功能语法角度的英语谚语名物化研究 69页

四川1师范大学学位论文独创性声明本人声明：所呈交学位论文《功能适洼鱼廑的墓蚤谚透名塑丝婴窒》△StudyofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsfromthePerspectiveofFunctionalGrammar，是本人在导师李勇指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体己经发表或撰写过的作品或成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。本人承诺：已提交的学位论文电子版与论文纸本的内容一致。如因不符而引起的学术声誉上的损失由本人自负。学位论文作者：王岚签字日期：2014年6月11日四川师范大学学位论文版权使用授权书本人同意所撰写学位论文的使用授权遵照学校的管理规定：学校作为申请学位的条件之一，学位论文著作权拥有者须授权所在大学拥有学位论文的部分使用权，即：1)已获学位的研究生必须按学校规定提交印刷版和电子版学位论文，可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库供检索；2)为教学、科研和学术交流目的，学校可以将公开的学位论文或解密后的学位论文作为资料在图书馆、资料室等场所或在有关网络上供阅读、浏览。本人授权万方数据电子出版社将本学位论文收录到《中国学位论文全文数据库》，并通过网络向社会公众提供信息服务。同意按相关规定享受相关权益。(保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书)学位论文作者签名：9-钮签字日期：c)17心年参月，弓日导师虢李勇签字日易矿∥月／多日伽Hul> 摘要JIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIHHIIUlY2541712功能语法角度的英语谚语名物化研究英语语言文学硕士研究生：王岚指导教师：李勇摘要名物化现象普遍存在于人类语言中，一直以来，深受各国语言学家和学者的关注。名物化是能够将一个或一组其他类型成分转化为名词成分的语法过程，也是一种语言现象。人们对名物化的认知是逐渐深入的，对国外一些主流语言学流派就名物化研究的考察说明了这一点。在不同学派对名物化的研究中，系统功能学派为名物化的详尽和全面研究提供了较为系统的理论框架。本文运用系统功能语言学相关理论，尝试对英语谚语中的名物化现象作一个较为全面的探讨。文章首先回顾了名物化研究历史，介绍了功能语法中语法隐喻和名物化理论，接着分析了英语谚语中名物化的语义特征、形式特征及可能带来的缺陷，然后研究了谚语中的名物化现象对概念隐喻、人际隐喻及语篇隐喻的实现起到相当大的作用，最后探讨了名物化在英语谚语中的功能。本文以搜集的100条含有名物化成分的英语谚语作为研究对象，从韩礼德功能语法框架下的语法隐喻出发，重点分析了这些谚语中名物化在概念隐喻、人际隐喻以及语篇隐喻中的功能。分析表明，在概念隐喻中，名物化能够蕴含大量信息，从而使英语谚语更加简洁和客观；在人际隐喻方面，名物化促进了人际交流，提高英语谚语的权威性和可信度；在语篇隐喻方面，名物化使英语谚语语篇形式更加对称，增强了形态化和阅读效果。关键词：名物化英语谚语概念隐喻人际隐喻语篇隐喻 l四Jll师范大学硕士学位论文II AbstractAStudyofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsfromthePerspectiveofFunctionalGrammarMACandidate：WangLanAdvisor：LiYongNominalizationwhichprevailsinhumanlanguagehasflwayScaughtattentionsoflinguistsandscholarsinmanycountries．Itisagrammaticalprocesswhichtransfersanon—nominalelementorasetofsuchelementstoanominaloneaswellasalinguisticphenomenon．Thatthehuman’Scognitionofnominalizationhasexperiencedagradualprocesscouldbedemonstratedbyretrospectofmajorf．orei萨linguisticschoolswhichaddressthistopicastheresearchissue．Amongtheseexplorationsofdifferentschools，onlySystemic-FunctionalSchoolprovidesasystematicaccountoftheoreticalframeworktosituatetheexhaustiveandcomprehensiveanalysisofnominalization．ThisthesisisanattempttoprobeoverallphenomenonofnominalizationinEnglishproverbs，applyingrelativetheoriesinSystemic—FunctionalLinguistics．Itfirstreviewsthehistoryofresearchesaboutnominalization，andintroducestheoriesongrammaticalmetaphorandnominalizationinFunctionalGrammar．Thenitstudiessemanticfeatures，formalcharacteristicsandpossibledefectsofnominalizationinEnglishproverbs．Afterwards，thethesisdiscussesnominalizationinproverbsisconducivegreatlytorealizationofideational，interpersonalandtextualmetaphors．Atlast,itinvestigatesthecontributionsofnominalizationinEnglishproverbs．Thisthesistakes100Englishproverbswhichcontainatleastonenominalizingelementasthecorpusofexplorationandfocusesontheirfunctionsinideational，III 四川师范大学硕士学位论文interpersonalandtextualmetaphorsfromtheperspectiveofgrammaticalmetaphorwithinthefi：ameworkofFunctionalGrammar．Bystudyingtheseproverbsintherespectofideationalmetaphor,nominalizationpackinglargeinformationmakesEnglishproverbsmoreconciseandobjective；intherespectofinterpersonalmetaphor,itpromotescommunication，heighteningauthorityandcredibilityofEnglishproverbs；intherespectoftextualmetaphor,therealizationofsymmetrythroughnominalizationinEnglishproverbsreinforcesmorphologicalandreadingeffect．Keywords：nominalization，Englishproverbs，ideationalmetaphors，interpersonalIVmetaphor,textualmetaphor ContentsContents摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯IABSTRACT⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·ⅢIntroduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1ChapterOneLiteratureReview：PreviousStudiesonNominalization⋯·⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯·41．1TheDefinitionofNominalization⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘41．2TheStudyfromthePerspectiveofStructuralLinguistics。································‘51．3TheStudyfromthePerspectiveofTransformational—GenerativeGrammar⋯·‘61．4TheStudyfromthePerspectiveofCognitiveLinguistics⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·7ChapterTwoConceptionsonGrammaticalMetaphorandNominalizationinFunctionalGrammar⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··102．1ABriefIntroductiontoMetaphor⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯102．2CongruentFormandMetaphoricalForm⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯122．3ThreeClassificationsofGrammaticalMetaphor‘············································142．4NominalizationinFunctionalGrammar⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··20ChapterThreeCharacteristicsofNominalizationinEnglishProverbs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2。43．1SemanticFeaturesofNominalizationinProverbs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·243．2FormalDistinctionsofNominalizationinProverbs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··263．3nlePossibleDefectsofNominalization⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·32ChapterFourAnalysisofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsfromtheViewpointofGrammaticalMetaphor⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯···⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯··⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯344．1IdeationalMetaphorandNominalizationinEnglishProverbs：inTransitivitySystem⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·。344．2InterpersonalMetaphorandNominalization：inMoodandModalitySystems⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯394．3TextualMetaphorandNominalization：inMetaphoricalThematicS仃uchlreandMetaphoricalNewsStructure⋯⋯·⋯··⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯⋯··⋯44 四川师范大学硕士学位论文ChapterFiveContributionsofNominalizationtoEnglishProverbs。····················‘475．1ConcisenessandObjectivity⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘475．2AuthorityandCredibility‘···············································································‘495．3SymmetryandMelodicEffect⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯··⋯·⋯⋯⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯··⋯⋯·⋯···⋯··⋯⋯‘50Conclusion⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯··⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯·⋯···52Bibliography⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯‘⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·‘55Appendix’⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯·⋯⋯⋯⋯·⋯·⋯·⋯··⋯·⋯⋯··⋯⋯··⋯·⋯⋯·⋯··⋯⋯·⋯⋯·⋯··⋯··⋯··⋯·⋯58Acknowledgements⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯·‘62 IntroductionProverbsareestablishedexpressionsreflectinggeneralbelievesanduniversaltruthswithunknownauthorship．Asacrystalofanationalwisdom，meyarecreatedindailylifeandpassedonthroughoralinstructionfromgenerationtogeneration．Thus，meyalenecessarytobeshortandcolloquialforwidespreadofmouth．Inspiteofshortpresentations，theycontainhighphilosophy,superbintelligenceandabundantexperience．Inthissense，Englishproverbsareurgedtoemploynominalizationinordertoachievetheeffectoflargeauthoritativeinformationwithshortsentence．Inturn，nominalizationalsocouldavoiddynamicsubjectivity,enhancethedensityofmessagewithcertainwords，andmaketheproverbsmoreconcise，credibleandsymmetrical．Generallyspeaking，nominalizationmeansturnsanyothercategoryofelement，includingaword，agrouporphrase，evenaclause，intoanominalone．Itisevidencedthattherecognitionofnominalizationhasexperiencedagradualprocessbyreviewofmainmodemlinguisticschools．StructuralSchool，Transformational—GenerativeSchool，CognitiveSchoolmakemoreorlesscontributionstoresearchofthisregard，butonlySystemic-FunctionalSchoolprovidesanintegralandsystematicaccountoftheoreticalframeworktoanalyzethisphenomenon．In1985，HallidaypublisheshismasterpieceAntoFunctionalGrammarandgivesadetailedexplanationofnominalizationfromapointviewofgrammaticalmetaphor．AccordingtoHalliday,nominalizationis“anyelementorgroupofelementsthatismadetofunctionasanominalgroupintheclause"’(2000：41)．Byvirtueofnominalization，“processesandpropertiesarerewordedmetaphoricallyasnounsandfunctionasthingsinthenominalgroupinsteadofasprocessorattributeintheclause”(Halliday2000：352)．Theuniversalphenomenonwhichalwaysemergesasthesubjectofgeneralinterestcanbefoundeasilyinformalwrittenregisterbecauseofitsabilityofpackinginformationandbeingobjective．Andthecorpusofthepreviousstudyon 四川师范大学硕士学位论文nominalizationisjustrestrictedinthisgenre，suchasintitlesofmovies，orinnews，scientificandtechnologicaltexts．However,thereisfewanalysisofthisgrammaticalphenomenoninEnglishproverbs．ThecurrentexistingstudiesjustpointoutsketchilythatnominalizationisinfavorofobjectivenessandsymmetryofEnglishproverbsbyomittingparticipantsandcomplementsincongruencefromaspectofideationalmetaphor．Theirinterpersonalandtextualfunctionsarenotvaluedenoughbyscholars．Englishproverbsarerequiredtoreadoptasthematerialsofanalysistoraisepeople’Scomprehensionandfindsomenewcharacteristicsofnominalization．ThisthesiswillanalyzenominalizationinEnglishproverbsfromtheviewpointofFunctionalGrammar．Thedatareferto100Englishproverbs，mostofwhichcontainonenominalizingelementandsomecontaintwosuchelements，willbeanalyzedrigorouslybythemethodoftheoreticalexpoundingfromthestandpointofgrammaticalmetaphor．Abrand-newanalyticalperspectivecouldbeaffordedbythisinquiryofthethesiswithreferencetofeaturesofnominalizationandhownominalizationrealizesideational，interpersonalandtextualmetaphorsinEnglishproverbs．Atthesametime，itsprovidingoftheoreticalfoundationfordecodinginformationinproverbsisbeneficialtoanalysisofothertypesoftexts．Inordertohaveacomprehensiveunderstandaboutthetopic，thepreviousresearchesonnominalizationisfirstretrospectedinChapterOne．ThisdiscussionfromStructuralism，Transformational—GenerativeGrammaraswellasCognitiveLinguisticspresentsahistoricalframeworktoourstudy．Thoughresearchesofeachschoolarerestrictedincertainareawheretheyemphasize，theinfluencesareinevitablygreatsincetheyinspirenumerouslingnistsandscholarstodevotethemselvestoresearchingnominalization．ChapterTwogivesintroductiontogrammaticalmetaphorandnominalization，over-viewingthehistoricaldevelopmentofmetaphor,presentingtermsofcongruentformandmetaphoricalform，metaphorsofthethreefundamentalmeta—functions，presentingconceptionsofnominalizationanddelexicalstructure．ThenextchapterinvestigatesnominalizationinEnglishproverbsfromtheperspectiveofFunctionalGrammarwiththeemphasisonitssemanticqualities，2 Introductionformalfeaturesandpossibledefects．Thedualroleofnominalizationononehandliesonthetransfertonominalstructureandonanotherhandonitsprojectingtheprocessorattributeoftheclause．Lexicalnominalizationwhichmainlyconsistsofde-verbal，de-adjectival，de-adverbialtypes，alongwithclausalnominalizationareregardedasthetwoprincipaltypesofnominalization．Meanwhile，nominalizationwillgiverisetovaguenessonsemanticsandtensebutthesedeficienciesstillcouldbeavoidedinEn班shproverbs．Inthefourthchapter,nominalizationinEnglishproverbsisanalyzedundertheframeworkofgrammaticalmetaphor,especiallyfrommetaphorintransitivitysystem，moodandmodalitysystems，metaphoricalthematicequativeandmetaphoricalnewsS廿Ud[UI．e．ChapterFivediscussescontributionsofnominalizationtoEnglishproverbs．Throughnominalization，proverbsarefacilitatedtoachievetheeffectsofconciseness，objectivity,firmness，authority,parallelismandbeingrhythmical．Aftertheaboveconstrueofnominalization，thethesisconcludesthatnominalizationisnotonlyexistedinformaltextssuchasscientifictextsasHallidayputsforward，butpervasiveinEnglishproverbs：thetextsthathandeddowninitiallythroughoraltradition．Thecomparisonoffunctionsbetweencongruentformandmetaphoricalrewordingsisfavorabletounpacktheinformationandunderstandthemeaningofnominalization．Thisthesisbasedonagreatdealofvaluableande疏ctiveresourcewhichhasalreadybeenprovedtobefeasible．Moreover,nominalizationwhichisfrequentlyappearedinproverbsCanbefoundeasilyandexplainedeffectively．3 四川师范大学硕士学位论文ChapterOneLiteratureReview：PreviousStudiesonNominalizationInthischapter,thedefinitionofnominalizationwillbeintroducedfirstly．Thenthepreviousstudies，frompointsofviewsofStructuralism，Transformational—GenerativeGrammaraswellasCognitiveLinguisticswillbe1．1TheDefinitionofNominalizationAsfarasnominalizationisconcerned，linguistshavenevergivenanauthoritativeandgeneralaccepteddefinitionofnominalizationbecauseofdifferentfocusesofeachstudy．InancientGreek，itcouldbeenouncedasthebeginningoflanguagetaxonomywhenPlateandAristotleclassifywordsintoverbalandnominaldementsanddiscusstransferencebetweenthem(Liu2004)．Thistopicofnominalizationalsocatcheswildlyattentionoflinguistsinpastandpresent，athomeandabroad．Andnowadays，therearestillmanylinguistsattemptingtosurveythisphenomenonofnominalizationcomprehensively．Consequently,differentdefinitionsofnominalizationaregenerated．AccordingtoWikipedia,nominalizationistheusageofnon—nominalelementasthebaseofnounphrasewithoutmorphologicalchange．Itcouldalsorefertospecificallytheprocessofchangingwordsfromotherspeechofclassevenaprepositionintoanounbyaddingderivationalaffixes．Therearemanysuffixesassociatingwi也nominalization，e．g．—ness，一ing，-tion0attp：／／en．wikipedia．org／wiki／Nominalization，10Dec，2013)．Chomskyrefersnominalizationasaprocessthatchangesastem，verbphrase，orsentenceintoanominal(1970)．Thompsonbelieves“nominalizationisthegrammaticalprocessesbywhichaverb，averbphrase，asentence，oraportionofasentenceincludingtheverb4 functionsasanounphrase”(1982：575)．Linguistsfromdifferentschoolshavecontributeddiversedefinitionstowardsnominalizationinwhich，however,acommonfeaturecouldbediscovered．Thatis，nominalizationisagrammaticalprocesswhichenablesothergrammaticalclassofdementtransferredtonominalone．Furthermore，theshiftdoesn’tonlyconcernlexicalcategorybutalsohappensatthelevelofsentence．Forexample：Abadbeginningmakesabadending．1Carebringsgreyhair．Heiswisethatknowswhenhe"swellenough．Theelementswimitalicsintheabovethreeproverbsareexpressionsusingnominalization．Inordertohaveaprofoundunderstanding，we’dbetterlookbackthehistoryofresearchaboutnominalization．1．2TheStudyfromthePerspectiveofStructuralLinguisticsBeforethehistoricalexcursion，Jespersen’Scontributiontowardsnominalizationshouldnotbeoverlooked．Heputsforwardthetheoryofnexus．substantiveswhichcallednominalizationinThePhilosophyofGrammar(136)andAnalyt耙Syntax(149)．Tlleyareconstitutedbyverbalelements(transferredfromverbs，description2，forexample)andbypredicateones(fromadjectives，safeness)．Obviously,thispatternofclassificationcorrespondstonominalizationtransferredfromverbsandadjectivesThoughhiswildexplorationofformandatlevelofsyntaxandsemanticwithoutincludingcontextisfarfromexhaustivity,stillinspiressubsequentresearchersinfinitely．Inthefirsthalfofthe20mcentury,Structuralism，whoserepresentativeisBloomfield，appliesBehavioristconceptionstostudylanguage．Heholdsthatitistheformandpositioninasentenceratherthemeaningthatdecidesgrammaticalcategory1Thecorpusofanalysisisappendedintheendofthisthesis．SomeofEnglishproverbsaretakenfromLiYongfang’Sdictionary(2009)，andsomearedrawnintheintemetwebsite0attp：／／wenku．baidu．com／view／eda2a10b4a7302768e99395e．html)．2Thecommonexamplesarecollectedindailylifeinthisthesis． 四川师范大学硕士学位论文(Liu&Lu2004)．Structurallinguists(2004)claimthatsemanticsisnotthecriterionofdistinguishingwordclassorgrammaticalcategory,whichacquiresignificanceonlyinsyntacticstructureinstead．Hence，theyneverproposethenotionofnominalization，justutilizeBloomfield’SImmediateConstituentAnalysistodistinguishwordclass．Nominalizationisviewedasendocentricconstructionwhichiscomprisedofthesubordinateendocentricstructure，namely,thestructurecomposedbymodifierandhead．Forinstance，advertisementandwonderfulnesscanbefiguredasfollow：Fig．1—1AnalysisofNominalizationinStrueturalismFromthisoutlookofStructuralLinguistics，thenatureofnominalizationisdependentuponthatofitsheadwords．However,itgoesextremely：Structuralismonlyconc锄sthesurfacestructureandneglectstherelationsoffunctionsandmeaningsofitscomponents．Thus，itequatesJohn"sdeparture(nominalization)andJohn"sbook(colnnlonnominalgroup)．Structuralismfailstodistinguishthetwoandtorevealthedeepermeaningofnominalization．1．3TheStudyfromthePerspectiveofTransformational—GenerativeGrammarWithinthefieldofTransformational-generativeGrammar,nominalizationisanalyzedwidelyundertheframeworkofsyntactictheories．Itconsidersthatsurfacestructureistransformedfromdeeponethroughtransformationalrules．Forexample：Ifyoulosesomething，youwillbecomemorecautious．(1a)LossesmakeUSmorecautious．(1b)Deepstructure(1a)transformsto(1b)withlosseswhichisthenominalizingrealizationofsubordinateclauseifyoulosesomething．‘"Nominalizationmustreflectthecharacteristicsofdeepstructure"’(Chomsky1968：107)．He(1968)believesdeep6 ChapterOneLiteratureReview：PreviousStudiesOnNominalizationstrucnlreconveysmeaningsandsurfaceexpressessoundswhileplayingcertainroleofexplanationofmeaning．Theprocessofnominalizationisaprocessofmentalchangethat仃觚sf．omstosurfacestructurefromdeeponewimasetofpsychologicaloperations，attainingtorefinestructureandexpressmeaningsofdeeps缸ucture．Chomsky(1970)elaboratesthreetypesofnominalsinRemarksonNominalization：gerundive，d耐vedandmixed．Forinstance，thereisgerundiveformJack§provingherinnocenceandderivedonedack§proofofherinnocencecorrespondingtothesentenceJ口ckprovedherinnocence．ThemixednominalisJack§provingofherinnocence．Furthermore，he(1970：187)differencestheformertwotypesfromthreeregards：theaccordanceofthemeaningandparallelsubject-predicatesentenceingerundivecases；ininternalstructure，gerundivenominals’substitutiondeterminersforsubjectsimpliestheirlacksofNPandtheyaretransformedfromasentenceindeeps仃’uCture，butderivednominalsarenouns；gerundivesaremuchmoreproductive．WeCanseeChomsky’Sviewisdeficientfirstbecausehedoesn’tgiveexplicitdefinitionsoftheaboveterms．Moreover,GenerativeLinguisticsonlythinkprocessofnominalizationastheresultofsyntacticchangewitlltakingthedeepstmctllI．eofNPintoaccount，losingsightonaffectionofcontextonnominalization．1．4TheStudyfromthePerspectiveofCognitiveLinguisticsFromtheperspectiveofCognitiveLinguistics，Langacker(1991)regardsnominalizationincludinglexical，factiveandsententialformsisoutcomeofconceptualization．Hismonographicstudyinvolvesinthreeaspects(Langacker1991：22—50)．Firstly,themeaningofwordwillchangeafternominalizingprocessonaccountonitsdifferentprominence．Trajectorsofverbstemaresalientinsomeexpressionsofnominalization，suchasblender；salienceoflandmarksarealsopossible，e．g。employee，advisee；instrumentmaybehighlighted，likeelevator；resultorbackgroundcouldlikewisetobesalient，aspainting，diner．Indifferentcontextsor7 四川师范大学硕士学位论文domains，thesalienceofnominalizationofeventsandactsmaybeonmanner,continuum，property,evenfactuality．Thesecondistheproblemofperiphrasis．Markssuchas§，ofandbydonotonlyremarkgrammaticalstructure，butinvolveperiphrasisfunctions．Forinstance，ofcouldimplytherelationshipbetweentrajectoryandlandmark：Thetipofmyfinger,withtrajectoryisonepartoflandmark；landmarkdeterminescompositionoftrajeetoi-y：severalkindofflower；landmarkactsasentityofrelationship：afriendofmine．However,theopeningofthedoorandthehouseofJohnareoutwardlythesameinstructure．Buttheirmeaningsaredifferentialinthattheformerhighlightsprocessofstateregister,thelatterhighlightsparticipantinstaticrelation．Atlast，Langackerexplorestheproblemofpatterning(regularity)．Heholdsnominalizationispredictableinthefollowingperspectives：1)Theproductivityofpatternisvarious，-erproductsmorenominalizingpresentationsthan—ee；2)Thesemanticcharacteristicsofnominalizationarenotpredictable．Forinstance，cookerdoesn’trepresentpeople’Sprofessionbutthedeviceforcooking；3)Ithasdualfunctionsforabilityofdescriptionofexistingexpressionsandacceptingnewones；4)Thereisaninconformityoftheformandmeaning．Onemorphologicalmodecallconveyseveralsemanticrelations，andviceversa．Inaddition，entrenchment，specificityandsymboliccomplexityarethreeparametersfordescribingsemioticunits．Forexample，vocabulariescontainsymbolswithhighspecificityandentrenchment．Moreover,eachstructuredifferentiatesdefinitelyinentrenchment，suchasgraphicalrepresentation‘‘V+一er"’and‘‘V+一ee”．Asreviewedabove，scholarsfrommajorschoolsofmodernlinguisticshaveimmerseddeeporsuperficialinstudyofphenomenonofnominalization．Thoughtheiraccomplishmentsallbearinadequacy,stillhavestimulatedandinspiredsubsequentresearchers．SomeChinesemasters，HuZhuanglin(1996，2005)，FanWenfang(1991)andZhuYongsheng(2006)，forinstance，alsomakesomecomprehensivesearchesonnominalization．LiuLuying(2009)expoundstheclassificationandregularityofnominalizationtransferredfromverbalforms．8Bycontrast，FunctionalGrammargivesamorethorough，multifacetedand ChapterOneLiteratureReview：PreviousStudiesonNominalizationsystematicinvestigation．Halliday(1994，2000)proposesideationalmetaphorandnominalizationinhisAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar．Hesays，‘"Nominalizationisthesinglemostpowerfulresourceforcreatinggrammaticalmetaphor’(Halliday2000：352)．ThisthesiswilladopthisviewpointstostudyEnglishproverbs．9 四川师范大学硕士学位论文ChapterTwoConceptionsonGrammaticalMetaphorandNominalizationinFunctionalGrammarIn1985，HallidaypublishesAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammarinwhichgrammaticalmetaphorandnominalizationareillustratedatgreatlengthinthelastchapter．Thoughhedescribesnominalizationjustinideationalmet印hor，theanalysisopensacompletelynewperspectiveofstudyonnominalization．2．1ABriefIntroductiontoMetaphorInFunCtionalGrammar,nominalizationisincloserelationshipwithgrammaticalmetaphor．Inthispart，thethesiswilltalkabouttheseimportanttechnologicaltermswithinthetheoreticalbackgroundofFunctionGrammar．ThetermofmetaphorisbelievedtooriginfromGreekwordmetaphereinwhichmeanstransferorshift，wimmeta—showingdirectionfromonesidetoanother,-phereinrevealingtransmit．ItisanalyzedasrhetoricmetaphorinwesterntraditionallinguisticsandisfirstarguedcomprehensivelybythegreatphilosopherAristotle．InhisclassicmasterpiecePoeticsandRhetoric，thecompositionalpatternandrhetoricfunctionofmetaphoralementionedformanytimes．He(Butcher2006)definesmetaphorasalinguisticmeasureofadesignationofonethingtoanother．Aristotle(Butcher2006)putsforwardthatmetaphormostlyequatessimileandthereissubtledifference．Hisconstrueaboutthenatureofmetaphoristhatmetaphorfunctionsonlyasavehicleofartisticexpressionandphilosophicalargument．Thisstudyisknownascomparisontheory,ofwhichlater-comerthinkunderestimatevaluesofmetaphor．FromWikitionary,itistheemploymentofawordtodenotesomethingthatinitialisnotthesamebutinvolvingadirectsimilaritybetweenthegrammaticalelementitselfandthethingitdenotes，accompanyingwithoutlikeoraswhicharethemarksof10 ChapterTwoConceptionsonGrammaticalMetaphorandNominalizationinFunctio—n——alGramm—a—rasimile(http：／／en．wikipedia．ore,／wiki／MetaphorDec10，2013)．Someinstancesasfollow：Youareaflower．Soldiersarelionsinthebattle．Timeismoney．Childrenasfurtherflowerofourcountrymustbetakencareof．Manylinguist§opposeAristotle’Srhetoricfunctionofmetaphor．Richard(1965)elaboratesinThePhilosophyofRhetoricthatastheomnipresentphenomenoninlanguage，itsappearanceineverythreeoralsentencesimpliesmetaphorisnotalanguagephenomenon，butahumanthinkingmode．CognitiveLinguisticstrustsitistheproductionofexperiencesofbody，brain，consciousnessandlife．LakoffandJohnson(1980)presentinMetaphorWeLive缈thatmetaphorpervadesinOurdailylife，coveringbothinlanguageandinthoughtandbehavior．Inthisbook，itisdescribedas‘"understandingandexperiencingonekindofthingintermofanother"’(Lakoff&Johnson158)．Itisamappingbasedonimageschema：amappingfromanacquainted，concrete，perceivedsourcedomaintoanunfamiliar,abstract，indigestibletargetdomain．Relationshipbetweensourceandtargetdomainisestablishedforcognitiveacquisition．Themetaphorhereiscalledlexiealmetaphor，becausetheemphasisstillremainsatlexicalrank．Forexample：Theirfiiendshipisoffandon．(2a)Themachineisoffandon．(2b)PeopleinEnglishspeakingcountriesareacquaintedwithmachine，andthereisaconceptualmetaphorFRIENDSHIPISAMACHINE．Becauseamachinewillbeoutofwork，asstatedinsentence(2b)，theabstractobjectfriendshipbecomesintelligiblewitllthehelpofacomparisonwithconcreteentitymachine．Metaphorisacognitiveinstrumentandlanguagecouldreflectmetaphoricalthinkingpatternofhuman．Take‘‘money"’forexample，weconceptualizetargetcategory“time"’withthehelpofsourcecategory‘"money"’andthenmakesentencessuchasyou"rewastingmytime，whydoyouspendyourtimeandSOon．Metaphordoesnotonlyrecognizeandconstitutecognitivemodelsaccordingtoconcretematters，ll 四川师范大学硕士学位论文butalsomapthestructureofasourcemodelontoatargetmodel．Halliday(2000)providesapreciousnewperspectiveformetaphorwhichistermedasgrammaticalmetaphor。Tostartwith，justlikeitsnameimplies，grammaticalmetaphorcallattachtogrammaticallevelasanticipatedratherthanworkjustatlexicalstratum．ThereisnolexicalmeaningtransferinHallidayanmetaphorwhilethevariationhappensongrammaticalrank，suchascomplementturnstosubject，verbalandadjectiveturntonoun．Secondly,wordsrelatetblexicalmetaphorhavetwotypesofmeaning—therootandmetaphoricalone．Whereas，categoricalmeaningsingrammaticalmetaphorshiftonlyhappenatgrammaticallevel．alongwithinvariablelexicalmeaning．Lastbutnottheleast，lexicalmetaphormakesuseofthesamesignifiertodenotedifferentsignified．Bycontrast，grammaticalmetaphoremploysdifferentsignifiedforthesamesignifier．Moregenerally,Peopleusevariousexpressionsforthesameexperience．Bothofthetwoubiquitoussortsinlanguagesareimportantcognitivemechanism．2．2CongruentFormandMetaphoricalFormLanguageisanintegralsystemofmulti--ranks-·therankofphonology,thelayeroflexico·grammarandthestratumofsemantics，therelationshipofwhichisstep-uprealization，i．e．theupperlevelisrealizedbytheloweronenearby(Halliday2000)．Itisconsideredthatonemeaningofalinguisticunitcouldberealizedbyatleastonelexico—grammaticalitem．Seethebellowingsentences：ThespecialistsarrivedatthedestinationonFridayevening．(3a)Fridayeveningsawthespecialists’arrival．(3b)Sentence(3b)appearstodescribeinadequatelytherealconditionofthisaffairbeingconcerned．Itseemsthatthemeaningisbeingexpressed‘‘figuratively"’．Bycomparison，sentence(3a)isaparalleldeconstructionwhichreflectsthestatemorenaturally,closely,literally．ThesecondexampleisidentifiedasmetaphoricalformandtheotheriscongruentoneinFunctionalGrammar．Congruenceistherealizationinlexico-grammar-somewording“foranygivensemanticconfiguration”；and metaphoricalformisavariationthat“transferred”insomeways．(Halliday2000：342)However,whenthetwokindsofformsareargued，weshouldnoticethereisanessentialpresuppositionthatexpressionandmeaningareimpossibleseparatedbysuchmeansinHallidayangrammar．Thepresentationofwordingitselfisthemeaning．Andunitinterpretsadistinguishablemeaningfromcongruent．Let’Sinvestigatesentence(3a)andOb)inwhichshowmakeableeffect：Thewordarrivalin(3b)isausageofnominalization，andthistermwillbeopenedupfordiscussionatgreatlengthinsequentchapters．Itexpressesthemeaningofprocessinadifferentsentence，furthermore，construesastaticstateinsteadofadynamicprocess．Sentence(3a)ismoreclosetotherealstateinexternalworldandaccordswithhuman’Scognitionfor“thespecialists”-apersonalnoun’Sabilitytoundertaketheroleofsensor(thethesiswilldealwiththistermlater)otherthanacircumstantialnounFridayevening．Althoughthiscongruentformisidentifiedapproximatetotherealevent，itapparentlyinterpretsadifferentmeaningonthestateofrealevent．Secondly,thereisnoprioritybetweencongruentandwordingsbecausetheyjustservedifferentjobs．Congruentexpressionseemsalittleplain，butdescriptionislikelytosoundartificialandaffected．Bythistoken，somewhereinbetweenthesetwoextremesisthebestchoiceinmosttypesofdiscourse，nomatterinspokenorwrittentexts．Ontheotherhand，manyfactorsinfluencetheextenttowhichkindofwordingsmightbepreferredincertaincontext．Insomesituations，suchasincommunicationswithchildren，flatutteranceiscertainlyhi曲lyvaluedwhereasinascientifictext，objectificationofincongruenceisprior．Thirdly,congruenceisusuallyreferencedforanalyzingdescriptionbecauseofthedescriptiveconveniencetoconstruethelatterform．Congruentexpressionwhichmaybetheoriginalformofhumanlanguageisconsideredtoappearearlierthanmetaphorical．Thiseloquentviewisprovedbythecasethatalmostchildren’Sspeechiscongruent．In1993，HallidayborrowstermsofDoricandAtticwhenanalyzesascientific 四川师范大学硕士学位论文textfromatelevisionmagazine．DoricreferstocongruentformthatUSeSasimpleclausewhileAtticarefersametaphoricalunitofelements(Halliday&Martin16)．Anyhow,theboundaryofthemisextremelyvague．HuZhuanglin(1996)outlinesfivestandardsforidentifyingcongruence：1)Themeasureofage；2)Thecriterionofcomplicacy,3)whetherconformtonaturalactivity；4)Thestandardofdiachrony；5)Thestandardofmanner．2．3ThreeClassificationsofGrammaticalMetaphorInAnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar，Halliday(2000)interpretsthefunctionsoflanguageaccordingtothreemetafunctions，thoseareideational，interpersonalandtextualfunctions．Thewholediscussiononnominalizationisintermsofthesethreemeta．functions．Ideationalfunctionfocusesonthecharacteroflanguageinrepresenting，whichincludesthreesubdivisions：theprocessthatoccurs，theparticipantsthatparticipateintheprocessoractivity,thecircumstanceinvolvedintheprocess(Halliday2000：107)．Interpersonalmeta—functionstressesonthesocialandpersonalrelationoflanguage．Twoimportantsystemarefurtherclassifiedintointhisfunctionaremodalityandmoodsystems．Textualfunctionemphasizestextualorganizationsinwhichthematictheoryisincluded．Ideationalmetaphormeansthemetaphorconcernsoftransferbetweenvariousprocessesinthetransitivitysystem，includingthechoiceofprocessestypes，thefunctionsandtheorderofunitsofdifferentclasses(Halliday2000：343)．Forexample，thesentenceJacksmilesisidentifiedasbehavioralprocess，anditisthenaturalcongruentexpressionthatmostsimilarwiththerealstateoftheaffairbeinginvolved．Anotherexpression妇ckcameuponasmilewhichismaterialprocesscouldalternatethebehavioralprocess．Thesetwotablesareacomparativeanalysisofthetwowordings．14JacksmilesParticipant：ActorProcess：Behavioural ChapterTwoConceptionsonGrammaticalMetaphorandNominalizationinFunctionalGrammarJackCameuponwithasmileParticipant：ActorProcess：MaterialCircumstanceFig．2-1ExamplesofdifferentprocessesThespecialistsarrivedatthedestinationonFridayevening．(3a)Fridayeveningsawthespecialists’arrival．(3b)FunctionalGrammarwhichaimstoanalyzetextconsidersthatpeopleexpresssubjectiveorobjectiveexperiencethroughrealizationoftransitivity．Therearemanyideationalmetaphorexamplesin01．11"language，liketheabovecomparisonofsentences(3a)andsentence(3b)．Theprocessarrivedisexpressedmetaphoricalbymeansofanounarrival．Andqualityorattributealsocouldbereplacedbythisway：Sheisbeautiful．(4a)Herbeautyattractsmen’sattention．(4b)Thisthesishasdiscussedideationalmetaphor,especiallythemetaphorintransitivitysystemundertheframeworkofSystemic—Functionallinguistics．SpeakerCanmakeachoiceinvariouswaystoexpresshisorheridea；thechoicefromoneprocesstoantherwithinthesixprocessesinHalliday’StransitivitysystemCangenerateideationalmetaphor．Thefollowingexamplesareproverbsinvolvingideationalmetaphor：Proverb：Afallintothepit，againinyourwit．(5a)Congruence：Ifyoufallintothepit，youwillgainsomethinginyourwit．(5b)SomeverbscantransfertonounsdirectlyinEnglish，liketheaboveverbfaxtonounfaxandverbga／ntonoungain．Theprocessexpressedbythetwoverbsbecomestheparticipantsofthesentencewhicharerealizedbynouns．Andthematerialprocessistransferredtoexistentialone．Proverb：Abosomfriendafarbringsdistantlandnear．(6a)Congruence：Youfeelyouaretogetherthoughthebosomfriendisafar．(6b)Thecongruentformisamentalprocess，andischangedtomaterialprocess．Thementalprocessyoufeelyouaretogetheristransferstothenominalformdistant 四川师范大学硕士学位论文landnear．Proverb：Abadworkmanquarrelswithhistools．(7a)Congruence：Abadworkmanusuallycomplainsthatthetoolisnotgood．(7b)Thecongruentformisamentalprocess，andchangestobehavioralprocess．Proverbs：Actionsspeaklouderthanwords．(8a)Congruence：Whatyouactismorepersuasivethanwhatyousays．(8b)Actionsisnominalizedfromact．Andthecongruentformwhichtsrelationalprocessistransferredtoverbalprocess．Proverbs：Afterraincomesthesunshine．(9a)Congruence：Itwillbesunshineafteritrains．(9b)Rainisthenominalizingformoftheverbrain．Andthetransferisfromrelationalonetomaterialprocesses．Proverb：Adog’Smouthemitsnoivory．(1Oa)Congruence：Thereisnoivoryinadog’Smouth．(1Ob)Theexistentialprocesstransferstomaterialprocess．Proverb：Theloveofmoneyistherootofalldevil．(1la)Congruence：Peoplelovemoney,whichcausesalldevils．(1ib)Theverbsloveandcausearemetaphorizedtonounsloveandroot．Thementalprocessisreplacedbyrelationalprocess．Proverb：Childrenaretheparents’riches．(12a)Congruence：Theparentsregardchildrenastheirwealth．(12b)Themetalprocessistransferredtorelationalone．Interpersonalmetaphorisassociatedwithmodalitysystemandmoodsystem．Itisgenerallyfoundthatthemoreformalthetextis，themorenominalizationituses．ThenominalizationinwrittendiscourseCanavoiddynamicsubjectivitybydecreasetheinfluenceofinterpersonalfunction．Hence，manyfolkloresandproverbsareapttousenominalizingexpressions．Modalityisthesemanticdomainbetween“yes’’and“no”．includingmodalizationandmodulation．Itbasedonsemanticprojectionandusuallyhasawordwhichsignifiesjudgrnentormodalitysuchasfrequency,likelihood，belieforother16 ChapterTwoConceptionsonGrammaticalMetaphorandNominalizationinFunctionflGrRmmRrRoseisprobablysad．(13a)IbelieveRoseissad．(13b)Rosemustbesad．(14a)ItislikelythatRoseissad．(14b)Themeaningofsentence(13a)，(14a)alethesamewith(13b)，(14b)whilethelasttwosentencesarerealizationofmodality"metaphor．Outwardly,1believeanditislikelyisproposition，thefactisdifferent．Inthesetwoexamples，thatthedominatingrolerelaysonprojectiveclausesroseissadCanbeprovedbytheirtagquestions：IbelieveRoseissad，isn’tshe?／木don’tI?(13c)ItislikelytllatRoseissad，isn’tshe?／宰isn’tit?(14c)Intheactofcommunication，speakercallplaydifferentspeechroles，expressingopinions，asking，commanding．Hallidayholdstherearetwofundamentalrecognizablesortsofroles：givinganddemanding．Cuttingacrossgivinganddemandingisanothercoupleofbasiccategorieswhichrelatescharacteristicofcommoditybeingexchanged．ItisdividedintoOffer,Command，QuestionandStatementaccordingtospeechrolesandcharacteristicofcommodity．Ingeneral，speechfunctionisrealizedbymood，suchasstatementisrealizedbystatementmood．Typicalrealizationsofthemareindentifiedcongruentlyasfollow(Halliday2000：68—691：StatemateQuestiono仃erCommandMood：Themoviewilldeclarativebeontomorrow．Mood：讳仍at’StheWouldyoulikeinterrogativetime?thisbag?Mood：GiveyouthisGivemetheimperativebag．salt．Fig．2-2TypicalrealizationsofStatement,Question，OfferandCommand 四JII@范大学硕士学位论文Itisvisiblythateachspeechfunctioncorrespondswithmoodchoiceonebyoneexcept“offer"’．However,thefactisthatatypeofspeechfunctioncouldberealizedbyseveralmoods．Thisinvolvesinnaturemoodmetaphorwhichtransfersfromonegrammaticalregistertoanother．Seethefollowings：CongruentMetaphoricalMood：ThemoviewillbeonWiUthemoviebe‘ondeclarativetomorrow．tomorrow?Mood：What’Sdoyouthinkof?Givemeyouropinions．interrogativeMood：Givemethesalt!Wouldyoupleasegivemeimperativethesalt?Fig．2-3CongruentandmetaphoricalformsofeachmoodHallidayconfinesgrammaticalmetaphortoideationalandinterpersonalmetaphor,andhasreservationsaboutmetaphorintextualfunction．ThemanwhoproposesthetermoftextualmetaphorattheearliestisMartin(1992)．Otherlinguists，suchasTompson(1982)，HuZhuanglin(1996，2005)areconvincedoftheexistenceoftextmetaphor．Intheworkofjointauthorship谢thHalliday,Martin(1993)putsforwardthetechnologicaltermsofmetaphoricalthemeforthematicstructureandmetaphoricalnewsfornewsstructureintexts．Metaphoricalthematicstructureandmecmphoricalnewsstructureareorganizationalmodesofgrammaticalmetaphor．Tompson(1982)distinguishesmetaphoricalthematicstructuresintothematicequativeandpredicatethematicstructures．Thematicequativestructure(theconfigurationofTheme=Rheme)isequaltopseudo-cleftsentenceintraditionallinguistics，ofwhichthenatureisregardedasthesamelinguisticphenomenonfromdifferentperspective(Halliday2000：42)．OneoftheimportantfeaturesofthistypeisthereisasimpleclauseasThemethatconstructedtheconstituencyofmessage．Anexampleandtheanalysisareshownbelow： ChapterTwoConceptionsonGrammaticalMetaphorandNominalizationinFuncfionalGrammarTheteacherborrowedapen．(15a)Whattheteacherborrowedisapen．(15b)Theteacherborrowedapen．Congreuent乃emeRhemeActorprocess：materialgoalWhattheteacherborrowedisapen．ThemeRhemeMetaphoricalprocess：IndentifiedIndenifierrelationalFig．2-4ExampleofthematicequativestructureTraditionalgrammarconsiderspredicatethematicstructureascleft-sentence．Configurationof“it+be+⋯+that+⋯”istheinternalpredicateformthatcanfacilitatereceivertodiscovertheportionthatspeakerwantstoemphasizeorhighlight．Theteacherborrowedapen．(15a)Itisapenthatteacherborrowed．(15c)Theteacherborrowedapen．Congreuent1’lleRieRhemeActorprocess：materialgoalItisapenthatteacherborrowed．111emeRhemeMetaphoricalProcess：IndentifiedIndenifierRelationalFig．2-5ExampleofpredicatethematicstructureNewsstructuremeansarrayingmodeofgiveninformationandnewinformation．Unmarkablemodeisgiveninformationplusnew,butinreality,newinformationCanpresentbeforegiveninformation．However,thevariationofstructuremustbecomewimsemanticprojectionbetweenvariousgrammaticaldomainsthat 四川师范大学硕士学位论文Callbeviewedasmetaphoricalnewsstructure．Theteacherborrowedapen．(15a)GivenNewApeniswhattheteacherborrowed．(15c)NewGivenSentence(15c)isamarkableexpressioninwhichnewsstructureisnotarrangedby“give上new’’andthereaprojectionbetweenvaryinggrammaticaldomains：theinformationinthesimpleclauseof(15a)istransferredtoaclausalcomplex．HallidayandHason(2001)statestructuralandnon—structuralelementsaresubdivisionsoftextualmeta．function．Structuralcomponentsinclausallevelisthematicstructure；whereasnon．structuraliscohesion，whichCanbesuccessfullyacquiredthroughmetaphor．FanWenfang(1991)takesnoun，infinitiveverbalphrase，gerundandmoodCanraisemetaphoricaleffect．Thethesiswillexploretheroleofnounandnominalizationinbenefitinggrammaticalmetaphorinthenextpart．2．4NominalizationinFunctionalGrammarHalliday"stheoriesinFunctionalGrammararevaluedasoneofthemostinfluentiallinguisticdoctrinesintherecentdecade．Itscontributiontothedevelopmentoflinguisticsprovidesanewperspectiveforlanguageresearch．WhenelaboratesideationalmetaphorinthelastchapterofFunctionalGrammar，Hallidayevaluatesnominalizationas‘‘themostpowerfulresourceforcreatinggrammaticalmetaphor"’(Halliday2000：352)．Throughnominalization，verbsasprocessesincongruentclausesandadjectivesoradverbsaspropertiesarerewordedmetaphoricallytonounsandfunctionasparticipantsintheclauseratherthanCa／Tyfunctionsliketheyoriginallydo(Halliday2000：352)．Inotherwords，nominalizationisapowerfulmeanstoproducegrammaticalmetaphorwithnounisusedtoindicateprocessorattributewhichareexpressedbyverboradjectiveinthecongruentsentence．Bycontrast，Halliday’Sexpoundingonnominalizationisanoverallinspectionwithmulti—dimensiononaccountofbeingconsciousofthatnominalizationcauses20 ChapterTwoConceptionsOnGrammaticalMetaphorandNominalizationinFunctionalGrammarinescapablysemantictransfers，includingtransferofsemanticfunction，grammaticalfunctionbesidesgrammaticalcategory(2000：344)．ThespecialistsarrivedatthedestinationonFridayevening．(3a)Fridayeveningsawthespecialists’arrival．(3b)Intheaboveinstance，verbarrivedturnstoarrival,with“process’’transferringto“entity"’insemanticfunction，‘"materiel’’transitivityto‘"mental’’ingrammaticalfunction，‘"verb’’to‘"noun’’ingrammaticalcategory．Thischangeisnamedastheshifttowardthinginess．HallidaydiagramsthepathofvariouskindsofsemanticchangesasFig．2-6(Liu&Lu2004)．Nominalizationmotionsaccordingorderfromleft，otherwise，retrogressionwillbreakgenerativerulesofnominalization．Re_Iater—◆circumstance—◆process—◆quality—◆entity．Fig．2-6PathofdrifttowardthinginessInhismasterpiece，Halldiayspeculatesnominalizingmetaphorprobablyevolvedinitiallyinscientificandtechnicaldomain(2000：353)．Hehasneitherprobednominalizationininterpersonalmetaphornordefinedtextualmetaphor．Someabroadanddomesticscholarsdiscussthetwokindsofgrammaticalmetaphorandnominalization,suchasTompson(1982)，Martin(1992)，Bloor(1995)，HuZhuanglin(1996，2005)，FanWenfang(1999，2000，2003)，ZhuYongsheng(2006)．FanWenfang’SpaperNominalizationMetaphorinTextualCohesionisanimportantsupplementofgapsofHalliday’Sresearchinthisregard．ThatZhuYongsheng(2006)distinguishesthreekindsofnominalizationisbeneficialtohaveabettercomprehensionwithintheframeofFunctionalGrammar(84)．1)TakeprocessasthingE．g．ProfessorLiuisexperimentinginthelaboratory．(16a)ProfessorLiuistryinganexperimentinthelaboratory．(16b)Thebombsexplodedandbroketheserenity．(17a)Theexplosionofbombsbroketheserenity．(17b)2)TakequalityasthingE．g．Theirhairaresomeshorter,somelonger．(18a)21 四川师范大学硕士学位论文Theirhairsareofvaryinglength．(18b)Scienceandtechnologydevelopwellthaninthepast．(19a)Scienceandtechnologygainadvancesthaninthepast．(19b)3)TakeassessmentasthingE．g．YouCanleavenow．(20a)Youreceivemypermissiontoleavenow．(20b)1willdevotewhatIhave．(21a)1willdevoteeverythingofmine．(21b)NominalizationofcertainkindsofverbswillresultinliRlecontributionofprocesstotheclausemeaning．Theseverbsarelexicallyemptyverbordelexicalverbs．Inthesephraseswithtypicalstructuresmakeamistake，doadance，haveabath，verbsjustfigureprocesshappenandtakeonrolesofsignifyingtense，polarityandSOon．ThesewholeserialsofelementsaremetaphoricalbuthavebecomegraduallyconventionalcombinationsininformalEnglishasiftheylosetheirmetaphoricalfeatures．Therearethreeaccountsthatverbsevolvetoconfigurationofemptyverbsplusnominalization．Aboveall，nominalizationfunctionsasthingandcategorizeasnouncanbemodifiedbyadjective．Forexample：Jinxindancedpassionately．(22a)Jinxindidapassionatedance．(22b)In(22a)，dancedismodifiedbyadverbandpresentedunderunmarkedfocuswhilein(22b)，dancefunctionsasThing，ispermittedtocarryonthefunctionthataverbdoes．Foranother,delexicalstructureimpliesthattheactororstateconcernedistemporary．Thewordingsdinxin班dadancesuggestsaprovisionalperform．Onthecontrary,Jinxindancedhasnosuchsuggestion．Intheend，theemploymentofdelexicalstructureworksasatypeofstructuralcompanion．Beforediscussion，thekeypreoccupationininformationregisterhastobeconsideredistheaccomplishmentofendweightincludinginphrases，clauses，sentences．Theessenceofthematictheoryissuesintheexpectationthatthematic ChapterTwoConceptionsonGrammaticalMetaphorandNominalizationinFunctionalGrammardement(giveninformation)willnotbelongerthanfocaldement(newinformation)．TheexceptionlikesimplestSVclauseHebathed,Catherinecookedappearsoddlyincomplete．Oneofmostsolutionistransferringverbsintonounswithgeneralverbdo，make，have，takeere．，stretchingthefocalitemtomulti—words仃uct硼．e．Followingarecomparisons：CongruentDelexicalstruetureWbate．朊hadameal。Hisfriendbathed．Hisfriendhadabath．Thetimidgirlscreamed．Thetimidgirlhadascream．Thecarelessboymistook．Thecarelessboymadeamistake．Theparentsstrolled．Theparentstookastroll．Fig．2-6Expressionswithddexicalstructure 四J11师范大学硕士学位论文ChapterThreeCharacteristicsofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsAfterintroducesfundamentaltermssuchasgrammaticalmetaphorandnominalizationinFunctionalOrammar,thischapterwilltakethesemanticandformaldistinctionsaswellasthepossibledefectsofnominalizationinEnglishproverbsintoconsideration．3．1SemanticFeaturesofNominalizationinProverbsHallidaypartitionsthecomplexsemioticsystem-languageintothreestrata：sequence，figureandelementOattp：／／hanyu．iciba．com／wiki／357271．shtml27March，2014)．Figureisthesemanticexpressionrealizedbyclause．Severalfigurescomposesequencewhichrealizedbyclausecomplex．Elementisverbalgroup，nominalgroup，adjectivegrouporprepositiongroupinclause．Theexpressionofmeaningis‘‘analogoustonjelmsev’S‘contentsubstance’and‘contentform’withinhis‘contentplan’”．(Martin&Veel189)．Congruenceinsemanticandlexico-grammaticalstrataisshownasfigure3—1(Rossinietal：931：RankRealizedbyStatus(Elements)RealizedbySemanticLexico-grammaticalSemanticLexico-grammaticalSequenceClausecomplexEntityNoun(nomialgroup)FigureClauseQualityAdjective(innominalgroup)ElementWordgroup／phraseProcessVerb(verbalgroup)Circumstance(1)Adverb(adverbalgroup)Circumstance(1)PrepositionalphraseMinorprocessPrepositionRelatorConjunctionFig．3-1Congrentsforminsemanticandlexicogrammaticallevels ChapterThreeCharacteristicsofNominalizationinEn酉ishProverbsRankedtheorypermitsshifttobellow,namely,shiftfromagivenunitatupperleveltoatlowerone(http：／／hanyu．iciba．com／wiki／357271．shtml27March，2014)．Thissuggestsanominalgrouporphrasethroughnominalizingmetaphor(Element)Callindicateaclause(Figure)orclausecomplex(Sequence)．Therankshifttheoryenablesnominalizingstructuretohavebothstaticdistinctionofnoun，dynamicgrammaticalfeaturewhichinvolvesprocessexpressedbyverborexplicitattributiveofadjectiveandadverb．髓especialistsarrivedatthedestinationonFridayevening．(3a)Fridayeveningsawthespecialists’arrival．(3b)Incongruence，agrammaticalcategoryembodiesonesemanticdistinction；nevertheless，acategoryplaysdualrolesinmetaphoricalform．Lookattheabovecongruentsentence(3a)．Processisrealizedbyarrivedwhichdoesn’tserveasprocessbutparticipantwithtrans-categorizednominalformarrivalinsentence(3b)．Andthisnominalizingwordingarrivalstillprojectstheactofarrived．Asawhole，theelementarrivalpossessescharacteristicsofthingnesstoimplyparticipantandofverbtoimplyprocess·Proverb：Abadbeginningmakesabadending．(23a)Congruence：Ifsomethingbeginsbadly,itwillendunsuccessfully．(23b)Inproverb(23a)，thenominalizingelementbeginningandendingaretrails—categorizedfromverbsbeginandend,bothofwhichplaytheroleofprocessesinthecongruentform(23b)．Thewordbeginningandendingdonotonlyhavefeaturesofnounstoserveparticipantbutalsoowenaturesofverbstometaphorizeprocesses．Proverb：Lyingridesupondebt’Sback．(24a)Congruence：Amanwhocan’tpayusuallylietoothers．(24b)Proverb：Beggarsmust(should)benochoosers．(25a)Congruence：Peoplewhobegforfavormust(should)acceptanythinggiventothem．(25b)Inthesameway，participanttyinginproverb(24a)bothhavecharacteristicsof25 四川师范大学硕士学位论文nounandverb，metaphorizingprocessZ跑in(24b)．Participantbeggarsandchoosersasnounsprojectprocessbeginthesubordinateclauseandacceptinthemainclause．Similarwithverbnominalization，adjectivenominalizationconveystwosortsofsemantics：participantandattribute．Roseisprobablysad．(26a)ThedeathofhusbandprobablycausedRose’Ssadness．(26b)Thehornsadnessinthesecondsentenceisnominalizationofadjectivesad,expressingbothagentandattribute．Participantandcircumstancehavechangedafternominalization．ThefollowingsaretheanalysisofthesamekindsofnominalizationinEnglishproverbs．Proverb：Constantdroppingwearsthestone．(27a)Congruence：Constantdroppingwaterwearsthestone．(27b)Proverb：Frugalityisanestatealone．(28a)Congruence：Beingfrugalisanestatealone．(28b)Proverb‘Successbelongstothepersevering．(29a)Congruence：Successbelongstoperseveringpeople．(29b)Thenoundroppinginproverb(27a)，frugalityin(28a)andperseveringin(29a)expressbothparticipantsandattributes．Theydenoterespectivelythestateofdropping,thenatureoffrugality，themanwhohasthevirtueofpersevering．BasedontheaboveanalysiS，nominalizationisavariationingrammaticalmetaphoLfurthermore，acouplingphenomenonwithgrammaticalandsemantictransfers．Itsdualroleimpactsonstylistic，modalityorientation，mood，pragmaticpresuppositionwhichrelatescloselywithcommunicativeintension．Thus，nominalizationdependsoncommunicativepurposeoflanguageuser．3．2FormalDistinctionsofNominalizationinProverbsWhathasbeenstressedrepeatedlyisthatlanguageisanintricatesemioticsystemconsistsofmultiplelayers．Thecentrallayeristherankofwordingsinlanguage，i．e．1exico．grammarwhichisrealizedbysoundsandvocabularies． ChapterThreeCharacteristicsofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsMeanwhile，thelayerofsemantic—anotherhigherlayerisrealizedbylexico-grammarandFunctionalGrammarisatheoryofgrammarfocusingonsemanticoflanguage．Inthepreviouspart，wehavetakenacloserlookatsemanticcharacteristicsofnominalization，inwhichdualrolesispresented．Inthefollowing，thethesiswillhighlighttheformalfeaturesofnominalizationwhichcouldbecuetodetectthisphenomenon．Therealizationofnominalizationconc,ernstwokindsofoperations：1)transferringaverb，anadjectiveoradverbtoanewlexicalitemthatexpressesthingorentitywithorwithoutaddingaffixes；2)replacingasyntacticstructurewithanominalizingphraseorgroup．Thosetwokindsaleregardedaslexiealnominalizationandclausalnominalization．ThelexicalnominalizationCallbefurtherrecognizedintosuffixation(derivationalnominalization)andconversion(includingZerO-derivationalnominalization)．Forsuffixation，itreferstothetransferfromotherwordclasstoanounbyaddingderivationalaffix．Conversionwillbringornotbringmorphologicalchange．Bothcontainsthemanagementofde—verbaltransfer(nominalizedfromaverb)，de—adjectivaltransfer(nominalizedfromanabject)andde-adverbialtransfer(nominalizedfromanadverb)．Whentalksaboutsuffixation-derivationalnominalization，theprimaryfunctionofaffixwithlittlesemanticsignificancechangesgrammaticalcategoryratherthanvariesmeaningofthebase．However,suffixbynomeansjustcombineswithotherword；itfacilitatestogroupthemtothetargetwordclass．Therefore，therearenounsuffix，verbsuffix，etc．，dependingontheoriginalclassofwordbase．Moreover,itcanbenamedde-verbalSUff"LX，de-adjeetivalsuffixandde-adverbialsuffLxsinceitscloseassociationwiththebaseofparticularpartofspeech．De-verbalsuffixeshavedrawnlotsofattentionbecauseoftheirlargeproductivity：27 四川师范大学硕士学位论文Aff"LXeSMeaningInstances．ALProcess，orresultofArrival，refusal，disapproval．AGEAction，orresultofWastage，suffrage，coverage-ANCE，-ENCEState，action，orprocessResistance，emergence，dependence—·ANT,．-ENTAgentParticipant，dependent，fragment—ER,-EE，一ORAgent，equipmentEmployer,Employee，director．ERYProfession，placeBakery,cookery,fishery．ⅣITYPossessqualityofActivity．MENTConditionorresultAmazement，arrangement，embodiment．TERAction，ownerLaughter,master-TION，-ATIONProcess，stateorproductofExploration，organization，abductionFig．3-2SuWtxesandinstancesofde—verbalnominalizationThefollowingalesomeexamplesofde—adjectivalnominalization：AffixesMeaningInstances·-ACY,．．CYStateorqualitySupremacy,bankruptcy,privacy—ERYQualityBravery—TIYTYStateNovelty,lucidity,probality．NESSQuality,stateCleverness，gratefulnessFig．3-3Suffixesandinstancesofde-adverbalnominalizationBesidesderivationwimsuffixes．thereisalsoconversionwithorwithoutanymorphologicalchange(termedaszeroderivationbecauseverbs，adjectivesoradverbsareconverteddirectlytonouns)．SomeinstancesofZerO—derivationalnominalizationalelistedasinFig．3-4： ChapterThreeCharacteristicsofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsCongruentFormMeaningTargetFormDoubt，smell，loveStateofmind，Doubt，smell，loveofsensationSearch，laugh，attemptEvent，activitySearch，laugh，attemptTurn，retreat,fallplaceTurn，retreat，fallFig．3-4Examplesofzero—derivationalnominalizationHallidayannoticeoftheclausalnominalizationisahugedevelopmentofresearchonnominalization．Inbroadsense，itreferstothetransferofnominalizingelementfromanynon-nominallinguisticstructureintheclausallevel．Forinstance，thethematicequativewhatmyauntgaveinthesentencewhatmyauntgavetohimwasateapotisanelementofnominalization．Sometypicalkindsarelistedasfollow：11T0beclause：Tofetchtheletteriswhat1wantyoudonow．2)DerivedclauseHisrefusalofcomeheresadthegirl．(Herefusedtocomehere．)3)V-ingclauseHISrefusingofcomeheresadthe百d．(Herefusedtocomehere．)4)Subordinateclausea。That-，subordinateclause：Thattomorrowwillrainissaidinweatherbroadcast．6．弭乃ether-ifsubordinateclause：Thehusbandaskedwhetherhiswifecleanclothes．C．What一，Which一，-WhOsubordinateclause：Whatthelittlegirldesiresisawarmcoat．Theteacheraskedwhobrokethewidow．d．How一，when一，where—subordinateclause：Howtheaccidenthappenedisrecordedbymonitoring．Whenshewillgobackcannotbedecidedbyherself．29 四川师范大学硕士学位论文YaoMingfaandChengShaowu(2005)classifysixmodesofnominalizationinclausesasfollow：1)Subject+b叶Nominalization：E．g．Thefingerprintisproofofyourcrime．(Thefingerprintprovesyourcrime．)2)There+be：E．g．Thereisadvanceinscienceandtechnology．(Scienceandtechnologyisgettingbetter)31Nominalizationasanaphora：E．g．Howtheplaindisappear?Thegovernmentisinvestigatingthereason．4)Nominalization+V+Nominalization：E．g．Yourcarelessnesscausedyourfailure．(youfailedbecauseyouarecareless．)5)Avoidingawkwardphrases：E．g．Therefusalofhishelpresultedintheoldwoman’sdeath．(Thefactthatherefusedtohelpresultedintheoldwoman’sdeath)61Nominalizationnamestheobjectoftheverb：E．g．Shedon’tknowneitherleaveorstay．TheformalfeaturesofnominalizafioninFunctionalGrammarhavebeenexplored．WhatweshouldregisterinOurmindisthatlotsofmetaphoricalelementsarefoundbynoaffixes，andnoteveryderivationalstructureisnominalization．Moreover,therealesomeothertypesofnominalizationwhicharenotelaboratedindetailhere，suchasnominalizingpresentationstransferredfrompreposition．Inbrief,nominalizationisclassifiedatthelevelofclausalandlexical．LexicalnominalizationCanbefurtherdividedintosuffixationandconversion(includingzero-derivationalnominalization)，bothofwhichcontainsde-verbalnominalization，de．aajectivaltransformationandde-adverbialtransformation．Therelationshipisillustratedasfollow： ChapterThreeCharacteristicsofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsSLexicalnNominalizationalizationDe··verbalDe-·adjectivalDe·-adverbialOthertypesFig．3-5ClassificationofnominalizationOnInthe100Englishproverbs，thereare129realizationsofnominalizationwhichhavebeendividedaccordingtheclassificationofnominalizationinFunctionalGrammar．Thefollowingtableindicatesthestatisticalresults．码rpeLexicalClausalQuantity7653Percent58．9％41．1％TypeSuflixationConversionQuantity3046Percent23．3％35．7％BpeZeroNon-zeroQuantity397Percent30．2％5．4％TypeDe-verbalDe-adjectivalDe-adverbialOtherQuantity304132Percent23．3％31．8％2．3％1．6％Fig．3-6DistributionofeachtypeHerearesometypicalcasesoflexicalnominalizationwimitalicstylistic：1)De-verbaltype：Agreattalkerisagreatliar． 四川师范大学硕士学位论文2)De—adjectivaltype：Loveasksfaith，andfaithfirmness．3、De—adverbialtype：Enoughisasgoodasafeast．Andthoseaccordinganothermethodofclassificationarelisted：1)Suffixation：Beggarsmust(should)benochoosers．2)Conversion：Theweakestgoestothewall．(zero—derivation)Fewwords，manydeeds．(non—zero—derivation)3)Clausalnominalization：Whatweloseinhakeweshallhaveinherring．强estatisticalresultsshowthattheclassificationsofnominalizationexistinlanguagethatcouldbefoundinmanyEnglishproverbs．Intheseproverbs，lexicalnominalizationtakesup58．9％．playingaprominentrolewhileclausalnominalizationtakesup41．1％．Conversiondominatesslightlythansuffixation，takingupmore12．4％pointswithinlexicalnominalization．Additionally,ZerO—derivationalnominalizationismorewithinthecategoryofconversion．Moreover,de-adverbialnominalizationislittleinthese129realizations．De-verbaltakesup23．3％andde-adjectivaltakesup31．8％．SuchresultssignifylexicalnominalizationisalsothemainfeatureofEnglishproverbs．Thede—verbalnominalizationinenormousquantitysuchastalkerandliarinagreattalkerisagreatliarnotonlyreflectstheentity—people,butalsotheprocessta／kand疗e．Therelativemorekindofnominalizationisde-adjectiveonewhichreflectsbothattributeandthingness．TakefirmnessinLoveasksfaith，andfaithfirmnessforexample，itembodiestheattributefirmandtheabstractconceptionofthisword．Secondly,thiskindofphenomenoninEnglishproverbsprovesnominalizationisnotonlycouldbediscoveredinformaltextsuchasscientifictext，itisalsopervasiveinthespecialtext，thatisEnglishproverbs．Moreadequateresearchshouldbeattachedonthisarea．3．3ThePossibleDefeetsofNominalizationTheprevioussectionofthischapterfocusestheresearchonsemanticcharacteristicsandformalfeaturesofnominalization．Itplaysdualfunctionsincarryingonrolesofparticipant，projcotingtheprocessorattributeofthegrammatical32 unit．However,thereisanoticeablequestionthatisnominalizationperfectwithoutanyshortcomingintheperspectiveofFunctionalGrammar?Thisiswhatwewillreasoninthissection．Nominalizationismarkedbyshortingthelengthofgrammaticalunit，especialatthelevelofclausalnominalizationthroughpackinginformation．Meanwhile，isthereanyinformationlostwhenpacking?thenominalphrasealcoholimpairmentprovidesnorelationbetweenalcoholandimpairment．Therearetwopossibilities(Halliday2000：353)．First，thecongruentformisalcohol妇impaired,withalcoholisParticipant—GoalandimpairistheProcess；theothercouldbe／simpairedbyalcohol,withalcoholisParticipant-ActorandimpairistheProcess．Ambiguityisbroughtoutthroughnominalization．Thiskindofvaguenessoccursonthestratumoftransitivity．Thevaguenessoninterpersonallevelalsoexists．IsthenominalizationstructureRose§arrivaltransferredfromRosearrivedorRosewillarrive?ThemoodstructureRosearrivedisSubject+Past，andthelattercongruenceisSubject+Future．Therefore，moodisalsouncertaininthisway．Butthedefectscouldbeavoidedinproverbs．First，intheideationallevel，semanticsofsentencesandexperiencesofpeoplecanhelpjudgetheparticipantandprocess．Intheinterpersonalstratum，thesimplepresenttenseisusuallyemployedbecauseproverbsaretellinggeneralrules．Lotsofresearcheshavebeendoneonnominalizationfromthisperspective．ButitisregretthatSOfarfewdetailedresearchhaseverbeenconductedinnominalizationofEnglishproverbsfromthestandpointofgrammaticalmetaphor．Thecurrentexistingpapersjustpointoutthatnominalizationinproverbsmakesthemmoreobjective，moresymmetricalbyomittingparticipantsorcomplementsincongruence．However,whatareitsideationalfunctions?Howaboutinterpersonalandtextualfunctions?Thisthesisinthefollowingchaptersattemptstomakeathoroughanalysisofproverbsfromperspectiveofthreemeta-functions，especiallyfrommetaphorsofthesemeta-functions，tocontributetoacomprehensiveunderstandingofnominalizationinEnglishproverbs．33 四川师范大学硕士学位论文ChapterFourAnalysisofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsfromtheViewpointofGrammaticalMetaphorInthethirdchapter,thethesisstudiessemanticcharacteristics，formalpatternsanddeficienciesofnominalizationontheperspectiveofgrammaticalmetaphor．IIlthischapter,Englishproverbswillbetakenintoamoreexhaustiveconsideration．OnehundredproverbsthatarecollectedfromLiYongfang’Sdictionary(2009)andinternetwillbeanalyzedfrommetaphorsofthreemeta-functions．4．1IdeationalMetaphorandNominalizationinEnglishProverbs：inTransitivitySystemAsintroducedbrieflyinChapterTwo，ideationalfunctionexploresthemeaningasrepresentation．Indubitably，ourmostprofoundimpressionaboutexperienceisitsvariouseventswhichareconsistsofhappening，doing，sensing，saying，being，existing，ere．．Allkindsofeventsareconstruedtoamanageablesetofoperationalprocessbyagrammaticalsystem，areflectivesystemendowingorderstothoseendless，variousandflowingevents．Thissystemistermedastransitivitysystemwhichhasabandoneditsnarrowsenseintraditionallinguistics．Thebasicarchetypeofourexternalexperienceisthatofactionandeventwhileprototypeofintemalexperienceisthatofrepresentationofindependentconsciousnessreflectingouterworld．Thecorrespondinggrammaticalcategoriesarematerialprocessandmentalprocess．Relationalprocessistheprocesswhichrelatesoneexperientialfragmenttoanother．Theabovethreeprocessesarethefundamentalprocesses．However,thereareboundariesbetweeneachtwoofthesethreetypes．Intheintermediateareabetweenmaterialandmentalprocessisbehaviouralprocess．Thatmeansbehaviouralprocess ChapterFourAnalysisofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsfromtheViewpointofGrammaticalMetaphorhasbotllcharacteristicsofhappeningandsensing：itrepresentsoutermanifestationofmentalactivity,andthebehaviourassociatesconsciousnessandphysiologicalstatus．Intheintermediateareabetweenmentalandrelationalprocessisverbalprocess，suchassayingandmeaning．Intheintermediateareabetweenmaterialandrelationalprocessisexistentialprocess．Therefore，FunctionalGrammarconstruesexternalworldandinternalexperienceintomaterial，behavioural，mental，verbal，relationalandexistentialprocesses．Theseprocessesaremainlyrealizedbyverbs(verbalgroups／phrases)，participantsarebynouns(nominalgroups／phrases)，andcircumstancesarebyadverbialorprepositionalgroups／phrases．(Halliday2000)Followingarecategorymeaningsandtypicalparticipantsofthesixprocesses(Halliday2000)．ProcesstypesCategorymeaningsParticipantsMaterialsActionDoingActor,GoalEventHappeningMentalPerceptionSeeingAffectionFeelingSenser,PhenomenonCognitionThinkingRdationalAttributionAttributingCartier,AttributeIdentificationIdentifyingIdentified，Identifier；Token，ValueBehaviouraiBehavingBehaverVerbalSayingSayer,TargetExistentialExistingExistentFig．4-1CategorymeaningsandtypicalparticipantsofsixprocessesFromtheabove，theinterpretationofprocessrepresentationinideational35 匹t)ll师范大学硕士学位论文functioninvolvesthreesteps：Selectionofprocesstype：material，mental，relational，withtheirvariousintermediateandsecondarytypes；realizedas2)Configurationoftransitivityfunctions：Actor,Goal，Senser,Manneretc·representingtheprocess，itsparticipants，andanycircumstantialelements；realizedinturnas31Sequenceofgroup．phraseclasses：verbalgroup，nominalgroup，adverbialgroup，prepositionalphrase，andtheirvarioussub-classes．’’(Halliday2000：343)Forinstance，whenwedescribetheclimbers’recentactionatcertaintime，weshouldchoose：1)Materialprocessarrive；2)Theclimbersasparticipant‘actor’thedestinationalsoasparticipant．goal，timeascircumstance；3)noungroup-theclimbers，verbalgroup．arrivedat，prepositionalgroups-onFriday．Thusthepresentationis砌eclimbersarrivedatthedestinationonFriday．Asjustmentioned，verbalgrouprepresentscongruentlyprocess，nominalgrouprepresentstypicallyparticipantandadverbialgrouporaprepositionalphraserepresentscircumstance．Nevertheless，semanticsdoesn’tcorrespondslexico—grammaronebyone，namely,thesamemeaningcouldbewordeddifferently．The“figurative’’descriptionFridaysawtheclimbers’arrivalofthedestinationcouldreplacethecongruentsentence．Thematerialprocessofthecongruentsentencechangestomentalprocessofincongruentone，theprocessturnstobephenomenonandtheverbarrivedtransfertoanounarrival．Themetaphoricalsentenceinvolveschangesofthethreesteps，theseare，changeoftheprocess，changeofconfigurationandchangeofgrammaticalcategoriesintransitivitysystem．Transitivitymetaphorisprovedthatcanhappenatdiversesteps，whichareinsuperficialindependent，butinfactinfluenceeachother．Inotherwords，themetaphoricaltransferatthefirststep，namely,attheprocesschoicelevel，triggersmetaphoricalchangesinconfigurationandofwordclasses．Let’Slookatanotherexample．Totalkaboutthesufferer’Sdisorderdescription，wetypicalrepresentas：1)Amaterialprocess，with；2)ConfigurationofActor+Process+Goal，beingpresentedby；3)Nominalelement+VcIrb+Nominalelement．36 ChapterFourAnalysisofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsfromtheViewpointofGrammaticalMetaphorThewordingsisthesuffererdescribeddisorderlytheduperytoconfusepoliceman．Butweprobablychoseotherprocesstorepresentthesameevent．Wemayrepresentas：1)Arelationalprocess，with；2)ConfigurationofIndentified+Process+Identifier,beingrealizedby；3)Nominalgroup+Verb+Nominalgroup．Thatiswhatconfusedpolicemanisthedisorderdescriptionofthesufferer．Theexamplesmanifestthattheshiftofprocess，e．g．frommaterialtorelational，bringsabohtchangesofotherelementsoftheclause．Whenthematerialprocessexpressedbytheverbsconfusedspecifiedinthecongruentunitstransferredintotherelationalprocessrepresentedbytheclausalnominalizingstructurewhatconfusedpoliceman，othermetaphoricaltransferencesalsobeginatthesametimeactually．Thatistosay,theoriginalmaterialprocessrealizedbyaverbconfuseinsubdominantclauseanddescribedinprincipleclausearerelativelyexpressedbytheclausalnominalizingstructuremetaphoricallywhatconfusedpolicemanandthenominalgroupthedisorderdescriptionofthesuffererrespectively．Inaword，metaphoricalrealizationofprocessisusuallybringsothermetaphoricalrealizations．AccordingtoHalliday,itishardtojudgewhichprocessisbetterthananotherintheselectionamongthesixprocesses．Butonthewhole，material，mentalandrelationalprocessestakeupthemost．Thereisacongruentcounterpartofeachprocess．Consequently,changingprocessorchangingwordingwithinthesameprocesswillresultinallunnaturalexpression．However,onlythetransferbetweendifferentprocessescouldbeviewedastransitivitymetaphor．Ideationalmetaphor,firstly,providespeoplemoreoptionstoexpressmeanings．Thatis，peoplearevestedtohavemorechoiceofthewaytheyexpress，tochangetheinformationstructureorselectthestartpointofanutterance，avoidingrepetitionandtedious．Secondly,theuseofgrammaticalmetaphorisasighofformalandadultlanguage，because“maturewriterseffectivelyexploittheresourcesofgrammaticalmetaphor；childrenandotherimmaturewritersdonot"’(Halliday1994：342)．Thus，thistypeofmetaphorespeciallyintransitivitysystemfrequentlyoccursinEnglishproverbsanddeservesadeepdiscussion．(1)Formmaterialtorelationalprocess37 四川师范大学硕士学位论文Proverb：Beggarsmust(should)benochoosers．(25a)Congruence：Peoplewhobegforfoodmust(should)chooseeverything．(25b)Thesemanticchoiceof(25b)isamaterialprocessrealizedbytheverbschoose，whilein(25a)，withtheassistanceofnominalization(beg---}beggar,choSe_chooser)，theprocessischangedintorelationalprocess．(2)FormmentaltomaterialprocessProverb：Afoolalwayscomesshortofliisreckoning．(30a)Congruence：Afoolseldomreckoned．(30b)Herethementalprocessrealizedbytheverbreckonedin(30b)isshiftedintoamaterialprocessrealizedbycomesshortofin(30a)．Theverbreckoneddescribingmentalactivityistransferstoreckoning．(3)FrommentaltorelationalprocessProverb：Seeingisbelieving．(31a)Congruence：YouCanbelievewhatyousee．(31b)Herethementalprocessrealizedbybelievein(31b)isshiftedintotherelationalprocesswiththenoninalizingstructurebelievingin(31a)．Andtheverbseeinsubordinateclauseischangedtonoun．Thetwonominalizingelementsbothplayroleofparticipants．(4)FromrelationaltomaterialprocessProverb：Learningmakesagoodmanbetterandillmanworse．(32a)Congruence：Agoodmanwillbecomebetterandanillmanwillbecomeworsethroughlearning．(32b)Therelationalprocessrealizedbybecomein(32b)isshiftedintotherelationalprocesswiththenoninalizingstructurelearningin(32a)．Circumstantialelementthroughlearningactsasparticipant．(5)FromrelationaltoexistentialprocessProverb：Wherethereislife，thereishope．(33a)Congruence：Theplacewherethereislifeisfullofhope．(33b)Therelationalprocessrealizedby／sin(33b)isshiftedintotheexistentialprocesswiththeassistanceofthere／sin(33a)．Clausenominalizationisappositiveof38 ChapterFourAnalysisofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsfromtheViewpointofGrammaticalMetaphorthere．(6)FrombehaviouraltorelationalprocessProverb：Agreattalkerisagreatliar．(34a)Congruence：Amantalksalotliesalot．(34b)Inthisinstance，thewordliesin(34b)realizingbehaviouralprocessisnominalizedintoanounliarpresentingaparticipantin(34a)；agreattalkerdenotesamalltalksa／otandthus，theshiftfromabehaviouralprocessintoarelationoneiscomeintobeing．Alltheaboveinstancesinvolvenominalizationandshowtransfersbetweencertainprocessesintoanother．Nominalizationtrans·-categorizesnon··nominalstructuralelementswhichrefersprimarilytoprocesstonominalonesisapowerfulresourceforcreatinggrammaticalmetaphor(Halliday2000：352)．Theoretically,thesameeventcouldberealizedbyallthesixprocesses．Inevitably,alltheseproverbsconcernthechangesofprocesses，configurationandsequenceofgroup—phraseclasses．Whythesemetaphoricalformsareimmobilizationbylonghistorywillbesearched4．2InterpersonalMetaphorandNominalization：inMoodandAsidesfromideationalfunctionasrepresentationofevents，languagecouldalsobeoperatedascommunicativeeventsinvolvingspeakerorwriterandreceiver．Thisfunctionofembodyingallemploymentsoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelationsistermedasinterpersonalfunction．Itcloselyrelateswithdistinguishablespeechrolesthatspeakerplaysinvariouscontexts．Givinganddemandingarethemosttwoessentialroles．Whatthespeakergiving?Whatthereceiverdemanding?TheanSWerdependsonthenatureofcommoditywhichisexchanged：GoodorServices．Cuttingacrossgivinganddemandingwithnatureofcommodityisanothersetofbasiccategories：Statement，Question，OfferandCommand．Theirrelationshipcouldbedescribedasfollowing(Halliday2000：69)：39 四川师范大学硕士学位论文一RoleGood&ServiceInformation＼GivingOfferStatementDemandingCommandQuestionFig．4-2Givingordemanding，goods&serviceorinformationInterpersonalfunctioncanbecategorizedtofunctionsofmoodandmodality．Thefollowingdiscussionwilldealwithconceptionsandtherelationshipofnominalizationinmoodandmodalitysystems．Moodiscomprisedofsubjectandfinitewhichisthegrammaticalcategoryofverbsthatexpressesspeaker’Sopinionorattitudetowardsthestateofeventdescribedininteraction．Hallidaydividesmoodintoimperativeandindicativewhichcouldbefurthersortedintodeclarativeandinterrogativewhichstillcouldbesubdividedintoyes—nointerrogativeandwhat-interrogative．Theircharacteristicsareillustratedtypicallyasfollow(Halliday2000：74)：IndicatiDeclarative：mood=subject+finiteYes-nointerrogative：mood=finite+subjectP缸-as州ec。：m删2州ec‘+觚‘ewhat-interr。gatiVe1what—as。therelement：m。。d=finite+subject脚训Ve<圣虽觚teFig．4-3FeaturesindifferentmoodTheoretically,speechfunctionsandmoodareinonetoonecorrespondencebutinrealityitmaybenotthecase．ThevirtualstateisthatatypeofmoodCancarrydifferentspeechfunctionswhileaspeechfunctionCanbepresentedbyothervarious ．C．．．．．．h．．．．．a．．．．p．．．．t．．．e．．．．r．．．．．．F．．．．o．．．．．u．．．．．r．．．．A．．．．．．．n．．．．．a．．．．1．．y．．．．．s．．。isofNomi—n—alizationinEnglishProverbsfromtheViewpointofGrammaticalMetaphormoodtypesreplacingthetypicaltype．Metaphorhereiscalledmetaphorofmoodorspeechfunctionalmetaphor．Forexamples，tellmeifheisagreatscientistand1wonderifheisagreatscientistarerealizationofmoodmetaphorof／sheagreatscientist．Sentenceisheagreatscientististhecongruentrealizationorganizedbyinterrogativemood。Butinre／／meifheisagreatscientistand1wonderifhe括agreatscientist,thesamesemanticsisreplacedbytheimperativeanddeclarativemoodrespectively．Therefore，thelattertwosentencesarerealizatioffsofmoodmetaphor．舡farasmetaphorofmoodisinvolved，transitivityanalysisofproverbsisnotenough，becausemetaphoralsohappenswithininterpersonalfunction．Asarealizationofgrammaticalmetaphor,themismatchbetweenmoodfunctionsandtypesenablesUStoconstruethegeneralphenomenonandemployonesetoflinguisticunitstoexpressameaningthatisnotmostnaturalbutacombinationofothertypeandfunction．Amoreexample：wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?Thisfunctionisademandforaproposal，butwordedasaninterrogativesentenceaskingpermission；theeffectistosoftenthedemandwithpoliteness．Anotherneedtopayattentioninthisexampleisnominalizationisconcerned：thenon-finitegerundopeningisderivedfromtheverbopeninthecongruentelementsofthecommandopenthedoor．Therelativeanalysisofproverbsisasfollowing：Declarative：Fromsavingcomeshaving．(35a)Declarative：Ifyousavemoney,youwillhavemore．(35b)Interrogative：Don’tyoumiIll(youwillhavemoremoneyifyousaveit?(35c)Imperative：Savemoney，thenyouwillhavemore．(35d)Themostcongruentsentenceisdeclarativeexpression(35b)，buttherearethreeadditionalrealizationsofmoodmetaphor．Savingandhavinginsentence(35a)areperhapsnominlizedfromverbsaveandhaveinthelatterthreesentences．DeclarativemoodispervasiveinEnglishproverbsfortheytellgoodadvicefromphilosophicalviewpointsinnature．Imperativemoodisinasmallamountofexistenceandinterrogativeisfew．Moodtransfermayonlyhappensbetweendeclarativemoodandimperativemood．1)Fromdeclarativetoimperativemood41 四川师范大学硕士学位论文Metaphorical：Bejoggingwhileyourbootsaregreen。(36a)Congruent：Youcanleavenowwhileyourbootsiswet．(36b)ThemoodinEnglishproverbbejoggingwhileyourbootsaregreenisimperative，耐thverbleavein(36b)transferstonounsjoggingin(36a)．Sentence(36b)witlldeclarativemoodisthecongruentexpressionof(36a)．Theirmoodcouldbefiguredasthis：Bejoggingwhileyourbootsaregreen．PredicatorResidueMetaphoricalResidueYoucanleavenowwhileyourbootsiswet．CongruentSubjectFiniteResidueMoodFig．4-3ComparativeanalysisofmoodmetaphorProverb：Firstthink，andthenspeak．(37a)Congruence：Youshouldfirstthink，andthenspeak．(37b)Thisproverbissimilarwiththefirstone．Theverbsthinkandspeaktransferstonounsthinkandspeak．2)FromimperativetodeclarativemoodMetaphorical：Fewwords，manydeeds．(38a)Congruent：Speakfew,domany．(38b)Itseemsthatthesetofmetaphoricalunitsisastatementthatomittingsubjectandpredicator,suggestingyoushouMhave．Butinfact，itisacommandwithimperativemoodincongruence．Thenominalizingexpressionswordsanddeedscomefromverbsspeakanddo．Modalitydenotestheintermediatedegreesbetweenthepositiveandnegativeextremes，namely,between‘‘yes’’and“no”．Modalityimpliesattitudeoropinionofspeakertowardtheinformationofpropositionorproposalconveyedbyclause．Intermsofclausaltypesrelated，Halliday(2000：89)dividesmodalityintotwomajor42 ChapterFourAnalysisofNominalizationinEnglishProverbsfromtheViewpointofGrammaticalMetaphortypes：modalization(modalityininformationexchangedclause)andmodulation(modalityingood&serviceexchangedclause)．Modalizationisfurthersortedintoprobabilityandusuality；andmodulationissubdividedintoobligationandinclination．Thefoursortsofmodalityaredifferentwaysofinterpretingthesemanticdifferencebetweenthepositiveandnegativeextremes．Finitemodaloperator,modaladjunctandcombinationofthetwoaretypicalrealizationsofmodality(Halliday2000：91)．Let’Stakeexamples6fmodalityintoconsideration．Firstisprobability：whenexpressingthepossibilityofJack’Sactionaboutsomething，itcouldbeJackcertainlyhasteftthroughaddingmodaladjunctorcouldbeJnckmusthasteftaddingmodaloperator，orcouldbeJ口ckcertainlymusthaveleftbytheboth．Secondisaboutusuality．InordertoexpressthefrequencyofRose’Sperformingsomething．correspondingrelationwithcongruentformandtheirmetaphoricalwordingscouldbeasfollows：Rosewilltellliesthroughout．_IbelieveRosetellsliesthroughout．Rosealwaystellslies．-÷It’Strueshetellsliesthroughout．NominalizationCanalsobecapacitatedformetaphorofmodality．Comparethefollowing：Shemightsendheroldshoes．(39a)Itispossibletosendheroldshoes．(39b)Thepossibilityalwaysexistedofsendingheroldshoes．(39c)Intheabovegroup，modalityin(39a)isrealizedbythemodaladjunctm／ght,itisthecongruentrealizationofmodality．Modalityin(39b)isrealizedbyaprojectingclauseitiSpossibte．i．e．anexplicitexpressionofmodality,thus，itisametaphoricalrealizationofmodality．Modalityin(39c)isrealizedbythenounpossibility，whichisdifferentfromtheformertwosentences，butthethreeclauseshavetheequalmeaning．Hence，(39c)isametaphoricalexpressionofmodalitytoo．HowaboutEnglishproverbs?Seeingisbelieving．(31a)YouCallbelievesomethinguntilyouseeit．(31b)43 四川师范大学硕士学位论文Sentence(31b)iscongruentsentencewithmodaladjunctcan，andmodalityinsentence(31a)ismoreaffirmativebytakeawayanymodaladjunct．Clausesyoucanbelievesomethingandyouseeitinthecongruentsentencearenominalizedtoseeingandbelievingin(31a)．Itiscommonthatthereislittlepossibilitythataproverbisuncertainbecauseithasbeenstoodthetestedbylongtimeandlotsofpeople．Thefinitemodaloperatorandmodaladjunctinthecongruentformmustbethewordslikemusthavedone,certainly，shouldandbepassiveverbpredicatorberequired．Thesethreecouplesofsentencesallshowmodalityincongruentformsanddisappearinmetaphoricalproverbsthroughnominalization．Thecontributionhereismakingproverbsaffirmativewhichwillbeexploreinthelastchapter．Proverb：Loveneedsnoteaching．(40a)Congruence：Youarenotrequiredtobetaughthowtolove．(40b)Proverb：Afterrainscomessunshine．(9a)Congruence：Itmustsunshineafterrain．(9b)Proverb：Practicemakesperfect．(41a)Congruence：YouCanbeperfectafterpracticealot．(41b)4．3TextualMetaphorandNominalization：inMetaphoricalThematicStructureandMetaphoricalNewsStructureAsintroducedinChapterthree，thetextualfunctionreferstotheabilityoflanguagetomakeanyspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandintegraltext·Itfulfilstherequirementthatlanguageshouldbemanagedoperationallyinarealcontextthatdifferentiatesalivingpassagefrominagrammarofadictionary．Whatraisesmostconc锄sintextualfunctionisthethematictheory．Halliday(2000)describesthemeastheportionthatassignedspecificstatustoorganizemessage，aimingatacquirethestatusofinteractiveevent．Itistheconstituencywhichservesasthedepartingpointofaclause，triggeringrheme，therestpartwherethemeisdeveloped(Halliday2000：37)．Therearesimpletheme，includingasinglegrammaticalunitandasetofunitswhicharegroupsorphrases．Multiplethemes， predicatedthemeandclausalthemearesomeothertypes．Butinourdiscussion，becauseoftheshortlengthofmostproverbs，multiplethemeswillnotbeencounteredwith．ThedevelopmentoftextualmetaphorbyMartin(1992)andTompson(1982)supplementstheemptyofHallidayannotionofgrammaticalmetaphor．Nominalizationintextualfunctioncancontributetometaphoricalthematicstructure，metaphoricalnewsstructureandmetaphoricalcohesion．Tompson、(1982)distinguishesmetaphoricalthematicstructuresintothematicequativeandpredicatethematicstructures．Thestructureof“it+be+⋯+mat+⋯”ofthelatterstructurescouldbefoundbarelyinproverbs，SOthethesiswillnotconsiderthisregard．Therefore，itisbettertobegin0111"discussionfromthematicequative．ThematicequativecouldberealizedthroughnominalizationasweexampledinChapterTwo．En班shproverbswhichemploymetaphoricalthematicstructuresarelisted：Metaphorical：Whatissauceforthegooseissauceforthegander．(42a)Congruent：Somethingfitsforthegooseassaucecallfitforthegander．(42b)Metaphorical：Whatweloseinhakeweshallhaveinherring．(43a)Congruent：Weshallhaveinherringthethingthatweloseinhake．(43b)Withinthematicequativestructure，twopartsaredividedinto，configuratedbytheformof“Theme=Rheme”．Cuttingdownthesentenceintotwoportionsbenefitsreceivers’understandingandoperatingofproverbs．Intheabovemetaphoricalsentences，nominalizingelementsareallasRheme．TheportionofthecongruentclausefitforthegandertransferstoRhemesaucefortheganderinsentence(42a)。Inthesameway,weshahhaveinherringtransferstotheme风whaOweshahhaveinherring(seesentencefrom(43a)to(43b))．Thethematicequativesinproverbsmakethestructuresofexpressionsclearerandeasiertounderstand．Theunmarkabepatternofnewsstructureisgivennewsplusnewone．GivennewsistheonethatthelistenerhasreadyknownortheoneheCanspeculate．Meanwhile，newinformationiswhatthelistenerwillbetold．Inthecongruentstructure,givennewsislocatedatthepointofdeparture，asthestartingpointofmessageofaclause，andnewinformationisplaceattheendoftheclause．The45 四川师范大学硕士学位论文variousunnaturalarrangementofnewplusgiveninformation，alongwithothergrammaticaloperationscanbeidentifiedasmetaphoricalnewsstructure．Theoperationinvolvestransfersbetweenprocessesaccompanyingwithprojectionsbetweendifferentgrammaticaldomains．Itisobviousthatsentence(43a)ismarkableforitspatternisuntypicalonesas‘"NewplusGiven”andexistingprojections．Theinformationincongruentelementslocatedatthelatterpartoftheclauseisplacedattheinitialposition．Bychangingtheorder,thenewswhatweloseinhakeissuccessfullyhighlighted．Asformetaphoricalcohesion，nominalizationcanfunctionasthemewhichsupportsdevelopingthefurtherdescription．Sonominalizationisanimportantpatterntorealizethemeandrhemeprogression．Butthepresuppositionisthereisatleastmorethanonesimpleclause．Thus，thestudyoncohesiverelationinasinglesentence—anEnglishproverbisinvalid．Thischapter,nominalizationinproverbsisexploredhowtoachieveideational，interpersonal，textualmetaphors．Metaphorintransitivitysystem，moodandmodalitysystems，thematicequativeandnewsstructurearerelatedinthisthesis．Inthenextpart，thethesiswillresearchthecontributionsofnominalizationinEnglishproverbs． 篁垒塑!竺!!兰竺竺堕皇竺垡竺竺堕塑2型璺苎!!苎型竺璺塑里呈墨堑坐!竺!壁!ChapterFiveContributionsofNominalizationtoEnglishProverbsItisacceptedthatthemaindistinctionbetweenspeechandwrittenlanguage迅thatthelatteradoptslotsofnominalizingexpressions．AlargenumberofpresentationsofnominalizationinEnglishtexts，especialinproverbs，areaccountforitscontributionsofbrevityandobjectivity,authorityandcredibility,symmetryandeffectofbeingmetrical．Englishproverbsareshortexpressionsofgeneralbeliefanduniversaltruthsestablishedthroughlongtimewithunknowncreatorandexactgeneratedtime．Theyareabundantinphilosophy,intelligenceandexperiencebutinsmalllength．Proverbsarehandeddownfirstbyoralinstructionfromgenerationtogeneration．Theirsemanticfeaturesandformalcharacteristicsdeterminetheemploymentofnominalization．Nominalizationalsocouldinturnenhancethedensityofmessagewithcertainwords，avoiddynamicsubjectiveness，makethediscoursemorebelievableandpromotethereadingeffect．5．1ConcisenessandObjectivityOneimportantcharacteristicofnominalizingexpressionsisthehighdensityofinformation．Thatmeansitexpressesthesamemeaningofthecongruentformwithfewerwords．Halliday(2000)saysthataprocessofnominalizationisaprocessof‘"packing”information．Whenelementsarenominalized，aoriginalsimpleclauseisbeingpackedinformationintonoungroupornounphrase，andthenthemorethantwoclausesarepackedintooneclause．Meanwhile，verbthatusedtorealizeprocessoradjectiveusedtoexpressattributeintheoriginalunitshavebecomeintonoungrouporphrase．Withthistransfer,thedegreeofworddensitywillincreasegreatly；thenumberofvocabularywilldecreasegreatlybycontrast．Thus，themetaphorical47 四川师范大学硕士学位论文expressionusuallyseemsmoreconciseandhashigherlexicaldensitythanthewayexpressedbycongruentformundertheconditionofhavingsameamountofinformation．Ontheotherhand，nominalizationpromotesobjectivitythroughthewayofreplacementofparticipantinoriginalsentencebynominalizingwordings．Incongruence，verbusuallydenotesprocessanditsownparticipantsorparticipantandcircumstanceareexpressedbynouns．Whenthereisanominalizingtransfer,somenon-nominalelementsarepackedtonominalexpression，processwilltransferintoparticipantwithprojectingitsoriginalsemantics．Participantincongruentformistakenaway,andthenproverbappearsmoreobjective．Theshortlengthofproverbsenableshumanrememberthemeasilyinordertospreadafarandneverdisappearastimepassedby．Itiscrucialtousenominalizationinordertomakeproverbsmoreconciseandobjective：Metaphorical：SicknessshowsUSwhatweare．(44a)Congruent：Wecandiscoverwhatwearewhenwearesick．(44b)Thenominalizingexpressionsiekenessin(44a)packstheinformation-thetimewhensomeoneissickincongruentform．Thelexicaldensitybecomeshigherbutquantityofwordsisdecreasedtoonefromfour．Andtheparticipantweisomittedafternominalization．Metaphorical：Preventionisbetterthancure．(45a)Congruent：Itisbeaerpreventbadthingshappeningthancurebadness．(45b)Thenominalizingexpressionpreventionandcurein(45a)packtheinformation—theactionpreventbadthingshappeningandcurebadnessincongruentform．Thelexicaldensitybecomeshigherbutquantityofwordsiscutdowntotwofromsix．Andtheparticipantitisomittedafternominalization．Metaphorical：AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy．(46a)Congruent：Aboywillbedullifheworksallthetimeandneverplay．(46b)Allworkandnoprayin(46a)packtheinformation-theactionworksallthetimeandneverprayincongruentform．Thelexicaldensitybecomeshigherbutquantityofwordsisreducedtofourfromsix．Andtheparticipantaboyisomitted ChapterFiveContributionsofNominalizationtoEnglishProverbsafternominalization．Metaphorical：Enoughisasgoodasafeast．(47a)Congruent：Eatingenoughisasgoodasfeast．(47b)Enoughin(47a)packstheinformation-theactioneatingenoughinthecongruentform．Thelexicaldensitybecomeshigherbutquantityofwordsisdecreasedtoonefromtwo．WeCallseefromtheaboveinstancesthatpackinginformationmakesproverbsmoleshortwithoutlosinganyinformation．TheimpactsofconcisenessofproverbswhicharefullofprofoundlifephilosophyguaranteethatproverbsCanbememorizedeasilyandbehandeddownfromagetoage．Proverbsarerichindeepmeaningforitsfeatureofdualrolesinsemantics；meanwhiletheycondense也eirstructuresgreatly．Itcouldbealsodiscoveredthattheybecomeobjectivebysubstitutecongruentparticipant．Whencongruentsentencesarechosen，structureswillbecomemorecomplicatedandmeaningswillseemtobesubjective．Withcondensingoriginalcomplexsentenceintoasimpleoneandcorrespondingoperationonparticipant，metaphorofnominalizationsuccessesvisiblyintransferringmoreinformationusingfewerwords，inimprovingtexts’informationdensityandinhighdegreeofobjectivity．5．2AuthorityandCredibilityThesecondcontributionofnominalizationinEnglishproverbsisthatitisbeneficialtodenotethemeaninginamoreauthoritativeandcredibleeffect．Inordertomaketheinformationofproverbsachievetheeffectoftruthfulness，t11eyhavetobecredible．Theuseofnominalizationgreatlyimprovesproverbs’credibilitySOastoimprovelisteners’reliabilitytowardtruths．Proverbsinnaturalaretransmittinginformation，andtheirultimatepurposesaretoofferpeoplebelievabletruths．Theyalwaysuseeverypossiblemeanstogetpeople’Strust，especiallyexploringthesmallspacetoachievethegreatestimpact．Thereasonwhyproverbsbecomehardtobequerymaybeattributedtoitsmodalitymetaphor．Afterrainscomessunshine．(9a)49 Itmustsunshineafterrain．(9b)Seeingisbelieving．(31a)Youcanbelieveuntilyouseeit．(31b)Practicemakesperfect．(41a)YouCalldoperfectafterpracticealot．(41b)Loveneedsnoteaching．(48a)Youarenotrequiredtobetaughthowtolove．(48b)First,thesubjectandcircumstantialelementintheaboveoriginalsentenceswithmodaladjunctmustaregotridofintheproverb．Lookatthesecondcoupleofsentence，seeingintheproverbtakingplaceoftheirsubjectyouandmodaladjunctcan；youandcaninyoucandoperfectafterpracticea／otaretakenoffinthesanleway；inthelastcouple，nominalizingstructuresteachingandarenotrequiredarealsobrokenaway．Thentheyseemtobemoreauthoritativeandbelievablewithoutanyattitudeandopinionofanyone．Theyjuststateuniversaltruths．Halliday(2000)considersthreemeta-functionsexistinaclauseatthesametime，realizedbydifferentways．Butinfact，theideationalfunctionwillbehighlightedandinterpersonalfunctionespeciallyinmodalitysystemwillbedepressedinformalstylists．Nominalizationabandonsmodaloperatorandmodaladjunctincongruencetoachievethisaim．Thedisappearanceofelementsthatexpressmodalitymakesthesentencemorefirm，moreundoubted．Nominalizationreducestheroleofinterpersonalfunctionofproverbs，makingthelistenersrealizeproverbsarenotcomposedmerelyfromsubjectiveattitudes，enhancingthecredibilityandauthority．5．3SymmetryandMelodicEffectThebrevityofnominalizationwhichisreachedbypackinginformationfacilitatesarrangementofsymmetricalstructure．Whatshouldbenoticeisthemistakeviewpointthatparalleledstructureshouldbeinthesamequantityofwords．Asshownabove，manyEnglishproverbsmaypresentatthesamestructurewiththesameorvariousquantityofwords．Theparallelismofproverbsenablespeoplerememberthem50 ChapterFiveContributionsofNominalizationtoEnglishProverbseasilytoo，andmeetstheaimofreadablepromotionwithmelody．Herelistsexampleswithparallelstructure：Manyalittlemakesamickle．Wherethereislife，thereishope．Gossipingandlyinggotogether．Agreattalkerisagreatliar．Tobevirtuousistodogood．Trueloveisgiving，nottaking．Afterraincomesthesunshine．ItisobviouslythattransitivitytransfercontributedbynominalizationinideationalmetaphorfirstlyCanridtheinfluenceofparticipants，makingtextmoreobjective，andthehighlexicaldensitypromoteconciseatthesametime．Secondly,nominalizationininterpersonalmetaphorfacilitatescommunication，improvingcredibilityofEnglishproverbs．Thirdly,nominalizationurgesthestructuresofproverbsmoreparallelandsymmetricintextualmetaphor,achievingtheeffectofbeingmelodic．GrammaticalmetaphorviewpointsdonotonlybroadenOurhorizonstostudyvaluesofproverbs，butalsodeepenOurunderstandingoftheirnature． ConclusionThisthesisaimstoprovideanewscientificmethodonresearchofnominalizationinEnglishproverbsfromtheperspectiveofFunctionalGrammar,especiallyfromtheperspectiveofgrammaticalmetaphor．Inthisthesis，grammaticalmetaphor,includingideationalandtransitivitywithinitself,interpersonal，moodandmodalitywithinitself,textualmetaphor,metaphoricalthematics仃uctIlreandmetaphoricalnewsstructurewithinitselfarediscussed．Ononehand，speakerCanchoosedifferentwaystoexpresshisidea；butonlyachoicewithcertainprocess，mood，modalityandtextualorganizationhasthepotentialtobethecongruentwordings．Wordingschoosingtheotherfiveprocessesandotherrealizationsofthesameprocessarerecognizedasmet印horicalwordings．Forinstance，processtransferundertheframeworkofHallidayantransitivitysystemCancauseideationalmetaphor．Ontheotherhand，Nominalizationwhichhasdualrolesinpointingprimarilytotheprocessorattribute，secondlytransferringnon—nominalstructuralelementstonominalonesisapowerfulmeansforcreatinggrammaticalmetaphor．Itisapparentthattransitivitytransferandnominalizationingrammaticalmetaphorfirstlycontributetoconciseness．Ashortersentencewhichcontainsthesameamountofinformationasintheoriginalsentenceincreasesthedensityofinformationofproverbsbypackingnews．Thesubstitutionofsubjectandcircumstancebynominalizingstructuresinvolvesprocesschangemakestextmoreobjective．Secondly,nominalizingcomponentsdecreasethesignificanceofinterpersonalfunctions，avoidingattitudesandopinionsoftheunknowncreatortoreachauthoritativeandcredibleeffect．Thirdly,structuresofmanyproverbsaresymmetricwithparallelexpressionsthroughnominalizationheightenmorphologicalandreadingeffect．Grammaticalmetaphornotonlybroadens0111"visiontostudyvaluesofproverbs，butalsodeepensourunderstandingofitsnature．Themajorfindingsofexploring52 Conclusionnominalizationinthe100Englishproverbsaresummarizedasfollows：Firstly,therearetwotypesofnominalizationinproverbsbymeansofstatisticaldataandanalysis；thosearelexicalnominalizationandclausalnominalization．Eachofthemtakesupdifferentportion，lexicalnominalizationtakesupthemostpartswhileclausalonetakesuparelativefewerpart．SuchresultexplainsthatlexicalnominalizationisthemaintypeofnominalizationintheseEnglishproverbs．Thestatisticaldataalsoshowsthattherearemainlyde—verbalnominalization，de-adjectivalnominalizationandde-adverbialnominalizationunderthedomainoflexicalnominalization．Inthese100piecesofmaterials，takingthehighestpercenttypeisde--adjectivenominalizationwhilethelowestisde-·adverbialone．ThestatisticalresultsprovethephenomenonofnominalizationisnotonlythecharacteristicofscientificandtechnologicaltextsasHallidayviews，butalsopervasiveandsignificantinthetext-Englishproverbs．Thephenomenondeservesmoreattention．Inthisregardofideationalmetaphor,nominalizationrealizesconcisenessofproverbsforthecharacteristicofhighdensity．Thetakingawayofparticipantthroughnominalizationreducesthesubjectivity．Andtheusageofmetaphoricalwordingswhichispresentedasnounsornoungroupsisconvenienttoexpressthemeaninginamoreobjectiveandconciseappearance，whichCanincreasepeople’Strustandenhancereadingeffect,bothofwhichareaccomplishedbyinterpersonalandtextualmetaphor．Intheaspectofinterpersonalmetaphor,thephenomenonofnominalizationbringsadifferentwordingsfromcongruentonecanresultinmoodandmodalitymetaphor．Thevariousexpressionsofmoodmetaphorarechosenforcertainstress．Intheothertypeofnominalization-modalitynominalization，thedisappearanceofmodalityfacilitatesproverbsmorefirm，morebelievablewithhigherauthoritythatcallnotbequery．Thenon—negotiabilityendowedbynominalizationmakespeopletrustthetruthofproverbsandneverdoubtthem．Thus，nominalizationenhancescredibilityinthisregard．Atlast，nominalizationattherespectoftextualmetaphorembodiesmainlyintwoaspectsinEnglishproverbs．Oneisthatthethematicequativesinproverbsmakes53 四川师范大学硕士学位论文expressionmoreclearly，easytounderstand．Theotherismetaphoricalnewscanhighlighttheportionwhereneedstopaymoreattentionbychangingorder．Nominalizationreinforestheeffectofreadingbyprovidingsymmetricalstructureintheaspectoftextualmetaphor．Fromthesefindings，wecallconcludebrieflythatdifferenttypesofnominalizationexistinEnglishproverbs．Lexicalnominalizationwhichcontains’de-verbal，de-adjectiveandde—adverbialtypes，andalongwithclausalnominalizationarethebasicsorts．Thoughthepresentresearchismadeeffortstobescientificandaccurateaspossible，therearedefectsthatcannotbedenied。Firstofall，theresultsandwaysoftheanalysisofthematerialsinvolvedarefrompersonalpointofview．Someaspectsofthestudyinevitablehavebeennoticedbutsomeignored．Secondly,thestudyisonlybasedontheproverbs，andonly100piecesofmaterialsarecollectedrandomly．Theycouldnotdemonstratesystematically,accuratelyandcomprehensivelythefeaturesofnominalization．Lastbutnotleast，thenominalizationtransferredfromprepositionalphraseisnotexpoundedexhaustivelyinthispresentthesis．ThefurtherresearchCanoperateacontrastivestudyofnominalizationbetweenEn西ishproverbsandChineseones．Despiteallthis，theanalysisofthesematerialsfacilimtesUStounderstandthenatureofEnglishproverbs，totranslatethembetterandtobroadenhorizonstostudyvaluesofnominalizationindifferenttexts． 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Appendix1．Abadbeginningmakesabadending．2．Abu砂isalwaysacoward．3．AgreattMkerisagreat／／ar．4．A如IIintothepit，againinyourwit．5．Aflowofwordsisnoproofofwisdom．6．Afoolalwayscomesshortofhisreckoning．7．Alambisasdeartoapoormanasalloxtother／ch．8．Awordspokenispastrecalling．9．Anidleyouth，aneedyage．10．Actionsspeaklouderthanwords．11．Adversityleadstoprosperity．12．Adversitysuccessfullyovercomeisthehighestglory．13．Afterraincomesthesunshine．14．AlithatendswellisWell．15．Allthatglittersisnotgold．16．AnworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy．17．Asthecall,SOtheecho．18．Avariceincreaseswithwealth．19．Beggarsmust(should)benochoosers．20．Bejoggingwhileyourbootsaregreen．21．Byreadingweenrichthemind；byconversationwepolishit．22．Careanddiligencebringluck．23．Carebringsgreyhair．24．Cheerfulnessandgoodwillmakelabourlight．25．Childrenaretheparents’riches．26．Constantdroppingwearsthestone．58 27．Contentishappiness．28．Dexteritycomesbyexperience．29．Drummingisnotthewaytocatchahare．30．DyingisaSnaturalaSliving．31．助咖tobedandearlytorise，makesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise．32．EnoughisaSgoodasafeaSt．33．Equivocationisfirstcousintoalie．34．EvilcomestoUSbyellsandgoesawaybyinches．35．Fairandso痧lygofarinaday．36．Fewwords，manydeeds．37．Fromhearingcomeswisdom；fromspeakingrepentance．38．Fromsavingcomeshaving．29．Frugalityisanestatealone．40．Gaingotbyaliewillbumone’Sfingers．41．Gossipingandtyinggotogether．42．Harmonybringswealth．43．Heiswisethatknowswhenhe"swellenough．44．HewhohaSnoshamehaSnoconscience．45．Hewhoimaginesthathehasknowledgeenoughhasnone．46．Hewhoisashamedofaskingisashamedoflearning．47．Healthandunderstandingarethetwogreatblessingoflife．48．Healthisnotvaluedtillsicknesscomes．49．Humilityoftengainsmorethanpride．50．Intimeofprosperity，friendswillbeplenty．51．Itisanequalfailingtotrusteverybody,andtotrustnobody．52．Knaverymayserve，buthonestyisbest．53．Learningmakesagoodmanbetterandillmanworse．54．Likeknowslike．55．LossesmakeUSmorecautious．56．Loveasksf撕t11．andfaithfirmness．59 57．Loveatfirstsight．58．Lovecomesbylooking．59．Loveisasweettorment．60．Loveisfulloftrouble．61．Loveneedsnoteaching．62．Lyingridesupondebt’Sback．63．Manyalittlemakesamickle．64．Nogoodbuildingwithoutagoodfoundation．65．Nomallistheworstforknowingtheworstofhimself．66．Patienceandapplicationwillcarryusthrough．67．Oftenandlittleeatingmakesamanfat．68．Oneneverlosesanythingbypoliteness．69．Poorandcontentisrichandrichenough．70．Poorwithoutdebtisbetterthanaprince．72．Preventionisbetterthancure．73．Pridegoesbeforeafall．75．SicknessshowsUSwhatweare．76．Sometimesgainistolose．77．Successbelongstothepersevering．78．Timetriesa11．79．刀如twhichisevilissoonlearnt．80．Thebestheartsarealwaysthebravest．81．Thechiefaimofmanisnottogetmoney．82．TheshortestanSWerisdoingthething．83．Theweakestgoestothewall．84．Thewisemanknowsheknowsnothing，thefoolthinkstheknowsa11．85．Thereismanyafairthingfullfalse．86．乃bevirtuousistodogood． 87．Tosavetimeistolengthenlife．88．Tomorrowcomesnever．89．Trueloveisgiving,nottaking．90．Unprofitableeloquenceislikethecypress，whichisgreatandtall，butbearsnofruit．91．臃町can"tbecuredmustbeendured．92．≯砌讲／sdonecannotbeundone．93．What／ssaucefo，．thegooseissauceforthegander．94．Whatweloseinhakeweshallhaveinherring．95．Whateverisworthdoingatallisworthdoingwell．96．Wherethereislife，thereishope．97．Wholosethlibertylosetha11．98．Whomakeseverythingrightmustriseearly．99．Withoutafriend，theworldiswilderness．JDn％，七makestheworkman．61 AcknowledgementsFirstofall，1wouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoalltheteachersatSchoolofForeignLanguagesatSichuanNormalUniversity,whoseinstructionsandguidancehavemademythreeyearsattheuniversityatrulyrewardingexperience．Inparticular,1wishtoexpressmysincerethankstosuchprofessorsasProfessorZhouGuangya,ProfessorWeiGuangqin，fromwhoselecturesIhaveprofitedtremendouslyoverthethree-yeargraduateprogram．WordsfailmewhenItrytoexpressmyheartfeltthankstomysupervisor,ProfessorLiYong，forallhisinspiringideasandkindhelpthroughouttheprocessofmygraduatethesiswriting．Withouthishelpfulsuggestions，hisclearguidanceandhispatientcorrections，theaccomplishmentofthisgraduationpaperwouldhavebeenimpossible．