谈英汉励志谚语互译学位论文.doc 19页

论文编号：华南师范大学增城学院本科毕业论文（设计）题目：谈英汉励志谚语互译姓名：黄静文学号：050114224系别：外语系专业班级：商务英语05级B班指导教师：翁涛2009年4月23日 OnTranslationofEnglish-ChineseEncouragingProverbsAThesisSubmittedtotheDepartmentofForeignLanguagesZengchengCollegeofSouthChinaNormalUniversityinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofBachelorofArtsByHuangJingwenTutor：WengTaoApril23,2009 TableofContentsAbstracti中文摘要ii1.Introduction12.TheDefinitionofProverbsandEncouragingProverbs…………………………………….13.TheOrigins13.1Originsfromthefolk13.2OriginsfromtheBible23.3OriginsfromShakespeare’sworks23.4OriginsfromAesop’sFables23.5Originsfromotherlanguages………………………………………………………………………...24.TheContents25.DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinEncouragingProverbs35.1Differencesofhistoricalstories35.2Differencesofmeaningsofwords35.3Differencesoflanguageapplication55.4Differencesofgeographicpoliticsandsociallife55.5Differencesofproductionway55.6Differencesofreligiousbelief66.ThePrinciplesofTranslation………………………………………………………………….67.TheTranslationMethodsandRelevantExamples67.1Literaltranslation……………………………………………………………………………………….67.2Paraphrasing…………………………………………………………………………………………….87.3Combinationofliteraltranslationandparaphrasing……………………………………………..107.4Borrowing……………………………………………………………………………………………...108.ItemstoBeFocused108.1Establishimage………………………………………………………………………………………..108.2Nationalandculturalcolor…………………………………………………………………………..118.3Featuresoflanguageform…………………………………………………………………………...118.4Artoflanguage………………………………………………………………………………………..128.5Abbreviationforms…………………………………………………………………………………...129.Conclusion1210.Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………..1311.Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………………14 AbstractThispapercontainsnineparts.Theyareintroduction,thedefinitionofproverbsandencouragingproverbs,theorigins,themaincontents,differencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinencouragingproverbs,translationprinciples,translationmethods,itemstobefocusedandconclusion.Firstly,introducethemainideaandwritingpurposeoftheessay.Secondly,proverbsaresomeconciseandvividphrasesandsentencesdescendinginthefolkwithrelativelystableformswhichsummarizetheexperienceofpeople’slifeandworkandhavethefunctionofteachingandpersuading.Thirdly,tobeconcrete,proverbsarefromthefolklife,theBible,Shakespeare’sworks,Aesop’sFablesandotherlanguages.Theyarethesummaryofpeopleexperienceineverydaylife,sotheyoriginatedfrompeople’sdailylifeandexperience.Proverbshavealonghistory.Fourth,themaincontentsofproverbsareexploringlifephilosophyandsummaryofsocialexperience.Fifth,differencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinencouragingproverbsaredifferencesofsemanticassociation,pragmatics,geographicpoliticsandsociallife,productionway,religiousbeliefandhistoricalstories.Sixth,foreignizationanddomesticationarethetwotranslationprinciples.Seventh,therearefourtranslationmethods.Theyareliteraltranslation,paraphrasing,combinationofliteraltranslationandparaphrasingandborrowing.Eighth,someattentionshouldbedrawnonhowtotranslateEnglishandChineseproverbs.Ninth,drawaconclusionoftheessay.Afterreadingthispaper,onemaytranslatetheencouragingproverbsproperly.Keywords:proverbs;translationprinciples;translationmethods 中文摘要这篇论文包括了九个部分。第一，介绍论文大意及写作目的。第二，谚语及励志谚语的定义。谚语是流传于民间的、形式相对稳定的、简洁而生动的语句，它总结了人民大众生活和工作的经验，具有诲人和劝解的功能。第三，谚语的来源。有民间流传的，来自《圣经》的，有来自莎士比亚的作品和《伊索寓言》的；有借自西方民族语言的谚语。第四，谚语的主要内容，探讨人生真理、总结社会生活经验和为人处世的修养。第五，汉英谚语表达上产生差异的原因：词义的联想意义差异，语用差异，地域政治与社会生活差异，生产方式差异，宗教信仰差异和历史典故差异。第六，英汉翻译原则----异化和归化。第七，翻译方法，直译法、意译法、直译和意译法及同义谚语套用法。第八，需注意的地方。第九，总结。通过阅读这篇论文，能较恰当地翻译英汉励志谚语。关键字：谚语；翻译原则；翻译方法 1．IntroductionTomasterEnglishproverbsisanindispensiblewaytolearnEnglish.Proverbsareconcise,profoundandphilosophical.Ifproverbsareusedinanarticle,itcanbemorepersuasive.Proverbsarethepopularlanguageexpressionswithpeople.Thecategoriesofproverbsareabundantinvariety.Iamprettyinterestedinencouragingproverbsfortheycanencouragemetostrivetorealizemygoal.Therefore,IwritethisessayinordertomakeabettertranslationonEnglish-Chineseencouragingproverbs.2.TheDefinitionofProverbsandEncouragingProverbsProverbsaresomeconciseandvividphrasesandsentencesdescendinginthefolkwithrelativelystableformswhichsummarizetheexperienceofpeople’slifeandworkandhavethefunctionofteachingandpersuading.Encouragingproverbsaretheproverbswhichimplypositivemeaningsandencouragepeopletomakegreateffortstoachievetheirgoalsandnottogiveupwhenfacedwithdifficultiesandfrustrations.Proverbsaretheprimeofhuman’swisdomandarevivid,profound.Thereisalwaysasaying,“Oldproverbsarethechildrenoftruth.”“古谚是真理的儿女。”（董尉君，1999：1）During1846—1852,theformerBritishPrimeMinisterJohnRusselloncesaid,“Aproverbisoneman’swit,andallmen’swisdom.”“谚语是以个人的妙语，表达众人的智慧。”（董尉君，1999：1）Asanimportantformoffolkliterature,proverbssummarizetheexperience,wisdomandlessonswithconciselanguageforms.AfamousBritishscholarThomasFulleroncesaid,“Aproverbismuchmatterdecoctedintofewwords.”“谚语将事物的诸多方面浓缩成片言只语。”（董尉君，1999：1）ThereareagreatnumberofproverbsinEnglishandinChinese.Theircommonfeaturesarevivid,concise,preciseandprofound.3.TheOriginsProverbsoriginatefromlifeandarethecondensationandembodimentofnationallanguageandculture.Proverbscanreflectculturalbackgroundofanation,suchas,geography,historyandreligious.Studyinganation’sculturemuststudyitsproverbsfirst.Tobeconcrete,theycomefromfolklife,theBible,Shakespeare’sWorks,Aesop’sFablesandotherlanguages.3.1OriginsfromthefolkManyEnglishproverbsarethesummariesofcommonpeople’sdailylife.Forexample,(1)Makehaywhilethesunshines.良机勿失（太阳好，晒稻草。）（董尉君，1999：2）3.2OriginsfromtheBible TheBibleistheclassicofChristianandagreatworksinworldliteraturetreasure.TheBibleOldTestamentisinHebrewandtheBibleNewTestamentisinGreek.In1611,theBritishEmpireJamesIperiod,47scholarstranslatedtheBibleintoEnglish,whichisnamedtheAuthorizedVersion.Fromthenon,theBibleismorepopularalloverBritain,andsoaretheproverbsintheBible.Forexample,(2)Olivebranch.橄榄枝（和平）（胡龙青，2008）3.3OriginsfromShakespeare’sWorksAsidesfromtheBible,themajorityoftheEnglishproverbscomefromShakespeare’sworks.TheRenaissancefromthelate16thcenturytotheearly17thcenturywentoverthewholeBritaininextricably.Duringthattime,theprimeperiodofliteratureappeared.ItisalsotheprimeperiodforEnglishproverbs.PeopleusetheEnglishproverbswhentheyaretalkingandcreatingpoemsanddramas.ShakespeareisjustasthegreatdramatistandpoeminthisperiodthatusedEnglishproverbsinhis37playsandtwoepicsand154sonnets.Forexample,(3)Brevityisthesoulofwit.简洁是智慧的灵魂。(4)Cowardsdiemanytimesbeforetheirdeath.懦夫一生死几回。(董尉君，1999：2)3.4OriginsfromAesop’sFablesManyEnglishproverbscomefromAesop’sFables.AesopwasalegendaryancientGreekfablewriter.Itissaidthathewasaslavein6thcenturyto5thcenturyBC.Hewasintelligent,whosefablesreflectedpeople’swits.Forexample,(5)Slowandsteadywintherace.慢而有恒，赛跑必胜。(董尉君，1999：2)3.5OriginsfromotherlanguagesAnotherimportantsourceofEnglishproverbsisfromotherlanguages,mainlyfromwesterncountries.Forexample,(6)Noonecancallbackyesterday.(theNetherlands)昨日之日不可追。(7)Hewhohasnottastedbitterknowsnotwhatsweetis.(France)未尝苦味，不知甘甜。(董尉君，1999：2)4.ThecontentsEnglishproverbsnearlycoverallaspectsofsociallife.Themaincontentsarelistedas follows.4.1ExploreLifePhilosophyManyEnglishproverbsarethedaughtersofexplorationoflifevalueandmeaning.Forexample,(8)Lifeisshortandtimeisswift.生命短暂，光阴飞逝。(9)Lifeislongifitisfull.生活充实，生命就长。(董尉君，1999：2)4.2SummaryofSocialExperienceTheseproverbssummarizethelivingexperienceinvolvedwithdifferentaspects,whichisaccumulatedbypeopleforlong-term.Forexample,(10)Makehaywhilethesunshines.良机勿失。（太阳好，晒稻草。）(董尉君，1999：2)5.DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinEncouragingProverbsCulturehasprominentlynationalcharacteristics.Itispeculiarcreationofdifferentnationsincertainhistorical,geographic,religiousandcustomaryenvironments.Cultureisthegroundinwhichlanguagesexistanddevelop.Languagescannotexistwithoutculture.Thefundamentaltaskoflanguagestranslationisthetransmissionandcommunicationofcultures.Asaresult,inordertomakebettertranslation,atranslatormustexploretheculturalfeaturesanddifferentiationsbetweenEnglishandChinese.5.1DifferencesofSemanticAssociationSemanticsisgenerallyconsideredtobethestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Languageshaveobviousnationalfeatures,notonlyinphoneticsbutalsoinlexicologyandsemantics.Wordshavedifferentassociatingmeaningsindistinctcontext.Associatingmeaningisakindofinternalmeaning.Itisacomplementtothedictionarymeaning.Incertaincontext,suchaninternalmeaningcancreateacertainassociatingatmosphereandhasunimaginableinfluenceandeffectsinreaders’head.Forexample,asfordog,thereareLoveme,lovemydog(爱屋及乌),Luckydog(幸运儿)inEnglish（傅敬民，2004：227）.5.2DifferenceofPragmaticsAgeneraldefinitionforpragmaticsisthatitisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Inotherwords,pragmaticsgenerallyreferstothestudyofnaturallanguageunderstanding,andspecificallythestudyofhowcontextinfluencestheinterpretationofmeanings.ThereisacloserelationshipofthedifferencesbetweenEnglish—Chineseapplicationandtheculturalbackgroundofthetwolanguages.Nationalcultureisaholisticsystemwhich affectseveryaspectsofitslanguage.InChinese,communityvalueismoreimportantsothatthereisasmalldistancebetweeninterpersonalpsychologies.Therefore,whenChinesepeopletalkwitheachother,theyarecloserandinvolvemoredetails.Onthecontrary,inEnglish,individualvalueismoreimportantsothatthereisalongerdistancebetweeninterpersonalpsychologies.Theyshyawayfrompersonaldetailswhentalking.Itisnotdifficultforustofindthat“thankyou”inEnglishismorefrequentlyusedthan“谢谢”inChinese.“谢谢”inChinesearenotusedamongfamilymembers.Ontheotherhand,English—speakingpeoplethinkthattheyshouldsay“thankyou”toanyoneofferinghelptoourselves.Therefore,“thankyou”isfrequentlyusedamongfamilymembers.Thisreflectsthedifferencesofinterpersonalpsychologicaldistance.ThebasisofindividualsenseofsafetyisdifferentinEnglish—Chinesecultures.TheheroinEnglish—speakingpeople’sheadisaself—mademan.（“自我成功的人”或“白手起家的人”）Itresultsfromself—reliance.Forexample,(11)Godhelpsthosethathelpthemselves.天助自助者。(12)Lifeisabattle.生活即是一场战斗。(13)Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfortune.每个人都是自身命运的建筑师。(傅敬民，2004：229)TheseEnglishproverbstellusthatonlyifyouarededicatedyourselftoyourgoal,youcansucceedandobtainsenseofsafety,whileChinesepeopleoftensay,“四海之内皆兄弟”(allmenarebrothers),“在家靠父母，出门靠朋友”(relyonparentsathomebutfriendsoutside),“一个好汉三个帮”(Hewhowoulddogreatthingsshouldnotattemptthemallalone.).ThisindicatesthatChinesepeoplehopetofindsafeplaces.Anotherexample,aChinesestudentpreparesafeastforhisAmericanfriends.Hesaid,“Thereisnothingspecialinthismeal.Pleaseunderstand.”TheAmericansfeelveryperplexedandthinkthatwhyyoudon’tmakegoodpreparations.TheotherAmericansfeelcuriousthatindeedthereisafeast.LatertheAmericanpraisesthathecannotonlycookwell,butalsospeaknativeEnglish.Buthereplied,“no,no,notgood.”ThisreplymakestheAmericansveryembarrassed.Theydon’tknowwhethertheysaidsomethingwrongorhedoesn’taccepttheirpraise.TheChinesestudentmastersthelanguageitselfbutdoesn’tfathomtheessenceofthelanguage.BecausetheAmericansdon’tunderstandtheChineseculture,theycan’tcommunicatewellwiththeChinesestudent.Asaresult,onaccountofthedifferencesofcultures,pragmaticsimpliestheconnotationofnationalculture.Translationisnotonlythetransformationoftwolanguages,butalsothecommunicationandtransplantationoftwocultures.5.3TheDifferencesofGeographicPoliticsandSocialLifeSomewordscanreflectthenationalnaturalgeography,environment,climatic conditions.Thesewordsarethenationalgeographysymbols.Culturalequityliesincertaingeographicspaceandinextricablyreflectsthenaturalsurface.Thisresultsinthedifferentiationsindifferentlanguages.“泰山北斗”(Apersonwhoisextremelyrespectableandprominent),“付诸东流”(downthedrain)havestrongChinesenationalcolor,whilewhenDoverandCalaismeetisusedtodescribe“somethingimpossible”.DoverreferstotheBritishport,whileCalaisreferstotheFrenchport.Thetwoportsarefarawayfromeachother.Theforeigners,whodon’tknowthegeographicconditions,can’tunderstanditsrealessence.AncientChinawasaninlandcountry,inwhichlandplayedacrucialrole.Therearemanyimportantthings,rangingfromthePeasantsMovementstotheLandRevolutionary,areclosetoLand.Sotherearemanyphrasesinvolvedwith“土”inChinese,suchas,土洋结合(combineindigenousandforeignmethods),土崩瓦解(tocollapselikeahouseofcards).(傅敬民，2004：230)Ifthecharacter“土”istranslatedliterally,theEnglish—speakingpeoplewillbeconfused.Britainissurroundedbysea.Therefore,therearemanyphrasesinEnglishinvolvedwithsea.5.4TheDifferencesofProductionWayProductionwayisthemeansofobtainingproductionmaterial.Itisthebasisofhumansociety’sexistence.Laborproductioncreatesworldandlanguage.Nearlyeveryindustryhasitsownanalogousphrases.AncientChinaisaninlandagriculturalcountry,soChinesecultureisinfavorofcow.Therearemanyphrasesinvolvedwithcow.However,Britainisanislandcountry.Thefarmingformismainlybyhorse.Sotherearemanyproverbsinvolvedwithhorse.FishingindustryishighlydevelopedinBritain.SotherearemanyEnglishproverbsinvolvedwithfish,waterandboat.Forexample,(14)Castananchortowindward未雨绸缪(15)Trimthesailstothewind顺势前进(16)Cleanthedeck扫除障碍(17)Keepone’sheadoverwater奋力图存(18)Misstheboat坐失良机(傅敬民，2004：231)5.5TheDifferencesofReligiousBeliefBritishandAmericanpeopleareloyaltoChristian.TheythinkthatGodcreatedallinworld.Therefore,therearemanyproverbsarefromtheBible,suchas,Judas（犹大，喻为叛徒）,bearone’scross（背十字架）,NocomingtoHeavenwithdryeyes（眼无泪水，难进天堂）,forbiddenfruit（禁果）,ministeringangel（护理天使）andsoon.ThereareChinesefigures,suchaspanguandgod.Sothereare“临时抱佛脚”(cramatthelastmoment)， “道高一尺，魔高一丈”(Whilethepriestclimbsapost,thedevilclimbsten.)andsoon（傅敬民，2004：231）.Godandgodrepresentdifferentmeanings.GodinChristianstandsforGodalmightyandistherepresentativeoftruthandbeauty.ButitisnotthecaseinChineseculture.Forinstance,once“谋事在人，成事在天”inTheDreamofRedMansionistranslatedinto“Manproposes,Goddisposes”.Anotherexample,oncethephrases“无事不登三宝殿”istranslatedinto“NoonecomestothehallofTrinitywithoutareason”.ItisinevitablethatreadersfromBritainandAmericathinkthatthereisalsosuchconceptinChineseculture.Also,Ibelieve,thatIshall“returntotheFather”inanafterlifethatisbeyonddescriptioncannotbetranslatedinto“由于我的宗教信仰，我相信来生将重返圣父身边”,becauseafterlifeinEnglishreferstoalifeafterdeath.Weshouldpayattentiontothattranslatorsoftentransformtheirculturalconceptsintoanotherlanguagesubconsciously.5.6TheDifferencesofHistoricalStoriesHistoryofanationisthehistoryofsocialdevelopment,whichcontainssubstantialculturalheritage.Forexample,“成也萧何，败也萧何”(RaisedupbyXiaoHeandcastdownbyXiaoHe.),“逼上梁山”(driventodrasticalternatives),inChinesearecloselyrelatedtohistoricalculture,soaretheEnglishproverbs“tomeetone’sWaterloo”“Watergatescandal”“lameduck”.However,thehistoricalstoriesinlanguagehavealongnationalculturalorigin,whichishardforforeignreaderstounderstand.ItisreallyhardforEnglish—speakingpeoplewhodon’tunderstandChineseclassicalliteraturetounderstandtheexactmeaningofHongmenFeast.Also,Chinesepeoplewhodon’tunderstandAmericanclassicalliteraturecannotunderstandtheso—calledacatch-22situation(第二十二条军规式的困境)（傅敬民，2004：233）.6.ThePrinciplesofTranslationTraditionaltranslationtheoryincludestwoprinciples----foreignizationanddomestication.Duringthetransformationoftwolanguages,foreignizationanddomesticationaredealingwiththedifferencesoflanguagesformsandtheculturaldifferencesreflectedbylanguageforms.Foreignizationclaimstotranslatetheoriginallanguageformsliterally(evenifthislanguageformisnotexactlysuitableforthehabit.),andtomaintaintheculturalelementsformingtheoriginallanguage(mainlyreferstotheimage).Domesticationclaimstotranslatetheculturalelementsintofluentandnativelanguages.Qianzhongshuisinfavorofdomestication.In1960sqianzhongshuoncesaid,“Thehigheststandardoftranslationistransformation.”(毛荣贵,2005:88)Translateliteraryworksfromonelanguageintoanotherlanguage.Onemustmaintainitsoriginalstyleandtranslateitfluently.Onthecontrary,Luxunadvocatesforeignization.Inhisopinion,translationmustrepresentforeignelements.7.TheTranslationMethodsandRelevantExamples7.1LiteralTranslationLiteralTranslationreferstothatmaintaintheanalogies,images,nationalandlocalcoloroncondition thattranslatorsdon’tdisobeythelanguagerulesanddon’tcausewrongassociation.AlthoughChinesereadersarenotfamiliarwiththeanalogies,imagesofEnglishproverbs,wehadbetteradoptliteraltranslationonaccountofthestrongpoliticalmeanings,obviouslywesternnationallocalandhistoricalcolor.LiteraltranslationadoptswesternproverbstoChinesesothatthetranslationcanbemoresubstantial.Aslongasreaders’understandingwillnotbeaffectedwehadbetteradoptliteraltranslationtomaintaintheoriginalcontents,formsandstylesandcutdownloss.(19)Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有智者，事竟成。（思马得学校，2003：324）(20)Lifeconsistsinwantingsomething.Whenamanissatisfied,heisasgoodasdead.人生在于与所追求，一个人满足时，无异于死亡。(21)Thesunisnevertheworseforshiningonadunghill.太阳照在粪堆上，丝毫无损太阳光。(22)Anoakisnotfallenatonestroke.橡树不是一斧子砍倒的。(23)Constantdrippingwearsawayastone.水滴石穿。(24)Helaughsbestwholaughslast.最后笑的，笑的最好。(25)Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,thentry,tryandtryagain.如果开头失利，那么努力，努力，再努力。(26)Littlestrokesfelldownstrongoaks.持续的小劈终将砍倒大橡树。(27)Nothingintheworldisdifficultforonewhosetshismindtoit.世上无难事，只怕有心人。(28)Romewasnotbuiltinaday.罗马不是一天建成的。(29)Stepaftersteptheladderisascended.梯子要一步一步往上登。(30)Opportunitiesdonotwait.机会不等人。(31)Timeandtidewaitfornoman.岁月与潮汐，不等任何人。(32)Bettertoreigninhellthansaveinheaven.宁在地狱为王，不在天堂为臣。(33)Hopespringseternalinthehumanbreast.希望在人的胸膛里涌动不止。(34)Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？(35)Tomorrowisanewday.明天又是新的一天。 (36)Wherethereislife,thereishope.有生命就有希望。(37)Youthistheseasonofhope.青春是希望的季节。(38)Alazyyouth,alousyage.少年懒惰，老来贫苦。(39)Diligenceisthemotherofgoodluck.勤奋为幸运之母。(40)Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.早飞的鸟儿捉到虫。(41)Confidenceinyourselfisthefirststepontheroadtosuccess.自信是走向成功的第一步。(42)Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败是成功之母。(43)Successbelongstothepersevering.成功属于坚持不懈的人。(44)Afallintothepit,againinone’swit.吃一堑，长一智。(45)Faithcanremovemountains.精诚所至，金石为开。(46)Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人，成事在天。(47)Manstrugglesupwards;waterflowsdownwards.人往高处走，水往低处流。(48)Betrueinwordandresoluteindeed.言必行，行必果。(董尉军,1999:10)7.1ParaphrasingParaphrasingreferstothetranslationmethodthattheproverbsaretranslatedaccordingtotheirimpliedmeanings.Ifliteraltranslationcannotmaintaintheoriginalmeanings,atthesametimewhenChineseproverbscannotreplaceit,weshoulduseparaphrasingtoexpressthemeanings.Thefeaturesofparaphrasingareconciseandeasytounderstand.Itsdrawbackliesinthelossoftheoriginalfeatures.Forexample,(49)Holdopportunitybyherforelock,beforesheturnshertail.机不可失。(50)Abeggarcanneverbebankrupt.天无绝人之路。(51)Itisthefirststepthatcosts.万事开头难。(52)Neversaydie! 别泄气！(53)Thereisnoroyalroadtolearning.学无坦途。(成蕾，2003:1)(54)Badluckoftenbringsgoodluck.塞翁失马，焉知非福。(55)Araggedcoatmaycoveranhonestman.人穷智不穷。(56)Ambitionneverdiesuntilthereisnowayout.不到黄河心不死。(57)Elbowgreasegivesthebestpolish.苦干出好活。(58)Everyflowmusthaveitsebb.人生变幻无常。(59)Experienceteaches.经验使人聪明。(60)Godhelpsthemthathelpthemselves.皇天不负有心人。(61)Hewhowouldclimbtheladdermustbeginatthebottom.千里之行，始于足下。(62)Ifitwerenotforhope,theheartwouldbreak.人靠希望活着。(63)Ifyoulieuponroseswhenyoung,you’lllieuponthornswhenold.年轻图享受，老来倍受苦。(64)Itisdoggedthatdoesit.坚持就是胜利。(65)Makethebestofthebadbargain.善处逆境。(66)Nocross,nocrown.不吃苦中苦，难为人上人。(67)Omeletsarenotmadewithoutbreakingeggs.有失才有得。(68)Sufficientforthedayistheevilthereof.肠满今朝愁，莫添他日忧。(69)Takeone’scourageinbothhands.勇往直前，敢做敢为。(70)Thebullmustbetakenbythehorns.勇于面对困难。(71)Whatevermanhasdone,manmaydo.天下无难事。(祝宝珠，2005:67) 7.1CombinationofLiteralTranslationandParaphrasingSometimeswhenwetranslatesomeEnglishproverbs,pureliteraltranslationcannotbeunderstoodbyreaders,whileparaphrasingcannotexpressitsoriginalmeaningproperlyeither.Thenwecanadoptthecombinationofliteraltranslationandparaphrasingtomakeupforthedrawback.Wecantranslatethetextliterallyandpointoutitsimpliedmeaningsothatthetranslatedtextisvivid.Forexample,(72)EvenHomersometimesnods.荷马也有瞌睡时,智者千虑，必有一失。(73)IfIhavelostthering,yetthefingersarestillthere.戒指虽丢失，手指仍然在；留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。（包惠南，包昂，2004：162）7.2BorrowingBorrowingreferstothatwhenwetranslationtheEnglishproverbswhichhavethesamemeaningsandrhetoricimplicationswiththeircounterpartinChinese,wewilladopttheChineseonesdirectly,orviceversa.EnglishproverbshavetheircounterpartsinChinese.ThecontentsoftheseEnglishproverbsareinaccordancewiththeChineseproverbs’.Theyaresimilarnotonlyinmeaningandrhetoricimplicationbutalsoinimage.Forexample,(74)Letanother’sshipwreckbeyoursea-mark.前车之覆，后车之鉴。(75)Intheendthingswillmend.车到山前必有路。(76)Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人，成事在天。(77)Diamondcutdiamond.强中自有强中手。(78)Greatmindsthinkalike.英雄所见略同。(赵桂华，2003:190)Inaddition,weshouldpayattentiontothestyleandcommendationandderogatorysense.Onformaloccasions,formalwordsshouldbeadopted.8.ItemstoBeFocused8.1EstablishImageThemajorityoftheproverbshavevividanalogousimages.Aslongasreaders’understandingwillnotbeaffected,weshouldadoptliteraltranslation.TheminorityoftheproverbshavetheircounterpartsinEnglish.Thenweshoulduseborrowingtotranslate.Asfortheborrowingproverbs,translatorsarequitefamiliarwiththeir analogousimagessothatitiseasierforthereaderstounderstand.Inaddition,onaccountoftheculturaldifferencesinChineseproverbs,theanalogousimagesneedtobetransformed.Forexample,(79)Ittakestenyearstogrowtrees,butahundredtorearpeople.十年树木，百年树人。(80)Manhasbutonelife,grassseesbutonespring.人生一世，草木一春。(81)Timeismoney.一寸光阴一寸金。(82)Aslongasgreenhillsremains,there’llneverbeashortageoffirewood.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。(83)Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion.宁为鸡头，毋为牛后。(包惠南，包昂，2004：163)8.2NationalandCulturalColorProverbsarecloselyrelatedtonationalculture.Alargenumberofproverbspresentstrongnationalandculturalcolor.Ifweuseliteraltranslation,thetranslationisnotgoodenoughandtheimpliedmeaningswillnotbeunderstoodeasily.Insuchcircumstances,paraphrasingisagoodchoice.Forexample,(84)Alossmayturnouttobeagain.塞翁失马，焉知非福？(85)Whatonelosesontheswingsonegetsbackontheroundabouts.失之东隅，收之桑榆。(冯庆华，1997：143)8.3FeaturesofLanguageFormsProverbisalanguageformwhichiswidelyusedindailylife.Ithasstrongcolloquialfeatures.(86)Lookbeforeyouleap.三思而后行。(Comparedwith:Thinkthriceandthendoit.)(87)Alossmayturnouttobeagain.塞翁失马，焉知非福？(Comparedwith:Whentheoldmanonthefrontierlosthismare,whocouldhaveguesseditwasablessingindisguise?)(88)Agoodbeginningmakesagoodending.有了好的开头，才有好的结果。(89)Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.活到老，学到老。 (90)Anironpestlecanbegrounddowntoaneedle,perseverancewillmakesuccess.铁杵磨成针，功到自然成。(91)Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.世上无难事，只怕有心人。(92)Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人，成事在天。(冯庆华；1997：145)8.2ArtofLanguageWeshoulddrawattentionontheartoflanguage.Ononehand,weshouldfocusontheconcisenessthewords.Ontheotherhand,weshouldfocusonthesymmetry.Forexample,(93)Whohasnevertastedbitter,knowsnotwhatissweet.不尝黄连苦，怎知蜂蜜甜。(94)Haughtinessinvitesdisaster,humilityreceivesbenefit.满招损，谦受益。(包惠南，包昂，2004：168)8.3AbbreviationFormsEnglishproverbsareofteninabbreviationforms,suchas,it’snousecryingoverspiltmilk（作无益的后悔）.(张培基，1980:164)Itcanbeabbreviatedintotocryoverspiltmilk.Themeaningremainsunchanged.Atfirst,translatorsmustgetfamiliarwiththefrequentlyusedproverbsandtheirabbreviationforms.9.ConclusionTomasterEnglishproverbsisanindispensiblewaytolearnEnglish.Proverbsareconcise,profoundandphilosophical.Ifproverbsareusedinanarticle,itcanbemorepersuasive.Proverbsarethepopularlanguageexpressionswithpeople.Thecategoriesofproverbsareabundantinvariety.Iamprettyinterestedinencouragingproverbsfortheycanencouragemetostrivetorealizemygoal.Therefore,IwritethisessayinordertomakeabettertranslationonEnglish-Chineseencouragingproverbs.Bibliography 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AcknowledgementsThereareanumberofpeopletowhomthisessay’sauthorowesagreatdealoveralongperiodoftime.MsWengTao,mysupervisor,sparesmuchtimeandenergy,outofherheavyloadofofficework,teachingandresearchcommitments,toprovidesubstantialguidanceonthisessay.Duringthepreparationofthispaper,thedetailedadviceandconstanthelpfromherhavebeenbothacademicallyauthoritativeandgenerous.MyspecialthanksshouldalsogotoMsZhanglei.SheopensupbeforemeaworldofwonderfulproverbsandtranslationsothatItastesweetnessofproverbs.Finally,IwishtothankMrYuanxin.HehasintroducedmetothewonderfulEnglishworldandencouragedmetoexploretheprimeofEnglish.