歇后语生成和识解认知机制 72页

哈尔滨理工大学硕士学位论文歇后语生成和识解的认知机制姓名：陈红军申请学位级别：硕士专业：@指导教师：邹春玲201103 哈尔滨理『：人学硕十学位论文歇后语生成和识解的认知机制摘要歇后语是一种通俗的语言现象，具有独特的中图文化特点(温端政，周荐，2000)。按照传统分类，歇后语的自订半部分象谜语的谜面，后半部分象谜语的谜底，而后半部分却是歇后语想要表达的真正意图所在。在近几十年单，特别是一些当代语言学家，语义学家，认知语义学家和认知语言学家都在探究这一古老课题。自从1920年以来，就开始了对歇后语的大量研究。然而，以前的研究主要是从文化、修辞、句法和语义的观点出发，详述了歇后语的起源、命名、分类、结构和修辞功能等等，很少有研究者从认知语言学的角度进行研究，更彳<必说心理模型理论。出于这些原因，本文将从一个完全不同的角度致力于这一中国古老的语用学现象进行探索。鉴于以前研究的不足，本文的目标在于对歇后语生成和谚{解潜在的认知机制做出一个试验性的探究。从话语的表达形式来说，一个完整的歇后语构成的基本特点是：“自i『文"是“本意触发体”，“后义"为“本意本体”(邹春玲，2009a)。它们之间的关系应分为两个部分：1)说话人如何从解体部分(自主成分)推衍出引体部分(依存成分)；2)听话人如何通过显性一隐性表述相结合的方式来理解说话人的真J下意图。我们主要的理论目标是建立一个切实可行的理论框架米解释语言使用的认知动IV 哈尔滨理l：人。誓硕十。学位沦文机。因此，本文将采用认知语用的观点和三个认知语用假设进行推理。为了能够清晰的阐释潜在的认知动机，本文采用定性分析研究方法，包括溯凶推理范式来支持我们对人量语料的研究。这些语料主要来自一些中国的文学作品、权威辞典和H常会话。本研究的理论框架包括徐盛桓(2007b)提出的“基。r模型的语用推理”，这一理论被认为是一个动态的多层级系统，作为分析话语的工具，该理论包括心理模型、意l，1J性假没、显性一隐性表述假设和常规关系假设。“基于模型的语用推理”主要包括“自主一依存联结框架”用来解释语言的生成。“显性一隐性表述推理框架"用来解释话语的理解。这两个框架分别对歇后语作为一个语用学现象做出了全面的解析。本研究的结论将对现有的歇后语静态研究作出有效的补充和扩展。关键词：歇后语；心理模型；自主一依存联结；显性一隐性表述推理V 哈尔滨理lj人学硕十学何论文TheCognitiveMechanismoftheGenerationandConstrualofXiehouyuAbstractXiehouyuisapervasivelanguagephenomenonwithdistinctChineseculturalcharacteristics(seeWenDuanzheng，ZhouJan，2000)．Traditionallyclassified，theformerpartofxiehouyucouldbenamedasanallusiveexpressionwhichresemblesthefaceofariddle，whereasthelatterpartseemstobetheanswertotheriddle，whichistheintendedmeaningthatXiehouyuexpresses．Duringrecentdecades，modemlinguists，semanticists，cognitivesemanticistsandcognitivepragmatistsinparticular,wereprobingintothisoldissue．Since1920，plentyofstudiesonXiehouyuhavebeenconducted．However,thepreviousstudiesaremainlycarriedoutfromtheperspectiveofculture，rhetoric，syntaxandsemantics，dwellingontheargumentationoftheorigin，denomination，categorization，structure，rhetoricfunctionsetc．Fewresearcheshavedonefromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics，letaloneMentalModelstheory．Forthisreason，thepaperdevotestoexploringthisancientChinesepragmaticphenomenonfromaquitedifferentview．Byvirtueoftheinadequacyofthepreviousstudies，theobjectiveofthispaperistomakeatentativeexplorationontheunderlyingcognitivemechanismofthegenerationandconstrualofXHYs．Intermsofutteranceexpression，thefundamentalcharacteristicsofawholeXHYis：theformerpartiscognitivelynamedasthe 哈尔滨理l：人学硕十J’；乏何论文‘triggeroftheideaintended(本意触发体)，andthelatterpartistheideaintended(本意本体)(Zouchunling，2009a)．Theanalysisontheirrelationshipissupposedtobeclassifiedastwoparts：1)howthespeakerderivestheintroductorypart(dependency)fromtheexplanatorypart(autonomy)；2)howthelistenerunderstandsthewholeintendedmeaningwiththeexplicatureandimplicatureexpressioncombined．Ourkeytheoreticalgoalistosetupaworkableanalyticalframeworktoexplainthecognitivemotivationoflanguageuse，sothispaperholdsthecog—pragmaticperspective，followingthreehypothesesforcognitivepragmatics．Withtheaimtoclarifytheunderlyingcognitivemotivation，thispaperemploysaqualitativemethodincludingabductioninferenceparadigminourstudybackedbyaconsiderablequantityofcorpusdatafromsomeChineseliteraryworks，authoritativedictionariesaswellassomedailyconversations．Thetheoreticalframeworkinthisresearchincludes：MentalModel—BasedPragmaticReasoningputforwardbyXuShenghuan(2007b)，whichisdeemedasadynamicandhierarchicalsystemincludingMentalModels，IntentionalityHypothesis，Explicit-ImplicitExpressionHypothesisandStereotypicalRelationsHypothesis，astheanalyzingtools．ItmainlyconsistsoftheAutonomy-DependencyAlign．mentAnalyticalFrameworkfortheinterpretationoflanguagegenerationandtheExplicature-ImplicatureExpressionReasoningFrameworkfortheinterpretationoflanguageconstrual，witheachbeingrespectivelyresponsibleforthecomprehensiveaccountofXiehouyuasacog—pragmaticphenomenon．TheconclusionofthisresearchwouldbealleffectivesupplementandextensiontoII 哈尔滨理。1j人学硕十学仲：论文thepresentstaticstudyofxiehouyu．Keywords：xiehouyu；mentalmodels；autonomy—dependencyalignment；explicature-implicatureexpressionreasoningffameworkIII 哈尔滨理1：人。学硕十学何论文ContentsAbstract．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．I摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯lvPartIIntroduction．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。．．．．．．．．．．。．．．．】I1．1Lead．．inRemarks．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11．2ResearchQuestionsand0bjectives⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．11．2．1Researchquestions．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11．2．2Researchobjectives．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21．3TypesofResearchandHypothesis．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21．：；．1Typesofresearch．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21．3．2Hypothesis．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21．4Organizationofthethesis⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．．．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．⋯．⋯⋯．．．．⋯．⋯3Part2TheoreticalFrameworkandRelatedLiterature⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4：!．1TheoreticalFramework⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．．⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．⋯．．⋯．．．⋯⋯．．4：!．1．1Mentalmodels⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．42．1．2Gestalttheory⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．82．1，3Mentalmodel—basedpragmaticreasoning⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯112．2RelatedLiterature．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．162．2．1OriginofXHYs．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．172．2．2DefinitionofXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．182．2．3XHYsandsomeotherlinguisticformsinChinese．．．．．⋯．．⋯．．．．．⋯．192．2．4FlexibilityofXHYs．．．⋯．⋯．．⋯．．．．．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．⋯．222．2．5ClassificationofXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．252．2．6FunctionsofXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．26Vl 哈尔滨理Ii人学硕fj学f征论文’。2．2．7ThecultureconnotationofXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯302．3Summary．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．．．．．⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．．．．⋯．⋯⋯．．．⋯．33Part3Methods．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．34：；．1QualitativeMethodology⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯343．2AbductionAnalysis．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．353．3DataCollection⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．363．4ResearchProcedure⋯．⋯．．．．⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．⋯．．⋯⋯．．．．．⋯．．．⋯．．．．⋯．363．5Summary⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯37Part4Results．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．j；84．1Introduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．．．⋯．⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．384．2GenerationMechanismofXHYs．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．384．2．1Autonomy—dependencyalignmentframeworkforXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯384．2．2ThegenerationofhomophonicXHYs．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．⋯．．404．2．3Thegenerationofnon—homophonicXHYs．．⋯．．⋯⋯．．．⋯．⋯．⋯．．．．⋯434．3ConstrualMechanismofXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯464．3．1Theexplicit—implicitexpressioninferenceforXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯464．3．2Examplesanalysis．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．474．4Summary⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．⋯．⋯．⋯．．．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．．．．．．．．．49Part5Discussion⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯505．1Introduction⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．!；()5．2TheoreticalSignificance．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．505．3PracticalSignificance⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯．．⋯．．．．⋯．：．．．⋯⋯．．⋯．．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯．．⋯．515．4ProblemsandDifficultiesEncountered．．．⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．⋯51Part6Conclusion．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．536．1Introduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．536．2MajorFindings⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．53VII l喻尔滨理Ij人学硕Ij学何论文6．3ValidityandReliability．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．546．4LimitationsandFurtherResearch⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55Bibliography⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．56PublishedPaper⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯62Acknowledgements⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯63VIII 哈尔滨理’1：人学硕I：学f"?：『：论文Part1Introduction1．1Lead．inRemarksXHYsareakindofuniquelanguagephenomenoninChineseculturewhicharerootedinpeople’Sdailylifeandarewidelyusedforalonghistory．AsinterestingandwidespreadChinesesayings，manypeopleenjoyusingXHYs，fromdailyconversationtoliteratureworks，fromorallanguagetowrittenlanguage．Recently,XHYsalsohaveattractedmanyscholars’attention．HowmanytypesofXHYs?WhatarefunctionsofXHYs?AndhowXHYsaregeneratedandinterpretedinutterancecommunication?Thesequestionsarewhatweareinterestedin，andwewillbetentativelyexploredfromthecog-pragmaticperspectiveinthisthesis．1．2ResearchQuestionsandObjectives1．2．1ResearchquestionsThecentraltaskofthispaperistofindtheinnermechanismofgenerationandconstrualofXHYs．AndthementalmodeltheorywillbeusedtoexplainthegenerationandconstrualmechanismofXHYs．TheauthoraimstoprovideadetailedexplanationonthegenerationandconstrualmechanismofXHYsfromacog·-pragmaticperspectiveonthebasisoftheautonomy··dependencyalignmentandtheexplicature—implicatureexpressionreasoningframework．Generallytheresearchquestionscanbelistedasfollows：1)Theframeworkofautonomy—dependencyalignmentcanapplytothegenerationofXHYs．2)TheMM—basedexplicature—implicatureexpressionreasoningframeworkcanapplytotheconstrualofXHYs．3)ThewaythatmentMmodelsworkinthegenerationandconstrualofXHYs． 哈尔滨理I：人学硕十学位沦文1．2．2ResearchobjectivesThispaperwillanalyzeXHYsfromcog—pragmaticperspective，aimingtofindouttheunderlyingcognitivemechanismsofitsgenerationandconstrual．SuchanexplorationcanhelpUStodiscovermoreunderlyingworkingmechanismsbehindlanguagecomprehension，tounderstandmoreabouttherelationsbetweenlanguageandculture，toknowtheimportanceofXHYsinpeople’SdailylifeSOthatwecouldgainitsessenceandintroduceitgoabroadtodeepenforeigner’ScomprehensionofbothXHYsandChineseculture．Inshort，thecog-pragmaticlinguisticresearchonXHYshashighlytheoreticalandpracticalsignificance．1．3TypesofResearchandHypothesis1．3．1TypesofresearchThispapermainlyusesaqualitativemethodtostudytheinnermechanismofgenerationandconstrualofXHYs，andintrospectivemethodandabductionanalysisarealsoused，whichintegratestheexplanationofthegenerationandconstrualofXHYsatthesametime．1．3．2HypothesisBecauseoftheformerresearchescannotsolvetheultimatemotorsforthegenerationandconstrualofXHYs，theauthorofthispaperattemptstoprovideadetailedexplanationonthegenerationandconstrualmechanismofXHYsfromacog—pragmaticperspective．Thehypothesisis：XHYsareauniquelanguagephenomenonwithdistinctChineseculturalcharacteristics．ThegenerationandconstrualmechanismofXHYsofthispaperattemptstoemployMentalModel—basedpragmaticreasoningputforwardbyXuShenghuan．‘‘Autonomy—DependenceAlignment’’and‘‘Explicature—Implicature2 哈尔滨理i：人学顶十学何论文ExpressionReasoningFramework”aretwocomponentsofthe“MM—basedPragmaticReasoning’’．‘‘Explicature—ImplicatureReasoningFramework’’explainstheprocessofhowtoinfertheimplicitexpressionfromtheexplicitone，whichcanbetterillustratethemechanismofXHYsunderstanding．However,the“Autonomy—DependenceAlignment’’laysemphasisonthederivationfromtheautonomytothedependence，whichcanprovideasuccinctanalyticalframeworkwithstrongexplanatorypowerforXHYsgeneration．1．4OrganizationofthethesisThispaperconsistsofsixparts．Partoneistheimroductionofthewholepaperwhichintroducetheresearchquestions，objectives，hypothesis，andmethodology,inordertoexpoundandprovetheplausibilityandfeasibilityofthisthesis．Inparttwo，theauthorpresentsthetheoriesemployedinthisthesis，whichisMentalModels，Gestalttheory,StereotypicalRelations．andtheMM—BasedPragmaticReasoningasthetheoreticalframeworkforourstudyonXHYs．Atthesametime，theauthordescribescomprehensivelyXHYsfromitsorigin，definition，flexibility,classification，andfunctionstothecultureconnotationofXHYs．Asauniquelanguageform，XHYsreflectthethoughts，language，culture，emotionandcustomsofChinesepeopleinaparticularway．Partthreeintroducesseveralresearchmethodsthispaperemployed．PartfouristheanalyzationofthegenerationandconstrualofXHYswhichonthebasisofExplicit·-ImplicitExpressionReasoningandAutonomy--DependenceAlignment．PartfiveisthefurtherdiscussionofXHYs．Partsixistheoverallconclusionofthisthesis，includingsummary,’validity,reliability,limitationandfurtherresearch．3 Part2哈尔滨理’l：人。≯硕十。≯传论文TheoreticalFrameworkandRelatedOretlcalraLiterature2．1TheoreticalFrameworkInthispapegweaimtoexploretheinnerunderlingmechanismofXHYsgenerationandunderstanding．Toperformthetask，theanalyticalframeworkoughttobesettled．Now,letUSprobeintothemacroguideline---MentalModels．2．1．1MentalmodelsMentalmodelsaretheorganizationalformsofhuman’Smentalknowledgestructure．Theknowledgeinmindispeople’Sperceptionofthestereotypicalrelationsamongthingswhichareembodiedastypeknowledgeconnectedbythedimensionofproximityandsimilarityanditcanbedisintegratedintosmall—scaleknowledgesets．Pragmaticreasoningcanbeseemasaprocessinwhichmentalmodelsstartaresearchtotheperceptionoftheutteranceandtheconstraintofdownwardcausation．Thesesmall-scaleknowledgesetsareorganizedbytheproximityandsimilarityrelationscanbeintegratedandextractedtoserveasthepremiseofpragmaticreasoning．Thebondingpointisthepan—cause—effectrelation．Onthebasisofthesehypotheses，XuShenghnanproposedtheMM—basedpragmaticreasoningseverasapossibleparadigminthemodemcognitivepragmaticresearch．(徐盛桓，2007b：2—9)Pragmaticreasoningisnotdifferentfromthecomprehensionofconventionalutteranceessentially．Cognitiveprocessispsychologicalprocess．Humanbrain’Sperception，generalization，store，combinationandrepresentationoftheobjectiveworldareconstrainedbytheabstractknowledgesystem．Pragmaticreasoningis4 哈尔滨理I：人学硕+学付论丈connectedwiththesecognitiveactivitiesclosely．Constructionofmentalmodelsisthebasicformofreasoning．ThispaperaimtoexplainthegenerationandconstrualofXHYsdrawsupportfromconstructionofmentalmodels．Sowemustintroducementalmodelsatfirst．2．1．1．1ThebasicviewpointofmentalmodelsTheconceptofmentalmodelsisfirstformedbyKennethCraik，aScottishpsychologist．In1943，hisbookTheNatureofExplanationpointedoutthatthemindconstructs‘small-scalemodels’ofrealitythatitusestoanticipateevents，toreason，andtounderlieexplanation(Craik，1943)．Johnson—Laird，oneoftheforemostauthoritiesofearlymentalmodelstheory，definesmentalmodelsas“psychologicalrepresentationsofreal，hypothetical，orimaginarysituations”(Johnson-Lairdeta1．，1998)．HistextMentalModels(1983)hasbeenthetheoreticalbasecitedthroughouttheliterature．Duringthelastthirtyyears，therearetwomajorrepresentativeviewsaboutmentalmodels．OneschoolrepresentedbyGentnerandStevens，theysuggestthatmentalmodelsareinternalimagesconstructedbyknowledgestructuregroundedOilpeople’Slong—termmemory；mentalmodelsinvolveaseriesofscenesofdailylif’eandrelatedactivitiesinfomaationUSetorepresenttheinternalmentalconceptsystemofthecausalmechanisminthephysicalsystemoftheexternalworld(Gentner&Stevens，1983：99—129)．AnotherschoolrepresentedbyJohnson—Lairdproposesthatmentalmodelsareinternalimagesconstructedbyknowledgestructurebasedonpeople’Sshort—termmemory；peopleconstructsuchinternalmodelofrealityissimilartothe‘"relationmodel’’ofexternalworld(Johnson-Laird．1980：71-115)．NonnanregardsthecaHseofformingmentalmodelsistheprocessofpeople’Sinteractionwith5 哈尔滨理。l：人学硕Ij学f一论文environment．Thesemodelsprovidepredictiveandexplanatorypowerforunderstandingtheinteraction(Norman，1983：7—14)．Althoughdefinitionsandideasaboutmentalmodelsvarywidely，thegeneralconceptisthatmentalmodelsaredescribeacognitivemechanismforrepresentingandmakinginferencesaboutasystemorproblemwhichtheuserbuildsasheorsheinteractswithandlearnsaboutthesystem．2．1．1．2StereotypicalrelationsStereotypicalRelations(SRsforshort)isacrucialconceptinmentalmodelswhichisfirstmentionedbyLevinsoninhisI-principle(Levinson1987：61—129)．AccordingtoLevinson，theSRsareassumedtoobtainbetweenreferentsandeventsinmaximizingtheutterance’Sinformationalcontent．Lehmannproposes“stereotypicalreasoning’’withSRsasalogicalparameterfordefaultreasoningandhebelievesthatstereotypicalreasoningisanessentialtoolforpeopletoacquireknowledge(Lehmann1998：49—58)．In1990s，XuShenghuanconstructsaninferentialmechanismfortheneo—Griceantheoryofconversationalimplicatureandwidenedthepracticerangeofstereotypicalrelations．Anutterancehardlyprovidesadequateinformationforitsunderstanding，butthestereotypicalrelationssuggestedbyitslinguisticcomponentsandmodeofexpressionhelptocomplementtheexplicitlyexpressedcontent，thusmakingtheutteranceserveitscommunicativefunction．Stereotypicalrelationsareaspeakerorhearer’Sperceptionandmemoryoftherelationsbetweenthingsintheexperientialworld．Suchrelations，OllCeentrenched，arethecognitivedevicebywhichhumansunderstand，represent，andexpresstheworld．ThingsinSRsareinterdependent；thepresenceofoneentailsthatofanother．6 哈尔滨理Ii人学硕fj学t,i论文StereotypicalrelationisapivotalnotioninXuShenghuan’Stheoryofimplicatives．Prof．Xuaddressesitsnature，themechanismofinferenceanditsontology．AccordingtoXuShenghuan，heexpoundsSRslikethis：fromtheangleofontology,SRsaretheinherentrelationsandaremadeusetoproduceutterancebypeople；fromtheangleofepistemology,SRsarethemeansbywhichpeopleperceivetheworld；fromtheangleofmethodology,SRsareakindofangleofviewtothink，aperspective，aschema，aframeworkoramodeltoconstruetheworld．Inlanguageuse，SRsareexploitedtoexplainutterancecomprehendingandpragmaticreasoning(徐盛桓，2007b：2—9)．XuShenghuanpointedoutthatstereotypicalrelationscanbeclassifiedandgeneralizedatdifferentlevelsandfromdifferentangles(徐盛桓，2002：6—16)．Specifically,inanabstractlevel，SRscanberepresentedhastwokindsofrelation：[+proximity】and[+similarity](徐盛桓，2006c：163—179)．Itiscertainthatanytwoentitiesintheworldhavesomerelationsalongwiththeproximityandsimilaritydimensions，rangingfromthehighestdegreetothelowestdegree．Forinstance，twoleavesofthesametreeshowthehighestdegreeofsimilarity．However,aleafofabirchandaleafofawillowsharethelowerdegreeofsimilaritythanthoseofthesametree．Aleafandaleaf-likeheadweardisplaythelowestdegreeofsimilarity．Usually,proximityinvolvesoftimeproximity,spatialproximity,causeproximity,propertiesproximityandpart—wholeproximity．Similaritycanbeclassifiedasanalogicalsimilarity,symbolisticsimilarity,simulatedsimilarityandgeneralizedsimilarityetc．Accordingtosuchdiscussion，XuShenghuan(徐盛桓，2007d：4-6)proposestheLawofProximity／Similarityas：HY：x八x竺y_OHY：(x)y．7 哈尔滨珲I：人学颂+学位沦文Theformulacanbereadas：XisanelementinanutteranceHYandifxisproximate／similartoYinaspecificcontext，thenpossiblyxinherentlyentails(x)YinHY．Thelawentailsfourcorollariesas：(1)Counter-LawofProximity／Similarity：HY：xy_OHY：(xk／yVxy)，(Vrefersto“or”)．(2)LawofSubstitution：HY：X一◇HY：X’y．(3)LawofTransitivity：x丝y八y丝z一(HY：X_OHY：Y)--*OHY：Z．(4)LawofComposition：HY：X八x≥{a，b，C⋯．)一OHYa，b，C，．．．(5)LawofCollection：XappearsinanutteranceHYandXisamemberofaset{y}，thenHY：x一◇{y)．2．I．2GestaltTheoryGestalttheoryisapsychologicaltheorywhichwasfoundedinGermanybyMaxWertheimerin1930s．Itprovidesaframeworkforawidevarietyofpsychologicalphenomena，processes，andapplications．InGestalttheory，“gestalt’’isusedbythepsychologiststomean‘‘unifiedandmeaningfulwhole’’or‘‘configuration’’．Itisespeciallysuitedfortheunderstandingoforderandstructureinpsychologicalevents．AccordingtoGestaltpsychology，peoplenaturallyorganizetheirperceptionsaccordingtocertainpatterns．ThisiscalledGestaltPrinciple．Theyareasfollows：(1)PrincipleofSimilarity：Peopletendtobeperceivedthethingswhichareindividualelementsasonecommon． 哈尔滨理Ij人学硕}-J烨-．t．何沦史Figure2—1Principleofsimilarity(Theexampleaboveappearsassingleunitbecausealloftheshapeshavesimilarity．UnityOccursbecausethetriangularshapesatthebottomoftheeaglesymbollooksimilartotheshapesthatformthesunburst．)(2)PrincipleofProximity：Peopletendtoperceivethethingswhichareclosetogetherasawholeform．Figure2-2Principleofproximity(Thefifteenfiguresaboveformaunifiedwhole—theshapeofatree，becauseoftheirproximity．)(3)PrincipleofClosure：Peopletendtotakeincompletepatterningascompletelypatterning．9 哈尔滨理1：人学硕+。学位论文Figure2-3Principleofclosure(Althoughthepandaaboveisnotcomplete，enoughispresentfortheeyetocompletetheshape．Whentheviewer’Sperceptioncompletesashape，closureoccurs．)(4)PrincipleofGoodContinuation：Peopletendtoperceivedelementsaswholeiftheyonlyhavefewinterruptions．Figure2-4Principleofgoodcontinuation(Continuationoccursintheexampleabove，becausetheviewer’Seyewillnaturallyfollowalineorcurve．Thesmoothflowingcrossbarofthe”H”leadstheeyedirectlytothemapleleaf．)(5)Figure—GroundSegregation：Theeyedifferentiatesanobjectformitssurroundingarea．Aform，silhouette，orshapeisnaturallyperceivedasfigure(object)，whilethesurroundingareaisperceivedasground(background)．Balancingfigureandgroundcanmaketheperceivedimageclearer．10 哈尔滨珲J：人。誓硕+。≯仲论文Figure2-5Figure·groundsegregation(Inthisimage，thefigureandgroundrelationshipschangeastheeyeperceivestheformofashadeorthesilhouetteofaface．)Inaword，gestaltisgenerallytranslatableasconfigurationsororganizedwholes．TwooftheseGestaltprinciples，namelytheprincipleofproximityandsimilarityareconsideredastwodimensionsofstereotypicalrelationswhichinspireourinsightsintopragmaticreasoning．2．1．3Mentalmodel-basedpragmaticreasoningXuShenghuanproposesmentalmodel—basedpragmaticreasoningonthebasisofmentalmodels．HewishesthatthecognitivemechanismoflanguageusecanbeexplainedbyMM—basedpragmaticreasoning．Infact．MM—basedpragmaticreasoningcanberegardedasstereotypicalreasoning．Cognitivelinguisticsthinksthatpragmaticreasoningisbasedonmentalmodelswhichcanberegardedasabasicelementofthemeaningconstructioninlanguageuse．Pragmaticreasoningcanbeusedtointerpretandgenerationutteranceasatheoreticalframeworkandbasedonmentalmodels．Stereotypicalrelationsareusedinacognitiveprocessthatpragmaticreasoningoperatesandconstructsmodels．AccordingtoXuShenghuan，itisamentalprocessthatcognitiveprocessconcemswithsomeactivitiessuchasrepresentationoftheexternalworld，abstraction， 哈尔滨珲l：人学颂+学位沦文consciousnessofhumanbrain．Andtheseactivitiesinvolvewithpragmaticreasoningwhichcanbeinterpretedasaprocessinhumanmind．Thisprocessaimstofindouthowmentalmodelsareconstructedtoproducetheperceivedutteranceinaparticularcontext．Theworkingmemoryandlong—termmemorymaybeappliedtotheprocessofpragmaticreasoning．MM-basedpragmaticreasoningframeworkconsistsoftwocomponents：explicit-implicitexpressionreasoningandautonomy-dependencealignment．Autonomy-dependencealignmenthelpsUStoinferhowlanguageisgeneratedandaimstointerprethowthedependenceisderivedfromtheautonomy．Asforexplicit—implicitexpressionreasoning，itaimstointerprethowpeoplecanconcludethecredibleinterpretationoftheimplicitexpressionthroughtheexplicitexpression．2．1．3．1Explicitexpression-implicitexpressioninferenceMentalmodelscontainmanyminimalsetsofknowledgethatareconnectedbytwodimensionsofstereotypicalrelationsnamedproximityandsimilarity．Itisacognitiveprocessthatthehearerinferstheintentionofspeakerastheimplicitexpressionfromtheexplicitexpressionthroughthestereotypicalrelations．Thisisaninferentialprocesswhichismediatedbyproximityorsimilarityandlimitedbythehearer’Sinferenceofthespeaker’Sintention．Thisprocesscanbeillustratedbyfollowfigure：12 哈尔滨理I：人学硕fj学侮论文Formingexplicitexpression．．————．—．——．—斗s。眦。。蔓ca。池。i。n(proximity／similarity)implicitexpressioninferincomplete．．—．———————◆comparativelycomplete————————————◆interpretationFigure2-6Explicit—implicitexpressionreasoningframework(徐盛桓，2007a)Thespeakerusuallyexpresseshisorherintentionbyuseoftheincompleteexplicitexpression．Thenthehearermustcomplementorinterpretexplicitexpressioninordertobecomeconcludecompleteimplicitexpressionwhichiscomparativelyconsistentwiththeintentionofthespeaker．Ontheotherhand，languageinterpretationisaprocessandinthisprocessthespeakerinferstheexplicitexpressionasthedependencefromhisintentionalattitudeandintentionalcontentwhichareregardedasautonomy(徐盛桓，2007a：34—40)．2．1．3．2XuShenghuan’sstudyofautonomy—dependencealignmentAutonomyanddependencyisapairofcategoriesinphilosophywhichrefertoakindofasymmetricalrelationbetweenrelationalentities．Inthisrelation，entityAisrelativelyindependentandautonomous，whileentityBisdependentonentityAaswellasregulatedandsupportedbyentityB(徐盛桓，2007a：34—40)．Accordingtotheoriginofdependency,XuShenghuandividesdependencyintotwo13 哈尔滨理I：人学硕Ij学f节论文types：segmenteddependencyandderiveddependency．Inthispaper，wewilladoptderiveddependencytoexplainthegenerationofXHYs．Deriveddependencyisthesubordinatecomponentwhichderivedfromitscorrespondingautonomy．Thatistosay,autonomyisitselfthematrixanddependencymustbedependentonthematrix．Namely,dependencyisderivedfromautonomy．Therefore，autonomyisaninfiniteset，whichcanbeexplainedbytheformula：A={dl，d2，d3，⋯)，dl∈A，d2∈A，⋯Autonomy-dependencyalignmentbelongstoderiveddependency．Theimplicitexpressionreflectingthespeaker’Srealintentionisautonomousandcomparativelycomplete，concreteanddirect；whereastheexplicitexpressionisawaysofreflectingtheintentionthroughliteralmeaning．Thus，autonomousexpressionisdistinguishedfromthedependentexpression．Therearefourconstraintsconfinedtheautonomy—dependencyalignmentframework：(1)Sub-categoricalconstraint；(2)Intentionalityconstraint；(3)Proximity／similarityconstraint；(4)Interrelating．Theautonomy—dependencyanalyticalframeworkserveasacognitivetooltoexplainthegenerationofutterance，itcanbeshownasfollows：14 哈尔滨理l：人。’≯硕+’≯仲论文intentilmpactonFigure2-7Autonomy—dependencyalignmentframeworkalong(徐盛桓。2007a)2．1．3．3InterrelatingXuShenghuanusesthetermofinterrelatingbasedonhisobservationofanotherterm“zeugma”．Zeugma，fromtheGreek，isafigureofspeechdescribingthejoiningoftwoormorepartsofasentencewithasinglecommonverbornoun．Azeugrnaemploysellipsis，theomissionofwordswhichareeasilyunderstood，andparallelism，thebalanceofseveralwordsorphrases．Theresultisaseriesofsimilarphrasesjoinedoryokedtogetherbyacommonandimpliednounorverb．(http：／／en．wikipedia．org／wiki／Zeugrna)Asafigureofspeech，interrelatingreferstowhenAandBtwodifferentthingsarerecountedtogether,thewordsthatapplytoAcanbeworkabletodescribeB．Thefeaturesofinterrelatingasfollows：(1)AandBmustbecombinedtouseatthesametime，andtheyhavesomethingincommonintheforms． 哈尔滨珲I：人学硕十学位沦文(2)AplaystheleadingroleandinfluenceB，namelySO—calledinterrelating．(3)Onthesurface，Bmaybeslightlyunsuitableingrammaticalandsemanticcollocations．(徐盛桓，2007d：1．6)Forexample,"几只羊依l釜丞里堂筮的堡壶：丛盈堇扬￡左边丕区的圈遣!”(张晓／xt,((imi晴》)Fromsheepchewinggrasstosheepchewing“冬天罩半发的绿意”and“以及j草场上无边无际的阳光”，wecanseeclearlythatthisisakindofcollocationtakesonethingwithanother．Theauthorgets“羊嚼草”(A)involvedwith“羊嚼绿意"“羊FH光”(B)，becausetheauthorwanttoexpressthatspringisherethroughthepriorexperienceandperception．Thiskindofexpressionisnovelandvisualaswellasmakessomeabstractexpressioneasiertocomprehend．Moreover,inabroadsense，“interrelating’’isconsideredasawayofproducingutterance．Theframeworkofautonomy-dependencyanalysisappliestheinterrelatingasamechanismwhichistheprocessofderivingthedependencycomponentsfromtheautonomycomponents．Undertheconstraintofthespeaker’Scommunicationintentionality,thederivationisrealizedthroughsimilarityandproximityandthroughthemakinguseofsynaesthesiaandtransferred—awareness．Inthisframework，thewholeprocessiscalledas‘‘interrelating’’ofthedependencybytheautonomy．2．2RelatedLiteratureXHYsarenotonlyauniquelanguagefrominChinesesayingsbutalsoanimportantcomponentoftheChineseculture．XHYs，asauniquelanguageform，arecratedbylaboringpeopleduringtheirlifeexperience．It，combininghumorandsarcasm，reflectsthethoughts，language，cultureandcustomsofChinesepeopleinaspecialway．16 2．2．1OriginofXHYs哈尔滨理+l：人学硕f：学何论文XHYs，asauniquelanguagephenomenoninChinesesayings，haveaflractedmanyscholars’attentionforalongtime．XHYsappearedearlyintheperiodofpre—Qin．AccordingtooneofancientbooksStrategiesoftheWarringStatesrecords：庄辛至。襄王日：“寡人不能用先生之言，今事至于此，为之奈何?”庄辛对卜l：“臣闻鄙语日：‘坦鱼里题筮!塞趁咝坐；立芏面奎￡空!丕基塑鱼。’臣闻昔汤、武以百罩吕，桀、纣以天下亡。今出国虽小，绝长续短，尤以数千单，岂能特百里斋战?’’(温端政，2000：27)“见兔耳顾犬，未为晚也；亡羊而补牢，未为迟也”regardedastheearliestXHYhavebeenusedbymodempeopleuntilnow．AccordingtoMaGuofanandGaoGedong，theterm“xiehou”(歇后)couldbetracedbackintheBookofTang·BiographyofZhengqing：“綮善为诗，多侮剧刺时，故落格凋，时号郑五歇后体。”Ithasbeensaidthat“ZhengWuXiehouti”(郑五歇后体)，asastyleofpoems，havebeenquitepopularintheTangDynasty．AnotherideawasfirstpresentbyZhaiHaoinQingDynasty．HeregardedthatXHYsoriginatedfromfeng—ren—shi—ti(Ixt,人诗体)．In1935，HuangHuajieregardedthatXHYswereaspecialdevelopedformofChineseproverbs．HeclaimedthatXHYswerespecialdevelopmentofself-explanationproverbs(自注式格言)．MaoDun，asarepresentative，claimedthatXHYsevolvefromtheSO—called“original”or“standard”XHYs(“本来的”或“币规的”歇后语)．XHYsaredividedintothreestylesbyhimandembodythedifferent17 哈尔滨理f：人。学硕+’≯j：寺=论文developmentstages．Firstly,the“original”or“standard”XHYs(“本来的”或“『F规的”歇后语)，referringtothiskindofXHYsmustbeoriginatingfromidioms，suchas杨柳细(腰)，居诸(同月)andSOon．Saying“杨柳J细”actuallymeans“腰”，and“居诸”means“同月”．Secondly,“thecomparativelycomplicatedroundabout”XHYs(拐转抹角的歇后语)，suchas“乡下人小认识桂圆——外行(黄)”，etc．Lastly,“themostcomplicated”XHYs(最复杂的歇后语)，suchas“泥菩萨过河——自身难保”(温朔彬，温端政，2009)．ChenWangdaoagreedwithMaoDun．buthereclassifiedandredenominatedthethreestyles．Hecalled“original”or“standard”XHYs(“本来的”或“iF舰的”歇后语)xie．hou．cang—ci—yu(歇后减。浏语)，andcombinedthelattertwotypes，calledit“newXHYs”(“新”歇后语)orallegorical-explanationsayings(譬解语)．AlthoughideasabouttheoriginofXHYsareverywide，scholarsreachanagreement．XHYsoriginatefromthefolkwhicharecreatedbyChinesecommonpeopleduringtheirdailylife．2．2．2DeftnitionofXHYsasauniquekindofChinesesayings，isquitepopularamongthecommonpeopleandwidelyused．Inrecentdecades，manyresearchershavebeendefinedXHYs．LiJisheng(李纪生，1947)calledXHYsJiehouyu(解后语)．HeregardedthatXHYsareoneofthecommonpeople’SoraIlanguage，derivesfromriddle，theformerpartisstatedandthesecondpartisexplanation，e．g．“隔着门缝瞧人——把人给看扁了”．WangQin(王勤，1980)heldthatXHYscomposedby‘simile’and‘explanation’．Thefirstpartoftenappearsasavividsimile，whilethesecondpartistheexplanation 哈尔滨理I：人学硕+学位论文ofthefirstpart，SOcanalsobecalled‘pijieyu’(譬解语)or‘suojiaoyu’(缩脚语)，e．g．“灯蛾扑火——惹焰烧身”．WenDuanzheng(温端政，2000)observedthatXHYsareoralliteraturewithrelativelyfixedstructure．AcompleteXHYconsistoftwoparts：thefirstpartis‘introduction’andthesecondpartis‘explanation’，e．g．“被面补袜子——大材小用”．XHYs，justasotherChineseproverbandfiddle，wereakindofliteratureformsandhavehighlyartisticvaluesaswellasofferingmuchforpeopletothinkitOVer．2．2．3XHYsandsomeotherlinguisticformsinChinese2．2．3．1XHYsandidiomsWenDuanzheng(温端政，2005)definedidiomsas“idiomswith2plus2patternwithdescriptiveorinformativefunction．”Forinstance，“行云流水”，“中流砥柱”．Fromthedefinition，firstly,wecanseethatfour-characterwithtwo—meterinpoetryformisbasicpropertiesofidioms．Fromthispoint，wecaneasilydistinguishidiomsfromXHYs．Secondly,someidiomsarederivedfrommyth，storyandhistoricaleventinancientChina．Theliteralmeaningofallidiomisimpossibletocomprehendwithoutthebackgroundknowledgeofitsorigin．Typically,thesestylesofidiomsreflecttheimpliedmeaningbehindthestory．Forinstance，“愚公移山”，“南辕北辙”．Thirdly,someidiomsaredidacticwithstrongphilosophictheories．Forexample，“锲而不“开卷有益”．Atlast，idiomspossessfusionfromthesemanticperspective．Thatistosay,idiomshaveaspecializedunitarymeaning．themeaningofthewholehasnotguidedfromthepartofthemeaning．IdiomsrankasthehighestfusionamongChinesesayings．Forinstance，“青出于蓝”，“胸有成竹”．2．2．3．2XHYsandChineseproverbsAproverbis“afolksayingwhichhasthepurposeoftransmissionofhuman19 哈尔滨理l：人学硕十学位论文knowledge．”(温朔彬，温端政，2009)．ThetraitsofChineseproverbsarenational．informativeandprofessional—related．NowwewilldifferentiateXHYsfromChineseproverbsfromthefollowingaspects．Firstly,theycanbedistinguishedfromcontents．Proverbsusuallyreflectcommonpeople’Sexperiencewhichcanofferteachingtoguidetheirbehaviorsindailylife．Soknowledge—orientednessbecomesthemostprominentfeatureofChineseproverbs．Forinstance，“看菜吃饭，量体裁衣”istotellUStoactaccordingtoenvironment．Chineseproverbsareeducationalandfullofphilosophy．Thepurposeistoallowpeoplefollow．Forinstance，“聪明靠学习，天才靠积累”，“虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后”．onthecontrary,XHYsarecolloquialwithstronghumorousandsarcasticeffects．Forexample，“墙上挂狗皮——不像话(画)”，“黑瞎子叫门——熊到家了”．Chineseproverbsusuallyreflectpeople’Sreallife．However,someXHYsareimaginaryandcannotexistinreallife．Forexample，“猫哭耗子——假慈悲”，“老虎吃天——没法下口”，andSOon．Secondly,theyaredifferentinstructure．WeknowthatXHYsarecomposedbytwoparts，thefirstpartisintroductionandthesecondpartinterpretthefirstpart．Normally,thefirstpartisstateandthereaImeaningliesinthesecondpart．Forinstance，“千里送鹅毛——礼轻情谊重”，“草人的胸腔——没心没肺”．However,Chineseproverbsconsistoftwoormoreparts．TherelationsbetweeneverypartofChineseproverbsarecoherentorparallel．LetUSusetheproverb“谦虚的人常思己过，熟，骄傲的人只论人非”asexample，thetwopartsisparallel．While"‘一遍生，二遍三遍四遍当师傅”，therelationsofeverypartissupplement．Formabovecontrastiveanalysis，itisbelievedthatXHYsandChineseproverbsareeasilydistinctfromcontentandstructure．20 2．2．3．3XHYsandriddles哈尔滨理。I：人学硕卜学何论文Ox．[ordD&"tionmyD厂。EnglishFolkloredefinesafiddleas”Awordgameofjoke，complisingaquestionorstatementexpressionindeliberatelypuzzlingterms，propoundedforsolvingbythehearer／readerusingtheirwits‘’(盘￡坦：』2星!￡型Q丝垡!卫：!笺砬￡堡丝￡呈：￡Q!丝』鱼!=Q坠型￡!盈型』堡)．Riddlesarewordplaywhicharedesi孕mdapuzzlingquestiontoalnusethepeoplegroundedonguesses．Onthewhole，ariddleisastructuralunitconsistingoftwoparts，theriddleimage(嘴而)midthefiddleanswer!谜底)．Inthisgame，thefiddleanswermustbeconcealedforlatterannouncement．Forexample，“没吃饱(打一字)”(getnotenoughfoodtoeat卜—-(foraChinesecharacter)isnotrevealedtotheguessertogetherwiththepuzzle．Afterthinkingforamoment，theguessermayprovidevariousanswersuntiltheygetfightanswer‘‘饮”(drinking)．OfcoursetherearemanyothertypesoffiddlesinChinese．WhileXHYsalsoconsistoftwoparts，theformerisstatementandthesecondpartinterpretsthefirstpart．Forinstance,"黄鼠狼给鸡拜年——没安好心”．XHYscommunicateclearlytheirideasinnotonlyahumorousbutasarcasmway．Sometimes，justlikefiddles，thesecondpartofXHYscanbeomitted．However，theomittedpartdoesnotomitteatatrandom．Usually，theomittedpartisquitefamiliartopeople．Forexample，(1)猫头鹰见他没有井口，便失紧地说：“咳，你真是独!噻吕i回塞!丕邀妊厶尘呵!好吧!你小去，我去!(2)蒋英咕噜管：“真足——武剑青《云弋嶂》——孙树桑《姑苏春》Intheaboveexamples，(2)omitsthesecondpartoftheXHY,“不识好人心”of‘狗 哈尔滨理7I：人学硕十学何论文咬吕洞宾”．TheycompletelycomprehensioneachotherwithoutpresentingthewholeXHY,becauseofthebackgroundknowledgetheyshare．Sotheomissionwillnotleadtoanymisunderstandingandinfluencetheexpressionofthespeaker’smeaning·Tosumup，fromaboveanalysesanddescriptions，itisnotthathardtodistinguishriddlesfromXHYs．2．2．4FlexibilityofXHYsJustaspreviousstudy,weknownallthatXHYsconsistoftwoparts，thefirstpartis‘‘introduction’’andthesecondpartcalled‘‘explanation’’．XHYshavearelativelyfixedstructure．Inspiteofthis，thestructureofXHYsalsocanbesaidflexible．Inthispart，wewilldiscusstheflexibleaspectofXHYs．2．2．4．1Same“introduction’’．different“explanation”FormostXHYs，one“introduction’’matchesone“explanation”．Inthissense，wesaythestructureofXHYsisfixed．Butsometimesthesame“introduction’’canmatchdifferent‘‘explanation’’．Astochoosewhich‘‘explanation’’islayoncertaincontext．Theobjectoccurringinthe“introduction’’mayhavedifferentattributesfordifferentunderstandings，SOthepartof“explanation’’isdependentonwhichattributehasbeengivenhighli曲tbytheaddresser．Forexample：(1)为了抓牢每一分可作业时间，诸军就常驻铺排船，他的目标很明确，一个小潮汛内一块排也不能耽误：“今天因为冷空气耽误一块，明天就赶一赶，一定要把这块排抢回来。，实施细节诸军早已安排妥当：准备工作提前做好，抢排的活最好安排在转汛之际，人员通宵加班连着干，干完就回岸上休息，避免长期疲劳作业。 哈尔滨理fj人学硕十。≯位论文——《长堤放歌——中交三航二公刊奋战长江口深水航道整治工程纪实》(2)李锁龙凭着两手和肩膀，指挥水而配合，好容易地把铁销对准了洞孔，开始穿销。但足潜水员上不着水，下不着地，中问无依靠，全凭浮力，一使劲就东晃两摇，弄得李锁龙象——沈顺根《水F尖兵》(3)三个人让他说的毯飞窒钍：太9星瞠丛二腿，又不住地咂着嘴唇儿，赞叹他的好眼光。——浩然《艳阳天》Intheaboveexamples，thesame“张飞穿针’’leadsoutthreedifferent“explanation”withdifferentmeanings．WeknewthatZhangFeiisagrandvaliantgeneralinthehistoryofancientChinesewhobehavesinarudeandroughway．In(1)，theengineeringcommandarrangedworkcarefulandconscientious．Inexample(2)，stressesZhangFei’Sgreatstrengthmeetspatient—demandingofwork，whichdescribestheembarrassmentofLiSuolonginwatenIn(3)，the“explanation”emphasesthebigeyesofZhangFeiandthesmalleyeofaneedlewithaviewofvividanddumbfcIundedimage．2．2．4．2Different‘‘introduction’’，thesame‘‘explanation’’Just1ikeabovementionedthiskindofXHYs．one‘‘introduction’’canmatchdifferent‘‘explanation’’．Atthesametime．thesame‘‘explanation’’alsocanbematcheddiffel‘ent“introduction”．Forthispoint，WenDuanzheng(温端政，2000)illustratedthereasons：sinceXHYsarecreatedbylaboringpeople，theirdifferentlife23 哈尔滨理Ij人学硕1j学化论文experienceandprofessionalfeaturesmakeitpossible．Peoplefromdifferentcommunitieshavedifferentdialectstoexpresssimilarmeanings．Forinstance：(1)狐狸精接过来，翻管|j醍皮，蹦撮眉毛卜卜．抖动省，看了一阵．说：“嗡嗬，我是尘!盟l塞堂笪』丝!当窒41煎；：砂董。这条件嘛，我可以给中野队长说。’’李瑞林《火凿》(2)李贵边走边说：“说我倒是可以给你说说，就怕是人家卜边的公市。再说俺满茸哥哥他也是抠人家碗底儿的，=[重；堑董塑匙，就。晌当塞丕缝圭。"——刘江《人行风云》Thesame“explanation”of“当家／fi作主”(bemasteronlyofgcttingthekeynothouseaffairs)matcheddifferent“introduction”andexpressthesimilarconcepts．Thereareothersimilarexamples，“瓮中捉鳖——手到擒拿”，“水缸里抓王八——手到擒拿”。2．2．4．3Only‘‘introduction’’，no‘‘explanation’’FlexibilityalsomeanssomeXHYscanbeusedinshortenedforms．Useroftenpresentsthefirstpartandomitsthesecondpart．Asarule，theomittedpartiscommonlyusedandquitefamiliartopeople．Forexample：“刷瑜{丁‘黄盖——一个愿打一个愿挨”；“泥菩萨过河——自身难f泶”；“黄鼠狼给鸡拜年——没安好心”，andSOon．ThistypeofXHYswillnotleadtoanymisunderstandingandinfluencetheexpressionoftheuser’Smeaning．Sometimes，inordertoacquirethespecialpurposes，especiallythepolitepurposes．thespeakeroftenusethiskindofXHYstomaketheutteranceindirectandimplicit． 哈h：fTNI：人学硕fj学位论文2．2．5ClassificationofXHYsIntheresearchofXHYs，theclassificationofXHYsisacontroversialissue．Avarietyofclassifications，fromdifferentperspectivesandbasedonvariousstandards，havebeenproposedbyscholars．Thefollowingsectionwilldisplaywaysofclassificationofsomeresearchers．Atpresent，thefirstinfluentialclassificationistodivideXHYsintometaphoricaltypeandhomophonictype．ItisproposedbyMaGufanandGaoGedong(码晌，I、【j，高歌东，1976)．MetaphoricalXHYs(喻意型歇后语)consistoftwoparts，thefirstpartsasmetaphorsandthesecondpartsasexplanations．HomophonicXHYs(i旨音型歇后语)refertothoseusehomophonesornearhomophonestoachievepunnysenseinthelatterparts．WangQin(王勤，1980)，basedonthiswaysofclassification，furtherclassifiesmetaphoricalXHYsintotwosubtypes：metaphoricalXHYswithoriginalmeaning(本意喻意歇后语)andmetaphoricalXHYswithmetaphoricalmeaning(转义型歇后语)．Forexample，“大海罩丢针——无处习·’"belongstothefirstsubtypewhile“术头眼镜——看不透”belongstothesecondone．WenXitian(濡端政，蒯荐，2000)classifiedXHYsintoelegant(e．g．树大荫凉小——照映不到)，popular(e．g．去年的．争历——今年用不管)，andvulgar(e．g．下八手讧牟——有前劲没后劲)accordingtotheirstylisticcolor．Instead，WenDuanzheng(温端政，2000)insiststhattherearefivetypesonthebasisoftherelationshipsbetweentheintroductionandexplanationpart．Thereisdescriptive，explanatory,judging，exclamatoryandrhetoricalquestioning．WeknowthatXHYshi曲lycontext—dependent．Tosomedegree，it’Snoteasytodrawclearlinesamongthesefivetypes．TanYongxiang(谭永祥，1984)believesthatXHYsCalldividedintotwotypes：metaphorical(喻意型)andunderstanding(会意型)．Eachofthemhastwosubtypes． 哈尔滨理l：人学硕f：学何论史MetaphoricalXHYsincludehalf-metaphoricalXHYs(T-喻式歇后语)andfull—metaphoricalXHYs(全喻式歇后语)．UnderstandingXHYsconsistofliteralXHYs(本义式歇后谢)andderivativeXHYs(别解式歇后语)．SunWeizhang(孙维张，1989)classifiedXHYsintotwotypes：metaphorical(比喻式)andpunnyXHYs(双关式)．MetaphoricalXHYsconsistofmetaphoricalXHYsofexplanation(解说式歇后语)，metaphoricalXHYsofreveal(揭示。眺歇后语)andmetaphoricalXHYsofassociation(联想式歇后语)．PunnyXHYsincludeXHYsemployinghomophones(谐音义义关)andsynonyms(谐义双关)．Asanewattempt，therearetwonewwaysofclassificationhavebeenproposed．ZhaoXiuqin(赵秀琴，2004)，formtherelevance—theoreticperspective，dividedXHYsintotwotypes：CategoryI---XHYsemployinghomonymsinapunningsenseinthesecondpartandCategoryII⋯XHYswithouthomonyms．JiangXiangyong(蒋向勇，2006)classifiedXHYsintotwotypes：literalXHYsandnon—literalXHYs．2．2．6FunctionsofXHYs2．2．6．1SyntacticfunctionsChengDamingandLiYunhan(温端政，周荐，2000)makethefirststepinstudyofthesyntacticfunctionofXHYsin1963．TheyclaimedthatXHYscarryouttwokindsofsyntacticfunctions：independentsentenceandasentencecomponent．Inmostcases，XHYsasafixedphrase，serveassentencecomponentssuchaspredicates，objects，attributesandcomplements．Besidesthat，WenDuanzheng(温端政，2000)alsostatedthatXHYsshouldbeusedasonegrammaticalunitortwo．Asonegrammaticalunit，XHYscanserveasasentence，aclauseorasentencecomponent．Asasentence：26 哈尔滨理I：人。≯硕+学位论文(1)严振江急了，说：“你捌艄}兑八道，我算什么干部?“‘咳，木棍JIAJ‘在墙土==厶生!簋j二筮!置2址。”二《晨光曲》(2)杨万LII两条板刷似的浓眉往卜一挑，爽产乇地说：“二t个：乒：不删意!“‘为甚?“‘嘿!塑!叠的篷!==塑』篓益堕。单说存耕这一项，再去揽活计，丽条战线，怕你纵有T．条胳膊／JJ{手也抓／f<过来。”——《松青旗红》Intheabovetwoexamples，theXHYs，as‘ready—madesaying’，arequotedasacompletesentence．Itusuallyappearsindialogues．Asaclause：(3)畦：￡趔螋盛==遗渔工，l门毛病没改，又添了新错误。曾建章《橱窗迎彩霞》(4)爹爹走了，我也躲起来了，金阴人派来婴帐的狗腿子金四，寻至IJ妈女码的头上来了，到了我家，⋯⋯一进门就人喊大叫：“邀丝蠖魅塑生!筮签I翅二躯丕照：l：直，砸了你们的骨头熬成油，也得消帐。”——纪宁《洮河飞浪》Inthesetwoexamples，XHYsserveasclauseofcompoundsentence．27 哈尔滨理Jr人学硕Ij学何论文Assentencecomponents：(5)何畅愤愤地说：“该死的!那‘笑面虎’妖婆，义顶生疮，麴王流脓，坏透了!”——周肖《霞岛》(6)杆亮把来意一一蜕，他的头却摇得缘波浪鼓：“这种事好比丝终窒重盛!握鄙不要提。”——罗旋《南同烽炯》(7)乔梅住妇女堆．咀，不足那种叽叽喳嗡的快嘴舌，也不属那种苤查里盏笾土!丛里装羞盔煎!噬里倒丕出塞的人。——丁戍《山村罩的敞事》(8)今天我町是熊盛．盟．益煞二=歪一!塞!主』：鱼!塞2地什么话也给你抖了。——王尔满《漳河春》(9)她摸透了牧人的脾气，越是草原一J：的好汉，越不善了二和妇女刷旋，只要她撒泼去胡搅蛮缠，就足硬铮铮的饮铸勇士，也会被她搞得“坐到剂型二逡鱼E王堡。”——冯芩植《阿力玛斯之歌》(10)陈老甩隔门缝瞧着李宝泰，仲长胳膊用炯袋锅子点住他的鼻子，说；‘蓝煞逛煮越速蛔，依我说，你趁早不要筮盔迭塑!你那点鬼心眼儿，一眼就瞧你 个透心亮。”哈尔滨理I：人学硕Ij学f移论文——刘江《太行风云》XHYsappearassentencecomponentsintheaboveexamples．In(5)and(6)，theyserveaspredicateandobject．．In(7)，(8)and(9)，theyserveasattributive，adverbialandcomplementrespectively．Moreover,thetwopansofoneXHYCallserveasdifferentcomponentinonesentence，suchasin(10)．2．2．6．2R．1letoriealfunctionsWenDuanzhengregarded，throughtheimagecolorofthefirstpartofXHYs，visualizationisconsideredtobethefundamentalrhetoricalfunction(温端政，2000)．Theseeffectsmainlycomefromthefertileimaginationandallusionsofthefirstpart．Lettake“螃蟹夹豌豆——连爬带滚”(acrabcarryingapea--crawlingandrolling)asanexample．Peoplecaneasilyimagethepicture．Acrabscuttlessideways．Itisextremelydifficultforacrabtocarryapea，asoneiscrawlingwhiletheotherisrolling．Thissayingisoftenusedtodescribethosewhofleeinapanicafterbeingdefeated．Withimaginationandfancy,theintendedmeaningofXHYsareacquiredeasily．ThemostprominentandremarkablerhetoricaleffectsarehumorandthesarcasmofXHYs．HumorandsarcasmaresubstantialcharacteristicsofXHYs．Byandlarge，XHYscreatedhumorouseffectinthreeways．Firstly,anovelimaginationispresentedinthefirstpartthatcanconfusepeople．Then，giveanappropriateexplanationinthesecondpart，asuddenunderstandingisobtainedthroughthewholeoftwoparts．Forexample，“刀尖上翻筋斗——玩命”(turningsomersaultsonknives--playingwithone’Slife)．Secondly,humorcanbeobtainedthroughvividimagesoriginatingformpeople’Srealliferatherthananyfascination．E．g．“孙猴予 哈尔滨理I：人学硕+’≯何论文的脸——说变就变”(themonkeyking’Sface--unpredictablechange)．Thirdly,apartfromthetwotied—upparts，punsareusedaimingtoleadpeopleintofurthercomprehension．E．g．“狗世轿子——不谚{抬举”(adogsittinginasedanchair--unabletoappreciateafavor)．InChineseculture，adogisnotanelegantfigure．Hence，humorandsarcasmareproducedbythepictureof“adogsittingasedanchair"’，ilnplyingunabletoappreciatesomeone’Skindnessorthvor．XHYsarewidelyusedindailylitb，SOitcanberegardedasakindofpowerthitoolsinlanguageinteraction．ThehumorouseffectcreatedbyXHYstOseemasthelubricationoiloncommunicationwhichcanhelppeoplerealizeintendedmeaninginarelaxingatmosphere．2．2．7ThecultureconnotationofXHYsSincelanguageisapartofculture，itisnotonlyflpowerfultoolofcommunication，butalsoaculturalphenomenonofsociety．Languageandculturearecloselyconnected．Languageisasetofverbalsigns，primarilyauditoryandsecondarilywritten．Languageisanimportantpartoftheorganiccomponentofculture．Itembodieshumanbeing’Shistoricalandculturalbackground，thepatternsofthoughtandmodesoflivingofacertainculture．Onthewhole，languageistheessentialofaculture．AsapartofChinesesaying，XHYsareanindispensablepartoftheChineselanguage．AsaminiatureofChineseculture，XHYsshowUSasocietywithalonghistorymeanwhileenableUStogainknowledgeofsocialrealitiesofpolitics，economy,Iaw,localcultureandcustomsinallages，aswellaspeople’Spsychology,aestheticattitudesandvalueorientation．ThestudyofthisculturalknowledgehelpsUSunderstandthefunctionandmagicofXHYsincommunication(土雅静，下坤，1999：41．43)． 哈尔滨理I：人学硕Ij学何论文2．2．7．1ReligiousawarenessandsuperstitiousbeliefsReligion，asasocialhistoricalphenomenonandflkindofsocialideology,haslefttoprintthevestigedeeplyonXHYs．MostXHYsfromreligionareconcernedwithBuddhism(佛教，)andTaoism(道教)，withtheLandGod(十地爷)，Bodhisattva(菩萨)，theEightImmortals()＼"ftti)andthemusicalinstrumentsusedinaBuddhistorTaoistmass(法器)astheirobjectsdescribed．ItreflectstherelationsbetweenChineseculture，religionandthedailylifeofChinesepeople．Forexample：何"1"111姑走娘家——云罩来，雾}E去蚊予叮荠萨——不识柏土地爷开银行——钱能通神土地奶奶坐月予——养神Besides，someXHYsreflect，tosomeextent，people’Ssuperstitiousideas．Forinstance：阎王出告示——鬼话连篇灶王爷跌落锅m——蒸神判官娶媳妇——鬼打扮2．2．7．2AestheticattitudesandvaluesorientationsTherearequiteafewXHYsconcerningfiguresofspeechaboutplantsandanimals，fromwhichwecailclearlyidentifypeople’Saestheticstandardandtheirlikesanddislikes．Forexample，“腊月单的梅花——傲霜斗雪“‘春笋破土——天天向上”“狼脖子戴佛珠——兽心难改”“黄鼠狼下鼬子——一类货色”．AmongtheseXHYs，mostofthemareconcernedwithdogandmouse，themeaningsofwhicharemostlyderogatory．Forexample,"偷灯油的耗子——油嘴滑舌⋯’老鼠箭猫副胡子3l 哈尔滨理。I：人学硕十学位论文——拼命的巴结“‘狗掀l、-J帘子——全靠一张嘴“‘衙门l_j!的狗——杖势欺人⋯‘狗咬叫花子——辨利眼”，aresatiric．Withthevividmetaphorofthefirstparts，theseXHYshavemoreacridderogatorysenseanddemonstratepeople‘Saestheticattitudesandvalueorientation．2．2．7．3EatinghabitsandcharacteristicsoflocalitiesXHYsnotonlywidelyusedintheHannationality,butalsoinnationalminorityabundantly．EthniccharacteristicsofXHYsconnectedwiththeirownnativelivinghabitsclosely．Forexample，Hanpeoplesay“马尾巴穿豆腐——捉小得”，Tibetansay"‘-4尾岂穿酥油——提1：得”；Hanpeoplesay“歪脖子树——楸子不孵’，Nupeoplesay"‘橡树上长菌——撒子／1i正”．Chinaisabigcountry,withalargepopulation．Chinesepeoplehavebeenengagedinagricultureforalongtime，andlivingonlimitedland．Eversinceancienttime，eatinghasbeenacrucialissueinchina．People’Sfoodcomposition，livinghabitsandsocialmoresvaryagreatdealfromareatoarea，whichisreflectedinXHYswithdistinctivelocalcharacteristics．Forexample，“哑巴吃XX——心I一{l自’数”，therearevariousexpressionsindiflbrentregions．Somesay“哑巴吃汤蚓”：somesay"。哑巴吃糍粑”；somesay“哑巴吃。馄饨”；otherssay"‘哑岜吃饺子”．Theseexpressionsobviouslyindicatelocalpeople’Sfoodandlivinghabitsdifferent．2．2．7．4SocietyhistoryandtraitsofthetimesSomeuniqueobjectsandsocialphenomenaoftheancienttimeshavebeenrecordedinXHYs．Asthechangesofthetimes，theseobjectsandsocialphenomenadonotexistanymore．Forexample，“⋯巾I--1钱放在门坎上——啦外半吊予”“衙役皂予打他老头——公事公办⋯‘湖广总督——管两省”and“校场翠的土地——管得好宽”．Intheseexamples，“一吊饯“‘衙役皂子⋯‘总督”and“校场”，whicharetypicalin32 哈尔滨理T人学硕十学何论文ancicnttime，butdonotexisttodayanymore．TheyhavebeenonlyleftinsomelanguagetbrrnsasChineseculturerelics．Inconclusion，XHYshavedisplayedavividandcolorfulworldofChineseculturebefbretlS．XHYsalsoofferUSawealthofcontcntinChinesecultureandthought．2．3SummaryAccordingtothecontent，thischaptercanbedividedintotwoparts．Inthefirstpart，theauthorpresentsthetheoriesemployedinthisthesis，whichisMentalModels，GestaltTheory,StereotypicalRelations．andtheMM—BasedPragmaticReasoningHypothesisasthetheoreticalframeworkforourstudyon．XHYs．“MM—basedpragmaticreasoningmodel’’consistsoftwocomponents：‘‘explicitexpression-implicitexpressionreasoning’’and“autonomy-dependencyalignment"．“Explicitexpression—implicitexpressionreasoning’’explainstheinterpretationofXHYsand‘‘autonomy-dependencyalignment’’laysemphasisontheexplanationforthegenerationofXHYs．Inthesecondpart，theauthordescribescomprehensivelyXHYsfromorigin，definition，flexibility,classification，andfunctionstothecultureconnotationofXHYs．Asauniquelanguageform，XHYsarecratedbylaboringpeople．Itreflectsthethoughts，language，culture，emotionandcustomsofChinesepeopleinaparticularway．TheauthorintroducesXHYscompletelyinordertofacilitatethegenerationandconstrualofXHYs．33 哈尔滨理l：人学硕+。誓何论文Part3Methods3．1QualitativeMethodologyQualitativeresearchwasdevelopedinthesocialsciencestoenableresearcherstostudysocialandculturalphenomena．Examplesofqualitativemethodsareactionresearch，casestudyresearchandethnography．Qualitativedatasourcesincludeobservationandparticipantobservation，interviewsandquestionnaires，documentsandtexts，andtheresearcher’Simpressionsandreactions．Qualitativeresearchseeksoutthe‘why’，notthe‘how’ofitstopicthroughtheanalysisofunstructuredinformation—thingslikeinterviewtranscripts，openendedsurveyresponses，emails，notes，feedbackforms，photosandvideos．Itdoesn’tjustrelyonstatisticsornumbers，whicharethedomainofquantitativeresearchers．Themotivationfordoingqualitativeresearch，asopposedtoquantitativeresearch，comesfromtheobservationthat，ifthereisonethingwhichdistinguisheshumansfromthenaturalworld，itisourabilitytotalk!Qualitativeresearchmethodsaredesignedtohelpresearchersunderstandpeopleandthesocialandculturalcontextswithinwhichtheylive．ThisthesismainlyemploysqualitativeresearchinanalyzingXHYs．TheoreticallytheauthorattemptstoillustratethegenerationandunderstandingofXHYsformacog-pragmaticperspective．Tobeexact，thethesisaimstorevealthegenerationandunderstandingmechanismisbasedonXuShenghuan’sMM—basedpragmaticreasoning．Thatistosay,thegenerationofXHYscanbeexplainedbyPros．Xu’SAutonomy-dependencyAlignmentframeworkandtheExplicature—Implicature34 哈尔滨理’I：人学硕十’≯侮论文ExpressionReasoningframeworkfortheinterpretationofXHYsunderstanding．Itisinevitablethatintrospectionisneededintheprocessofanalysis．3．2AbductionAnalysisInordertosetuptheinnermechanismtoaccountforthegenerationandconstrualprocessofXHYsbyapplyingmentalmodelsanalyticalframeworkrelyingonthecombinationofMentalModel—BasedPragmaticReasoning，weshouldmainlyuseabductioninferenceparadigminthestudy．AlthoughtheconceptofabductionwasoriginallyintroducedbyAristotle，itistheAmericanphilosopherCharlesSandersPeircewhodevelopeditintoanexplicittheoryofinference．Heproposedthatthetraditionalmodesofinference——inductionanddeduction——shouldbecomplementedbyathirdmode·——abduction·——whichheclaimedwasqualitativelydifferentfromthetwoothers．Inductioninvolvesgeneralization，thatis，reasoningfromparticularinstancestoagenerallaw,ruleorpattern．Indeductiontheconclusionfollowsfromthepremiseswithnecessity．Abductionisthusinferringacasefromaruleandaresult．Theprocessofabductioninferenceparadigmmaybedescribedinthefollowing：motivatedbytheobservationofsomesurprisingfactoraseriesofsurprisingfacts，orananomalythatshoulddisappointanexpectation，abductivereasoningisastrategyofinferencetofindthebestexplanation，whichisshownasthefollowingformula：Disacollectionofdata(facts，observations，givens)，HexplainsD(would，iftrue，explainD)，NootherhypothesesexplainDaswellasHdoes．Therefore，Hisprobablycorrect． 哈尔滨理I：人学硕+学位沦文Discollectionofdata(XHYs)whichisthedependencyandHisthementalmodelsandstereotypicalrelationswhichistheautonomy．Theautonomyisthecause，andthedependencyistheeffect，theabductionistogetthecausefromtheeffect．3．3DataCollectionThedatausedinthepresentstudyarecollectedmainlyfromanauthoritativedictionaryACompleteCollectionofChineseXiehouyu(WenDuanzheng，2005)．Someofdatacomefromliteraryworks，essays，articlesordailyconversations．3．4ResearchProcedureInthispaper’theresearchprocedurecanbedividedintofoursteps．StepOne：preparatorystage．Inthisstage，theauthormustdefinethescopeofresearchatfirst．ThispaperaimstorevealthegenerationandconstrualmechanismofXHYsbasedontheAutonomy—dependencyalignmentframeworkandtheexplicit-implicitexpressionreasoningframework．Afterthetheoreticalframeworkinthefullstudy,theauthormustcollectflwiderangeofdatatobedemonstrated．Inrecentdecades，manyscholarsundertakethestudyofXHYsfromitsorigin，features，classificationandstructuretofunctionetc．TheauthorshouldmasterXHYscompletelyinordertofacilitateunderstandingandgenerationofXHYs．StepTwo：introspection．Introspectionistheself-observationandreportingofconsciousinnerthoughts，desiresandsensations．Itisaconsciousmentalandusuallypurposiveprocessrelyingonthinking，reasoning，andexaminingone’Sownthou曲ts，feelings，and，inmorespiritualcases，one’Ssoul．Itcanalsobecalledcontemplationofone’Sself,withintrospectionmaybeusedsynonymouslywithandinasimilarwaytoself-reflection(http：／／www．answers．com／topic／introspection#ixzzl9Turb8kv)．Asamethodinscience，introspectioncanbeconsideredavalidtoolforthe36 哈尔滨理f：人学硕lj学位论文developmentofscientifichypothesesandtheoreticalmodels，inparticularincognitivesciences．However,“introspectionistoosubjective”(YanChensong，1989)．Therefore，theauthorinpresentstudycarefullydiscussesthegenerationandconstrualofXHYsrelaysontheMentalModel—BasedPragmaticReasoningtoremedyit．StepThree：analyzingthegenerationofXHYsbytheabductiveanalysis．Asakindofuniquelanguagephenomenon，XHYshaveattractedmanyscholarsattention．Forthepurposeofthestudy,theauthoremploysPros．Xu’SMM—basedautonomy-dependencyalignmentanalyticalframeworkinanalyzingthegenerationofXHYsthroughthementalmodelsandstereotypicalrelations．StepFour：analyzingtheunderstandingofXHYs．Inthispaper，theauthorapplyXuShenghuan’Sexplicature—implicatureexpressionreasoningframeworktoexploretheinterpretationofXHYs．3．5SummaryInthispart，theauthorintroducesthemethodthispaperemployedatfirst．ThispapermainlyusesaqualitativemethodtostudyXHYs；meanwhileintrospectivemethodandabductionanalysisarealsoused．Thedatausedinthisthesisaremainlyfromanauthoritativedictionaryorliteratureworks．Inordertobettercompletethethesis，theauthordescriberesearchprocedureindetailatlast．37 4．1IntrOduction哈尔滨理l：人’≯硕十学位沦文Part4ResultsAsakindofuniquelanguageforminChinesesayings，XHYsembodythewisdomandhumoroussenseofChinesepeople．XHYsarewidelyusedindailylife．SOitcanberegardedasakindofpowerfultoolsinlanguageinteraction．XHYsareidiomswithrelativelyfixedstructureandcolloquialflavorwhichconsistoftwoparts：theformeris‘introduction’andthelatter‘explanation’．ThegenerationandunderstandingofXHYsareacomplexprocess．Basedonthepreviousresearchesaswellasonextensionsofrelevanttheories，werepresentedtheframeworkofMM-basedpragmaticreasoninginPart2，whichweattemptasthebasisforbuildingupthemechanismtoexplainthegenerationandunderstandingofXHYs．MM—basedpragmaticreasoningisawholemodel，whichconsistsoftwocomponents，‘‘explicit-implicitexpressionreasoningframework’’and‘‘autonomy—dependencyalignmentframework”．The“autonomy—dependencyaligmnentframework”describestheprocessofutterance’production，whilethe“explicit—implicitexpressionreasoningframework’’emphasizestheprocessofutterance’understanding．Inthispart，wewillapplythetwoframeworkstoexplorethegenerationandunderstandingofXHYsrespectively．4．2GenerationMechanismofXHYs4．2．1Autonomy—dependencyalignmentframeworkforXHYsXuShenghHall’Sautonomy-dependencyalignmentframeworkmainlyillustratestheprocessofutterance’Sgeneration．Itholdsitsbasicmeaningthatthegenerationofanutteranceisguidedbytheintentionalcontentinthespeaker’Smind，whichservesas38 哈尔滨理l：人学硕-f．学位论文theautonomyduringthegenerationandgivesderivationtothedependencewhichisconvertedintoanutterance(徐盛桓，2007a：34-40)．Thederivationisconstrainedbythespeaker’Sintentionalattitude，andisrealizedthroughthemakinguseoftherelationofproximity／similarity．Themechanismofderivationis“Interrelating"’．ThedeviceofInterrelatingissynaethesiaandtransferred—awareness．Theconstructionofthementalmodelsfromtheknowledgeaboutstereotypicalrelationsorganizedbysimilarityandproximityisconsideredasitsmedia．ThisderivationprocesscanbereversedSOthatthedependencecanbereturnedtotheautonomy．Theframeworkcanbeshownasfollow：作川丁(通感)Figure4—1自主一依存分析框架(徐盛桓2007a)Justaspreviousintroduction，weknownallthatXHYsconsistoftwopans，theformerpartis“introduction”andthelatterpartcalled“explanation”．TheMM—basedpragmaticreasoningregardsthatintentionalityisoneofthemostimportantfeatureofutterancecommunication．Utterancecommunicationisacomplexprocessinwhichthespeakerconveyshisintentiontohearer,atthesametime．thehearerperceivethespeaker’Sintentionthroughpragmaticinference．Sothereexisttwokindsofexpressionsduringtheutterancecommunication：explicitexpressionandimplicitexpression．Therelationbetweenthesetwoexpressionsisasymmetricalwithonebeingautonomyandtheotherdependence．AsfarasXHYsareconcerned，thelatterpartor‘‘explanation’’expressthespeaker’Sintentionalmeaningastheimplicit39 哈尔滨理Ii人学硕fj学何论文expressionisautonomyandthederivedexplicitexpression，namely“introduction”，dependedonit．Twoentitiesmakeuptheautonomy—dependencyalignment．Accordingtothestandardwhetherhomonymsareusedinthesecondpartsornot，WenDuanzheng(温端政，2000)dividedXHYsintotwokinds：HomophonicXHYsandNon·homophonicXHYs．WewillanalysisthesetwokindsXHYsrespectively．4．2．2ThegenerationofhomophonicXHYsManyXHYsemployhomophonesornearhomophonesinthesecondparttogetpunnyandhumorouseffects．WeknowChineseisatonelanguage，inwhichthemeaningsofwordsfireaffectedbythepitchesandtones．DifferentChinesecharacterswithdiversemeaningsmaysharethesamepronunciationandpitchforms．ThetonenotonlyshapesthemeterofChinese，butalsomakeseveryChinesecharacterahomophone．Forexample：①老鼠偷秤砣——倒贴(盗铁)Mousestealsweight-—一payforthekeepingofanunprofitablebusiness(stealingiron)②草原上的百灵鸟——最(嘴)巧Larksinthe伊asslands_一skill如1hands(aglibtongue)⑧没钱坐汽车——不行(步行)Havingnomoneytotakethebus————．noway(goingonfoot)In①，“倒贴”(daotie)and“盗铁”(daotie)havesamepronunciations，butdifferenttones．Atsametime，“倒贴”and“盗铁”expressdifferentimplicature．Thespeaker’Sintendedmeaningis“倒贴”(payforthekeepingofanunprofitablebusiness)．In②，“嘴”and“最”alsohavesamepronunciations，meanwhiledifferenttones．“嘴”has 哈尔滨理Ii人学硕fj学f征论文falling-risingtone，“最”hasafallingtone．In③，“不行”and“步行”havesamepronunciationsandtones，butmeaningsaredifferentcompletely．Thespeakeruses“不行”tosubstitute“步行”，wecansee，theintendedmeaningofthespeakeris“noway"’．Fromabovementioned，wecansee，havingsamepronunciationsandsametones，Chinesecharactersorphrasesalsocanexpresstotallydifferentmeanings．ThistypeofXHYsishowtogenerateit?LetUSfurtheranalysisthequestion，namelythegenerationmechanismofXHYs．Asakindofspecialexpression，theautonomyofthehomophonicXHYswantstogivederivationtheultimatedependencymustbepassedcohesionstwotimes．Atfirst，theautonomygivesderivationtoaquasi—autonomy(类自主成分)whichresemblestheautonomy"throughtherelationofproximity／similarity,andthenthequasi—autonomygainsthedependencythroughstereotypicalrelationsonceagain(刘辰诞，杨慧芳，2009)．Let’Stake“老和尚住山洞——没事(没寺)”(AnoldmonklivesinacaV争一neVermind)(therebeingnotempletolivein)asanexample．AccordingtotheMM—basedpragmaticreasoning．intentionalityisoneofthemostimportantfeaturesofutterancecommunication．Intentionalityconsistsoftwoaspects：intentionalcontentandintentionalattitude．As“explanation”ofXHYs，“没事”isintentionalcontentthespeakerwanttobeconveyed．Forsomereasons，thespeakerdoesnotexpressdirectly,butusearoundaboutandrelaxedway．Thisrelaxedexpressionisintentionalattitudeofthespeaker．InXuShenghuan’Sautonomy-dependencyalignmentframework，firstly，“没事”serveasimplicitexpressionwhichisautonomy．Autonomygivesderivationtoaninterimcomponent(过渡成分)whichcalledquasi-autonomy(类自主成分)throughsimulatedsimilarity．Thatistosay,“事”(shi)and“寺”(si)havethesamesinglevoweland4l 哈尔滨理l：人学硕}：学何论文fallingtone，butdifferentconsonants．Itisjustthroughthephoneticsimulatedsimilarity,“没事”isderivedfrom“没寺”．Secondly,thequasi—autonomygetstheultimatedependencypassedbystereotypicalrelations．Stereotypicalrelationscanbeboileddownintotwoessentialdimensions：【+Proximity]and[士Similarity]．Generally,proximityinvolvesofspace，time，properties，cause—effectandpart—whole，etc．Atthesametime，similaritymayrefertosimilarityinsound，image，meaning，etc．XuShenghuanproposestheLawofProximity／SimilarityasHY：x八x丝y-—}◇HY：(x)y．Thelawhassomecorollaries．AccordingtoLawofTransference：x丝y八y丝z一(HY：x_◇HY．”_◇HY．z．Itcanbereadas：XappearsinHY，ifXusedtobeproximate／similartoYinacertaincontext，andYusedtobeproximate／similartoZ，thenitcanbeHY：z，namelyA：x(_A：y)_A：z．Itiscanbeinterpretedas：Xproximate／similartoz．Thatistosay,“没事”isderivedby“没寺”throughthephoneticsimulatesimilarity；“寺”refersto“寺庙”wheremonkstolivein，SO“寺”linkedby“和尚”throughobjectsproximity．“老和尚住山洞”canbeillustratedthatanoldmonknotempletolivein，namely"‘没寺(住)”．AccordingtoLawofTransference，wecandescribeas：“没事”一“没寺(住)”_“老和尚住山洞”．LiuChendan，YangHuifangdrawaflowchartwhichexplainstheprocessfromautonomytodependencyasfollow：自主成分(解)(语音模拟相似)(相邻／相近)类白土成分(过渡体)依存成分(引)Figure4-2谐音式歇后语生成图(刘辰诞，杨慧芳，2009)Thetheoreticalframeworkofautonomy-dependenceanalysisemphasizestheprocessofderivationfromautonomytodependency．Atthesametime，thisderivationprocesscanbereversedSOthatthedependencycanbereturnedtotheautonomy．42 哈尔滨理。fj人学硕fj学f妒沦文HomophonicXHY“老和尚住山洞——没事(没寺)”，wecandescribeditbythisframework：Figure4．3凿音类歇斤语乍成的推衍过程图4．2．3Thegenerationofnon-homophonicXHYsWenDuanzheng(温端政，2000)dividesXHYsintotwotypes：homophonicXHYsandnon—homophonicXHYs．Hisclassificationisbasedonwhetherhomophonesareusedinthe“explanation”ornot．Thenon—homophonicXHYsareastructurewithdoublelevelsofmeaning，whichreferstothatXHYshavenotonlyaliteralmeaningbutalsohaveanextendedmeaning．WenDuanzhenginsistsoncallingtheliteralmeaningofXHYs“本义”，namelytheoriginalmeaning．Forexamples：④“脚底下擦油——溜了”(Puttinggreaseontoone’Ss01e卜—一oslipaway)．⑤“大热天穿棉袄43 哈尔滨理I：人’≯硕十，≯何论文——不是时候”(Wearingapaddedcoatonahotday刈utofseason)．WencallstheextendedmeaningofXHYs“别义”whichistheactualmeaningorthepragmaticmeaning．Forexamples：@“啄木马找食——全凭嘴”(Awoodpeckersearchingforfood——a11dependingonthemouth)．⑦“狗坐轿了——不谚3抬举”(Adogsittinginasedanchai卜—unabletoappreciateafavor)．Accordingtotheautonomy—dependenceanalysisframework，the“explanation’’ofXHYsisimplicitexpressionwhichreflectsthespeaker’Srealintention，atsametimeitisrelativelycomplete—concrete．Sothe“explanation’’isautonomy．Undertheconstraintsoftheintentionexpression，andthroughtherelationshipofproximityandsimilafity，thedependencyisderivedfromtheautonomy．Thatistosay,the“introduction”ofXHYsisdependency．Wetake“百家姓少了第二姓——缺钱’’(Hundredfamilysurnameslackthesecondsumame_一lackofmoney)asallexample．Intermofintentionality’thespeakerwanttoconveytherealintentionis‘‘缺钱”．Asacomparativelycompleteinterpretationinmind，“缺钱”isautonomouscomponent．Facingsuchasensitivetopic，thespeakeradoptsaeuphemisticalattitudetoexpress．Howtoaccuratelyexpressspeaker’Sintentions，andavoidembarrassing?Basedonthepreviousknowledge，experienceandthecommonsenseofliterature，thespeakwillthinkofseveralexplanationsabout“钱”．Aneu，English—Chinesedictionarygivesillustrationsasfollows：木noun(1)货币(money)；(2)铜钱(coppercoin)；(3)款子(fun，sum)；(4)姓氏(asurname)．AccordingtoLawofCollection：xappearsintheutteranceHYandxisamemberofaset(Y)，thenHY：x_◇