汉语歇后语翻译概念整合的研究 68页

摘要近年来，随着概念整合理论的不断发展，越来越多的学者将其与翻译结合，提出翻译的本质是一种动态的概念整合过程的观点并给出相应的翻译概念整合模型。在以往研究成果的启发下，本文通过对典型的汉语歇后语翻译实例进行分析，以概念整合理论为指导旨在揭示汉语歇后语翻译背后的概念整合过程。文章首先简要介绍歇后语及其翻译的研究现状，进而提出从认知角度研究其翻译的可行性。其次详尽介绍了概念整合理论的重要概念及其应用研究。再次，本文以歇后语的英译研究为出发点，结合以往的翻译概念整合模型，遵循由简到繁的思路，指出汉语歇后语翻译的心理空间如下：汉语歇后语与译者的知识结构为两个输入空间，人们普遍的思维方式为共有空间，而译文为整合空间中的层创结构。译者在整合过程中起辅助作用。此外，本文还分析了歇后语英译的概念整合网络。研究发现，译者作为源文本与译本之间的媒介，需具备汉语歇后语及英语表达的相关知识，其知识空间中至少存在一个组织框架，或来自原文或译文或两者兼而有之，因此单一框架网络在汉语歇后语翻译的整合模式中应该不存在。关键词：概念整合理论；汉语歇后语翻译：心理空间；整合网络ll Abstract＼Inrecentyears，anincreasingnumberofscholarshavebeenengaginginapplyingconceptualintegrationtheorytotranslationwiththeever-accelerateddevelopmentofthistheory．Translationhasbeenunanimouslyheldasakindofdynamicconceptualintegrationbyscholarsandcorrespondingtranslationnetworkmodelshavebeenproposed．Enlightenedbypreviousstudyachievements，thisthesisundertheguidanceofconceptualintegrationtheoryaimstoexposeconceptualintegrationinChineseXHYtranslationbyanalyzingtypicaltranslatedexamplesofChineseXHY．ThethesisinitiallyintroducesChineseXHYanditspresentstudysituationstofurtherpointoutthefeasibilitytocognitivelystudyChineseXHYtranslation．Secondly,theauthormakesacomprehensiveintroductiontomainconceptsofconceptualintegrationtheoryanditsrelevantstudies．Andthen，proceedingfromChineseXHYtranslationandfollowingtheprinciple“fromthesimplesttothemostcomplex”，theauthorputsforwardarevisednetworkmodelforChineseXHYtranslationinlightofpreviouscognitivetranslationmodels：thesourceXHYlanguageandthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurearetwoinputs，people’sgenericwaysofthinkingthegeneticspaceanditscorrespondingexpressiontothesourceexpressionastheemergentstructureintheblendandthetranslatorplaysacrucialroleasanagent．Furthermore，thethesismakesananalysisofconceptualintegrationnetworksinChineseXHYtranslation．Itispointedoutthatsingle．framenetworkisnon-existentforthefactthatthetranslator，asago—betweenofthesourceexpressionandthetranslation．shouldbeequippedvvimsomecorrespondingknowledgeaboutChineseXHYandEnglishexpressions．Thetranslator’SknowledgestructurespacehasatleastoneframenetworkwhichisconcernedwitheithertheChineseXHYexpressionoritsmatchingEnglishexpressionsorbothofthem．Accordingly,thesingle．framenetworkshouldnotexistinChineseXHYtranslation．Keywords：conceptualintegrationtheory；ChineseXHYtranslation；mentalspaces；integrationnetworks ChapterOneIntroductionXHYsarefolHoricsayingscreatedbypeopleintheirdailycommunicationsinordertoconveytheirthoughtsandopinions．Asfarasitsdenominationisconcerned，therehasbeennoagreementamongscholarsbynow．Untilnow,ithasbeennamedastwo—partallegoricalsaying，restendingsayingsandexample-explanation-sayingsandSOon．ThisthesisdirectlydenominatedortransliterateditasXHYforitsspecificitytoChineseculture，justlikeotherChinese—specificexpressionslikeErhu(一-胡)，Siheyuan(四合院)andTaiji(太极)．XHYshaveenjoyedgreatpopularityinsomeliteraryworks，suchasTheDreamofRedMansionsandCamelXiangziandSOon．DomesticstudiesonChineseXHYaremostlyconcemedwithitsdenomination，categorization，semanticstructure，grammaticalstructureandfigureofspeech．Withtheintroductionofsuchliteraryworkstotheoutsideworld，ChineseXHYtranslationhasbeenpaidmuchmoreattentionbyscholars，whileresearchesonXHYtranslationareinaminutequantity,inadditiontoprominentachievementsmadebyscholars，suchasZhangPeiji(1979)，GuoJianzhong(1996)andBaoHuinan(2001)insuchanaspect．Anddisappointedly,therearenostudiesontheChineseXHYtranslationfromthecognitiveperspectiveSOfar．1．1Research0bjectivesConceptualintegrationtheoryWasinitiallymentionedinMetaphorsWeLive8ywrittenbyLakoffandJohnsonin1980andformallyraisedbyFauconnierinMappingsinThoughtandLanguagein1997．Asanewbranchofcognitivelinguistics，itsdevelopmenthasproveditsexplanatorypowertoavarietyoflinguisticphenomena．Asisillustratedinconceptualintegrationtheory,aprototypicalconceptualintegrationnetworkiscomposedoftwoormoreinputspaces，agenericspaceandablendspace．Thegeneticspaceincludesaveryschematicrepresentationofstructuresharedbyallspaces．Thestructureintheblendspaceisfrombothinputsandpossessesitsownstructurenamedasemergentstructure．Thesespacesareinterwovenwitheachothereitherbycross-spacemappingorselectiveprojection．Andtheconstructionoftheblendinvolvesthreeoperations，composition，completionandelaborationwhichareundertheguidanceofoptimalityprinciples，integration，topology,web，unpackingandgoodreason．Furthermore，therearefourtypesofframeworksinsatisfyingtheabovel optimalityprinciples．Inrecentyears，conceptualintegrationtheoryhasbroughtanewlighttOthetranslationfieldinwhichsomescholarshasmadegreateffort．TheconceptualintegrationmodelintranslationproposedbyformerstudiesCanbeillustratedthattherearefourspaceswiththeSOurCetextandthetranslatorspaceastwoinputspacesrespectively,thegenericspaceandthetranslationspace．Groundedontheresearchachievementsinformerstudies，thisthesisexertseffortstoapplyconceptualintegrationtheorytoChineseXHYtranslationbyanalyzinganumberofrepresentativeexamplesfromtheformerChineseXHYtranslationstudiesmadebyscholarsorinsometheses．Onthebasisofpreviousrelevantstudies，thisthesisspecifiesthecorrespondingphenomenaintranslationpracticeandaimsatbetterrevealingthehiddenconceptualintegrationprocessofChineseXHYtranslation．1．2ResearchSignificanceTheresearchlaunchedinthisthesisisofgreatimportance．Firstly,thecombinationofconceptualintegrationtheorywithChineseXHYtranslationCantheoreticallydisplaythefeasibilityofthetheorytotranslationpractice，especiallyforXHYtranslation．WhyisitsaidtobespecialforChineseXHYtranslation?ThereasonCanbeconcludedasfollows．TheChineseXHYisaspeciallanguageartwhosefirstpartcoversimpliedmeaningthatisdugoutandexplicitizedintheotherpart．SomepeoplemayarguethatsincetheimpliedmeaningofthewholeChineseXHYhasbeenrepresentedinthesecondpart，ittakeslittlecognitiveeffortforreaderstounderstandtheChineseXHY．However,itbynomeansregardsthecognitiveintegrationunnecessary．ItistheexplorationoftheSLdefaultvaluesthatcountsmostinunderstandingaXHY．AndsuchatrialresearchCanfurtherbroadenthetheory’Sapplicationscope．Practically,takingtheformerstudiesonChineseXHYanditstranslationintoaccount，thisthesisalmstoapplytheconceptualintegrationtheorytotheChineseXHYtranslationfromanewperspective．1．3FrameworkofThisThesisTherearealtogetherfivechaptersinthisthesiswhicharecloselycoherenttooneanother．ChapterOnegivesanintroductiontotheresearchobjective，researchsignificanceandtheframeworkofthisthesis．ChapterTwoistheliteraturereviewofChineseXHYbyvirtueofitsdenomination，origin，classification，itsdiscriminationsfromanyotherChineseidioms，aswellasrelevant2 studiesonitstranslation，allofwhichmakepossibletheapplicationofconceptualintegrationtheorytotheChineseXHYtranslation．ChapterThreefocusesonintroducingtheconceptualintegrationtheory．Itfirstpresentsgeneralideasofthetheory,includingitstheoreticalbasis，origin，workingmodelsandsomeimportantconcepts，andthenintroducestheapplicationsofthetheorytotranslationaswellasotherlinguisticphenomena．ChapterFourweighsthemostinthewholethesis．ItinvolvesintheapplicationoftheconceptualintegrationtheorytotheChineseXHYtranslation，groundedontheanalysisofafewconvincingexamplesadoptedfromrelevantonChineseXHYtranslation．InordertofurtherverifythefeasibilityofCITinpractice，thischapterfirstlyintroducesthementalspacesintheChineseXHYtranslationandthenappliesthedifferentframenetworkstotheChineseXHYtranslationpractice．ChapterFivedrawsaconclusionofthewholethesisthroughsummingupmajorfindingsandlistingoutsomelimitationsofthethesisatthepresentlevel．3 、ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewThischapterwillgiveailoverallreviewofChineseXHY,includingitsdenomination，definition，origin，classificationaswellasrelevantstudiesonitstranslation．2．1GeneralIntroductiontoChineseXHYEventhoughsomeXHYshavebeenoutofsightonaccountoftheirout．of-linecontents，agreatmajor@ofthemarestillinwideapplicationinpeople’SdailylifetodayandeveninliteraryworkssuchasCamelXiangzibythegreatrealisticwriterLao-she，aswellasADreamofRedMansions，theChineseclassicstorybyCaoXueqin．AndXHYsemployedintheliteraryworkshavebeenstudiedbyscholarsorresearchersfromvariousaspects．ThethesiswillgiveanoverallintroductiontoChineseXHYsinthefollowingpart．2．1．1DefinitionofChineseXHYWithrespecttotheEnglishnameof“歇后语”，differentscholarsholddifferentideas．JinHuikang(2004)andGuoJianzhong(1996)directlytranslateitas”restendingsayings”or‘"post-pauseexpressions”andsome“example—explanation-sayings’’inlinewithitsstructuralcharacteristics．ProfessorRohsenow(1991)definesitas”Chineseenigmaticfolksimiles”whichisthoughttomeettheparticularstructuresandessentialcharacteristicsof“歇后语”，whileHanQingguoarguesthatthisEnglishcounterpartisnotcomprehensiveenoughforthereasonthatall“歇后语”arenotmetaphorsandtherearestillsomehomophonicandpunnyorsemantic“歇后语”．Sometranslateitas”quiz．cracks”，butnotall“歇后语”areriddlesorenigmaticlanguagesinceitsdeepmeaningsaredugoutofitssurfacemeaning．Forexample，“竹篮打水——一场空”exertsattentiontothemeaningofitslatterpartinactualUSeratherthanleadsreadersorhearerstoguesswhattheriddleis．ThedefinitiongiveninAChinese—EnglishDictionary(RevisedEdition)(1996)publishedbytheCommercialPressisthat”theXHYisatwo-partallegoricalsayingwhosefirstpartisdescriptiveandalwaysstated，whilethesecondpartbearsthemessageandsometimesunstated．WenDuanzheng(1985)deemsthatChineseXHYsareidiomswithcomparativelyfixedstructuresandcolloquialflavorsthataredividedintotwopartswiththe4 、ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewThischapterwillgiveailoverallreviewofChineseXHY,includingitsdenomination，definition，origin，classificationaswellasrelevantstudiesonitstranslation．2．1GeneralIntroductiontoChineseXHYEventhoughsomeXHYshavebeenoutofsightonaccountoftheirout．of-linecontents，agreatmajor@ofthemarestillinwideapplicationinpeople’SdailylifetodayandeveninliteraryworkssuchasCamelXiangzibythegreatrealisticwriterLao-she，aswellasADreamofRedMansions，theChineseclassicstorybyCaoXueqin．AndXHYsemployedintheliteraryworkshavebeenstudiedbyscholarsorresearchersfromvariousaspects．ThethesiswillgiveanoverallintroductiontoChineseXHYsinthefollowingpart．2．1．1DefinitionofChineseXHYWithrespecttotheEnglishnameof“歇后语”，differentscholarsholddifferentideas．JinHuikang(2004)andGuoJianzhong(1996)directlytranslateitas”restendingsayings”or‘"post-pauseexpressions”andsome“example—explanation-sayings’’inlinewithitsstructuralcharacteristics．ProfessorRohsenow(1991)definesitas”Chineseenigmaticfolksimiles”whichisthoughttomeettheparticularstructuresandessentialcharacteristicsof“歇后语”，whileHanQingguoarguesthatthisEnglishcounterpartisnotcomprehensiveenoughforthereasonthatall“歇后语”arenotmetaphorsandtherearestillsomehomophonicandpunnyorsemantic“歇后语”．Sometranslateitas”quiz．cracks”，butnotall“歇后语”areriddlesorenigmaticlanguagesinceitsdeepmeaningsaredugoutofitssurfacemeaning．Forexample，“竹篮打水——一场空”exertsattentiontothemeaningofitslatterpartinactualUSeratherthanleadsreadersorhearerstoguesswhattheriddleis．ThedefinitiongiveninAChinese—EnglishDictionary(RevisedEdition)(1996)publishedbytheCommercialPressisthat”theXHYisatwo-partallegoricalsayingwhosefirstpartisdescriptiveandalwaysstated，whilethesecondpartbearsthemessageandsometimesunstated．WenDuanzheng(1985)deemsthatChineseXHYsareidiomswithcomparativelyfixedstructuresandcolloquialflavorsthataredividedintotwopartswiththe4 formerbeing‘introduction’andthelatter‘explanation’．e．g．猫哭老鼠——假慈悲Canbeliterallyrenderedas‘‘Acatcryingoveramouse’misfortune——shammercy”．Inthisexample．‘‘shammercy’’istheconnotativemeaningconveyedbytheexpression‘‘acatcryingoveramouse”．Sincethecatandthemousearenaturalenemies，suchaXHYiseasilyaccessiblefortargetlanguagereaders．IthasbeenevidentlyprovedthatabovedefinitionsfailtoreflectChineseXHYs’genuineessenceandcharacteristics．Withaneyetoallfactorsandinconsiderationofthepresentstudy,thisthesiswilltransliteratethemasChineseXHYfortheiruniquenessintheChineselanguageandculturelikeQipao(旗袍)，Kongfu(功夫)，Litchi(荔枝)，Wushu(武术)，Kowtou(磕头)andtheauthorisfullyconvincedthatsuchdenominationwillbeacceptedandknownbyforeignersasthetimestretchesout．AChineseXHYisusuallycomposedoftwopartswhicharesequentiallyorganizedas‘jA一一B”patterninwhichAisavividdescriptiveexpressionbearingtheabstractexplanationandBexpressesthefundamentalmeaningofthewholeXHYandconnotationofA．andthedash‘‘——’’inbetweenlinksthetwopartstogether,servingjustlikeabridge(GuanQingliang，20LO)．However,notallXHYsareinabsoluteconformitytotheabovepattern．ExceptionsariselikeXHYsmentionedinADreamofRedMansionthatareinvariedforms，someofwhicharelackingindescriptiveorexplanatorypartsandothershaverevisedformcateringtopracticalcontexts．Forexample，“没良心的东西，过了河就拆桥”、“一个个没机变的，说一个葫芦就是一个瓢”．ThesetwoXHYsarein“Explanation+Description”pattemdifferingfromthe“A——B”pattern．Andadditionally,“胳膊折了往袖子里藏(家丑不可外扬)”isonlywiththedescriptionand“(小葱拌豆腐)清的清白的白”isonlywiththeexplanationwiththeexpression“家丑不可外扬”and“小葱拌豆腐”beingomitted．Therefore，thisthesiswillprobablyemploybothstandardandrevisedXHYsaccordingtothecontentofthestudy．2．1．2OriginofChineseXItYChineseXHYisbelievedtostemfromXiehoushi(歇后诗)inTangDynasty,firstexplicitlyputforwardinOld勋愕Poem，afamouschroniclehistorybookwrittenbyZhengQinginA．D．898(TangDynasty)．IthasbeenutteredbyChinesepeopleforcenturiesandplayedanindispensablepartincommunications(Rohsenow1991)．ZhaiHaostatesthateitherhomophonicornon-homophonicXHYscanbedatedbacktofeng-ren—shi—ti(1xt人诗体)whosemostprominentessencerestswithexplanationgivenbythesubsequentclausetotheprecedingone．Inotherwords，thepartoffeng-ren—shi．ti气 isequaltoaXHY’S”introduction”andthelatterpartthe”explanation”．Andtheintroduction’·________。___。——explanationpaRemalsoconsideredtobethedistinctivestructuralcharacteristicofXHYIrrespectiveofexistentdiscrepancy,researchersdoachieveallagreementontheopinionthatXHYstakerootinthefolksayingsandaregeneratedinpeople’Sordinarylife．XHYsunfoldthecolorofChinesemythology,religionandcustomtoafulldegree，andgiveeffectiveandhumorousmanifestationtocomplicatedideas．Theyareinrealitycrystallizationsofpeople’Scollectivewisdom．2．1．3ClassificationofChineseXHYAbatteryofclassificationsofXHYshasbeenraisedbyamajorityofresearchersbasedonavarietyofstandards，eachofwhichhasbeensupportedtosomedegree．Themostpopulardichotomyverytraditional．ThereforefigurativeXHYandpunnyXHYcameintobeingontheaccountofrelationshipheldbetweenthetwocomposingparts(ZhangPeOi，1979：2；GuoJianzhong，1996：12，etc)．FigurativeXHYsindicatethatintendedideasormeaningsarerepresentedbyametaphorwhilepunnyXHYsbypunssemanticallyorphonetically．However,thiswidely-acceptedcategorizationhassufferedcertainchallengewhichvoicesthatittoogeneralizedtoprobeintotranslationstrategiesforthesetwotypesofXHYs，eveniftheyalecompletelydistinctfromeachother．Thepre·conditionforpeopletocomprehendChineseXHYstounderstandtheculturehiddeninallXHYs．MostChinesepeoplearewellacquaintedwithculturalelementshiddeninXHYsinmostcases，whilewesternpeopleonlyacquirethecultureembodiedincertainXHYs．Accordingly,thepaRemunsuitableforwesternpeopletounderstand，whichleadstoitsfailuretothediscussionoftranslationstrategiesforChineseXHYs(XuJiaqun，2010)．ItundeniablethatproperclassificationplaysanessentialroleinstudiesonChineseXHYtranslation，thustranslation-specificcategorizationaremorepreferableforresearchersandexperts．TheoneraisedbyJiangXiaohua(2003)isseeminglyclaimedtobethemostscientific．InviewofJiang’Sclassification，ChineseXHYsaredividedintothreecategoriesinthisthesis：regular-type，language·specifictypeandculture—specifictype．Simplyspeaking，regular-typeXHYexpressionsaresharedorintelligiblesimilesoranalogiesforEnglishandChinesereaderswiththeassistanceoftheirencyclopedicknowledge，like老鼠过街——人人喊打、竹篮打水——一场空、聋子的耳朵——摆设and十五个吊桶打水——七上八下．Language—typeXHYsrepresentexpressionswithpeculiarcharacteristicsof6 homophonesandhomographsintheChineselanguage，consequentlytoachievehumorousandpunnyeffects．PunservesasoneofrhetoricaldevicesinChineseXHYs，like人家给个棒槌，我就拿着当针(真)了、孔夫子搬家——净是书(输)and外甥打灯笼——照舅(旧)．TheCulture—typeXHYrepresentsexpressions谢thabundantpeculiarChineseculture，traditionalhistoryaswellasimaginaryexpressions．Theformerpartisakindofbehaviorandthelatteristheexplanationoftheformerpart，like周瑜打黄盖——一个愿打一个愿挨、姜太公钓鱼一愿者上钩and狗咬吕洞宾——不识好人心．ThereasonwhythisthesispreferssuchtrichotomyclassificationisthatittakesintoconsiderationspecificcharacteristicsandthesubjectofXHYexpressions．2．1．4DistinctionsBetweenChineseXHYandOtherChineseIdiomsChineseXHYWasonceregardasalower-classlanguageforminpeople’Sdailylife，butithastransformedtoanexpressiveinstrumentinliteraryworksasthetimegoesby．ItispossiblyknowntoallthatChineseXHYtogetherwithsetphrase(Chengyu)，proverb(Yanyu)，commonsaying(Suyu)andvulgarexpression(Cusuyu)fallintothecategoryofChineseidiomaccordingtotheChinesewayofclassifyingidiomsandsuchclassificationisdistinctfromthatofEnglishidiomsbecauseofdivergentlexicalcharacteristics．AsamemberofChineseidioms，XHYisverydifferentfromotherChineseidiomsinitsdescription——explanationstructure，dualismmeaning，colloquialapplicationandexertedflexibility．AsNewmarkputit，XHYsCanbeutteredflexibly,whiletheappropriateUSeofitcarlcontributemuchtocreatethehumorouseffectlinguistically‘‘designedtopleasethesenses”(Newmark，2001：42)．Setphrasesmostlyconceiveratherfixedstructureoffourcharactersandrichmeaningswhichusuallygobeyondtotalmeaningsbombythesefourcharacters．Itisbecausesuchasetphraseiscloselyassociatedwithhistoricaleventsandmythsbehindthesefourcharacters．Forinstance，“破釜沉舟”isderivedfromahistoricalstory,butitmeanstocutoffallmeansofretreatratherthanintroducethingsrelatedwith“釜”and“舟”．Namely,whatthefourcharacters“破釜沉舟”reflectisthespiritconceivedinthestoryinsteadofthestoryitself．Setphrasesarealsotheonescomposedoftwopartssuchas“兼听则明，偏听则暗”whosecomposingpansareappositetoeachotherand“欲加之罪，何患无辞”whoselattercomponentisdependentontheformerone．Inviewofaboveanalysis，itCallbeconcludedthatthedifferencebetweensetphrasesandChineseXHYsliesinrelationsownedbytheirtwocomposingparts．Thatis，componentsofasetphraseareinacoordinate，hypotheticalor7 selectiverelationwhilethoseofaChineseXHYareinintroduction’’。。‘。。。。。_——explanationpatternrelation．Aproverbreferstoafixedphrasespreadamongthemassandisusedtoexpressdeeptruthwitheasyandcommonwords．Take“吃一堑，长一智”asanexample．Itcanbeseenthatitisterseinstructurebutprofoundinmeaning，inspiringorpersuadingpeopletogetbeneficiallessonsfromtheirprecedingmistakesorfaults．Adversely,XHYsareusedtogainpunnyeffectsintermsofcontent．Inthesecondplace，componentsofaproverbareeitherstructurallycoherentorparallelwhilethoseofanXHYisinintroduction。_____·_-_-___——explanationrelation(WenDuanzheng&ZhouJian2000：124，164)．Toillustrate，“良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行”hasaparallelstructureand“为人不做亏心事，半夜不怕鬼叫f-j”hasacondition—dependedstructurewhichmeansthelatterpartislogicallydependentontheformerincontent．Comparativelyspeaking，cite“黄鼠狼给鸡拜年——没安好心”asanexample．Thesecondpart“没安好心”istheimpliedmeaningofavisualizedsimile，“黄鼠狼给鸡拜年”．Ifthe“没安好心”isomitted，addresseesarecapableofinferringtheintendedmeaningofthisXHY．Lastbutnotleast，theXHYismuchmoreflexibleinstructureincomparisonwithproverbs．Foronething，thesecondpartCanbeomittedsometimesasismentionedpreviously．Foranother,same”introduction”mayleadtodifferent”explanations”bylayingemphasisonitsdifferentcharacters．Forinstance，thesameintroduction“张飞穿针”Canmatchthreequitedifferentexplanations：粗中有细，大眼瞪小眼and有劲无处使．Conversely,thesame”explanation”Canbeimpliedbyvarious”introductions”aSfollows：theintendedmeaning“献丑”canbeexpressedby“鲁班门前耍大斧”and“关公跟前耍大刀”，whichcanbetracedbacktodifferentbackgroundsofpeople．Fromtheaboveexposition，weCaneasilydifferentiateXHYfromChineseproverbs．Inconclusion，differencesbetweenChineseXHYandaproverbareinthefollowingthreeaspects：aproverbfunctionsasaninspirationbutaChineseXHYmostlycreatespunnyeffect，relationbetweentwopartsofaproverbisparallelorcoherentwhileintroductionandexplanationofaChineseXHYandthestructureofaproverbisstablewhileflexibleofaChineseXHY．Asforthelasttwokindsofidioms，commonsayingsaremuchlooserinsyntaxincomparisonwithotherfourtypesofChineseid幻ms．Andtheyareverypopularwithpeopleandeasilyunderstood，like“吃水不忘挖井人”or“这山望着那山高”．Andvulgarexpressionsareonlycolloquiallyused，particularlyincursing，like“狗杂种”and“坏蛋”(scoundrel)．ComparedwithXHY,vulgarexpressionsarelessformal，andnotfrequentlyused8 2．2PreviousResearchesonXHYTranslationTherehaveoccurredagreatnumberofarticlesandM．AthesesconcerningChineseXHYtranslationfromavarietyofaspectsbynow．Thefollowingpartwillbrieflyillustratesuchresearchesfromprescriptive，pragmatic，cross—culturalandrhetoricperspectives．2．2．1PrescriptiveResearchTheprescriptiveresearchesontheXHYtranslationaremostlyintroducedintranslationcoursebooks．ProfessorZhangPeiji(1979：46)，arepresentativeofChineseidioms’translationstudies，holdsthatintranslatingChineseidioms，literaltranslationissupposedtobethetopchoicebecauseidiomsarereflectionsofcertainpeopleornations．Therefore，customsmustbetransferredintothereceptorlanguagewithoutanyablationincontentandstructure．Inadditiontotheliteraltranslation，healsoputforwardtwelveothermethodscoveringliteraltranslation，freetranslation，literalandfreetranslation，omission，borrowing，addition，transformedEnglishidioms，ere，sevenofwhichcanbechosentorenderChineseXHY．Suchstudyisundeniablycomprehensive，buttakesnonoticeofliteraryfactorsintranslatingliteraryworks．FollowingZhang’Senlighteningstudy,AChinese—EnglishDictionaryofEnigmaticFolkSimileswasreleasedin1991whosepublicationwasofgreatsignificanceforpopularizingXHYsinthewholeworld．ProfessorGuo(1996：14)makesanintroductionandsummaryofguidelinesincompilingthedictionary．ThisdictionaryisusedasafunctionalinstrumenttomaintainnationalfavorsofXHYstothegreatestextent．Literaltranslationnaturallybecomesthefirstchoicewhilefreetranslationisputintousetorenderpuns，culture·loadedandbewilderingexpressions，andannotations．SimilarlytothestudymadebyprofessorZhang，althoughsuchastudycanundoubtedlyachievethespecialgoalandfunctionofdictionariesbutfailstobeusedtoliterarytranslation．2．2．2PragmaticResearchThedrivefortheshiftedattentionfromprescriptiveresearchtothepragmaticresearchis也ecommunicativefunctionofidioms．thereforescholarsembarkedontheXHYtranslationfrompragmaticpointofview．ZhangNing(1999：25)appliestheconversationalimplicaturetheorytoidiomtranslation．Heupholdsthatintranslatingidioms，connotativemeaningsandemotivecolorsaresuperiortothereferentialorliteralmeaningwhenthereareinconflictwitheachother．InordertomaketargetlanguagereadersgraspthespiritofChineseidiomsasmuch9 2．2PreviousResearchesonXHYTranslationTherehaveoccurredagreatnumberofarticlesandM．AthesesconcerningChineseXHYtranslationfromavarietyofaspectsbynow．Thefollowingpartwillbrieflyillustratesuchresearchesfromprescriptive，pragmatic，cross—culturalandrhetoricperspectives．2．2．1PrescriptiveResearchTheprescriptiveresearchesontheXHYtranslationaremostlyintroducedintranslationcoursebooks．ProfessorZhangPeiji(1979：46)，arepresentativeofChineseidioms’translationstudies，holdsthatintranslatingChineseidioms，literaltranslationissupposedtobethetopchoicebecauseidiomsarereflectionsofcertainpeopleornations．Therefore，customsmustbetransferredintothereceptorlanguagewithoutanyablationincontentandstructure．Inadditiontotheliteraltranslation，healsoputforwardtwelveothermethodscoveringliteraltranslation，freetranslation，literalandfreetranslation，omission，borrowing，addition，transformedEnglishidioms，ere，sevenofwhichcanbechosentorenderChineseXHY．Suchstudyisundeniablycomprehensive，buttakesnonoticeofliteraryfactorsintranslatingliteraryworks．FollowingZhang’Senlighteningstudy,AChinese—EnglishDictionaryofEnigmaticFolkSimileswasreleasedin1991whosepublicationwasofgreatsignificanceforpopularizingXHYsinthewholeworld．ProfessorGuo(1996：14)makesanintroductionandsummaryofguidelinesincompilingthedictionary．ThisdictionaryisusedasafunctionalinstrumenttomaintainnationalfavorsofXHYstothegreatestextent．Literaltranslationnaturallybecomesthefirstchoicewhilefreetranslationisputintousetorenderpuns，culture·loadedandbewilderingexpressions，andannotations．SimilarlytothestudymadebyprofessorZhang，althoughsuchastudycanundoubtedlyachievethespecialgoalandfunctionofdictionariesbutfailstobeusedtoliterarytranslation．2．2．2PragmaticResearchThedrivefortheshiftedattentionfromprescriptiveresearchtothepragmaticresearchis也ecommunicativefunctionofidioms．thereforescholarsembarkedontheXHYtranslationfrompragmaticpointofview．ZhangNing(1999：25)appliestheconversationalimplicaturetheorytoidiomtranslation．Heupholdsthatintranslatingidioms，connotativemeaningsandemotivecolorsaresuperiortothereferentialorliteralmeaningwhenthereareinconflictwitheachother．InordertomaketargetlanguagereadersgraspthespiritofChineseidiomsasmuch9 aspossible，heputsforwardseveraltranslatingmethods，likeamplification，fleetranslationandliteraltranslation，amongofwhichamplificationisintheclosestrelationwithXHYs．Tobespecific，thetranslatorCallconveytheliteralmeaningandthenaddtheconnotativemeaninginanattempttOshowtheoriginalcolorandminimizepotentialpragmaticfailure．Asisillustratedabove，mostXHYsarewithtwoparts．Therefore，amplificationisappropriatelyappliedtorenderXHYswithoutexplanatorypartsinmostcases．However,XHYsinliteraryworksarealwaysusedtocreatetheimplicatureandhumorouseffect．Toomuchamplificationisconsequentlyunadvisableinliteraltranslation，especiallyinnovels．2．2．3Cross．culturalResearchAttheendofthetwentiethcentury,culturalschoolinitiated“culturalturnintranslation”toreinterprettranslationanditsfunctionsinculturalconstruction、析mSusanBassnettandAndreLefevere(1990)asrepresentatives．Undersuchcircumstance，scholarshavelaunchedcross—culturalre-examinationsofXHYtranslation．BaoHuinan(2001：148)holdsthatidiomtranslationshouldsimultaneouslybridgethegapinlanguageandcultureandmakesurethetransferenceeffectiveandinformative．Furthermore．helistsoutfourbasicmethodstoXHYtranslation，literaltranslationwithpreservedimage，partialtranslationwithpreservedimage，andfreetranslationbothwithtransferredimageandabandonedimage．XHYsinhisstudyat"equotedfromliteraryworks，whilenoattentionispaidtOtheliterarycontextwhichhasmuchinfluenceonXHYtranslationallinternalfactor．ChenWenbo(2005：258—265)，asanotherrepresentative，firstlydividesXHYintofigurativetypeandpunnytype，andputsforwardcorrespondingstrategiesforeachtypeofXHY．Asfarthefigurativetypeisconcerned，regulartranslation，fulltranslationandtranslationofeitherfigurativepartorexplanationpartarementioned．Andtherearetwosub·categoriesofpunnytypeXHKhomophonicpunsandallegoricpuns．砀Pformertypeisapttofreetranslationinordertotransferthedenotativemeaning，whilethelattertypeisdependentonthepracticalcontexttochoosewhichoneistobetransferred，eithertheliteralmeaningorthefigurativemeaningortheboth(ibid：265—271)．EventhoughheproposesdifferentstrategiesfordifferenttypesofXHYs，thereisstilladisadvantageexistinginhisstudywhichresidesinprescribingtranslationstrategiesstaticallysincetranslationisadiachronicactivity． 2．2．4RhetoricalResearchXHYshavebeenwidelyappliedinliteraryworksanddailycommunicationsfortheiraestheticfunctioncarriedoutwithabundantrhetoricaldevices，whichhastriggeredscholarstoresearchXHYtranslationfromrhetoricalrespect．ChenDing’an(2004：144—146)makesacomprehensivediscussionconcerningXHYtranslationbyadoptingfourstrategies，fulltranslation，partialtranslation，freetranslationandextensionaswellasonChineseandEnglishrhetoricaldevices．HisdiscussionsabouttranslatingfiguresofspeechwithimagesarerecommendabletoXHYtranslation，yetthelimitationliesinthefactthatheonlyfocusesonprescriptionsnotevenconditionsinwhichtheyCanbeused．、Inadditiontoabovefourresearchangles，therehaveoccurredagreatnumberofarticlesandM．AthesesconcerningChineseXHYtranslationfromavarietyofaspects．Forinstance，SemioticApproachtoC-ETranslationofXiehouyubyJiaHongwei(2005)，TranslationofChineseTwo-PartAllegoricalSayings一-AReceptionAestheticsPerspectivebyTangKai(2007)，OnC-ETranslationofChineseTwo-PartAllegoricalSayingspomthePerspectiveofEquivalentEffectTheorybyYangXiongkun(2007)，X／ehouyuTranslationintheLightofSkoposTheorybyXuJiaqun(2010)andOnEnglishTranslationofChineseIdioms——．舱P办Dz∥zf(FromtheperspectiveofRelevanceTheory)byLiuBaohua(2008)．InviewofpreviousresearchesconcerningChineseXHYtranslation，whetherfromequivalentvieworculturalview,fromdomesticationorforeignization，itshouldbegivenattentionthatequivalenttranslationofChineseXHYsdoesnotmeantheequivalenceinthelinguisticorpragmaticaspectsbutincognitiveequivalenceortheconceptualequivalence．Alltheabove—mentionedpapersorthesesunfortunatelyfailtofigureoutthecognitivemechanismofChineseXHYtranslation．ThenthisthesistriestostudytheChineseXHYtranslationundertheguidanceofconceptualintegrationtheoryandmakesattemptstomakeupforthedeficiencyinordertolayasotmdfoundationforthefuturestudyandtofurtherimprovethestudyonChineseXHYtranslation． ChapterThreeConceptualIntegrationTheoryAsanewlyemergingtheoryofcognitivepsychology,conceptualintegrationtheory(CIT)hasenjoyedrapiddevelopmenteversinceitWasproposedbyGillesFauconnier，adistinguishedcognitivelinguistfromtheDepartmentofCognitiveScienceintheUniversityofCalifornia．FromthedaywhenitWasbomtothepresenttime，ithasattractedincreasingattentionfromscholarsathomeandabroadandbeenemployedintoamajorityoffields．ThisthesisaimsatrevealingthecognitiveprocessormechanismofChineseXHYtranslationfromtheperspectiveofconceptualintegrationtheory．Therefore，itisofgreatnecessitytohaveanoverallunderstandingofthismightytheory．3．1TheoreticalBasisofConceptualIntegrationTheoryEversincethe1980s，cognitivelinguistsledbyFauconnierandMarkTurnerbroughtforthatheoreticalframework，theconceptualblendingtheory,whichisalsocalledtheconceptualintegrationtheory(CIT)ortheconceptualblendingtheory(CBT)．Integrated、)vitIlachievementsmadeinneuroscience，cognitivescience，psychologyandlinguistics，conceptualintegrationtheoryisgraduallyonthewaytobecomingaheatedinterdisciplinaryresearchtopic(WangZhengyuan，2007)．Inthefollowingpart，thethesiswillintroducethetheoreticalbasisofconceptualintegrationtheoryfromcognitive，psychologicalandneurobiologicalaspects．a．CognitiveBasisItistraditionallyheldthatpeople’Sabilitytomeaningfulthinkingandrationalactivitiesisabstractandallthemeaningfulconceptsandrationalityaretranscendental，whilefromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics，meaningreferstoameaningfulthingforpeopletorationallythinkandact．Physicalexperienceandwaystoemployimaginativemechanismsareofvitalimportanceforpeopletoconstructcategoryandinterpretiveexperience(Lakoff,1987；citedbyWangYan，2002)．LakoffandJohnson(1980)tooktheleadindiscussingphilosophicalbasisofcognitivelinguisticsandthencameupwithexperientialistrealism．Hedeemedthatcategory,concept，reasoningandmindareformedbypeople’Sphysicalexperience，especiallytheexperienceofsensory—motorsystem，ratherthanthemirrorreflectionoftheobjectiveworld．LakoffandJohnson(1999：497)gaveanexplicit12 Dresentationthatconceptwasshapedupbyexperienceofpeople’sbrainstotheworld，onlybvwhichcoulditbeinte叩reted．Cognitiveunconsciousness，mentalexpefientialityaswellasthinkingmetaphoricalityalethreefundamentalprinciplesofexperimentalphllosophy(WangYah，2002)．Conceptualintegrationtheoryholdsupmeaningasakindofthinkingpattem·Iobespecific，meaning，incontraStwithacertaincognitiveexperienceofnaturaIandsocla王enviro姗ent，isinte鲫edbymentalnetworkmodelsoperatedbyhumanbrains趾dinte畔tedbyvi舭oftheunstoppedinteractionsbetweenenvironmentandh眦anbeings·MeaningexperiencesCROSS．spacemappingsandon。lineintegrationinInteractlon，sotnemeaningofinforHlationconceptCallbecomprehendedonthebasisofsubjec01Veand0bjec{tivecombinatioIls．Therefore，conceptualintegrationtheoryisconstmctedonmegr(，uIldofcognitivetheoryofexperientialism(ShenSiqin，2007)·b．PsychologicalBasis．ConceptualintegrationtheoryhascertainpsychologicalbasiswithmentalspacetheoryasitsimpoIrtantbasis．Fauconnier(1985)broughtforthmentalspacetheorymhisbooK·Hereckonsmatmentalspaceistherepresentationofperception，imagination，memory,thought觚dmentalpacketsofrelativeinformationwhichareconstructedtemp0瞄ilyanddyn锄icallyinpeople，smind(Fauconnier,1994)．Fauconnier(1985)proposed1dentincatlonprinciple0raccessprinciple，whichplaysasubstantialroleinmeaningconstructlon·It1susedto蜘dardizetherelationshipbetweenentitiesandreferentialexpresslons·FaucoIllllera11dSwcetser(1996)furtherdevelopthementalspacetheory,inⅧ1V1ngmg眦吼碣sem锄ticanddiscoursea11a蛹s．Theyholdthattherealerelation-frameprojectlonsbeMeenmentalspaces．Projectedcontentreliesontherelation-framestructure丘oman1nVanall2sourcedomain．InconsiderationofframestructurebyLakoffandJohnson(1980)andtheinvariallceprinciplebyLakoff(1993)，mappeddomainmaintainthecognitivetopologyofelementsfromsourcedomaintothetargetthesourcedomain．Furthermore，people’Spsychologicalimitativeabilityisalsooneofthepsychologicalbases，whichhaSbeenproVedbycognitivescientists(Johnson．Laird，1983；Kahneman，1995；Sch眦1996)·c．NeurobiologicalBasis．TheneurobiologicalbasisforconceptualintegrationtheoryisthestmcmredcoIlllectionismdevelopedbyFeldmanin1970s．Thistheoryshowsthatinhumanbrainexistalargenumberofwell．connectedneuronswhichaleenabledtosetupdetalledcomputationalneurosciencemodelsorconceptnetworksandlinguisticstmc骶s·Ane眦InetWork，inlinewiththemicroscopicstudyonhumanbrainreferstotheconnecting11 relationshipheldbyneurons．Actuallv’theabilitytoconceptualintegrationisnotdevelopedaccompanyingtheblrthofh啪aJlbeings．IthasbeenconfirmedthatintheearlierPaleolithicperiod，about50，000vearsago，humanbeingsjustformedconceptualintegrationabilityafterneuralevolutionfFaIlcoIlnier&Turner,2002：389)．FauconnierandTurneronceembracedGeraldEdelman’sneuralnetworks(JiangYong，2001)．TheybelievedthatthereweresomecertalnsPecltlcareasspeciallyusedforstoringknowledgeinthecentreofhumanbrains1nwhlclainfomlationw2Lswidelyspread．What’smore，Grady(2002)alsoconsideredthattheintegratingmechanisminconceptualintegrationtheoryhadclose-knitlinkswithbindinginNeurosciencetheory．ResearchersengagedinCognitiveNeuroscienceholdthattherearecorrespondingbio．mechanismsspecifictoconnections．ResearchesontheneuralmodeImadebvNatayannan(Lakoff&Johnson，1999)provedthathumanbrainstructurescancomDuteconcepts，conceptualmetaphor,mentalspacesaswellasconceptualintegratlon(‰gDech吼&ZhangHui，2001)．Alltheaboveresearcheshavelaidacertamb嬲1cneurobiologicalfoundationforconceptualintegrationtheory．‘Inconclusion，conceptualintegrationtheoryhasbecomeailimportantsem锄tlcconstmctiontheoryinvirtueofitsmulti—spacemappingnetworksanddynamicmeanlngconstmction．Gro蛐dedoncognitivebasis，psychologicalbasisandneurobiologicalbasls，conceptualintegrationtheoryhasbeenaresearchhotspotininterdisciplinary．3．2OriginofConceptualIntegrationTheoryItisknown也atGillsFauconnierpublishedMentalSpace：AspectsofMeaningConStr孙ctioninN口t“rQlLanguagein1985．Itisinthissignificantbookthatheinitiatedtheconceptt·mentalspace，，whichisdefinedbyFauconnier&Turner(1994)“asmallconceptuaIpackagematisconstructedaspeoplethinkandtalkforthesakeoflocalunderstandingandcorrespondingacts”．AndthefourmentalspacesinaprototypicalconceptualIntegrationnetworkarede巾ed舶mmentalspacetheoryandtherefore，conceptuaJintegrationtheory1StakenaSfurtherdevelopmentandperfectionofmentalspacetheory．AccordingtoGillsFauconnier(1998)．1anguagemajorlyfunctionsaSatriggerforpeoPIetosetupabetweenmentalspacesaswellasamongelementsinmen谢spaces·AsamatteroffIact，theyarelion—existentintherealworldbutexistentinpeople’smindandcanbeactivatedwhenpeopleareassociating．InthebookMentalSpaces，Fauconnier(1985)presentedaconcentI_atedexplorationaboutvariouscasesconcerningconstruction，referentandrecognitionofmentalspacesbyavarietyoflanguageformshappeningmtheon-line14 meaningconstructionofnaturallanguage．Hestatedthattheunderstandingofrelevantlanguagecollocationswouldleadpeopletoprobeintospaceregionsthatwerestructuredaspeopletalkorlistenwiththehelpofsemanticelements，roles，strategiesandrelations．Actually,theabove—mentionedspaceregionsareinterconnectedwithmentalspaceswhichareneitherintegralcomponentsoflanguageitselfnorofgrammar,butlanguagecannotstandwithoutmentalspaces．Theotherwayround，languageisofvitalimportanceinconstructionofmentalspacesinthatlanguageCanascertainrelationsamongmentalspacesandvarioussemanticelementsinmentalspaces．Fauconnier(1997)assumesthatthoughtandconsciousnesslikeliquidscallflowfromonespacetoanother,andSOCanconceptsinspacesintheprocessofcognitiveoperation．Newmentalspacesarecontinuouslyestablishedinthecourseofthinking，eachofwhichisjustacontemporarystructuredependentoncertainspecific，relativeandmoreextensiveandfixedknowledgestructure．Conceptualnetworksarecomplicatedlystructuredbycross—spacemappingswhichplayanimportantpartinconstruction．Forexample，whentalkingaboutJuliusCaesar,theworksbyWilliamShakespeare，itislikelyforpeopletoconstructdifferentmentalspaces，liketheplayspaceortherealityspace．Intheuseoflanguage，JuliusCaesarCanrefertoarealcharacterinhistory,aroleinaplay,anactorinaplayoreventhepeople—liketoys，amongwhichtherearecertainassociations．FauconnierandSweetser(1996：7)putforwardAccessPrincipleorIdentificationPrinciplewhichstatesthata’inthespace“a，’canstimulateb’inthespace“b”aslongasthespace‘‘a’’iscognitivelyrelatedwiththespace‘‘b’’，thena’(thetrigger)calltriggerorrefertob’(thetarget)．Mentalspaceisessentiallythebackstagecognitionoflinguisticforms，linkedwithabstractknowledgeandtheextendedthought．MeanwhilediscourseCanfacilitatetheconstructionandchangeofmentalspacesinaproperdegree．Theconstructionofmentalspacesbythespeakerisinclinedtodividethemessagetriggeredbyutterancesintoaseriesofsimplecognitivemodels．Theconstructionofutterancesproceedsfromthebasespaceoftheaddresserandthenastheutteranceunfolds，mentalspacesfromanglesandfocusesareestablished．Differentspacesareconnectedbydifferentconstructingwordsandinteriorelementsinspacesprojecttoeachother．(Fauconnier,G1997：41)Fauconnier(1997，1998)，onthebasisofmentalspacetheory,bringsforwardthecognitiveoperationmodelofmentalspacesinlinguisticphenomena，i．e．conceptualblending．Suchmodelcomprisesfourspaces：twoinputspaces，onegenericspace(thethirdspacegeneratedbycross—spacemappingsoftheformertwospaces，reflectingallthesharedabstractstructuresandorganizationsininputspaces)，theblendedspaceortheblendlS producedbypartialprojectionbyinputspaces．Inthenextsection，theabove。mentionedspaceswillbeillustratedindetail．3．3NetworkModelofConceptualIntegrationThenetworkmodelistheon—linecognitiveworkwhichisdynamicallyconductedbypeopleinordertoconstructmeaningsforlocalthoughtsandcorrespondingactions．Itscentralprocessistheconceptualblendingconductedbyconceptualintegrationnetworkswhicharestructuredwithavarietyofmentalspaces．BlendingasadynamicprocessCallrepeatedlytakeplaceinthesamenetworkaswellascanbecarriedoutatvariousplacesinthenetworks．Ablendedspacemaypossessmultipleinputspaces．Fauconnierpointsoutthattheprimarycognitiveoperationinblendingisthecombinationoftwoormoreinputspacesandthengetintegratedintoanotherspace，i．e．theblendtowhichinputspacesprojectpartialstructures．Foundedontheprojectedstructuresorelements，theblendconstructsitsownemergentstructure．Conceptualintegrationnetworksareconstitutedbyordinarymentalspaces(Fauconnier,1998：145)．3．3．1MentalSpacesintheNetworkModelI译慷I●Spac港Input12Figure1：ConceptualIntegrationNetworkModelbyFauconnierandTurner(1998)Aprototypicalconceptualintegrationnetworkusuallycomprisesfourmentalspacesshapedbyfourcircles：twoinputs，thegenericandtheblendasshowedintheljigure1．a．MentalSpacesMentalspacesinconceptualintegrationtheoryareproposedtoexplainthemeaning producedbypartialprojectionbyinputspaces．Inthenextsection，theabove。mentionedspaceswillbeillustratedindetail．3．3NetworkModelofConceptualIntegrationThenetworkmodelistheon—linecognitiveworkwhichisdynamicallyconductedbypeopleinordertoconstructmeaningsforlocalthoughtsandcorrespondingactions．Itscentralprocessistheconceptualblendingconductedbyconceptualintegrationnetworkswhicharestructuredwithavarietyofmentalspaces．BlendingasadynamicprocessCallrepeatedlytakeplaceinthesamenetworkaswellascanbecarriedoutatvariousplacesinthenetworks．Ablendedspacemaypossessmultipleinputspaces．Fauconnierpointsoutthattheprimarycognitiveoperationinblendingisthecombinationoftwoormoreinputspacesandthengetintegratedintoanotherspace，i．e．theblendtowhichinputspacesprojectpartialstructures．Foundedontheprojectedstructuresorelements，theblendconstructsitsownemergentstructure．Conceptualintegrationnetworksareconstitutedbyordinarymentalspaces(Fauconnier,1998：145)．3．3．1MentalSpacesintheNetworkModelI译慷I●Spac港Input12Figure1：ConceptualIntegrationNetworkModelbyFauconnierandTurner(1998)Aprototypicalconceptualintegrationnetworkusuallycomprisesfourmentalspacesshapedbyfourcircles：twoinputs，thegenericandtheblendasshowedintheljigure1．a．MentalSpacesMentalspacesinconceptualintegrationtheoryareproposedtoexplainthemeaning construction．“Itstressessimilaritiesandcorrespondingelementsbetweentwoinputsthatarethoughttobebasesofmapping”(Grady,2000)．Backgroundframesareabsentfromthismodel，buttheyareindeedappliedtoestablishthesementalspaces．Interlinkedwitheachother,suchmentalspacesCanbemodifiedasthoughtanddiscourseextend．b．InputSpacesAs加asablendisconcemed，thereareatleasttwoinputspacesshownrespectivelyasinput1andinput2intheabovefigure．Inputspacesareconstructedinaccordancewiththecorrelativecontenttomentalspaceswhichhavebeenmentioned．However，conceptualintegrationinsomesituationsprobablyinvolvesmorethantwoinputspaces，whichmakesitmorecomplicatedforpeopletounderstand．c．GenericSpaceInadditiontotheabove-mentionedinput1andinput2，ageneticspaceisgenerallyallindispensableelementinaconceptualintegrationprocess．Itcontainssharedelementsfromtwoinputsatanymomentindevelopingtheconceptualintegrationnetwork．Componentsandstructuresingeneticspacescanbemappedbacktoeachoftheinputspacesatanytimeintheconstruction．Toputitplainly,agivencomponentinthegeneticspaceCanundoubtedlyfinditspairedcounterpartsinthetwoinputspaces．Itdeservesgreatattentionthatgeneticspacesdonotcomeintobeingbeforeinputspacesbutaresimultaneouslyformedwithinputspaces．GenericspacesCanresourcestobedrawnoninattemptstobuildnetworks．d．BlendedSpacethemselvesbecomeconventionalandserveasnewcross-spacemappingsinnewintegrationInadditiontothegeneticspace，theblendedspaceisgeneratedfromselectiveprojectionsconductedbycomponentsandstructuresfromatleasttwoinputspacesinblendingprocess．Theblendedspacecapsulesinformationfromeveryinput，inwhichaspecificstructurecomesintobeingasaproductofimaginativeprocessofintegration．Suchstructureisnamedasanemergentstructurewhichisneithercontainedinthegeneticspacenorintheinputspaces．Nonetheless，thegeneticspaceandtheblendspaceareinallinterconnectionwitheachother：theblendcontainsgenericstructuresobtainedfromthegeneticspaceandevenmorespecificstructuresnon—existentintheinputs．However,theblendoftwoinputspacesisnottheirsumorjuxtaposition．e．EmergentstructureAstheFigure1displaysabove，thesquareintheblendrepresentsemergentstructuregeneratedthroughcomposition，completionandelaborationprocesses．Anditiscalled"7 uniquestructurethatisabsentfromotherspaces．Theseprocessesareillustratedinsequence，whiletheyareinfactnotstrictlyconfinedinacertainorder．3．3．2OperationsofSpacesinConceptualIntegrationThereareafewlinesinFigure1whoseexistenceisnotforappreciationbutfunctionasexpressingmethodtomanifestrelationsheldamongmentalspaces．a．Cross·spaceMappingofCounterpartConnectionsMappingisoriginallyamathematicconcept．Itmeansthecorrespondingrelationsbetweensubsetsintwomatrixes．Itisborrowedbycognitivelinguisticstorepresenttheinter-conversioncarriedoutbetweendifferentlanguages．Itsoccurrencehasprovidedpeoplewithameanstoobservetheindirectlytouchableorganizingframeofcognitivedomains(WangBin，2001)．TheconversionofmappingsisafteraUdeterminedbycognitiveexperienceoftwolanguages(LiuHuawen，2003)．Actually,cross—spacemappingisanabstractmatchingamongcomponentsorrelationsindifferentmentalspaces(Coulson，2001)．Additionally,thestructureofonespaceismappedtoanotherspontaneouslyandcreativelyinmeaningconstruction．ThesolidlinesintheFigure1areindicatorsofcounterpartconnections．Cross—spacemappingtumsoutaslongastherearesomematchesbetweentwoinputspaces．b．SelectiveProjectionTheprojectionisveryessentialtotheconceptualintegrationnetworkandageneralpropertyofmentalspaceconfigurationtoblend．Andelementsarealwayspartiallyandunconsciouslyprojectedfromtheinputstotheblendinmeaningconstruction．Inotherwords，notallcomponentsandstructuresininputspacesCanbeprojectedintotheblendedspace．OnlythematchedinformationrequiredforlocalunderstandingandcorrespondingactionCanbeprojected．Theabovefiguremanifeststhatnotallelementsininputspacescanbeprojectedtotheblend．What’Smore，inputspacesCallnotonlybeprovidersofprojectiontotheblendbutalsoreceiversofprojectionsbackfromtheblendaccordingtooptimalityprinciples．3．3．3ProcessesInvolvedinConstructingtheBlendTheemergentstructureintheblendedspaceistheresultofthreecognitiveprocesses：composition，completionandelaborationotherthanpromptlycomefromelementsininputspaces． a．CompositionCompositionisdirectlyfrompartialprojection．Relatedcomponentsfrominputspacesarecomposedintheblendedspace，givingrisetoabrand—newblendedstructurenon—existentinseparateinputs．Andfusionisonemanifestationofcomposition．Therearetwopossibilitiesforprojectedcomponentsfromtwoinputspaces，beingsolitaryelementsorafusedelementintheblendedspace．b．CompletionCompletionreferstothecombinationofcomposedstructures、析munconsciousbackgroundinformationandstructurestocreateamaximizedcompletionpattern．Onlyinthiswaycalltheblendedspacespossessingacertainkindofstructuresbeperfectlyintegrated、航tIleachother．e．ElaborationBasedontheformertwoprocesses，composition，completionandelaborationdevelopblendedspaceswimimaginativementalsimulationinviewofprinciplesandlogicintheblend．Asaresult，elaborationistakenasthesubjectiveoperationtoalargeextentandthecompletedstructureintheblendedspacesCanbedynamicallyelaborated．3．4OptimalityPrinciplesInordertomakedynamicconstructionofaconceptualintegrationnetworksatisfactory,avarietyofconditionshavetobesatisfied．Tobespecific，mentalspacesofsuchanetworkmustbecapableofoperatingautonomouslyincertainaspectsincloseconnectionwimtherestofthenetwork．Theblendmusthaveitsownintegratedemergentstructurewhichisabsentfrominseparateinputsandsomeofitsinformationcancorrespondinglyre—projectedtoseparateinputsaswell．OurdiscussionbynOWhaspresentedastructuresharedbyalltheblendedspaces，yetnotallblendsareequaltooneanother．Thatistosay,differentprojectionswillgivebirthtodifferentblendsamongwhichsomehavesuperioritytoothers．Thusherearisesaquestionwhatarecriteriatodefinewhichblendisbetterthantherest．Theanswerisoptimalityprinciples．Fauconnier&Turner(1997)introducesfiveoptimalityprinciplesorconstraintswhichgiveanexplanationtowhattheymeanforaconceptualintegrationnetworktobeconceptuallywellformed．Ithasturnedoutthattheseprinciplescompetewitheachotherinconstructingblends，whichmotivatesanumberofmorespecificblendstructures．ThetermoptimalityprincipleoriginatesfromPhonemicsanditmanagestointerpretphonemicruleswiththeassistanceofasetofmutually-influencedconstraints．The19 sub—principlesunderoptimalityprincipleproposedbyFauconnierandTurnerareselective，indicatingthatoneprinciplecanbesatisfiedwhiletherestcannotbe．Tobebrieetheseconstraintsareillustratedasfollows：a．IntegrationIntegrationismoregenerallyexistentineveryspaceinaconceptualintegrationnetwork．Aconceptualintegrationisbynaturetoprojectelementsfromdissimilarinputsintoasingleblendedspaceinwhichprojectedelementsareintegratedtogether．Therefore，theblendedspaceisnaturallyregardedasintegration，butallmentalspacesinvolvedinaconceptualintegrationnetworkareessentiallyintegratedresultsfromtheviewofFauconnierandTurner．b．TopologyFauconnier&Turner(1998)definesthat：”Otherthingsbeingequal，theblendandtheinputsaresetupSOthatusefultopologyintheinputsandtheirouter-spacerelationsisreflectedbyinner-spacerelationsintheblend”．Simplyspeaking，elementsprojectedintotheblendspacearerequiredtokeepoptimalmatchingwiththeircorrespondingonesininputspaces．c．WebAsforthewebprinciple，FauconnierandTurner(1998)state“Manipulatingtheblendasaunitmaintainsthewebofappropriateconnectionstotheinputspaceseasilywithoutadditionalsurveillanceorcomputation"’．Simplyspeaking，connectionsbetweeninputsandblendsareofgreatsignificanceinthewholeconceptualintegrationnetwork．d．UnpackingFauconnier&Turner(1998)putforward”oneofthepowersoftheblendisthatitcarriesinitselfthegermoftheentirenetwork”．Thatistosay,theblendshouldbeaccessiblefortheaudiencebyitselfinordertounpacktheblendandreconstructinputs，thegenericspace，thecross—spacemapping，andthenetworkconnectionsamongallthesespaces．e．GoodReasonUnderthesamecircumstance，anelementassumedtobeintheblendmustbeendowedwithappropriatereasonforitspresence．Thereasonforitssuperioritytootherelementswillinvolveinassociativeconnectionstootherspacesandrelevantfunctionsinoperatingtheblend．Toputitinanotherway,ifanelementappearsinablend，thenitmusthaveacloseassociation谢tllotherspacesandexpectedrelevanceintheblend．Andsuchexpectedrelevancefunctionsasatriggerforaddresseestosearchconnectionswhicharecapableofmaximizingtherelevanceofelementsforthenetwork．Thisprincipleenforcesnetworksto20 haveconnectionsbetweentheinputs．T0conclude，theaboveintroducedprinciplesarepowerfulmechanismsinprocessingnaturallanguages，constructingvalidconceptualstructuresaswellaspositiveutterancemeanings．Suchmechanismsenablenumerousflamestructurestoexperiencecross—spacecompositionappropriatelyanddrivetheelementsprojectedfrominputstocompetewithoneanotherintheblendtocarryoutdynamicreconstructionforthenewprojection．Andtheparticipationofthevariablefactorsmakestheemergentstructuredynamicallyoperate．Inconformitytotheseprinciples，conceptsCanbeintegratedtoconstructconceptualintegrationnetworks．Generallyspeaking，thesefiveoptimalityprinciplesinCITcanbeemployedintranslationpracticeastherelationshipbetweentranslationandthesourcetext．TheyCallbeusedasevaluationstandardforatranslationorguidanceintranslatingcourses(YingWei，2007)．3．5TypesofConceptualIntegrationNetworksPriortointroducingtypesofconceptualintegrationnetworks，itisofnecessitytotalkaboutorganizingframe．Theorganizingframeexistentinmentalspacesistheframeintroducingspecialtiesandprosperitiesownedbyrelevantactivities，eventsandparticipants·ItsuppliesavarietyoforganizingrelationsforelementsinthementalspaceswhereitisandCanberevisedandexpandedinconstructingintegrationnetworks(WangShaohua&WangPeng，2011)．Iftwomentalspacesthesameorganizingframe，thenitiseasytomatchwimeachother．Theconceptualintegrationnetworkincludesfourbasicsub-networks：single-framenetwork，framenetwork，one．sidednetwork，andtwo—sidednetwork(Fauconnier&Turner,1998)whicharealsonamedsimplex，minor,single—scope，anddouble—scoperespectivelybyFauconnierandTurner,differenttermsbutsimilarmeanings(Fauconnier&Turner,2002)．Apartfromthesefourtypesofintegrationnetworks，Fauconnier(2002)alsolayoutmultipleblendnetworks．AdetaileddescriptionofthesefourtypesofflamenetworkswillbedisplayedinthefollowingsectionsinordertoillustratethecognitivemodelofXHYtranslationthoroughly．3．5．1Single·flameNetworkSingle．framenetworkisthemostbasicandsimplestoneamongtheseconceptualintegrationnetworks．Thereareregularlyfourmentalspaces，butitsonlydifferencefromothernetworksliesinthefactthatthereisonlyoneabstractframeinoneinputandthereisa2l haveconnectionsbetweentheinputs．T0conclude，theaboveintroducedprinciplesarepowerfulmechanismsinprocessingnaturallanguages，constructingvalidconceptualstructuresaswellaspositiveutterancemeanings．Suchmechanismsenablenumerousflamestructurestoexperiencecross—spacecompositionappropriatelyanddrivetheelementsprojectedfrominputstocompetewithoneanotherintheblendtocarryoutdynamicreconstructionforthenewprojection．Andtheparticipationofthevariablefactorsmakestheemergentstructuredynamicallyoperate．Inconformitytotheseprinciples，conceptsCanbeintegratedtoconstructconceptualintegrationnetworks．Generallyspeaking，thesefiveoptimalityprinciplesinCITcanbeemployedintranslationpracticeastherelationshipbetweentranslationandthesourcetext．TheyCallbeusedasevaluationstandardforatranslationorguidanceintranslatingcourses(YingWei，2007)．3．5TypesofConceptualIntegrationNetworksPriortointroducingtypesofconceptualintegrationnetworks，itisofnecessitytotalkaboutorganizingframe．Theorganizingframeexistentinmentalspacesistheframeintroducingspecialtiesandprosperitiesownedbyrelevantactivities，eventsandparticipants·ItsuppliesavarietyoforganizingrelationsforelementsinthementalspaceswhereitisandCanberevisedandexpandedinconstructingintegrationnetworks(WangShaohua&WangPeng，2011)．Iftwomentalspacesthesameorganizingframe，thenitiseasytomatchwimeachother．Theconceptualintegrationnetworkincludesfourbasicsub-networks：single-framenetwork，framenetwork，one．sidednetwork，andtwo—sidednetwork(Fauconnier&Turner,1998)whicharealsonamedsimplex，minor,single—scope，anddouble—scoperespectivelybyFauconnierandTurner,differenttermsbutsimilarmeanings(Fauconnier&Turner,2002)．Apartfromthesefourtypesofintegrationnetworks，Fauconnier(2002)alsolayoutmultipleblendnetworks．AdetaileddescriptionofthesefourtypesofflamenetworkswillbedisplayedinthefollowingsectionsinordertoillustratethecognitivemodelofXHYtranslationthoroughly．3．5．1Single·flameNetworkSingle．framenetworkisthemostbasicandsimplestoneamongtheseconceptualintegrationnetworks．Thereareregularlyfourmentalspaces，butitsonlydifferencefromothernetworksliesinthefactthatthereisonlyoneabstractframeinoneinputandthereisa2l specificsituationintheotherinputwithoutorganizingframeatall(Fauconnier&Turner,1998)．Elementscontainedintwoinputsareessentialfortheintegrationinsuchanetwork．Sinceonlyoneframecanbedirectlyprojectedintotheblendinordertoorganizetheblendedstructure，theframeinoneinputisinharmonywiththeelementsintheotherinputfreefromanyclashesbetweenthetwoinputs．Consequently,asingle—framenetworkisnotablendintuitivelybutatrulyperfectregularintegrationnetworkandcanbepredictedfromthetheoreticalblendingprinciples(Fauconnier&Turner,2002：120)．Take”Mr．JohnistheteacherofTom”asanexample．Thisexpressionhastwoinputswitllonecontainingaclassframe”teacher-student”andtheotherpossessesnothingbut”Mr．Jolm”and”Tom”．Elements“Mr．John”and“Tom”matchwiththeabstractframeof‘"teacher—student”afterasimplecross—spacemappingandprojection．Accordingly,“Mr．John”isframedas”teacher”and”Tom”isframedas”student”intheblend．Intheblendedspaceliesarole“teacherofTOm”whichisinaccessiblefromeitherinput．What"smore，intheclassframe，theroleof‘"teacher”iSspecifiedtobeateacherratherthanaclassmateintheblendedspace．Thesyntacticstructure“XistheYofZ’’isthemostuniversalpresentationforconstructinganykindofintegratednetwork(FauconnierandTurner2002：120)．3．5．2FtameNetworkInaccordancewithFauconnierandTurner(2002：122)，aframenetworkisconceptualintegrationnetworksinwhichallmentalspacesasconcerned(twoinputs，genericandblend)haveanorganizingframeincommon．Specificallyspeaking，aframenetworkisasupplierofsharedorganizingconnectionsforelementsinmentalspacesinvolved．TwospaceswitllthesameorganizingframeCanbeeasilyputintocorrespondencethroughcross-spacemappings．ItisbelievedthatChineseaudienceareveryfamiliarwiththecosmeticadvertisementslogan“美来自内心，美来自美宝莲”throughTVorothermedia,whosecorrespondingEnglishversionis“Maybeshe’Sbornwithit，maybeit’SMaybelline．’’Thispieceofadvertisementcanbeinterpretedwiththeframenetworkinwhichthetwoinputsare“美来自内心”and“美来自美宝莲”respectively．Thesharedorganizingframeis“somethingisfromsomeplace”andorganizingelementsininput1are“美、来自、内心”andininput2“美、来自、美宝莲．”Theseelementsmaptoeachother谢m美——美，来自——来自and内心——美宝莲andthenthemappedcounterpartsareprojectedintotheblendedspace．Aftertheprocessesofcomposition，completionandelaboration，theemergentstructure“美宝莲可以展现女性内在的与生俱来的美丽”comesintobeing．Thatistosay,妻室蕉as22 themostfamouscosmeticbrandinworld，canmakebeautyoutofwomen’Spersonalitiesandtheirconfidence．Suchsloganbetterachievecommercialeffectbytriggeringcustomerstobuysuchmagiccosmeticproductinordertomakethembeautifulinside．3．5．30ne．sidedNetworkInaone—sidednetwork，therearedifferentorganizingflamesintwoinputs，onlyoneofwhichcanbeprojectedtoblend．Andtherefore，theprojectedorganizingframetoblendisregardedasacontinuityofveryorganizingframefromoneofinputsratherthanfromother(FauconnierandTurner,2002：126)．AcaseinpointiSon．1inemetaphorswhichalemajorlydependentONawell-understoodframeinoneofinputs，namelythe“source”inputwhichoffersorganizingframeforblend，whileitistargetthatisfocusofunderstanding．Thereasonwhyinputiscalledsourceinputisthatprojectionhappeninginone—sidednetworksfrominputstoblendisnotsymmetricata11．Thatis，oneofinputsratherthanotherprovidesorganizingframeandthusframe—topology．Thesourceframeprojectslinguisticstructuresintoblend(e．g．vocabulary)aimingatevokingsourceframe．Thereisnodoubtthatthereareprojectionsbetweentargetinputandblendspaceandyetsuchprojectionsaleonlycarriedoutwithinelementsbelowflamelevel．Forexample．theexpression”MurdochknockedIacoccaout’’Canbeinterpretedasfollows：MurdochandIacoccaaretwobusinesscompetitors．Thephrase”knockedout”isatframelevelofboxingspace，i．e．sourceinput，while”Murdoch”and”Iacocca”arespecificlevelinbusinessspace．i．e．targetinput．Structuredon—lineandactively,theemergentstructureimpliesfiercecompetitioninbusinessworldwhichisjustlikephysicalcombats(FauconnierandTumer2002：126)．3．5．4T’’，O-SidedNetworkAtwo-sidednetworkisakindofconceptualintegrationnetworkwhoseinputsal"estructuredwithdissimilarandclashingorganizingflamesandblendhasanorganizingframeconstructedwithorganizingframesofbothinputs．Sometimes，theclashesmakemoreroomforimaginationratherthanholdbackconstructionofintegrationnetwork(FauconnierandTurner,2002：131)．Takeexpression“becaughtinone’sowntrap”asallexample．Therealetwoinputs，trapinputanddiscretionaryactionandmistakesinput．Thetrapinputimpliesdilemmabycreating’’someonecaughtinadeeptrapwhichisdugbyhimself"’scenarioandsecond inputconceivescausalityandintentionality．Whatthesetwospacesshareiscausalityandintentionality．Thetwoinputsselectivelyprojecttheirelementsintotheblendundertheconstraintsofthegenericspace．Thentheemergentstructurecomesintobeingwiththeemergentstructure“beingcaughtisunintentionalandorevenbringsoneclosertodeath”．Inresemblancewithmostnetworks，theblendedspaceinthisspecificnetworkdevelopsallemergentstructureofitsown、^，itllelementsfrombothinputsthroughcomposition，completionaswellaselaborationandendsup、析tharicherspecificframe．Theabovefourconceptualintegrationnetworksarenotuncorrelatedtooneanother．Bycontrary,theyarecomposingpartsofonecontinuumwithoneofitsextremebeinganextremelysimplenetworkinwhichtheemergentstructuresCannearlyobtainedbythecompositionofstructureswhiletheotherextremeisaprobablyprototypicalmetaphororacounterfactual(FauconnierandTurner,2002)．3．6RelevantStudiesonConceptualIntegrationTheoryTheconceptualintegrationtheoryhasgravitatedtomoreandmoreresearcherssinceitwasputforwardbyFauconnierandTurner．ResearcheslaunchedbydomesticscholarsonthistheoryCanbegeneralizedastheoreticalstudyandapplicationstudy．3．6．1TheoreticalStudiesontheConceptualIntegrationTheoryTheoreticalstudiesontheconceptualintegrationtheoryinvolveinfollowingaspects：theintroductionandexplanationofthetheoryitself,cognitiveinterpretationoffigureofspeech，particularlyofthemetaphorandanalysisofthelinguisticphenomena,wordsandtheirmeanings．Asforthefirstaspect，SuXiaojunandZhangAiling(2001)giveadetailedintroductionofthetheoryfromtheoreticalbackgroundandmotivation，mainconcepts，fiveoptimalityprinciplesandfourconceptualintegrationnetworks．FangHongmeiandYanShiqing(2004)elaboratethecognitivemotivationfortheconceptualintegration．LiuZhengguang(2002)andMengXia(2004)andLiFuyin(2006)makecertaininterpretations，commentsorquires．WangWenbin(2004)，WangZhengyuan(2007)，ZhanghuiandYangbo(2008)doacomprehensivecommentonthecurrentresearchesofconceptualintegrationathomeandabroad．Therearesomeotherscholarsengagedinmakingcomparativestudiesbetweenconceptualintegrationtheory(CIT)晰thotherlinguistictheories，especiallywiththeconceptualmetaphortheory(CMT)andtherelevancetheory(RT)．CMTisappliedtoillustrateconventionalmetaphorwhileCITconcentratesonon-lineconstructionof24 inputconceivescausalityandintentionality．Whatthesetwospacesshareiscausalityandintentionality．Thetwoinputsselectivelyprojecttheirelementsintotheblendundertheconstraintsofthegenericspace．Thentheemergentstructurecomesintobeingwiththeemergentstructure“beingcaughtisunintentionalandorevenbringsoneclosertodeath”．Inresemblancewithmostnetworks，theblendedspaceinthisspecificnetworkdevelopsallemergentstructureofitsown、^，itllelementsfrombothinputsthroughcomposition，completionaswellaselaborationandendsup、析tharicherspecificframe．Theabovefourconceptualintegrationnetworksarenotuncorrelatedtooneanother．Bycontrary,theyarecomposingpartsofonecontinuumwithoneofitsextremebeinganextremelysimplenetworkinwhichtheemergentstructuresCannearlyobtainedbythecompositionofstructureswhiletheotherextremeisaprobablyprototypicalmetaphororacounterfactual(FauconnierandTurner,2002)．3．6RelevantStudiesonConceptualIntegrationTheoryTheconceptualintegrationtheoryhasgravitatedtomoreandmoreresearcherssinceitwasputforwardbyFauconnierandTurner．ResearcheslaunchedbydomesticscholarsonthistheoryCanbegeneralizedastheoreticalstudyandapplicationstudy．3．6．1TheoreticalStudiesontheConceptualIntegrationTheoryTheoreticalstudiesontheconceptualintegrationtheoryinvolveinfollowingaspects：theintroductionandexplanationofthetheoryitself,cognitiveinterpretationoffigureofspeech，particularlyofthemetaphorandanalysisofthelinguisticphenomena,wordsandtheirmeanings．Asforthefirstaspect，SuXiaojunandZhangAiling(2001)giveadetailedintroductionofthetheoryfromtheoreticalbackgroundandmotivation，mainconcepts，fiveoptimalityprinciplesandfourconceptualintegrationnetworks．FangHongmeiandYanShiqing(2004)elaboratethecognitivemotivationfortheconceptualintegration．LiuZhengguang(2002)andMengXia(2004)andLiFuyin(2006)makecertaininterpretations，commentsorquires．WangWenbin(2004)，WangZhengyuan(2007)，ZhanghuiandYangbo(2008)doacomprehensivecommentonthecurrentresearchesofconceptualintegrationathomeandabroad．Therearesomeotherscholarsengagedinmakingcomparativestudiesbetweenconceptualintegrationtheory(CIT)晰thotherlinguistictheories，especiallywiththeconceptualmetaphortheory(CMT)andtherelevancetheory(RT)．CMTisappliedtoillustrateconventionalmetaphorwhileCITconcentratesonon-lineconstructionof24 metaphoricmeaning．CITisthesupplementanddevelopmentofCMT．Basedonsimilarlanguagephilosophy,CITandRTCancomplementeachother．Tobespecific，RTneedstointroducetheanalyticalmeasuresofCIT，andCITneedsRTtoexplainaddressees’pragmaticinferencesinconstructingtheemergentstructureintheblendingspace(JiangYong，2001，2003)．Thesecondaspectiscognitiveinterpretationoffigureofspeech．TheCITisendowedwitllmightyexplanatorypowerformentalcreationsofvariedfigureofspeech．whichhasbeenmainlydiscussedbydomesticscholarsonmetaphor,especiallymeaningconstructionofmetaphoranditsreasoningmechanism．ProfessorWangWenbin(2007)fromNingboUniversitymakesaprominentcontributiontotheseaspects．Hecreativelyproposesthatinterpretingprocessofthemetaphoricalmeaningisacontinuousself-negotiatingprocessthroughexplicatingcharacteristicsofaddressersandaddresseesbasedontheCIZwhichisastrongdriveforthemetaphortheory．Afterwards，undertheguidanceofconceptualintegrationtheory,manyresearchesconcerningfiguresofspeechcomeaRerthecognitivestudyonmetaphor,likemetonymy,transferredepithetandparody,etc．DomesticresearchesongrammaticalphenomenaandwordsaswellastheirmeaningsfromtheperspectiveofCITarefarfrommaturity,mainlyinvolvingincognitiveconstructionofgrammaticalandlexicalmeaning．Inthewayofgrammar,Shangxin(2008)representativelyinquiriesintomeaningcreationofEnglishperfectprogressivestructureandcomesaconclusionthatthecollocationconcurrenceofEnglishperfecttenseandprogressivetenseisforsatisfyingtherequirementofconveyingcomplicatedconcepts．Asforwords，researchesathomearemainlyoncognitiveformationprocessoflexicalcollocationsandmeanings，likeconceptualintegrationanalysisofadjective—nounandverb—adverbcombination，attemptingtomechanism-basedaccountformeaningformationbehindlinguisticexpressionsthroughstudiesonconceptualintegrationmechanismhiddeninlexicalcollocations．3．6．2ApplicationStudiesonConceptualIntegrationTheoryConceptualintegrationtheoryhasawideapplicationinvariousfields，likediscourseanalysis，secondlanguageacquisitionaswellastranslatingpracticeoreveninelucidatingspecialChineselinguisticphenomena．TheauthorwillbrieflyintroduceitsapplicationtOotherstudyfields，andgivemuchmoreattentiontotranslatingpractice．a．ApplicationofCITtoOtherStudyFieldsSongSuling(2000)arguesthatblendedconceptsintextshavedouble25 meaningofontologyandvehicle．Specificallyspeaking，blendedconceptscanbothcorrelatethemeamngfromtheontologywithotherconceptswithintheontologya11dcollnectprojectedfromthevehiclewithotherconceptswithinthevehicletof．onndiscourseinterrelation·Inaddition，CITisappliedtovariouskindsoftexts，suchaspoetry,adVertisement，lectures，literaryworks，humorousutterance，moviescriptsandintc：metlanguage．Domesticscholarshavemadein-depthstudiesonimagesinChinesepoetrytoproveafactthatconceptualintegrationisanuniversalcognitiveactivitywithgreatex硝anatorypowerforChineseclassicpoetry．Besides，somescholarsbringthetheoryinto如IIplaytoanalyzeintertextualityinChinesepoetryandlaunchdiscussionsonlinguisticphenomen氐likeChineseXHY,commonsaying，riddle，andantithesis．毗mgShunling(2009)holdsthatCITenablestudentstocultivatetheabilitytounderstandmetaphoriclanguage，whichisofactiveguidingsignificancetoteachingpracticeofcollegeEnglish，especiallyforteachingwords，idiomsanddiscourses．WenWeili(2010)appliesCITtointer-languagestudyandarguesthatthelinter-languageresuItsfromthecomposition，completionandelaborationoflearners’initiativeofcognitivepsychologicalprocessundertheCO·influenceofnativelanguagesystemandtargetlanguagesystem．CaoYuan(2004)doesatentativestudyonconstructioninreadingf如mtheperspectiveofCITwithmuchemphasisplacedonthecognitiveandpsychologicalprocessinreadingprocessandaconclusioncomesintobeingthatconstructionbyreaderSderivesfromtheirconstantestablishmentandintegrationofmentalspaces．b·ApplicationofCITtoTranslatingPracticeConceptualintegrationis，ormoreprecisely,arguedtobeworkableinavarietvofcognitionandaction·Beingaconcreteemploymentof1aJlguageandawayt0co蚴Ⅵ11cation，translationnaturallytouchesuponhumancognition．makingitpossibletoapplyconceptualintegrationtheorytotranslationstudies．TheapplicationoftheneMorkmodelofconceptualintegrationtheorytothetranslationalfieldshasbeena_ttractiveforscnolarS，expertsandresearchersinrecentyears．Someamendedcognitivetranslationroodelsbysomeotherscholarswillbefirstintroducedinthefollowingpart．AsfortheapplicationofCITtotranslation，Mandelbluit(1997)，Fauconnier，sgraduate，Wasthefirstpersonwhogavehisattentiontosuchstudyinhisdoctoraldissercation．Hethinkstranslationinvolvestwoblendingoperations．Theoneisaconseiousoperationinwhlchsourcesentencesarede-integratedorunpackedintotheirconceptualandlinguisticmputstructuresthatarere-blendedwithtargetlanguage’Sgrammaticalstmctures1’ntheother’‘ operationtagged“re—blending”．Domestically,WangBin(2001)wasthefirstscholarwhocarriesoutsuchstudy．HepublishedConceptualandTranslationinwhichtheauthorlistssomedisadvantagesofthetraditionalmetaphoricconceptsoftranslationandputstranslationinthecomprehensivenetworkofconceptualintegration．HedrewouthisownconceptualintegrationnetworkmodelintranslationpracticebyrenamingtheinputspacesoftheoriginalmodelasST(sourcetext)andTS(targetschema)，GS(geneticspaceorgeneticschemata)andtheblendasBTT(blendtextoftranslation)．Inaddition，therelationamongthesespaceswasshownasbelow：Brr=(ST+TS)／GS(WangBin，2001：19)TheaboveformulaCanheelaboratedthatthetranslationtextiStheblendedtextwhichcomesfromprojectionandintegrationbetweenST(thesourcetext)togetherwithitsculturalandcognitivepsychologicalschemataandTT(thetargettext)along、析tllitsculturalandcognitivepsychologicalschemataundertheconstraintsofthegeneticschemata．InthebookTranslationandConceptualIntegrationbyWangBinin2004，hearguedthattranslationisthefruitoftwoseparateblendingoperationswithonehappeninginthesourcelanguagewhiletheotherinthetargetlanguage．Andhesuppliedthefollowingfigure．SourceLanguageInmgratingComtruetionCommunicatedEventTargetLanguageIntegratingConstructionCommunicatedEventS下Blend下rBlendFigure2：ConceptualIntegrationNetworkModelbyWangBin(2004)Theopinionthatthetranslationprocessiscomposedoftwoblendshasbeeninanagreementamongscholars，whereasmeanwhiletherearetwopointsmissingthismodel．The27 firstisthatthegenericspaceismissing，whichiscontroversialtohisformerstatementthatthegenericspacefunctionsasthesupervisoroftheinteractionsbetweenthetwoinputspaces．Disappointedly,twogenericspacesarepaidnonoticetointheabovemodel．Thesecondoneistheabsenceofthetranslator．IthasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedthatCITstudiesontheon-linecognitiveactivitieswhichareconductedbyhumanbeings．WhenthepowerfultheoryisappliedtOtranslationfield，thetranslatorisundoubtedlytobetheveryperformer．Thatistosay,theroleofatranslatorisindispensibleintheprocessofconceptualintegrationintranslationactivities．Nevertheless，whatthewritershowspeoplearetwoblendingprocesseswithgreatstressongrammarandgivesaverysimpledescriptiontothetranslatingprocessjustwimanarrowtagged‘translation’，thenwhowillcarryoutsuchtranslationactivityisnotansweredata11．SunYa(2001)wroteTheCognitiveConnectionsinTranslationandpresentshisconceptualintegrationmodeloftranslation．SeeFigure3：GenericspaceTranslationspaceCFigure3：NetworkModelofConceptualIntegrationbySunYa(2001)DifferentfromWangBin’Scognitivemodeloftranslationillustratedabove，SunYatookthetranslatorintoconsideration，makingcomplementtotheformermodel．Inthesourcetextspaceandthetranslatorspace，thelettera，b，canda’，b’，dareemployedtorepresentcounterpartsintranslationexampleforconvenience．ItisnothardtoseethatSunYarenamedtheinputspaces，besideswhichsomedotsexistingintheoriginalmodelareignoredintheabovemodel，suchasthesingleblackdotsineachindividualinputspaceaswellastheseparatewhitedotsintheblendedspace．In2006，thepaperOnMeaning-drivenTranslation：anintegratedapproachbasedon2R cognitivelinguisticsbyZhangYihuadisplaysatranslationmodelwhichresemblestheoneproposedbySunYaexceptforanaddingofanarrowinthemappingbetweenthesetwoinputspaces：T"ranslm1012spaccFigure4：NetworkModelofConceptualIntegrationbyZhangYihua(2006：140)Asfarasthenamingofthesefourspacesisconcemed，Zhang，differentiatingfromSunYa’S，labeledthegeneticspaceastheconceptualstructurespace，thetwoinputspacessourcelanguagespaceandtargetlanguagespacerespectively．Asforthecross—mappingconductedbetweentheinputspaces，anarrowwithassociationoftranslatorwasadded，beyondwhichtherestofthefigurearenearlyidenticalwiththatofSun’S．In2007，thethesisOnCognitiveExplanatoryPowerofConceptualIntegrationTheory力，．TranslationPracticeThroughAdvertisingTranslationwrittenbyYingWeiputforwardanothertranslationmodelthatalmostmaintainseveryelementandrelationshipintheoriginalCITmodel．Suchmodelisalladjustmentoftheantecedentonesandmakesitsembodimentspecifiedintranslationpractice．ThismodeliSpicturedasfollows： STranslmionspace口n麓“lrcspaceFigure5：NetworkModelofConceptualIntegrationinTranslationbyYingWei(2007)Comparedwithallthepreviouscognitivetranslationmodelsfromtheblendingpointofview,thesuperiorityofthismodelliesintheeverykeptelementandrelationshipoftheoriginalnetworkmodel．TheseelementsandrelationshipsaretheverykeypointswhichCanbetterrevealtheessenceoftranslation．ItcanbeseenthatthisfigureomitsthearrowlikeinSun’Smodel，whichisexplainedbytheYingWeithatconceptualintegrationitselfisevidentlyacognitiveprocess．Therefore，thereisofnonecessitytoillustrateinthefigure．Thementaloperationsoractivitiescarryonateverystepofmeaningconstructionnotjustintheprocessofcross—spacemapping．Basedonthat，thismodeltakesnonoticeofthesuperfluousarrow．OnthegroundofthepreviousstudiescarriedoutbyotherscholarsandexpertsinthefieldofconceptualintegrationitselfanditsapplicationsaswellasthestudieslaunchedaboutChineseXHY,inthispaper,theauthormakesendeavorstodigoutthecognitiveprocesseswhicharegoingonwhentranslatingChineseXHY．Thatistosay,theauthoraimsatsupplyingacognitiveexplanationtoChineseXHYtranslationtofurtherpromotethestudyoftranslatingChineseXHYandmakeduecontributiontointer-culturalcommunications．30 ChapterFourAnalysisofConceptualIntegrationinChineseXHYTranslationAswhathasbeenillustratedabove，conceptualintegrationtheoryisusedtoanalyzethecognitiveprocessbehindthelinguisticornon—linguisticphenomena．TheChineseXHYisaspeciallanguageartanditstranslationisconsideredtosavetimeandenergy,becausetheimpliedmeaningofthefirstconstituteisexplicitizedbythesecondone．Therefore，itwaspreviouslythoughttobeunnecessarytocarryouttheconceptualintegrationanalysisofChineseXHY．Onthecontrary,theintendedmeaningisexplicitizedtheconceptuallyintegratingdefaultvaluesofChineseXHYs．ItiStheexplorationofdefaultvaluesthatmakesChineseXHYsbetterinterpreted．ThischapterwillfirstlyintroducethenetworkmodelofconceptualintegrationinChineseXHYtranslationandthenapplydifferentnetworkstoChineseXHYtranslation．4．1NetworkModelofConceptualIntegrationinChineseXHYTranslationAlltheabove-mentionedconceptualintegrationnetworkmodelsinThreehavecontributedalottothestudiesonthecognitiveprocessoftranslationundertheguidanceofconceptualintegrationtheory．Inviewofadvantagesanddisadvantagesbominthesecognitivetranslationmodels，thisthesiswillstudytheconceptualintegrationinChineseXHYtranslationwitllanimprovednetworkmodelwithreferencetonetworkmodelsoftranslationproposedbyZhangYihua(2006)andYingwei(2007)respectively．Thenewmodelispicturedasfollows： SPeople’sgen砸cwaysofthinkingspace"Translationspace,ospaceoFigure6：NetworkModelofConceptualIntegrationinChineseXHYTranslation(BasedonZhangYihua2006&YingWei2007)Therearefourmentalspacesintheabovefigure，i．e．sourcelanguagespace，translator’Sknowledgestructurespace，people’SgeneticwaysofthinkingspaceandthetranslationspacewithreferencetoYingwei’Smodel．Andtheconceptualstructureofthesourcelanguagefunctionsasthebridgeofthesetwoinputsandisconveyedthroughthetranslator’Scognitiveassociation．ThischapterwillfirstlyintroducethesefourmentalspacesintheabovemodelandthenappliesdifferentnetworkstoChineseXHYtranslationpractice．4．1．1InputSpacesinChineseXHYTranslationAsFigure6shows，thetwoinputspacesintheoriginalconceptualintegrationnetworkmodelhavebeenrenamedassourcelanguagespaceandtranslator’Sknowledgestructurespacerespectively．Thesourcelanguagespaceandthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespacearetwoinputspacesinwhicha’anda”，aswellasb’andC’aretwosetsofcounterpartslinkedtogetherthroughthecross—mappingwiththehelpofthecognitiveassociationofthe32 SPeople’sgen砸cwaysofthinkingspace"Translationspace,ospaceoFigure6：NetworkModelofConceptualIntegrationinChineseXHYTranslation(BasedonZhangYihua2006&YingWei2007)Therearefourmentalspacesintheabovefigure，i．e．sourcelanguagespace，translator’Sknowledgestructurespace，people’SgeneticwaysofthinkingspaceandthetranslationspacewithreferencetoYingwei’Smodel．Andtheconceptualstructureofthesourcelanguagefunctionsasthebridgeofthesetwoinputsandisconveyedthroughthetranslator’Scognitiveassociation．ThischapterwillfirstlyintroducethesefourmentalspacesintheabovemodelandthenappliesdifferentnetworkstoChineseXHYtranslationpractice．4．1．1InputSpacesinChineseXHYTranslationAsFigure6shows，thetwoinputspacesintheoriginalconceptualintegrationnetworkmodelhavebeenrenamedassourcelanguagespaceandtranslator’Sknowledgestructurespacerespectively．Thesourcelanguagespaceandthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespacearetwoinputspacesinwhicha’anda”，aswellasb’andC’aretwosetsofcounterpartslinkedtogetherthroughthecross—mappingwiththehelpofthecognitiveassociationofthe32 translator．Andd’andf’areexclusivetothefirstinputande’andg’tothesecondinputlikewise．Thesolidlineslinkingthetwoinputspacesareindicatorsofcross·spacemapping，matchingactivitybetweengiveninformationinthesourcelanguagespaceandthetranslator’SvastbackgroundinformationrelevanttoChineseXHYsinthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace．AsforChineseXHYtranslation，whatarcinthesecondinputaresupposedtobe出eculturalbackgroundsofeachXHYtheintendedmeaning，theculturaldifferencescarriedbythesameimage，thetranslator’Sownpersonalpreferenceandlifeexperience，etc．a．SourceLanguageSpaceinChineseXHYTranslationAsforthetwoinputs．theinputontheleftWasoncenamedas“sourcetextspace’’whiletheauthorofthisthesisprefers“sourcelanguagespace”．Thereasonisthatasforatranslationobject，thesourcetextismuchnarrowerthansourcelanguage．Infact，“thesourcelanguage”isnotpurelyagrammaticalrepresentation晰mwordsbutcoversthesourcetextitselfaswellasotherfactors，likesourcelanguageculture，conceptualstructureofthecommunicatedevent，grammaticalstructureandthecognitiverealityoftheoriginalauthor．Inotherwords，thesourcelanguagespaceisallintegratedresultofalltheabovefactors，whichisjustinconformitytotheintegrationprinciple．Itissafetosaythesourcelanguagespaceisablendedspaceinitselfwhichalsohasfourspaces，twoinputspaces，agenericspaceandtheblendedspace．Andduringsuchintegration，theauthor’Scognitiveabilityrecruitshisorherlanguagecompetence，cognitivecontext，communicativeintentionorevenpersonalpreference．Forexample，风姐道：‘‘我那里照管得这些事!见识又浅，口角又笨，心肠又直率!厶塞给仝挂缝!毯蓝丛往：钍：：：：：：：：《红楼梦》(第十六回)a．“···”，she(Xifeng)sighed，‘‘Ianltooignorant，bluntandtactless，alwaysgetting．holdofthewrongendofthestick．---"(translatedbyYangXianyi)b．“···”，saidXifeng．‘‘Ihaven’tgottheknowledge，···——alwaysinclinedto：地．aramrodofaneedle,"．astheysay’··．’’(translatedbyHawkes)Theoriginalexpressioniscomposedofahomophonicpun，“针”and“真”．Cognitivestudiesshowthatbehindthispunexistdoubleintegrations．Thefirstintegrationiscarriedoutbetween“棒槌”and“针”inputspaces．Elementsin“棒槌”inputare“clumsy,wooden，usedforwashingclothes”，whilein“针”inputare“small，metal，usedforsewingclothes”．Elementsfromthesetwoinputsmatchwithoneanother：clumsywithsmall，woodenwithmetalandwashingclotheswithsewingclothes．Andsimilaritiesinappearancesharedby“棒33 槌”and“针”constitutethegenericspace，asapre-conditionforconceptualintegrationandthentheemergentstructurecomesintobeing：“棒槌”and“针”aredifferentfromeachotherinlengthandfunctions，therefore，taking“棒槌”as“针”isinfactmistakingonethingasanotherone．Thesecondintegrationisbetween“针”inputand“Zh6n”input．Asforthe“针”input，itselementsareidentical谢ththoseinthefirstintegration，while“Zh6n”inputiscomposedofnumerousChinesecharactersofsimilarpronunciation，suchas“真、珍、侦”andSOon．Chineseisatonelanguage，witllthehighorleveltone”-”，theRisingTone”q’，thefalling—and—risingtone’’。”andthefallingtone”、”．Therearecountlesscharactersofatypeoftone．Andbasedontheemergentstructureofthefirstintegration，‘真’standsoutandanewemergentstructure‘makeamistake’comesintobeingthroughprocessesofcomposition，completionandelaborationinconceptualintegration．InthecourseofcreatingsuchXHYincommunicationcontext，addressersalsoexperienceaseriesofmentalactivitiesinabidtodeterminewhatkindofexpressionCanfullyconveyhisfeelingsatthattime．Therefore，ChineseXHYsusedinactualcontextsareimpromptuconceptuallyintegratedresultsastheconversationorcommunicationgraduallyunfoldstocreatecertaincontextualeffects，likeeuphemism，humor,sarcasm，etc．b．Translator’SKnowledgeStructureSpaceinChineseXHYTranslationInput2Wasonceclaimedtobethetranslationtextbysomescholars，whichisapparentlyirrational．ItCanbeexplicatedthattheemergentstructureistheveryintegratedoutcomeintheblendedspaceratherthanintheotherspacesoftheconceptualintegrationnetwork，whiletheemergentstructureistheverytranslationtextinthecourseoftranslation．Whatifthetranslationtextispresentinthesecondinput?Then，whatistheintegratedresultoftheintegratednetworkactually?Thisthesistakestheroleoftranslatorintoaccountandpaysgreatemphasisontranslator’SagencyinthecourseofChineseXHYtranslation，whichgivesbirthtotheemergenceoftranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace．Input2intheoriginalconceptualintegrationnetworkhasbeenrelabeledastranslators’spacebyotherscholarsworkingoncombiningtranslationwithconceptualintegration．HoweveLdifferentiatingfromthepreviousnaming，translatorknowledgestructurespacenarrowstherange．Theword“knowledge’’isabroadsensewhichcoversalltheinfluencingfactorsconcerningthetranslationresult，includingtranslators’preference，personaltastes，attitudesandjudgmenttowardsthingsaround，educationalbackground，practiceabilityandcognitiveabilityandSOon．Allthetranslators’associationstriggeredbythesourcelanguagearesuhjectedtotheelementswithinthissecondinputspace．IntheCOurSeoftranslation，34 differenttranslatorsselectdivergentcomponentsfromtranslators’knowledgestructurespaceasmatchingoneswiththoseofsourcelanguagespace，ortheymayadoptwaysofmatchingeventhesamecomponentsamongthetwoinputsinaccordancewitlltheirownpreferences．AllthesewillleadtOdissimilartranslationsfromthesameoriginalexpression．JustasLvJunandHouXiangqun(2001)explainsthattheoriginalexpressionisjustablankschematicstructurefullofuncertaintywhoseintendedmeaningCanbefilledandconfirmedbypeople’Sunderstandings．Asthesayinggoes，therearehundredsofHamletsinthemindsofhundredsofreaderswhentheyarereadingShakespeare’SfamousworksHamlet．Thetranslatorisfreefromtheoriginalexpressionandhasabundantroomtobringhiscreativityintoafullplaytogetaconceptuallyequivalentversiontotheoriginalone．Aspreviouslyintroduced，theSOurCelanguagespaceisanintegratedresultandthenthetoptaskforatranslatoristode—integrateorunpackthesourcelanguageintoitscomponents，whichistheessenceofunpackingprincipleproposedbyFauconnierandTurner(1998)‘"theblendisrequiredtomakeaddresseestounpacktheblendtoreconstructinputs，genericspace，cross—spacemapping，thenetworkofconnectionsamongallthesespaces”．What"smore，thetranslatorwillconductadverseprocessofconstructingthesourcetextbytheauthorduringthecourseoftranslation．Assoonasthetranslatorembarksontranslatingtheoriginaltext，hewillre-constructthetextaccordingtohiscomprehensionoftheoriginaltextandformimageschematainhismindandthencombinethemwithtargetgrammaticalstructure．AfterhavingathoroughinterpretationoftheXHYexpression，thetranslatorwillactivatehiscognitiveassociationtore—picturetheXHYbyuseofgrammaticalorlexicalstructures．ItwillbefortunateforatranslatoriftheXHYhasitscounterpartgrammaticallyandculturally,whileconversely,thetranslatorwillgivehiscreativityafullplayinordertodisplaythespiritorconceptualstructurebehindthesourceexpression．Suchasintheexample“人家给个棒槌，我就认作‘针”(CaoXueqin，TheDreamofRedMansions)，“棒槌”isauniqueinstrumentinChinabywhichpeopleCanwashtheirclothes，whileitisexoticforEnglish—speakers．Encounteredwithsuchdifference，YangXianyidomesticatesitas‘‘alwaysgettingholdofthewrongendofthestick．··‘，’’especially，thewordwrongdisplaystherealintendedmeaningoftheChineseXHY“人家给个棒槌，我就认作‘针⋯．andHawkesliterallyrendersitas‘takearamrodofaneedle．’Differenttranslationversionsresultfromtranslationintentionsofthetranslator．Kissinger,theformerU．S．SecretaryofState，oncestatedthateastemersare“seekingsimilaritiesfromdifferences’’andwesternersare”findingdifferencesfromsimilarities”．ThestatementCanbeunderstoodas1S thatasaChinesetranslator,theYangsareinfavorofseekingsimilarresponsesbetweenreadersfrombothChinaandwesterncountries，whichfitsintheideasproposedbyNida(1981)thattranslatingrestswithre—creatingtheclosestnaturalequivalentbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage，firstinmeaningandsecondinstyle．ThatmaybeusedtoexplainwhytheYangschoosethedomesticationmethodtotranslatesuchXHY．IntermsofChineseXHYs，implicitnessmakestheirconnotativemeaning，emotivemeaningandassociativemeaningmoresignificant．Inessence，itisfor‘‘similarity”thattheChineseandEnglishlanguagescanbeinter-transformed、)~，itlleachotherandfor“difference”thattranslationtechniquesCanbeused(ZhangXiaojuan&LiuHongquan，2008)．4．1．2People’SGenericWaysofThinkingSpaceinChineseXHYTranslationThereasonwhytheoriginalgenericspaceisrelabeledaspeople’Sgenericwayofthinkingisthesharedabstractmentalperceptionamonghumanbeingsmakestheircommunicationsandactivitiespossible．Thesameobjectiveworldinwhichtheyhavebeenlivingprovidesthemthesimilarresponseandthenpromotesthemtoshapesimilarthinkingfoundation．Thatistosay,peoplewithdifferentbackgroundsandlanguagesareindeedsupposedtoexpresssimilaropinionsorideastowardsthesingleworld．Additionally,thewaysinwhichhumanracehaveevolvedanddevelopeddefinepeople’Sthinkingabilitiesandregulations(XiaoHui，2001：35)．Thatisalsothefactmakestranslationactivitypossible．Thispointisalsosupportivetothelong—lasteddisputeoverthetranslatabilityintranslationfield．Itisjustbecausethesharedgenericwaysofthinkingpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsareenabledtocommunicatewithoneanotherdespitesomeexceptions．Asfarastranslationstrategiesareconcemed，whatissharedbythetwoinputspacesisprojectedintotherenamedgenericspace—people’Sgenericwayofthinking，whichcontributestotheliteraltranslation．InviewoftheotherstudiesonChineseXHYtranslation，apartfromtheonesfromblendingpointofview,literaltranslationisusuallyadopted．Commonthingsshardbyhumanbeingslikeintellectualcapacityandexperience，providesaprooftothefacttherearecorrespondingcounterpartsinthetargetculturefororiginalexpressions．Iftwoexpressionsareculturallyandpragmaticallymatchingwitheachother,literaltranslationCanhelptoachieveanoptimalmatching．TheliteraltranslationisemployedunderthecircumstancetheXHYhascomparativelylittleconnectionwithChinesecultureandhardlyrequestsanycognitiveeffortinunderstandingthem．BothChinesepeopleandwesternershavethesamecognitiontowardsthesameexpression．Forexample：36 骆驼穿针眼——根本不可能Acamelcrossingtheeyeofaneedle-一“isimpossible．’瞎子点灯——白费蜡Itisasuselessasablindmaillightingacandle．Inthefirstexample，“骆驼”and“针眼”aresharedimagesforChineseandEnglishspeakersorevenpeopleallovertheworld．“骆驼”isSObiginsizeand“针眼”isSOsmall．Therefore，theintendedmeaning‘根本不可能’Canbeeasilyunderstoodandinferredbvforeignersfortheircommonrecognitionofthenaturalworld．Andasforthesecondexampie瞎子点灯——自费蜡，itisknowntoallthatblindpeoplearedeprivedoftherighttoseelight．Therefore，candleorlightisuselessforthem．Whentheexpressionissharedbytwoculturesliketheseabovetwoinstances，framenetworkisusuallyemployedintranslatingChineseXHYs．Suchcaseswillbeelaboratedinsection4．2．2．4．1．3TranslationSpaceinChineseXHYTranslationAsismentionedabove，thesourcelanguagemessageisthestartingpointofthetranslationactivityandthetranslationtextiscorrespondinglythefinishingpoint．Moreoftenthannot，onesourcelanguageexpressionCallpossiblyhaveavarietyofcorrespondingtranslatedversionsresultingfromtheultimateblendingintargetlanguage．Forinstance，猫哭耗子——假慈悲a．Thecatweepsovertherat——_pretendedmercyb．ShedcrocodiletearsC．Acatcryingoveramouse’Smisfortunate-一shammercyTheimpliedmeaningofthisexampleis‘‘thosewhoareruthlessinsidebutputonashowofbenevolence”．ThesethreetranslationscomeintobeingdependingOildifferentpurposesofthetranslatortochoosewhichelementinthetwoinputspacesisprojectedintotheblend．“猫”and“耗子”aswellas“cat’’and“mouseorrat’’areiustdifferentlinguisticsignsbutexpressthesamethingstowhicheitherChinesepeopleorwesternpeopleareendowedwiththesamecognition．AndwhenfacedwithsuchChineseXHYs，atranslatorcallinstantlvfindoutcorrespondingwordsandexpressionsinthereceptorlanguage．Undersuchcircumstance，thefirsttranslationwillbebom，accompanyingthecross．mappingbetweenthetwoinputsandprojectionofthematchedcomponentstothetranslationspace．Thesecondversionisfromthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace．Thetranslatorhaveaclear37 knowledgeaboutthefactthatthisXHYcanbeliterallytransmittedintothereceptorlanguagewithoutanyhindrance，butheCanpossiblychoose‘‘shedcrocodiletears’’groundedonhiscognitivecontextorrelevantinformationaboutEnglishidioms．Andadditionally,“shedcrocodiletears”isveryfamiliartoChinesepeopleaswell．Thethirdtranslatedversionresultsfromtwoinputs，thenaturalenemyframe“猫and耗子”oftheinput1andthestructure“misfortune”fromtheinput2．SuchconditionsarealsotrueofotherChineseXHY．Suchas-山中无老虎——猴子称大王a．Inthecountryoftheblind，theone-eyedmanisthekingb．Vc"henthecat’Saway,themicewillplayC．Whenthetigerisawayfromthemountain，themonkeycallshimselfthekingAsFigure6shows，thedot“b’’inthegenericspacerepresentssimilaritiessharedbytheelementsb’andC’intwoseparateinputspaces，butwhenitprojectsintothetranslationspace，b’andC’arenotfusedwitheachother,leavingBandCintheblendseparately．SuchphenomenacanbeappliedtointerprettheborrowedtranslationstrategyemployedinChineseXHYtranslation．InEnglish，thereissuchanexpression“Inthecountryoftheblind，theone．eyedmanisking”．SomepeopleliterallytranslateitintoChineseas盲人之邦，独眼为王。Actually，itCanbetakenasthecounterpartoftheChineseXHY老猫不在家——老鼠上房壬／k(whenthecatisaway,themicewillplay)or山中无老虎——猴子称大三E(whenthetigerisawayfromthemountain，themonkeycallshimselftheking)．Somepeoplearguethattheirimpliedmeaningortheconceptualstructureofthecommunicatedeventisnearlythesalllebuttakenonoticeoftheculturalconnotations．IntheeyesofEnglish-speakers，lionistherealkingintheanimalkingdomotherthantiger,whilemonkeyinforeigners’eyesarenotascleverasthatinChinesepeople’Seyes，either．Onsuchoccasions，thetranslatorissupposedtoundertaketheresponsibilitytodigoutthepossibilitiesofcarryingoutcorrespondingmappings．Withrespecttosuchculturalorlinguisticdifferentiationsintranslationactivities，therehasbeenastormofworksorpapersdiscussingaboutwhichtranslationstrategyispreferential，domesticationorforeignization．Whichoneisactuallyappropriateindealingwithsuchculturalexpressions?OrwhichoneisthepropercounterpartfortheChineseXHY“山中无老虎——猴子称大王"?AsamaReroffact，nomatterwhichoneisselected，thethreetranslatedversionsareallintegratedresultsbythetranslatorthroughhisoverallconsiderations．Thereisnodefinitestandardtodeterminewhichoneisthebest，becauseeachonehastheirowngoodreasontobeexistentinanactualcontext．38 Conceptualmetaphortheorytakesforeignizationanddomesticationantagonistictoeachother．However,theyaretwoendsofthecognitivecontinuumintranslationaccordingtotheconceptualintegrationtheory,bothofwhichistheveryprocessofcombination，completionandelaboration．Theyarecognitivelyequaltoeachotherasaresultoftheinevitablewaysofthinkingfromdifferentconceptualintegrationnetworks．Betweenthesetwoendsexistothertranslationstrategiesthatareofequalimportanceandmakethedynamicprocessoftranslationmorecleartoobserve．ItiSstatedthatthereiSnofixedtranslationmethod．Thereisnoabsolutestandardforevaluatingtranslatedworkbutonlyappropriateness(Hale&Campell，2002：21)．Fromtheauthor’Spointofview,eachofthesetranslatedversionsisofcertainsignificanceonaccountthattheyareallintegratedresultthroughcross—spacemappings，selectiveprojections，processesofcomposition，completionaswellaselaborationwiththeassistanceofthetranslator’Sagency．4．1．4Translator’sAgencyinChineseXHYTranslationPriortointroducingtranslator’Sagency，itisnecessarytoillustratewhattheagencyis．Agencyreferstothecapacityownedbypeopletomakerealandethnicalchoicesinaccordancewithpeople’Swillforthethingstheyareresponsible(WangBin，2004：92)．Toputitplainly,agencycanbetakenastheagent’Sconsciousnessorsubjectivityinvolvedinhisthinkingandaction．Andtheagencyintranslationfieldmeansthetranslator’Scapabilitytomakerealchoicesintranslatingthesourcelanguagewiththeassistanceofhisorherowncognitivecontext，concretepragmaticconsideration，thoughtpaRem，socialfashion，workingpurpose，personalstyles，etc(HuAihua，2004)．111etranslator’SagencyCanalsobeexplainedasfollows．Tllesourcelanguagespaceistheintegratedcomplexwhichimplicitizessomepiecesofmessage。Tofallinwiththeconstructionsandblendingconventionsofthetargetexpression，thetranslatorisobligedtoexplicitizetheinformationbyaddingsomeadditionalinformationthroughoutthewholetranslationprocess．Thetranslator,asthenegotiatorofthesourceexpressionandthetargetexpression，playsanindispensiblepartinthetranslatingactivities．BeforeinterpretingtheXHYthetranslatorpre—understandsorunpacksitintoitscertainknowledgestructures，culturalbackground，aswellastheauthor’Slifeandsocialexperience．AndthenasthefirstreaderoftheXHY，thetranslatorcarriesoutthewebprincipletolinkallmentalspacestogetherasawebandunpackingprincipletodisintegratetheXHYundertheguidanceoftheoptimalprinciplesoftheconceptualblendingtheory．Afterwards，heplaystheroleofthesecondwritertorendertheXHYintoitscorrespondingexpression，whichfitsintothe39 integrationprinciple．InFigure6，anothertwosingleblackdotsf’andg’aretakenasdistinctiveelementsofeachinput．Theyusuallycomefromdifferentlanguagesandcultures，whichcanaccountforpartialprojectionandsimilaritiesabsentfromthegeneticspace．Thereasonwhytheyarenotprojectedintotheblendisthatthetranslatorintentionallydiscardssomeuntranslatableexpressionsthatareofnoimportanceata11．Insuchcases，partialtranslations仃ategyisutilizedbythetranslatorsinChineseXHYtranslationinhandlingsomeChineseXHYswithprofoundChineseculturesliketheculture—typeChineseXHYs．Andadditionally,d’ande’inthesetwoinputspacesareprojectedintotheblendasDandErespectively．InChineseXHYtranslation，adoptingtheseelementsisdependentonthetranslator’Sagency．IfhemaintainselementslikeE，hewillchoosedomesticatingtranslation．Reversely,ifhekeepselementslikeDhewillchooseforeignizingtranslation．Furthermore．thesinglewhitedotinthetranslationspaceisanew-emergingconceptthatisallindicatorfortheexcellentwitofthetranslatorandalwaysvariesfromhisindividualpreferenceorabilities．Forexample，纳鞋不用锥子——针(真)好Asherbetinamidsummernight’Sdream：Cool!(adoptedfromXuJiaqun，2009)TheoriginalXHYiswithahomophonicpun“针(needle)”and“真(true)”，whilethetranslatorcreativelyappliestheexpression“amidsummernight’Sdream”，whichCannotonlyexpresstheintendedmeaningofthisXHYbutalsotriggertargetreaderstoformaframeaboutthefamousnovelAMidsummerNight"sDreamwrittenbyShakespeare．Inthisstoryframe，peopleCanconceivesomeorganizingelements，likeepisodes，characters，relationsbetweencharacters，backgroundinformationaboutthisstoryatthattime，etc．ThoughtheChinesemeaningofthistranslatedversionis“仲夏夜梦吃果露冰糕一一真爽”，thehomophoniceffectoftheoriginalXHYisfarfrommissingbecausecoolandcreamintheEnglishversionarealsopunsrespectively．“Cool”hasdoublemeaningsof“凉”and“棒”．JustasRojo(2002)putsitthatoneword，acertainconventionalsayingoragrammaticalstructureisinterwovenwitllsomeframesinpeople’Smemory．Ifthepercipientisonceexposedtoalinguisticexpressioninacertaincontext，correspondentframewillbeactivatedinthebrain．Accordingly,theabovetranslatedversionisadvisableforpreservingthepunnyeffectbytransformingthecontextwithoutdeviationfromthecorethemeoftheXHY．Iftheoriginalversionisdirectlyrenderedinto“tosewshoeswithoutanawl，aneedleisgood”，punnyeffectwillfadeawayandsuchtranslationismeaninglessaswell．Andthesimilarexample“和尚打伞——无法无天”iscreativelyrenderedas“When40 theawfulislawful，treasonisreason”bytranslator．Inoriginalversion，“伞(sian)”and“天(tan)”havesanlerhyme“all”andtranslatedversionnotonlyconveysrealmeaningbutalsoachieverhymeby“awfulandlawful’’and“treasonandreason”．Asfortranslationofsuchpuns，Forster(1958)statesthattranslatedpunisnotoriginalpunnomatterhowitisexcellentlytranslated，butjustreflectsfactthatthereisapuninoriginaltextbecauseoriginalpunmaynotbetranslatable．However,Nidapointsoutthatwhenevaluatingatranslation，thepriorityistotestifyhowreadersreacttotranslationandthencomparereaders’reactionwiththatoforiginaltextreaders(NidaandTaber,1981)．Therearetwomoreconvincingexamplesforillustratingtranslator’Sagency．“毛驴上马掌——小(蹄)题大做”iscreativelyrenderedinto‘"tomakeamountainoutofamolehill”and“张飞请李逵——黑吃黑”istranslatedinto“Onerobberrobsother"’．Inconclusion，theabovetwoexamplesaleverycasesinpointinrevealingtranslator’SoriginalityintranslatingChineseXHYs．SinceChineseXHYsarederivedfrompeople’SdailylifeaswellasfamousChinesehistoricaleventsorfamousfigures’sayingsorlectureswhichareunfamiliarorevenexclusivetoforeigners，translators’creativityisverymuchemphasized．Goodreasoninoptimalityprinciplesissupposedtomakeclearsuchcreativity：peoplefailtojudgewhichoneisrightonebecauseallelementsinblendhavegoodreasontofindtheirorigininsourcetext．InFigure6，itcanbeseenthatthereareafewdotswhichhavealmostbeenexplainedinabovesection．Nevertheless，itisworthnoticingthatineachtranslationpractice，notallblackorwhitedotssimultaneouslyappear．Thenumberofdotsisindefiniteanddependsonactualsituations．Insomesituations，theremaybesingleblackdotineitheroforbothoftwoinputspaces，whilenoemergenceofanywhitedot．Inothersituations，thereispossiblyonewhitedotwithoutanyblackonesappearing．Howmanydots，whiteonesorblackones，countsonwhichtypeofnetworkwillbechosenbytranslator．ThenetworkmodeloftranslationintroducedinthisthesisisjustminimalonewhichunfoldsallpossibilitiesthatmayOCCUr．Innextpart，differentnetworkswillbeemployedtoexplainconceptualintegrationinChineseXHYtranslation．4．2TypesofConceptualIntegrationNetworkinChineseXHYTranslationTheconceptualintegrationnetworkreferstoanetworkwhichisshapedbymentalspaceswithframeswhichareconstructedbycontextualinformationandbackgroundknowledge(Fauconnier&Turner,1994)．Therearefourkindsofnetworksthatdefinepotentialorprospectivementalprocessesinwhichtranslatorconductshiswork：thesingle．flame4I network，theframe．network，one．sidednetworkandtwo-sidednetwork．Andtheycanbeemployedtoexplaindifferenttranslationstrategieschosenbythetranslatorindisposalofdifferentlanguagesandculturesaswell．Inthefollowingsections，thesefourtypesofnetworkswillbeappliedtotheChineseXHYtranslation，whichCantestifytheexplanatorypoweroftheconceptualintegrationtheorytoagreatextent．4．2．1Single—frameNetworkinChineseXHYTranslationAsingle-framenetworkisconsideredtobethesimplestoneamongthefourkindsofconceptualintegrationnetworks，inwhichonlyoneinputhasanorganizingflame、)vitllroles，whiletheotherhasjustelementsorvalues．Itisactuallyarole—to—valuenetwork(FauconnierandTurner,1998)．Inthescopeoftranslation，thesourcelanguage，servingasinput1，musthaveacertainframewhichiscomposedoftheconceptualstructureintendedbytheauthorandcognitiverelationsamongtheelements．Nevertheless，itisknownthatthemeaningofChineseXHYiscomplicatedenoughforitsinvolvementinagreatmajorityofbackgroundknowledge，cultureentrenchmentandSOon．ThetranslatorisexposedtogreatchallengestocarryonnegotiationsbetweenChineseandEnglishbothculturallyandlinguistically．WhentranslatingsuchcomplexChineseXHYs，histoppriorityistoprobeintothesourcelanguageinputandthentode—integratethecommunicatedeventintoconceptualstructureoftheoriginalexpressionandrelevantelements．Thenhewillpatchuptheunpackedconceptualstructurewitllhispsychologicalschemaofthecommunicatedevent，cultureawarenessandEnglishgrammaticalstructureinordertoconstructhisownframeabouttheChineseXHYonbasisofhisownunderstandings．Therefore．thereiSatleastoneframeinthetranslator’SknowledgespacewhichmaybeidenticalwithordifferentfromtheoneintheSOurCelanguagespace．Accordingly,bothinputspacesintheconceptualintegrationnetworkofChineseXHYtranslationarestructured、杭thframes．Asamatteroffact．puresingle-flamenetworkshouldnotexistinChineseXHYtranslation．Additionally,suchconclusionCanalsobeelaboratedfromtheperspectiveoftheChineseXHYclassification．Asispreviouslydiscussed，therearethreetypes：Regular-type，Language—typeaswellastheCulture—typeXHYs．Theregular-typeXHYsarethosesimilesandanalogiesthatareacceptableandunderstandableforbothChineseandtargetlanguagereaders，whichCanbeinterpretedthatbothChinesepeopleandforeignerssharethesamecognitiverelationortheyhavesameorganizingframeofthesamething。Thenthetranslator,whetherheisofChineseoriginoraforeigner,issupposedtohavethesameframewiththeauthorofthesourcetext．TheothertwotypesdisplaythepeculiaritiesoftheChineselanguage42 network，theframe．network，one．sidednetworkandtwo-sidednetwork．Andtheycanbeemployedtoexplaindifferenttranslationstrategieschosenbythetranslatorindisposalofdifferentlanguagesandculturesaswell．Inthefollowingsections，thesefourtypesofnetworkswillbeappliedtotheChineseXHYtranslation，whichCantestifytheexplanatorypoweroftheconceptualintegrationtheorytoagreatextent．4．2．1Single—frameNetworkinChineseXHYTranslationAsingle-framenetworkisconsideredtobethesimplestoneamongthefourkindsofconceptualintegrationnetworks，inwhichonlyoneinputhasanorganizingflame、)vitllroles，whiletheotherhasjustelementsorvalues．Itisactuallyarole—to—valuenetwork(FauconnierandTurner,1998)．Inthescopeoftranslation，thesourcelanguage，servingasinput1，musthaveacertainframewhichiscomposedoftheconceptualstructureintendedbytheauthorandcognitiverelationsamongtheelements．Nevertheless，itisknownthatthemeaningofChineseXHYiscomplicatedenoughforitsinvolvementinagreatmajorityofbackgroundknowledge，cultureentrenchmentandSOon．ThetranslatorisexposedtogreatchallengestocarryonnegotiationsbetweenChineseandEnglishbothculturallyandlinguistically．WhentranslatingsuchcomplexChineseXHYs，histoppriorityistoprobeintothesourcelanguageinputandthentode—integratethecommunicatedeventintoconceptualstructureoftheoriginalexpressionandrelevantelements．Thenhewillpatchuptheunpackedconceptualstructurewitllhispsychologicalschemaofthecommunicatedevent，cultureawarenessandEnglishgrammaticalstructureinordertoconstructhisownframeabouttheChineseXHYonbasisofhisownunderstandings．Therefore．thereiSatleastoneframeinthetranslator’SknowledgespacewhichmaybeidenticalwithordifferentfromtheoneintheSOurCelanguagespace．Accordingly,bothinputspacesintheconceptualintegrationnetworkofChineseXHYtranslationarestructured、杭thframes．Asamatteroffact．puresingle-flamenetworkshouldnotexistinChineseXHYtranslation．Additionally,suchconclusionCanalsobeelaboratedfromtheperspectiveoftheChineseXHYclassification．Asispreviouslydiscussed，therearethreetypes：Regular-type，Language—typeaswellastheCulture—typeXHYs．Theregular-typeXHYsarethosesimilesandanalogiesthatareacceptableandunderstandableforbothChineseandtargetlanguagereaders，whichCanbeinterpretedthatbothChinesepeopleandforeignerssharethesamecognitiverelationortheyhavesameorganizingframeofthesamething。Thenthetranslator,whetherheisofChineseoriginoraforeigner,issupposedtohavethesameframewiththeauthorofthesourcetext．TheothertwotypesdisplaythepeculiaritiesoftheChineselanguage42 andculturerespectively．PuniSoneofthebasicrhetoricdevicesinChineseXHYs．whicharealwaysemployedtocultivateparticularphonologicalorsemanticeffects．Itmeansthesurfacemeaningortheliteralmeaningexpressedbywordsorexpressionscanhelpthereadersformaframewhiletheimplicitmeaninghelpsthereaderformanotherone．Asfarastheculture．typeXHYiSconcemed．itiSeffort—consumingforthetranslatortounderstandbutheCanformhisownflameabouttheculture-typeXHYsaftertheveryde-integrationofthesourceexpressionintocorrespondingconceptualstructuresgrammaticalstructures．Onthebasisoftheaboveexplanation，itisfoundthatthereareatleasttwoorganizingframesintheconceptualintegrationineachChineseXHYtranslation．Asaresult，thesingle—framenetworkhasrarepossibilitytoexistinChineseXHYtranslation．Inthisresearch，theauthorwillcarryonresearchesontheotherthreetypesofnetworksinlength．4．2．2FrameNetworkinChineseXHYTranslationPeople’sgenericwaysofthinkingspace—SourcelanguagespTranslationspace+cturespace4Figure7：FrameNetworkinChineseXHYTranslationAframeworkreferstoaconceptualintegrationnetworkinwhichtwoinputspaces，agenericspaceablendedspacearestructuredwiththesameorganizingframe(FauconnierTurner,1998)．Toputitinanotherway,thefourspaceshavethetopologyattheleveloftheorganizingflame．AsfortheconceptualintegrationmodelofChineseXHY43 translation，organizingframesinthesourcelanguagespaceareidenticalwiththoseinthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace，thepeople’SgenericwaysofthinkingspaceaswellaSthetranslationspaceowingtopeople’Ssimilarperceptions，physicalandsocialexperience．Actually,thisislinkedwiththetheoryofUniverseofSharingwhichholdsthattheconlnqonuniverseandsimilarnaturalenvironmentmakepeopleobminsimilarfeelingstowardsthesamething．Forexample，irrespectiveof．divergentlanguagesindifferentnations，someexpressionssharesomething，suchaspigandfoxstandfor“being‘fool，dirty,andlazy’’and“beingtrickyandgreedy”respectively．InChinese，therearealotofexpressionsconcerningwolf，like“子系山中狼，得志便猖狂”、“狼吞虎咽”、“狼狈为奸”、“如狼似虎”and“披着羊皮的狼”andSOon．Comparativelyspeaking，inEnglish，thereare“awolfinsheep’Sclothing(披着羊皮的狼)”，‘"keepthewolffromthedoor"’(勉强糊口)and“beabitofawolf’(好色)andSOon．Alltheaboveexamplesshowthattheframesof“wD纩’inChineseandEnglishpossessthesameconnotation，someofwhichCanbeeitherliterallytranslatedorfreelytranslated，whichposesnothreattothetransferenceofthesignswithculturalmessages．InChineseXHYs，forexample，theXHY“骆驼钻针眼——根本不可能”．ThefirstpartofthisXHYisametaphorandthesecondpartrevealstheintendedmeaningoftheformerpart“somethingisimpossible”．Theexpression“骆驼钻针眼”embodiesanactionconceptualstructurewhichCandisplayallexpressionsconcerned、访thactions、耐thcomponentsbeingagent／actor,experiencerandaction．ItCannotbeignoredthatthesecondone——theexpefiencerissometimesabsentandsuchconceptualstructureCanbeillustratedas"action(agenLexperiencer)．Consequently,“骆驼钻针眼”callbedescribedas：钻(骆驼，针眼)．ThetopologystructureisshowninthesecondpaIt_itisimpossibleforsomebodytodosomething．Thenelementsoftheorganizingframeare“骆驼”and“针眼”inChineseand“camelandneedleeye”inEnglish．People，nomatterwheretheyarefrom，undoubtedlyhaveaclearpictureorsameimageschemataofcamelandneedleeyewithonebeingverybigwhiletheotherverysmall．Theyaresharedbybothsourcelanguagespaceandthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace．Thesetwoinputspacesarecompatiblewitheachotherconceptuallyandlinguistically．Asforthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace，thesharedorganizingframemeanstheflamethetranslatorownsaboutthetargetlanguageandculture．Undertheabovecircumstance，theframenetworkisusuallythefirstchoicetobeapplied．Thecommonorganizingframewillbeprojectedintothetranslator’Sknowledgespacetosupplyitatopologyandasetoforganizingrelationsheldamongelementsinthespace，andthengetintegratedwiththetargetgrammaticalstructuresinthetranslationspace．Thesharedorganizingframeoftheconceptualstructuresofthecommunicatedeventhelpsthetranslator44 toeasilycarryonthetranslationtaskthroughsimplecross—spacemappings．Thisisthesimplestoneintranslationandcallsfortheleastcognitiveeffortasforthetranslatorwhoisactuallythefirstreaderofthesourcetextaswellasthesecondwriterforpeopleinanotherculture．Asamatteroffact，thissituationiscommonly-experiencedinscientifictranslation，whereasitisveryrareinChineseXHYtranslation．Similarexamplesarelistedasfollows：瞎子点灯——白费蜡Itisasuselessasablindmanlightingacandle．狗咬耗子——多管闲事Adogcatchingmicemeddlesincat’Sbusiness——t0pokeone’snoseintootherpeople’Sbusiness黄鼠狼给鸡拜年——不怀好意(不安好心)AweaselwishingHappyNewYearacllicken——harboringnogoodintentions．TheaboveexamplesareveryfamiliarbothChinesepeopleandforeignersfortheircommonperceptionsofthephysicalworld，thoughthefirstonefailspreservetheform．Asfor“瞎子点灯——白费蜡”，itisknownhumanbeingthatblindpeoplearedeprivedoflight，thereforecandleisuselessforthem．Catandmicearenaturalenemiesandtheappearanceofoneofthemwillnaturallyleadpeopleassociateit诵t11theother,therefore，catchthemicehasnothingwiththedog．Furthermore，dogmeansdifferentlyChineseandEnglishspeakers．Forthesamereason，aweaselwillneverbeafriendachickeninaccordancewiththenaturallaw．Thoughsometimes，inorderconveytheintendedmeaningoftheChineseXHYs，thetranslatorhassacrificethestylethemeaning．Thatissay,ifthestyleandmeaningcallnotbesimultaneouslytransferredintothetargetlanguage，thetranslatorwillgiveprioritymeaning．Nidaoncemakesananalogybetween“meaningandstyle’’and‘‘watermelonandsesame’’respectively．Meaningisthewatermelonwhilestyleisthesesame．WhenthesetwoareinconflictwitheachotheLmeaningwillbethetranslator’Schoice．IftheXHYisaregular—type，itiseasyfinditscounterpartinthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespaceandthenprojectitthetranslationspace．Insuchsacase，framenetworksCanbeusedexplaintheirconceptualintegrationintranslation．Nevertheless，thereisalimitednumberofChineseXHYswhichCanbetranslatedintocorrespondingEnglishexpressionsbothconceptuallyandlinguistically,attributeddistinctcultures，waysofthinkingandnaturalenvironment．Therefore，asforChineseXHYswithoutcounterpartsinEnglish，othertypesofnetworkwillbeappliedtheirtranslation．45 4．2．3One．sidedNetworkinChineseXHYTranslationPe。pI二二一ngspace—Translationspace—espace—Figure8：One。sidedNetworkinChineseXHYTranslationAsfora’andb’intheabovefigure，thereisnocross-spacemappingornomatchingpartforeachother．Theyaredistinctivefeaturesofeachinputspaceandmoreoftenthannotderivefromdifferentlanguagesandcultures，SOtheirprojectionsinthegenericspacearenotfusedtogether．ThenitCanbeconcludedthattheunsharedgenericthoughtofthesetwonationsshouldberesponsiblefortheabsenceofthecounterpartsfortheexpressions．Itissuperficiallyunmatchedbetweenlanguages，yetitinfactisunmatchedintherespectofobjectiveconceptions．SuchcasesCanalsobeencounteredinworkingontheChineseXHYtranslationwhichcapsulesprofoundethnicalandculturalfactors．Insuchcases，one—sidednetworkwillbepreferentialforthetranslator．Aone—sidednetworkisaconceptualintegrationnetworkinwhichthetwoinputspacesowndifferentorganizingframes，onlyoneofwhichisselectivelyprojectedtothetranslationspace．Thatisthereasonwhytheone—sidednetworkisalsocalledanasymmetricnetwork．IntranslatingsuchelementscontainedinChineseXHYs，thetranslatorisentitledtochoosewhichelementisprojectedintotheblend———-———thetranslationspace．Thatistosay,thetranslator’Sagencytakesafullplayindealingwithsuchparticularelements．Ifheisinfavorofelementslikeb’tobetransferredtOthetranslationspace，domesticationissuperiortothe foreiganization．Bycontrast，ifheprefersforeignizingtranslation，thenelementslikea’aretransferredintotheemergentstructureasA．Forexample，b．C．等他们赶来增援时，已是正旦±重壁[]益==睡I坐旦啦!(冯志，《敌后武工队》)Theycametoolateandpastthetimeforarescue，justlikepastinguppicturesoftheDoor．GodswhentheChineseNewYearisalreadyhalfamonthpast．．Whentheyarrived，．i．．t．．．w．．．．．a．．．．s．．．．t．．o．．．．o．．．．．1．．a．．．t．．e．．．．．f．．．o．．．r．．．．．a．．．．r．．．e．．．s．．．c．．．u．．．．e——．Buttheyweretoolate，．1ikeshuttingthedoorafterthehorsehadbolted．．AtthefirstsightofthefirstpartoftheChineseXHYexpression,aframeconcemingChineselunarNewYearfestivalistriggered．Theframecontainstheorganizingelementslikefireworks，New-yearscrolls，New—yearEveDinner,dumplings，familymembersandfriendsandSOon．Duringthistraditionalfestival，peopledoalotofthingsyearbyyearasitispasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration．Andthe“Menshen(门神)”isexclusivetoChineseculture．Inordertowishfamilysafetyandhealth，ChinesepeoplepreservethistraditionalcustomofputtingupMenshen(门神)ineachyear．Infork，Menshenisaniconforjustice，powerandforce．Doorsaretraditionallymadeupoftwoparts，eachofwhichisregularlypastedupaMenshenattheveryfirstdayofthelunarNewYeartomakeevilsormonstersterrifiedatthesightofthem．ThereforewhenitispastedonthefifteendayofthefirstLunarNewYe虬halfofthemonthwillhaveslippedaway．ThetopologystructureofthisXHYisthatitistoolatetodosomething．Asamatteroffact，正月十五贴门神——晚了半月isconceptuallythesamewithanotherChineseXHY“亡羊补牢——为时已晚”．Theyaredifferentinformbutidenticalinconcept，whichalsoprovesthefactthatChineseXHYsareflexibleinform，thesameexpressionwithdifferentconceptsandthesameconcept嘶thdifferentexpressions．However,inEnglish·speakingcountriesexistsnocorrespondingframefor正月十五贴门神——晚了半月becauseEnglishpeopleonlycelebratethesolar-calendarNewYearwhichiscalled“元旦”inChineseandtakeitastheverybeginningofthebrand—newyear．IntheirSolarNewYearframe，thereareorganizingelements，likeopenhousecustom，attendingtochurchservices，watchingNewYear’Sparadesontelevision，sharingaholidaymeal晰tllfamiliesandfriendsandSOon．InitiatedbythepresidentGeorgeWashingtonin1789，openHouseCustomistoopentheirdoorstovisitorsontheNewYear’SDay．TheopenhousecustomisAmerican—specificwhichhasbeenpreservedbyAmericansfromgenerationsto47 generationswhoIntranslatingsuchChineseXHYswithdistinctiveculturalelements，translatorshavetherighttochoosewhichoneistobeprojectedintotheblend，eithera’inthesourcelanguagespaceorb’inthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace．Ifheonlychoosesa’，thenone—sidednetworkisinusebyliteraltranslation．Thefirsttranslationversionfollowsthelanguagestructureoftheoriginalsentenceandrepresentsthecharacteristicsofthesourcelanguage．Whenthetranslatorisdeterminedtoselecttheb’inthetranslator’Sknowledgespace，therearetwocasesaswell．Oneisasillustratedbythesecondtranslationonlytransferringitsmainideaprocessedbythetranslatorthroughfreetranslation．neotherisdisplayedasthethirdtranslationversionbyborrowingtheEnglishidiom‘‘shuttingthedoorafterthehorsehadbolted’’foritsconceptualequivalencetothesourceexpression“itistoolatetodosomething”．Inrespectoftranslationstrategies，freetranslationordomesticationisappliedinthesecondandthethirdtranslation．Basedontheaboveanalysisofthreedistincttranslatedversions，theauthorprefersto‘‘shuttingthedoorafterthehorsehadbolted’’foritstersenessinstructureandoptimalmatchingwithChineseXHYinconceptaswellasmotivationforreaderstoformacorrespondingframeorscenario．Asforthefirsttranslatedversion，theauthorthinksthatsomeelementsshouldbeaddedtomakereadersofthereceptorlanguageacquaintedwithwhatisaDoorGodactually．Maybeattheveryinitialstage，itseemsabitredundanttomakesomenotesforDoorGod,butitwillbegraduallyacceptedbytargetreadersandbeplantedintheirminds．Inconsiderationofthesecondversion，itindeedconveystheconceptualstructureoftheChineseXI-IYbutsuffersaestheticablationinimageconstructioncomparedwiththethirdone．TherearesomeChineseXHYsthatareconceptuallyincommonwithEnglishidiomsorhabitualexpressions．TheirtranslationCanbecarriedoutbyapplyingone-sidednetworkwithselectiveprojectionsfromthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace．SomeChineseXHYsofthiskindarelistedasfollows：1．冰冻三尺——非～日之寒Romewasnotbuiltinaday2．对牛弹琴——白费劲Tocastpearlsbeforeaswine3．猪鼻子里插葱——装象Avaincrowhasapeacock"sfeathersamonghisown．4．脱裤子放屁——多此一举．48 TocarrycoalstoNewcastle5．老王卖瓜——自卖自夸a．Nomancries“stinkyfish’’b．Amelon—sellerblowingherowntrumpetC．Ringingone’Sownbell6．玉楼戏道：“六丫头，鲣星逼画筮的==倒旦直堑道：：：《金瓶梅》(第35回)“Rreally”，TowerofJadesaid，laugbjng，"youareashotaspeppeL"7．怪不得人说你们“诗云子日”的人难讲话!这样看来，你好像8．==出壁丝丕垒!”《儒林外史》(第14回)Nowondertheysayyoubookwormsarehardtodealwith：onemightjustaswelltrytosqueezewateroutofastone．a．TwoheadsarebeRerthanone．b．ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalChukelLiang，themastermind．9．擀面杖吹火——一窍不通a．ItisallGreektosb．b．Usingaroilingpintoblowafiretotallyimpenetrable．10．“姨奶奶犯不着来骂我。我又不是姨奶奶买的。儿’呢。”《红楼梦》(第60回)a．“Youhavenocalltoswearatme，madam．Youdidn’tbuyme．WeareallbirdsofaFeather_一allslaveshere．Whygoforme?’’(bytheYangs)b·Ithoughtallofusherewereboughtgoods．Idon’tknowwhyyouofallpeoplewouldwanttodragthatup．(bYHawkes)11．日本曹长心里像有±真基星担扛盔==土土Z∑工地不安宁。冯至《敌后武工队》a．ItwasasiftheswordofDamocleshungovertheJapansesSergeant．b．FifteenbucketstodrawwaterfromaweIL—sevenupandeightdown．C·HismindWasinturmoilthesedaysandhewasquiteunabletothinkstraight．Fromtheexample1toexample7，onlyonetranslationforeachChineseXHYastheintegrationdirectlyprojectedfromthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespaceintotheblended49 space．Andfromtheexample8toexample11，therearemorethanonetranslatedversionswithonedirectlyprojectedfromthesourcelanguagespacetotheblendedspaceandtheotherisfromthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace．Asforthelastone，the“b’，isthedirectresultofthesourcelanguagespaceandthe“a’’and‘‘c’"areresultsfromtheotherinput．The“a"’useanotherEnglishidiom“theswordoftheDamocles’’andtheversion“JC，re-presentstheimpliedmeaningbehindtheoriginalexpression．ThetranslatorfirstunpackstheXHYintotheconceptualstructureanddigsoutitsorganizingframe．Andthenhetriestoseeknlecounterpartsforeachelementintheoriginalorganizingframe．Proceedingfromdifferentpurposes，thetranslatorisintendedtoweigheachelementandmakescorrespondingdecisions．Nomatterwhichmethodisselected，theremustbesomereasonsfortheirexistence，whiChiuStbeconsistentwiththegoodreasonprinciplewhichstatesthateachprojectedelementintheblendhasitsownreasonforappearingintheblend．Eachtranslatedversionisequaltoothersatthelevelofconceptualstructure．TheonlydifferenceliesintowhatextenttheyCOilarousesameoroptimalresponsebetweenthereadersofthesourcelanguageandofthereceptorlanguage．Additionally,theauthorquoteaboveexamplesnottomeanthattherearecertaincaLsesinwhichsomeChineseXHYscanseeminglyseektheirconceptualcounterparts，butwhentheyareusedinconcretecontexts，thetranslatorissupposedtotakecontextseriously．Forexample，的事，各家门，另家户，你有本事，排场你们那边人去。我们这边，你们还早些呢!《红楼梦》(第71回)Peoplewholiveinglasshousesshouidn’tthrowstones．Weknowwhatiswhat．Webelongtodifferenthouseholds．GoandimpressyourownpeopleifyouCan，beforeyoucomeheremeddlinginouraffairs．(bytheYangs)Inthisexample，theChineseXHY“清水下杂面，你吃我看见’，isutteredbv锄humbleservantfromtheNingMansionwhenmakingcomplaintstoanotheroneworkingfortheRongMansion．TheYangsadoptone—sidednetworkbyborrowinganEnglishidiom“peoplewholiveinglasshousesshouldn’tthrowstones”whoseintensionisthatapersonatfaulthasnorighttocriticizeothers．Itiswell．knownthatTheDreamofRedMansionstellsstorieshappeninginthemiddle18mcentury．Therefore，aninferiorservantlivinginChinaWasincapableofgettingacquaintedwithwhat“glasshouses”are．TheborrowedEnglishidiomcanindeedperfectlymatchwiththeoriginalXHYinconceptualstructure，butitwill气0 possiblyleadmisunderstandingofthearchitecturalstyrlesandChinesepeople，Slivin2conditionsatthattime．Theauthortakesthisexampleforthesakeofraisingpeople，SawarenesstothefactthatnotallconceptuallymatchedEnglishidiomsforChineseXHYareappropriatechoiceinactualcircumstances．TheauthoriSrequiredtocarryOuttranslationactivitieswithoverallconsiderationsrangingfromculturetoeventrivialpoints．Todrawaconclusionfortheone．sidedframenetwork，translatorsareusuallvencounteredwithsomeXHYswhichinvolveprofoundChinesecultures，thatis，at圪mslatorisnotluckyenoughtobeexposedtosuchChineseXHYswithcorrespondingcounterpartsinEnglish．Inthesecases，thetranslatornotonlyundertakesthedutytohelpthetargetreaderstocomprehendtheimpliedmeaningbutalsotoforeignizetheChineseculturecarriedbyChineseXHYs．Inordertoachievethisgoal，translatorswilladoptthetwo．sidednetworks．4．2．4Two-sidedNetworkinChineseXHYTranslationSoPeople’s。ofthinkin)ace∥l-"eoplegenericwaysofthinkingspSTranslationspace—structurespace4Figure9："l、vo-sidedNetworkinChineseXHYTranslationAtwo。sidednetworkisanetworkinwhichthetwoinputspacesarestructuredwithdifferentorganizingframeswhichwillbebothprojectedintotheblend．Asforthetranslation,itmeansthatsourcelanguagespaceandthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespacecontaindifferentorganizingframesandthetranslatoradoptssomeindividualelementsfromthesetwo5l spaces．Astheabovefigureshows，theprojectionbetweenthetwoinputspaces1Sasymmetnc·And此Ltiswhysuchnetworkisalsocalledanasymmetrictwo-sidedsharedtopologyne锕ork，inwhichtheorganizingframeoftheblendorthetranslationspaceisanintegratedresulttromtheorganizingframeofasingleinputandastructurefromtheotherlnpm·InChineseXHYtranslation，theseasymmetrictwo-sidednetworksfacilitatethetranslationofChineseXHYswithChinese—specificexpressionorfactors，likethelinguistlcorculturaltypesasillustratedinsection2．1．3．JustasWangWenbin(2004)statesthat“spaceclashing，，arisesinwal【eofthefailureof‘‘spacemapping’’whichCanbeinterpretedthatwhenconf如nted州mt11econtradictionsandnon—matchingofthetwoinputs，thetranslator,asana邸ntintranslation，aresupposedtoexploreacreativewaytorepresentthereIatlonSnlpbetweencorrespondingelementsofthetwospaces．Let’sseethefollowingexample：彩霞咬着嘴唇，向贾环头上戳上一指头，迟妊厶!坠：：：．说道：“没良心的!狍喧昌逦塞==丕《红楼梦》(第25回)a．Youungratefulthing!LikethedogthatbitLuTung-pin—youbitethehandthatfeedsyou．(bytheYangs)b．Youungratefulthing!You’relikethedogthatbitLuDung‘bin：youdon’tl‘n删afriendwhenyouseeone·(byHawkes)c．AdogbitesLuTIungpin————notbeingabletorecognizeakind-heartedman·d．Don"tsnaPandsnarlatmewhenI"mtryingtodomybestforyou·Theoriginalversion“狗咬吕洞宾——不识好人心”isderivedfromaChinesemythology,expressingtherelationshipbetweenL豇Dbngbin，animmortalamongelgntTaoistimmortals，andhisfriendGaoYao(苟杳)．BeforeMbecameanimmoral，theygotalongwellandeachusuallyprovidedtheotherwithsecrethelp，whichsometimesleadstomisunderstandingsbetweenthem．Afterrecognizingthegoodwilloftheirfriends，theybecomecloserfriendsthaneverbeforeandthengavebirthtothesaying‘‘苟杳吕洞宾——不识好人心，，whichproposesthatthesetwoclosefriendsfailedtounderstandthegoodwillofa900dman．Later，peopleusedtheexpression‘‘adogbits’’toreplace‘‘GaoYao”becauseoftheirsamepronunciationinChinese．Intheoriginalversion，JiaHuan(贾环)fellinlovewithCaiXiabuthealways钉 distrustedher．ThatiSwhyCaiXiausedthisXHYtoimplythatinfacthehadmisunderstoodher．JiaHuan’ScharactersweretrulyrevealedbyadaptationoftheXHY．Heisjealous，doubtfulandignorantofwhatisgoodinessenceandthisXHYalsoexpressesCaiXia’SintenseaffectiontoJiaHuan．Thelinguisticexpression“L豇Dbngbin”inthesourcelanguagespacetriggerstheculturalschematainthetranslator’Smind．Eachinputspacehastheirindividualorganizingframe。Theorganizingframeinthesourcelanguagespaceisthelegend—relatedframecomposedofadog，apersonnamed“L证Dbngbin”andtheaction“bite”，andthecognitiverelationheldbetween‘‘LtiDbngbin”andtheverydog，whiletheframeinthetranslator’Sknowledgespaceistheoffering—helpframewhichcontainsthehelper,thehelped，waystohelp，theattitudesofthehelpedtothehelper(appreciate，orhate)aswellassomebackgroundinformationconcerningaboutthismythology．Thecross—mappingoftheelementsineachinputarecardedout，thehelpertoLtiDbngbin，thehelpedtothedogandtheaction“bite’’tothehate．Obviously,thesharedelementsareprojectedintothegenericspaceistheungrateful。Andtheemergentstructureinthetranslationspaceisthatthehelperdoessomegoodtothehelped，butthehelpedisungratefultothehelperjustlikethedogbitesL豆Dbngbin，thepersonwhofeedsonhim．Amongtheabovefourtranslatedversions，thethirdone“AdogbitesL证Dbngbim——-notbeingabletorecognizeakind—heartedman”andthefourthone‘"Don’tsnapandsnarlatmewhenI"mtryingtodomybestforyou”bothappliedone—sidednetworks．Thethirdadoptedthetopologyframeofinputl(thesourcelanguagespace)astheorganizingframe，andgetsatypicalforeignizedtranslation．Ontheotherhand，thefourthtranslationtooktopologyframeofinput2(thetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace)astheblend’Sorganizingframeandgetsadomestictranslation．TheEmploymentofthetwowords“snapandsnarl’’especiallydrivestargetreaderstoformanimageofthedogwhoisbarkingtowardsthepersonwhoisfeedingonhim．Andthefirstandthesecondonesappliestwo—sidednetworksandtranslatesitas“LikethedogthatbitmD6ngbin——youbitethehandthatfeedsyou’’whichfacilitatesreaderstoformascenarioinwhichapersonisbatebyadogwhenfeedingthedogand“You’relikethedogthatbitL证Dbngbin：youdon’tknowafriendwhenyouseeone”thatCanbeinterpretedinChineseas“知人知面不知心”whichfitsinthecommunicationalimplicature‘"JiaHuanisignorantofwhatisgood”．BothofthemtranslatethefirstpartoftheChineseXHYliterallyandthesecondpartliberally．Andtheorganizingframeofthe’blendisafusedstructure，partiallyfromthetopologyframeoftheinput1andpartiallyfromthetopologyframeofinput2．Infact，thisisalsotheembodimentoftheprocessS3 ofconceptualintegration，completionandelaboration．Similarexamplesarelistedasfollows：(柳氏)可是你舅母、姨娘两三个亲戚都管着，怎么不和他们要去，倒和我来要。这可是金耋鼠麴耋鹤圭馑褪==童羞的遗直：玉羞丝直!《红楼梦》(第61回)a．Butyouhaveseveralauntsinchargethingshere．Whynotaskthemforwhatyouwant?Whyapplytome?Thisisliketheratinthebarnwhoaskedacrowforgrain；asifabird．onthewinghadsomewhiletherat!i!i望gi望!塾里垒墨!卫hadnone．．BytheYangsb．Youaskoneyouroldauntiesifyouwantsomefruit，myboy,itisnogoodaskingme．Youaskmeforfruitislikethegranaryrataskingthecrowforcorn：—H—a——v—e．askingHave-not．．ByHawkesForthisXHY,thetranslatedversion“a，’appliestwo-sidednetwork、杭tll“onthewing”and‘‘livinginthebam’’arefromthetranslator’Sstructurespaceaddedtospecifytheimagesabirdandarat．Andtherestpartthistranslationarefromthesourcelanguagespacebydirectlyprojectedtothetranslationspaceandthenintegratedwithcomponentsfromtheotherinputs．Thetranslatedversion“b”isinterserstructurecomparedwiththeversionone．Andtheunderlinedpartisfromthetranslator’SstructurespacewhichfullydigsoutthemeaningthisXHYwithonlythreewordsandtherestthisversionisfromthesourcelanguagespace．Allinall，two-sidednetworksareoftenemployedtoexplainthelanguage-typeXHYs，includingthehomophonic—relatedonesaSwellasthesemantic—relatedones．Besides．theXHYiswithstrongChineseculturalelements．OnthebasisanalysisconcernedwithfourtypesnetworksinChineseXHYtranslation，theconclusionCanbesafelydrawnthatitistheincongruitybetweenthetwoculturesthattriggersthegenuineblending．AndtheconceptualintegrationtheoryisreallypowerfulinexplainingtheconceptualintegrationChineseXHYtranslation． ChapterFiveConclusionThisthesisfirstlylooksbackonsomeinformationaboutChineseXHY．AsfortheoneswhicharewithgreatChineseculturalelements，itisreallytime．and。effort．consumingtotranslate．Intranslatingsuchculture—loadedexpressions，whatarethecriteriafortranslatorstOchoosetranslationstrategiesormethods?Distinctfromforegoingresearches，thisthesisbringsouttheideaofanalyzingChineseXHYtranslationwiththeconceptualintegrationtheory．Conceptualintegrationtheory,derivingfromconceptualmetaphortheory,wasinitiatedbyFaucormierandTurnerin1998。Afterafewyearsofdevelopment，conceptualintegrationtheoryhasattractedmoreandmoreattentionfromscholarsinrecentyearsandmadegratifyingachievements，attributedtoitsexplanatorypowertovariouslinguisticphenomena．Ithasbeenintroducedintotranslationstudiesaswellandplayedessentialroleinrevealingthecognitiveoperationbehindthetranslationactivities．Inline、析mtheconceptualintegrationtheory,theChineseXHYtranslationinvolvestwointegrationprocessescardedoutinafour-spacenetworkmodel．Suchmodelisstructuredwiththesourcelanguagespace，thetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespace，thepeople’Sgenericwaysofthinkingspaceaswellasthetranslationspace．Thefirstprocessisthede—integrationoran—packingprocessofthesourceexpressionintoitsconceptualstructureandcorrespondinggrammaticalstructuresandthensuchconceptualstructuresareintegratedwiththetargetlanguagegrammaticalstructure．ThisthesistriestoexplaintheconceptualintegrationofChineseXHYbyapplyingdifferentkindsofframenetworkstoChineseXHYtranslation，basedontherel“onshipbetweenthecommunicatedcognitiveconnectionsandtheorganizingframesexistentinbothinputs．TheconclusiondrawnfromthisthesisCanbestatedasfollows．Ifthede．integratedinformationinaChineseXHYhasacounterpartinEnglishlanguage，thetranslatoronlyneedstoprojecttheconceptualstructuredirectlytotheemergentstructureandadjustitwiththeEnglishgrammar．Insuchcases，literaltranslationisadoptedandframenetworkwillbeemployed．Ifthede—integratedinformationinaChineseXHYfailstofindacounterpartinEnglish，thetranslatorissupposedtOadopteitherone．sidednetworkortwo．sidednetwork．气气 whichisdependentonseveralelementssuchaswhetherthereisacorrespondingelementinEnglish，todegreethetranslationtextisintelligibleoraccessibleforthetargetlanguagereaders，whetherthetranslatoriscapableofsubstitutinganappropriateEnglishexpressionfortheoriginaloneandwhetheritisthebestwaytOrendertheXHYwithatwo·sidednetwork．IndealingwithsuchXHY,itisunavoidableforatranslatortodecideoneisbeReLeitherdomesticationorforeignization(freetranslationorliteraltranslation)．Traditionally,thesetwotranslationstrategiesormethodsareincompatibleasfireandwater．Fromconceptualintegrationpointofview,thesetwohavenoessentialdifferences，bothderivingfromtranslator’Sagencywork．Translationisallintegrationprocessinsomethingwillbeeliminatedwhileotherswillbeaddedinaccordance晰t11thepracticalconditions．AslongaSthesourcetextandthetranslationtextsharethesameconceptualstructure，eachtranslationversionhastheirowngoodreasontoexist，whichisalsoinconsistentwiththeoptimalityprinciple．Asaspeciallinguisticart，ChineseXHYitselfisallintegratedresult，whosecreationinvolvesgreatintellect，abundantbackgroundknowledge，cultureentrenchment．Itisforthiscomplexityinmeaningthatthepuresingle-framenetworkorthe“role-to—value’’framednetworkissaidtobenon-existentinaChineseXHYexpression．Translationactivitiesareacknowledgedtobecomplicated，whichposeshighrequirementforthetranslatortobeacquaintedwimknowledgeconcerningChineseXHY,Englishidiomsorhabitualexpressions．Asamatteroffact，itisimpossibleforthetranslator’Sknowledgestructurespacetohavenoframeata11．Thisthesisconcludesthatthesingle—framenetworkshouldnotexistinChineseXHYtranslation．TheapplicationofconceptualintegrationtheorytoChineseXHYtranslationisjustatryoranexperimentfortheauthor．Whathasachievedinthisthesisisonlythetipoficeberg．Theauthor’Sinadequateunderstandingoftheoriginaltextmayleadtothesubjectiveandincompleteanalysis．Andexamplesareingreatneedtomaketheresearchmorepersuasiveandconvincing．Thisthesisexpectsfurthersystematicanddetailedresearches． 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