.Thesamemightbesaidofthisproblem.在think,believe,suppose,guess,hope后的so,指代前面提过的that从句(Idon’tthinkso./Ihopenot.)指示代词such指代前面提过的短语或从句指示代词thesame指代与前面提过的同样的事物
疑问代词和连接代词主格所有格宾格(人)谁whowhosewhom人、物(什么)what——what人、物(哪一个)which——which格用法
疑问代词和连接代词的用法(PP96-101)Doyouknowwherehelives?Ireallydon’tknowwhattodo.Whatdoyousupposehewillgiveyou?Whodoyouthinkcametoseeme?连接代词用于从句中,注意词的顺序疑问词+不定式doyousay(think,believe,imagine,guess,suppose...)
关系代词格主格所有格宾格人whowhosewhom事物whichwhose(ofwhich)which人+物that——that先行词
限定性VS.非限定性(P104)HehastwosonswholiveinBeijing.Hehastwosons,wholiveinBeijing.他有两个住在北京的儿子。(Hemayhavemorethantwosons.)他有两个儿子,都住在北京。(Hehasonlytwosons.)
thatvs.whichthat不能用于非限定性定语从句which用于非限定性定语从句中可代表句中的一部分,甚至全部(对比:as)限定性从句中,多用that,有些情况只能用that先行词前有序数词或最高级修饰时先行词前有theonly,thevery,thesame,all等词修饰时先行词是由no,any,every等词组成的复合词时以疑问词who,which,what开头的疑问句,为避免重复限定性从句中,紧跟介词时只能用which(P104)
不定代词两类不定代词的形式(P107)合成不定代词的用法(PP107-109)
合成不定代词用法补充something,anything,nothing,everythingsomething和anything的区别与some和any的区别一样;修饰这几个词的adj.应后置somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody这些词都看作单数,后面跟单数名词;指代它们的代词常用he,he/she,they(口语)Ifanybodyislistening,Ihopehewillsayso.Nobodycame,didn’tthey?每个人都应在饭前洗手。
someone,anyone,noone,everyone上述词只能指人,而分写的someone,anyone,everyone既可指人,也可指物合写VS.分写somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,noone,everybody,everyone之后不可接of短语,如果要接,必须将其分写everyoneeveryoneofusIsthereanyoneofyourfriendsthere?
合成不定代词的习惯用语somethingof若干、多少、有些anythingbut并不,根本不nothingbut只不过,只有somethinglike有点像orsomething类似makesomebodyofanamefor...使成名Mr.Smithisanengineerorsomething.Sheisnothingbutadancer.Hewasanythingbutpleasedwhenheheardthis.
兼作代词和限定词的词some,any,no(PP109–111)many,much,few,little(PP112–114)all,each,none(PP115–117)both,either,neither(PP117–119)other,another(PP119–120)one,several(PP121–122)
everyVS.eachevery用于三个(以上)“每一个”;each用于两个(以上)“每一个”eachhandVS.everyfingerevery强调整体,each强调个体。Everystudentinourschoolworkshard.Eachstudentmayhaveonebook.every在句中只作定语,each可充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语。Every/Eachroomiscleanandtidy.Eachwenthisway.Theteacherhadatalkwitheachofthem.Theyeachgavehimsomeadvice.
当前面有nearly或almost修饰时,多用everyNearlyeverystudentworkshard.every可以用于下列词组中,each则不能everyotherdayeverythreeweeks否定词not不与each连用,但可以与every连用,表示部分否定Noteverystudentgoestoschoolbybus.
all/both;either/any;neither/none含义二者三者(以上)全部bothall全无neithernone任一eitherany
allVS.bothall既可指复数,也可指单数,指人时一般都用复数,指事或整个事物时用单数。both则只能指复数。Both/Allarepresent.AllIknowisthathejustcamebackfromAmerica.all和both与否定词连用,都表示部分否定AllofthebooksarenotEnglishbooks.Bothofusarenotteachers.
otherVS.another功能含义单数复数作主语、宾语、定语作定语作主语、宾语特指theothertheother(boys)theothers泛指anotherother(boys)others
TheSmithshavetwobicycles.OnebelongstoMr.Smith._______bikebelongstoMrs.Smith.Mr.Smith’sbicyclewasrunoverbyatruckanddestroyed.Heneedstoget______one.Therearethreebooksonmydesk.Twoofthemaredictionaries._____oneisatelephonedirectory.Thepuppychewedupmytelephonedirectory,soIwenttothetelephonecompanytoget_____phonebook.TherearethreecolorsintheU.S.flag.Oneofthecolorsisred._____arewhiteandblue.
Manypeopleliketogetupveryearlyinthemorning._____liketosleepuntilnoon.Therearefourseasons.Springandsummeraretwo.____arefallandwinter.Jackhastwosuits.Oneisblue,and____isgray.Jackhasonlytwosuits,ablueoneandagrayone.Hiswifewantshimtobuy___one.Ifyoureallyhateyourjob,whydon’tyoulookfor___one?Youdon’thavetobeadishwasherallyourlife.Therearelotsof____jobsintheworld.
another的习惯用法oneafteranother一个接一个地onesort/wayoranother某种类型、某种方式onething...another一回事……另一回事
nooneVS.nonenoone只能指人,none可用于指人或物。noone=nobody,语气比none强,后面不接of构成的短语;none通常与of连用作主语noone作主语时,谓语动词用单数;none后接不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数;后接复数名词作主语时,谓语动词单复数均可。Noonewasintheclassroom.Noneofthemoneyonthedeskismine.Noneofusspeaks/speakJapanese.
用于简短回答时,none用来回答howmany或howmuch问句;noone或nobody用来回答who问句;而nothing则用来回答what问句;–Howmanyfishdidyoucatch?–None.–Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?–None.–Whowillgototheparty?–Noone./Nobody.–What’sinyourhand?–Nothing.
one的用法不定代词one可用来泛指“人们”、“任何人”,所有格形式为one’s(英)或his(美);Onecan’tmakeanomeletwithoutbreakingeggs.有所得必有所失。Oneshouldtakecareofone’s/hishealth.
one可用来代替上文出现过的同种类单数可数名词;其复数形式为ones,可用来代替上文出现过的同种类复数可数名词;Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.Idon’tknowwhethersmallorangesaresweeterthanbigones.
one,theone,thatthat只能代替事物,不能代替人;one既可代替人也可代替事物。one代替前面出现的名词表示不确指;that,theone代替前面出现的名词,指代谈话双方都知道的事物,即“特指”。that不能有前置修饰语,但须有后置修饰语;one一般可有前置修饰语,也可有后置修饰语。
one,theone都只能指代前面出现的单数可数名词,复数可数名词则用ones,theones;that既可指代单数可数名词,也可指代不可数名词。that代替前面提到的事物,必须是这一名词在第二次出现时有后置修饰语;如果前面提到的是复数名词,则用those来代替。
I’mlookingforahouse.I’dreallylikeonewithagarden.(指代不确定的单数可数名词)Thesweaterhewearstodayisdifferentfromthat/theoneheworeyesterday.(当指代的是谈话双方都确知的事物,而且该名词是有后置修饰语的单数可数名词时,that=theone)Mary’shandwritingisfarbetterthanthatofPeter.(指代不可数名词)Thebikestheymadethisyeararebetterthanthose/theonestheymadelastyear.(当指代的是谈话双方都确知的事物,而且该名词是有后置修饰语的复数可数名词时,those=theones)
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