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华东师范大学硕士学位论文歇后语的新分类与英译--关联理论原文本意图翻译观阐释姓名:刘淑娟申请学位级别:硕士专业:英语语言文学指导教师:陈舒201105
摘要歇后语是汉语独有的语言现象。其表现形式生动活泼,表达效果诙谐幽默,因而赢得人民大众和古今名著的青睐。歇后语的翻译有助于促进中西方文化的交流。本文试以原文本意图翻译观为理论框架,来探讨歇后语的汉英翻译。本文分六章论述,组织如下:第一章简要介绍本文的研究背景,研究的理论基础及研究方法。第二章集中回顾歇后语的分类和关联理论研究。学者对歇后语的分类,多以其构成部分的内部关系或歇后语的第二部分为依据而进行,各分类之间出现了一定的交叉现象。歇后语的理论研究不多且零散,主要体现在关联理论对歇后语的理解及翻译策略的阐释。第三章简要介绍本论文的理论基础。SperberandWilson(2001:64)指出,大多数人类交际是有意图的,交际过程传达的是信息意图和交际意图。据此,王建国(2009)提出原作者意图翻译观,同时阐述了翻译的推理空间等距离原则及补充原则。本章在吸收王建国的观点及分析中国歇后语没有具体作者的特点之后,作者提出自己的观点一原文本意图翻译观及相应的翻译原则,由此推出,翻译的基点在于,要尽量保持原文本的假设内容不变,必要时可调整假设内容。第四章提出新的分类。作者以歇后语的第一部分为参照进行分类,将其分为文化型歇后语,语言型歇后语,非文化,非语言型歇后语。此种分类一定程度上避免了先前分类中出现的重复或交叉现象,而且更具概括性,这为歇后语英译策略的选择提供了更好的支撑点。第五章提出歇后语的英译策略。本文借用Gouaduec的三种翻译策略来阐释歇后语的翻译,即绝对翻译(absolutetranslation),抽象翻译(abstracttranslation)和选择翻译(selectivetranslation)。文化型歇后语展现了独特的汉文化尤其是典故文化,译者可以采用抽象翻译或选择翻译;语言型歇后语运用汉语的造字和语音特征组成,译者可以采用选择翻译策略;而非文化、非语言歇后语主要采用绝对翻译,有时也可结合抽象翻译。三种策略的出发点是:在传达原文本信息意图时,尽可能缩短译文读者对原文本信息意图的推理空间。
议。第六章对本文进行总结,找出研究的局限性,为该领域的进一步研究提出建【关键词】歇后语的分类原文本意图翻译观绝对翻译抽象翻译选择翻译
AbstractChineseXiehouyu(XHY),createdthroughvisualized,imaginativeanddivergentwaysofthinking,areendowedwithrichculturalandlinguisticcolors.TheemploymentofXHYsisconducivetoastrongcommunicativeeffectandthediversityoflanguage.ThetranslatingofXHYsCanpromoteculturalexchangebetweenChinaandtheWest.ThisresearchattemptstodiscussthetranslatingstrategiesofXHYsintermsofthenewclassificationwithintheframeworkofTranslationoftheIntentionoftheSourceTeXtThisresearchiscomposedofsixchaptersasfollows:ChapterOneprovidesabriefintroductiontothebackground,therationaleandthemethodofthisresearch.ChapterTwomakesareviewofclassificationsandRelevanceTheoreticapproachestoXHYs.FamousscholarsmostlyclassifyXHYsbytheinternalrelationbetweentwopartsorthesecondpart.TheoreticresearchesintoXHYsarerelativelylessandmainlyconcentrateonthecomprehendingandtranslatingstrategiesofXHYswitllRelevanceTheory.ChapterThreestartswithcoreconceptsofRelevanceTheory.SperberandWilson(2001:64)pointout:mostofhumancommunicationsareintentionalandcontaininformativeintentionandcommunicativeintention.Accordingtothisannouncement,WangJianguo(2009)putsforwardhisviewoftranslation(TheTranslationoftheAuthor’SInformativeIntention)andtwoprinciples(ThePrincipleofEqualInferentialDistanceinTranslatinganditscomplementaryprinciple).BasedontheabsorptionofWangJianguo’SviewandtheconsiderationofcharacteristicsofChineseXHYs,theauthorputsforwardtheTranslationoftheIntentionoftheSourceTextandmodifiedprinciples.Fromthis,theauthorclaimsthatthebasicpointistokeeptheassumptionsoftheSOUrCetextunchangedasmuchaspossible;ifnecessary,thetranslatorCanmakesomeadjustmentaboutaccessibilityoftheoriginal
assumptionstoTLreaders.ChapterFouroffersanewclassificationintermsofthefirstpartofXHYs:culturalXHYs,linguisticXHYs,andnon—cultural—non-linguisticXHYs.Thiskindofclassificationavoidstoalargeextenttheoverlapamongdifferentclassifications.Meanwhile,thisclassificationismoregeneralandcanprovideapivotforthechoosingoftranslatingstrategies.ChapterFiveputsforwardtranslatingstrategiesofChineseSnYs.TheauthorborrowsthreetranslationstrategiesfromGouaduec:absolutetranslation,abstracttranslationandselectivetranslation.CulturalXHYspresentuniqueculturalcontentsespeciallyallusionswhichinhibitswesternreadersfromcapturingtheoriginalauthor’Sinformativeintention;therefore,thetranslatorcanemployabstracttranslationorselectivetranslation.LinguisticXHYsdemonstrateparticularwaysofcharacter-formingorphoneticsystem,andthetranslatorcanemployselectivetranslation.XHYsinthelastclassificationCanbetranslatedmainlywithabsolutetranslationandsometimewithbothabsolutetranslationandabstracttranslation.Thedepartureofthesestrategiesis:whenconveyingfaithfullytheauthor’Sinformativeintention,thetranslatorshouldmakenon-nativereaders’inferentialdistanceasshortaspossible.ChapterSixmakesaconclusionaboutthisresearch.Itincludesthefindingsandlimitationsofthisresearchandmakessuggestionforfurtherstudiesinthisfield.Keywords:TranslationoftheIntentionoftheSourceTe】(tnewclassificationof爿嬲absolutetranslationabstracttranslationVselectivetranslation
趔遨妲硕士学位论文答辩委员会成员名单姓名职称单位备注何刚教授华东师范大学主席吴波副教授华东师范大学侯敏跃教授华东师范大学
AKNOWLEDGEMENTSMygreatgratitudegoestomysupervisor.Hehasbeeninstructingmyacademicstudiesforthewholethreeyears.Heisstrictandpatient.Inpreparingmymaster’Sdissertation,Ihavemetmanydifficultiesfromtopic-choosingtomaterial—collecting.Itismysupervisorwhohashelpedmeout.Hereadsandmodifiesmydissertationpatiently.Withouthisthought-provokingadvice,IhavenowaytofinishitSOsmoothly.1wouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmysincereappreciationtoallteachersandfellowstudents.Theirmeticulousscholarshipandhardworkingqualityhavealwaysmovedmeandencouragedmetoovercomedifficulties.Myendlessthanksgotomyparentsfortheirgreatcareandunderstanding.Withouttheirwhole—heartedsupport,Icannotconcentrateonmydissertation.
ChapterOneIntroduction1.1ThebackgroundofthisresearchXHYsbelongtofolkloricsayingscreatedbylaboringpeopleintheirdailylife111锣employXHYstoeffectivelyexpresstheiropinionsineverydaycommunication.AsforthestudiesofXHYs,manyscholarshavemadeuntiringeffortstoexplorethisformoflanguageandhavemadegreatprogress.In1920theBallardSeminarwasestablishedinBeijing;since1930ssomescholarshavewhole—heartedlyembarkedonresearchesandhavecarriedoutheatdebates(温端政、周荐2000:123).TheconcemsofthosescholarsareorientedtoXHYs’origins,denominations,internalstructures,characteristics,classificationsandfunctions;however,mostofthesedebateshavenotyetbeensettleddown.Asfortheclassification,severalscholarshavevoicedtheirownopinionsreasonablyyetwithunavoidableoverlapincertainaspects.However,thepredecessors’discussionsandfindingsgiveUSinspirationintheresearchofthisfield.RelevanceTheoryproposedbySperberandWilson(19985/1996)hasreceivedmuchattentionathomeandabroad.E.A.GuttemploysRelevanceTheorytoexplaintranslationandregardstranslationasacommunication(2001,2004).Chinesescholarsalsoexpoundthistheoryinrecentyears(何自然1997,2003,2007;王斌2000;苗兴伟1997,etc).WangJianguohasmadecontinuousresearches(2002,2003,3004,2005,and2008)andputsforwardhisviewoftranslation(2009).EmployingRelevanceTheorytoexploreChineseXHYssddommeetsoureyes.ThosewhoareengagedinrelevantresearchesaremainlystudentsorXHY-devotees.They(ZhaoXiuqin2004,LiuBaohua2008,andTangRen2008)eitherdiscusstheunderstandingofXHYsorputforwardsomef色嬲ibletranslatingstrategieswithintheframeworkofRelevanceTheory.Thespringofalanguageconsistsincommunicatingandpromotingexchangeofcultures,whichmakestranslationamust.Thenwhatisthebasisfortranslatingand
choosingtranslationstrategies7WangJianguoemploysanewperspectiveofRelevanceTheorytoexplaintranslation.He(2009)proposeshisviewoftranslation:theTranslationoftheAuthor’SIntentionandtwoprinciples.1.2TherationaleofthisresearchRelevanceTheoryproposedbySperberandWilson(1986/1995))regardscommunicationtobeanostensive-inferentialprocess.Itholdsthatmostofhumancommunicationsareintentionalandthecommunicator’Sintentionimpliesinformativeintentionandcommunicativeintention(SperberandWilson2001:64).Informativeintentionistouseastimulus(utterances)to‘"makemanifestormoremanifesttotheaudienceasetofassumptions”(ibid:58),orsimply,toshowtheaudienceasetofassumptions;communicativeintentionistOuseastimulusto“makeitmutuallymanifesttoaudienceandcommunicatorthatthecommunicatorhasthisinformativeintention”(ibid:61),orsummarily,toshowtheaudiencehisinformativeintentionAccordingly,WangJianguoproposeshisviewoftranslation--theTranslationoftheAuthor’SIntention(orknownasViewofBeingFaithfultotheOriginalCommunicativeAct).Itisdefinedas:withintheframeworkofRelevanceTheory,afaithfultranslationistheoneinwhichtheauthor’Sinformativeintentionisrecognizedandtransferredtothetargetreadershipbythetranslatorl(2009:38.39).Heclaimsthatinanormativetranslatingprocess,informativeintentionissecondtonothing.Thetranslatormustaboveallrepresenttheassumptionsorientedtothesourcereadership,i.e.theauthor’Sinformativeintention;thenheshouldrepresenttheauthor’Swayofmutualmanifestofhisinformativeintention,i.e.communicativeintention.Heputsforwardtwoprinciplestoperformhistranslationview:theprincipleofequalinferentialdistanceintranslatinganditscomplementaryprinciple.TobeexacLtheformermeansthatafaithfultranslationshouldrepresentthesetofassumptionintendedtotheSLreadershipbytheauthorandkeepanequalinferentialdistance1在关联理论的框架下,忠实的翻译就是原作者的信息意图得到译者的识别.并由译者传达给译语读者,即原作者意图翻译观。(王建国,2009:38—39)2
bet、Ⅳ咖theSLandtheTLreadersinthepursuitoftheauthor’Sinformativeintention2.Meanwhile,heputsforwardsacomplementaryprinciple:toguaranteetheSUCCESSoftranslation,thetranslatorcalladjusttheaccessibilityoftheauthor’Sassumptionstothecognitiveenvironment3sharedbythenativeandtargetreaders,makingthemdeveloptheequalinferentialdistanceininferringtheauthor’Sinformativeintention4(2009:45).However,ChineseX/-/Ysbelongtotraditionallanguageformandarecreatedbylaboringpeople.Inotherwords,XHYsCanfindnoexactauthors.InthisSenSe,WangJianguo’SviewoftranslationandprinciplesCannotbeusedtoexplorethetranslationofChineseXHYs.InspiredbyWangJianguo’sviewandtakingintoaccountoffeatureof“noexactauthor"’,theauthormakessomemodifications.TheTranslationoftheAuthor’SIntentionismodifiedtobe:withintheframeworkofRelevanceTheory,afaithfultranslationistheonewheretheintentionofthesourcetextisrecognizedandtransferredtothetargetreadershipbythetranslator.HisprinciplesCanbecombinedintooneprinciple:afaithfultranslationshouldrepresentthesetofassumptionsintheso证cetextandkeepthetargetreaders’inferentialdistanceasshortaspossible;ifnecessary,thetranslatorshouldmakeadaptationaboutaccessibilityofassumptionstOthecognitiveenvironmentandexpectationofthetargetreadership,helpingtoshortentheTLreaders’inferentialdistanceasmuchaspossible.Thispaperattemptstoexpoundthetranslatingstrate百esofthenewclassificationofChinese。硝ys、丽ththistheoreticframework.1.3ThemethodofthisresearchThisresearchdevelopsalongthetheoreticdescriptionandexampleanalysis.2忠实的翻译必须能够再现原作者对其意向读者所做出的设想,让译语读者能够与原语读者一样在识别原作者的信息意图时具有同等的推理空间。(王建国,2009:45-46)3Acognitiveenvironmentofanindividualisasetoffactsthatammanifesttohim.(SperberandWilson2001:)4译者可以对原作者的系列设想中的设想进行可及度调整,以顺应与译语读者的共同认知环境,达到译语读者与原语读者在推理原作者的信息意图时具有同等的推理空间,我们称之为翻译的推理空间等距原则之补充原则.(同上:49)3
Ontheonehand,theauthormakesabriefintroductiontoconcemedconcepmofRelevanceTheory,WangJianguo’Sviewoftranslationandhisprinciples;meanwhiletheauthormakessomeadviceaboutWangJianguo’SprinciplesandputsforwardtheTranslationoftheIntentionoftheSourceTextandamodifiedprinciple.theotherhand,theauthoremploysvariousexamplesoftranslationtotestifytheTranslationoftheIntentionoftheSourceTextandthemodifiedprinciple.Examplesemployedinthisresearcharedigestedmainlyfromfamousliteraryworks,translationtextbooks,translationjoumalsanddictionariesonXHYs.Someexcellenttranslationexamplesareemployedtoshowthefeasibilityofacertaintranslatingstrategy;whilesomepoorly-translatedexamplesareanalyzedtofindoutthereason,andmeanwhiletheauthorattemptstoofferamorereasonabletranslation4
ChapterTwoPreviousClassi6CationsandRelevanceTheoretic2.1IntroductionResearchesintoXHYshavebeenexploredanddebatedsince1930s.Thischapterfocuses011thepreviousclassificationsofXHYs.TheoreticresearchesintoChineseXHYsaremainlyapproachedfromRelevanceTheory,eitherdiscussingthecomprehensionofXHYsorputtingforwardtranslatingstrategies.2.2ThepreviousclassificationsofXttYsThediscussionsabouttheclassificationhavenotarrivedattheirterminalstillthJisday.TherepresentativeandwidelyacceptedonesareproposedbyMaGuofanandGaoGedong:,WenDuanzheng,SunWeizhang:,TanYongxiangandWangQin,.eachofwhomwinsovermanyfollowers.MaandGao(1979)classifyXHYsaccordingtowhetherthesecondpartemployshomophones..111eyclassifyXHYsintotwotypes:metaphoricalonesandhomophonicones.MetaphoricalX/-/Ysrefertothosewhose‘firstpartspresentmetaphorsand.secondpartsprovideexplanationstOthefirstparts.HomophonicXHYsarethosewhosesecondpartscontainhomophonestOachievepunningsense,.Asforthistype,weconsideritnottobeall—covered.Because.,thesecondpartofX/-/Yexpressingpunnysensemaycontainahomophone,suchas七十岁戴眼镜一老花(话)(aseventy-oldpersonwearsglasses--presbyopia(oldsaying).However,inothercases,suchpunnysenseCallbefulfilledbyahomograph.Suchas一顿饭能吃三升米一肚量大(eatingthreelitersofriceinoneme珂一abigstomach).Here,.肚量literallymeansabigstomachmetaphoricallyabroadtolerance.Inthissense,,MaandGao’SclassificationissuspiciousofbeingpartialtOsomeextent.WenDuanzheng(2005:52)classifiesXHYsintoliterally-stated(.直陈)onesandpunnyones.Punnyonesalesubcategorizedintofivetypes:punnysensefulfilledbY5
meaning-transferring(转义),homophone,phonetic-loancharacter(假借),combinationofwords(组合)andmetonym(借喻).Fromhisdescription,WeCanfindthesefivetypesareoverlapped;meanwhilehedoesnotexemplifyeachtypeofpunnyXHYs.Therefore,suchaclassificationlacksapplicabilityandverifiability.SunWeizhang(1989:289—291)classifiesXHYsimometaphoricalonesandpunnyones.MetaphoricalXHYsaledividedintoexplanatoryones,revealingonesandassociatingonesbasedontherelationbetweentwoparts;whilepunnyXHYsincludethosewhosesecondpartsprovidehomophonicpunsandthosewhosesecondpartsprovidehomographicpuns.Throughacarefulanalysis,WefindsomeoverlapexistinginthemetaphoricalXHYs.Accordingtohim,六月里借扇子一不识时务(borrowingfansinJune--showingignoranceoftimes)belongstorevealingXHYsinthatthebehaviordescribedinthefirstpartmayproduceacertainresultandrequirespeople’Ssubjectiveremark.andthesecondpartrevealssucharemark;while提着棒子叫狗一越叫越J匠(greetingadogwithabarintheh锄d—memoreyoucall,thefartheritruns)belongstoassociatingXHYs.PeoplecalllinktheobjectorbehaviorprovidedinthefirstpartwitharelevantthingortheresultofthisbehavioLandthesecondpartpresentssucharelevantthingortheresult.ItisobviousthatthesetwoXHYsbelongtooneclassification,eitherrevealingoneorassociatingone.TanYongxiang(1984)categorizesX/-/Ysintotwokinds:metaphorical(喻意)onesandcomprehending(会意)ones.HeclaimsthatmetaphoricalXHYsprovidemetaphorsinthefirstpartswhilethesecondpartspresenttheirmetaphoricalmeanings.Thiskindincludeshalf-metaphoricalXHYsandfull-metaphoricalXHYs.Theformerreferstothosewhosesecondpartsprovidemetaphoricalmeaningsofthefirstpartsintheirliteralmeanings;whilethelatterreferstothosewhosesecondpartsprovidethemetaphoricalmeaningsofthefirstpartsintheirmetaphoricalmeanings.Forexample:飞蛾扑火一自取灭亡(amothfliestothefire---invitingdestructiononeself),here‘"invitingdestructiononeself’expressestheliteralmeaning;incontrast,穿鞋没底一6
脚踏实.地(wearingtheshoeswithoutsoles--plantingone’sfeetonthesolidground),脚踏实地isusuallyemployeditsmetaphoricalmeaningincommunicationorwriting:workinginadown-to-earthway.Asforcomprehendingx_nYs,hemakesamoredetailedsub-categorization.However,itisnotdifficulttodiscoverfromhisclassificationthatthesetwoclassificationsstilloverlaptoagreatextent.WangQin(2006:358-359)dividesXHYsintometaphoricalonesandpunny-metaphoricalones.MetaphoricalXHYsaresubcategorizedintothosewhosesecondpartsexpresstheoriginalmeaningsandthosewhosesecondpartsexpressderivativemeanings(转义).PunnymetaphoricalXHYsincludethosewhichcontainhomophonesintheirsecondpartsandthosewithsimilarpronunciationsinsecondparts.TheauthorholdsthathisclassificationinessenceiscomposedofmetaphoricalXHYsandpunyXHYs.HeputsthosewhichcontainpolysemesinsecondpartsintothemetaphoricalonesinsteadofpunnyXHYs.TheauthorholdsthatitismorereasonabletoputthissubcategoryintothepunnymetaphoricalonesbecauseitusuallyexpressesaderivativemeaningFromaboveanalysisindetail,wecanseethatclassificationsmadebythosescholarsareoverlappedorover-generalizedtosomeextent.ItinspirestheauthortOfindanewwaytoclassifyXHYs.2.3RelevanceTheoreticresearchesintoXH№Relevancetheoryhasreceivedmoreandmoreattentionathome.SomestudentshaveattemptedtoinvestigateChineseXHYswithRelevanceTheory.ZhaoXiuqin(2004)employsRelevanceTheorytointerpretthecognitiveprocessofunderstandingX_HYs.SheregardsthewholeXHY(asetofaccessibleassumptionsinanindividual’Scognitiveenvironment)asastimulusandfocusesontheinferentialprocessoftheaudienceinunderstandingXHYs.SheclassifiesXnYsintotwocategories:CategoryIandcategoryII.CategoryIcontainshomonymsinthesecondpartandCategoryIIdoesnot.Shedesignstwoflowchartstodistinguishcognitive7
processofunderstandingtwocategoriesofXHYs.ShepresumesthatCategoryIrequiresmoreprocessingefforttounderstandbecausehomonymscontainedinthesecondpartimplypunnysense.Apartfromretrievingcontextualassumptionsimpliedinbothparts,theaudiencemustfindoutthelinkbetweenhomonymsSOastogainthehintofpunnysense.Bothaspectsrequiremoreprocessingeffort.LiuBaohua(2008)claimsthatX/-/YsaretranslatableunderRelevanceTheory.Sheemphasizestheprincipleofrelevanceandpointsout(2008:45)thattransfemngofoptimalrelevancefromtheoriginaltexttothetargetoneshouldbetheprincipleofsuccessfultranslation.Basedontheprincipleofrelevance,heputsforwardsomeapplicabletranslatingstrategiesofChineseXHYs,such嬲literaltranslation,literaltranslationwithnotes,substitution,omission,addition,generalization.E.A.Gutt(2004)proposesdirecttranslationandindirecttranslationaccordingtoRelevanceTheory.TangRen(2008)employsthesetwoconceptstoexplorethetranslationofChineseXHYs.HeannouncesthatXHYsmainlyemploymetaphororpun.TheeffectivetranslationofXHYsentailsrealizingthenatureofmetaphororpununderRelevanceTheory.Accordingtohi札tosuccessfullytranslateametaphor,thetranslatormustfollowtheprincipleofrelevanceandconveytheexplicitandimplicitmeaningoftheoriginalmetaphor.HemustmakesuretheTLreadersgainenoughcontextualeffect.IfsuchconditioniSsatisfied,eitherdirecttranslationorindirecttranslationCanbeadopted.Asforthetranslationofapun,TangindicatesifboththemeaningandthepunCannotbeachievedatthesametime,themeaningshouldberetainedatthecostofthepun.SincetheTLreademdon’tsharecognitiveenvironment淅mtheSLreaders.indirecttranslationisusuallypreferred.ThenTangillustrateshisopinion、析thdifferentexamplesofXHY-translation.2.4summaryThischapterlooksbacktopreviousclassificationsofXHYsandconcemedRelevanceTheoreticresearchesintothislanguageform.Throughdetailedanalysisof8
theseinvestigations,theauthorfindsthattheclassificationsofXHYsdisplayapersuasivepowerbutoverlaptoadegree.舡forRelevanceTheoreticinvestigation,WangJianguo(2009)findsanewperspectiveandproposeshisownviewoftranslation(theTranslationoftheAuthor’SIntention)andtwoprinciples.HisviewoftranslationexhibitsgreatexplanatorypoweLbutitcallnotbecompletelyemployedtoexplorethetranslatingofChineseX/-/Ys.。Theauthorproposesherviewoftranslationandamodifiedprinciple.ThesetwofindingsencouragetheauthortoexpoundanotherwayofclassifyingX//YsanddiscussthetranslatingofChineseX/-/Yswitllanewtheoreticframework.9
ChapterThreeRelevanceTheoryandtheTranslationoftheIntentionof3.1IntroductiontheSourceTextThischapterintroducesconcemedconceptsofRelevanceTheoryandWangJianguo’Sviewoftranslationandhistwoprinciples.Further,inspiredbyhisviewandmeanwhiletakingintoaccountofthefeatureofXHYs,theauthorproposesanewtranslationviewandamodifiedprinciple.3.2.RelevanceTheorySperberandWilson(1986/1995)proposeRelevanceTheoryandregardcommunicationtobeanostensive—inferentialprocess.Theyclaimthatthe“definingfeatureofcommunicationisintentionality(2001:64)”.Accordingtothem,anintentionisapsychologicalstateandmustbementallyrepresented.Thecommunicator’SintentionincludesinformativeintentionandcommunicativeIntention3.2.1InformativeintentionInformativeintentionisanintentionofacommunicatortoproduceastimulus(i.e.anutterance)intendingto“makemanifestormoremanifesttotheaudienceasetofassumptionsI”(ibid2001:58).Inotherwords,informativeintentionpossessesitsconcretecontent(aSetofassumptions)anditsaim(tomodifytheaudience’scognitiveenvironment).Thisdefimtioniscomposedoftwofactors,i.e.“manifest’,,and“assumptions’,,bothofwhicharekeystograspingthecommunicator’Sinformativeintention.AccordingtoSperberandWilson(2001:39),‘铀bemanifest,then,istobeperceptible0rinferable”.Ifthecommunicatorwantstomakemanifesttotheaudienceasetofassumptions,hemustmallagetomakehisassumptionsperceived0rinferredandmeanwhileacceptedtobetrueorprobablytrue.Toputitanotherway,the
communicator’sassumptionsmustfallintheaudience’Scognitiveenvironment.Anassumption‘"isas仇Jcturedsetofconcepts(ibid:85)”oraperson’Sconceptualrepresentationoftheactualworld.Differentpeopledevelopthorownrepresentationsabouttheirsurroundings.IfthecommunicatorwantshisinformativeintentiontOberecognizedbytheaudienceandhisassumptionstobereceivedtobetrueorprobablytrue,hemustproducehisassumptionsorientedtotheaudience’srepresentationsabouttheworld.3.2.2CommunicativeintentionCommunicativeintentionreferstothemeansoffulfillinganinformativeintention,namely,producingastimulusto“makeitmutuallymanifesttoaudienceandthecommunicatorthatthecommunicatorhasthisinformativeintention”(SperberandWilson2001:61).Toputitdifferently,thecommunicativeintentiondoesnotcontainitsowncontentbutjustconveysinformativeintentioninamutualmanifestWhatdoesitmeanby“mutualmanifestness”?Scholarshavingadoptedthistermstillhavenotclarifiedit.Followingthedefinitionofcommunicativeintention,SperberandWilsonemployanexampletomakeanillustrationofitsconnotation:“⋯Maryleavesthepieceofherbrokenhair-drierlyingaround⋯..ShewantstothisinformativeintentiontobemanifesttOPeter,butatthesametime,shedoesnotwantittobe‘overt’.Inourterms,shedoesnotwantherinformativeintentiontobemutuallymanifest(2001"61)”.Fromthesestatements,wecaninferthatcommunicativeintentioniStotransmitinformativeintentioninall“overt”manner.NoteveryaudienceCallinferfromtheassumptionsandSOthecommunicatorneedstoadjusthisassumptionsandmakesthemmanifesttohisaudience.Iftheadjustedassumptionsaremanifesttohisaudience,wecansaythattheseassumptionsaremanifesttoboththecommunicatorandtheaudiencebecausethecommunicatorsurelyunderstandshisownassumptions.Inotherwords,thecommunicator’Scommunicativeintentionmeansheexpressesclearlyandopenlythell
realmeaningofhisassumptions.3.3WangJianguo’SViewoftheTranslationoftheAuthor’sIntentionandtwoprinciplesWangJianguohasmadedeepresearchesintoRelevanceTheoryinrecentyears(2002,2003,2004,2005,2008,and2009).Afterdiscoveringthestrongpointsandweakpointsofthistheory,hefindsanewperspectivetoexplaintranslation.Hedrawsontheconcept“intentionality’’todevelophisview.SpeberandWilsonstatethatinordinarysituationtherecognitionofinformativeintentionmeansthefulfillmentofcommunicativeintention,andtheaimofanaudiencetointerpretanutteranceistOgraspthecommunicator’sinformativeintention(200l:29).Inotherwords,therealizationofinformativeintentionisakeytOasuccessfulcommunication.Iftheoriginalassumptionsareperccivedandacceptedtobetrueorprobablytruebytheaudience,wecansaythatthecommunicatorconveyshisinfotinativeintentioninamutualmanifestmannerBasedonthesestatements,WangJianguo(2009.38—39)makesthecommunicator’Sintentionasareferenceandproposeshisviewoftranslation:thetheAuthor’SIntention(alsocalledViewofBeingFaithfultotheOriginalCommunicativeAct):withintheframeworkofRelevanceTheory,afaithfultranslationistheoneinwhichtheauthor’SinformativeintentionisrecognizedandtransferredtotheTLreaders.Accordingtohim,inanormativetranslatingprocess,thetranslatormustfaithfullyrepresenttheauthor’Sintention.Representinginformativeintentionisputinthefirstplace,i.e.thetranslatormusttransfertheauthor’sassumptionsfaithfully;whenthetargetreadershipfailstorecognizetheauthor’sassumptions,thetranslatorCanadjusttheseassumptionstomeetthetargetreaders’cognitiveenvironmentandexpectation,butthetranslatormustmakehiswayofmanifestationclosetotheauthor’Sasmuchaspossible.Tosupportthisview,he(2002:52)putsforwardthePrincipoofEqualInferential
Distanceintranslating:afaithfultranslationshouldrepresentthesetofassumptionintendedtotheSLreadersbytheauthorandkeepanequalinferentialdistancebe研eentheSLreadersandtheTLreadersinthepursuitoftheauthor’Sinformativeintention(ibid).Inotherwords,thetranslatormustkeeptheauthor’Sassumptions啪ch锄gedandmeanwhilemaketheaccessibilityoforiginalassumptionstOTLreaderssametoSLreaders.However,theauthorandTLreadersliveindifferentphysicalenvironmentsandpossessdifferentassumptions(structuredsetsofconcepts)abouttheworld.Itisextremelydifficulttocarryoutthesameinferringprocessandprocedurebecausethesetofassumptionsmadebytheauthoraremainlyorientedtohisnativereadership.Consideringabouthispoint,he(2009:49)putsforwardaComplementaryPrinciple:tOguaranteetheSuccessoftranslation,thetranslatorCanadjusttheaccessibilityoftheauthor’Sassumptionstothecognitiveenvironment5sharedbythenativeandtargetreaders,makingthemdeveloptheequalinferentialdistanceininferringtheauthor’sinfornlativeintention.3.4CommentsonWangJianguo’Sviewoftranslationandhisp1.inciplesFromathoroughanalysis,wecanfindsomethingpreferableaboutWangJianguo’Sview.WangJianguoproposesacompleteviewofafaithfultranslation.Heholdsthatatrulyfaithfultranslationistheonebeingfaithfultotheoriginalcommunicativeact.ThisanswersthequestionofwhattObefaithful.Hisprincipleofequalinferentialdistanceemphasizesthefaithfulnesstotheinferentialandostensivemanneroftheoriginalcommunicativeact.Thisanswersthequestionofhowtobef缸thful.Hisprinciplesdemonstratemoreexplanatorypower.However,thereisstillsomethingtObeimprovedasforhisprincipleandcomplementaryprinciple.First,itisobviousthatWangJianguoidealizeshisPrincipleofEqualInferential5Acognitiveenvironmentofanindividualisasetof舭tsthal8他manifesttohim.(SperberandWilsord001:)
DistanceinTranslating.Justlikewhattheauthorfindsabove,whathenames‘"theinferentialdistance”isinessencetheprocessingeffortcostbytheaudience.ThoughhequotesGut’Sopinionthatthecausal—effectrelationshipcallpsychologicallybecalculatedandespeciallyinferred,itisdifficulttoconfirmwhethertheinferentialdistancesareequalornotinaconcretetranslatingprocess.3.5TheTranslationoftheIntentionoftheSourceTextandaModifiedPrincipleChineseX/-/YsarecrystalsofcollectivewisdomofChinesepeopleanditisdifficulttoconfirmtheexactauthorsofXHYs.Fromthis,theTranslationoftheAuthor’SIntentionfindsnowheretostandintranslatingChineseXHYs.Meanwhile,human’Scognitionisrelevance-orientedandfollowstheprincipleofleasteffort.Thatistosay,theaddresseeisinclinedtoachievingenoughcontextualeffect、)I,iⅡllessprocessingeffortorwithoutunnecessaryprocessingeffort.Fromthis,whenthetranslatortransferstheauthor’Sinformativeintention,heshouldshortenasmuchaspossibletheinferentialdistanceoftheTLreadersIntermsofthesetwofactors,theauthormakessomemodificationaboutWangJianguo’sviewoftranslationandputsforwardanewtranslationview:withintheframeworkofRelevanceTheory,afaithfultranslationistheoneinwhichtheintentionofthesourcetextisrecognizedandtransferredtothetargetreadershipbythetranslator.Correspondingly,theauthorcombinestwoprinciplesintoone:a蹦th觚translationshouldrepresentthesetofassumptionsinthesourcetextasunchangedaspossibleandkeepthetargetreaders’inferentialdistanceasshortaspossible;ifnecessary,thetranslatorshouldmakeadaptationaboutaccessibilityofassumptionstothecognitiveenvironmentandexpectationofthetargetreadership,helpingtoshortentheTLreaders’inferentialdistanceasmuchaspossible.3.6SummaryThischapterreviewsconcemedconceptsofRelevanceTheoryandWangJiangno’Sviewoftranslationandhisprinciples.Agreeing、Jl,imhimtoalargeextent,
theauthorworksoutsomemodificationsandputsforwardanewviewoftranslationandamodifiedprinciple.ChapterFivewillexplaintranslatingstrategiesofChineseXHYs、析Ⅱlthistheoreticbackground.
ChapterFourANewClassificationofXHYs4.1IntroductionXHYsthemselvesbelongtoChineseculturalcontentsinthatlanguagecallnotpartwiⅡlculture.Differentculturesdevelopdifferentlinguisticforms.However,fortheconvenienceofanalyzingXHYsindetail,theauthortemporarilyignoresthispointandclassifiesXHYsbythefirstparts.ChineseXHYscallbecategorizedintothreegroups:culturalXHYs,linguisticXHYsandnon-cultural-non-linguisticX./-tYs.Thisclassificationdoesn’tmeanseparatingculturefromlanguage;rather,itismadeoutofexpediency.ThisnewclassificationavoidstoalargedegreeoverlapamongdifferentXHYsandimpliesmoresummary;henceitCanprovideapivotforthechoosingoftranslatingstrategies.4.2Cullural.KHhNewmark(2001:94)definescultureasthewayoflifeanditsmanifestations.Theyarepeculiartoacommunitywhichusesaparticularlanguageasmeansofexpression.Thatis,languageandcultureareintertwined.Languagemirrorscultureandisconstrainedbyculture.Anation’Suniquecultureismainlydisplayedthroughallusionsinhistoryorliteraryworks,materialculture,institutionalculture,behaviorcultureandmentalculture.ThisclassificationofXHYdemonstratesthecultureofwhatHallcallsthe‘"hidden’’partof“iceberg”(Katan2004:29).4.2.1XIIYscontainingallusionsAllusionspresentedintheseXHYsmainlycomefromhistoricalcharactersandliteraryworks.诸葛亮皱眉头一计上心来6(ZhuGeliangwrinkleshisbrows——astratagemOccurstohim)6孙治平、黄尔逸,1988:335
ZhuGeliangisastrategistintheperiodofThreeKingdoms(220-265).Heisreputedforhiswisdomandstratagem.Asamilitaryconsultant,heshouldersheavyresponsibilitiesoverShukingdomandhisarmy.Whenanenemyarmyattacksorothertroublecomes,SOlongashewrinkleshisbrows,agoodstratagemwillhituponhim_Later,theterm‘"ZhuGeliang”isoftenusedtodescribeacleverperson.Similarexamplesinclude气死周瑜去吊孝一虚情假意(ZhuGeliangpaysacondolencetoZhouYuafterprovokinghimtodeath--displayingafalseaffection),包公铡侄儿一大义灭亲(LordBaoZhengchopshisnephew--sacrificingthebloodrelationsforthesakeofrighteousness)7,etc.刘姥姥走出大观园一满载而归8(GrannyLiuwalksoutofGrandViewGarden--comingbackloadedwithgifts)ThecharacterpresentedinthisXHYischosenfromthenovelADreamofRedMansionsauthoredbyCaoXueqin.GrannyLiuisapoordistantrelativeoftherichFamilyJia.ShevisitsJiaandasksforarelief.Whenretumingtothecountryside,sheisgivenalotofgirlsbyfamiliyJia.Now,thisallusionistakentoexpressajoumeywithfruitfulresulIs.SimilarXHYsare猪八戒磨墨一假装斯文(Piggyrubsaninkstickagainstaninkstone---pretendingtobescholarly),铁拐李的葫芦一不知卖的什么药(IronCrotchLi’ScalabaSh--notknowingwhatisinit),梁山的朋友一越打越亲(friendsinLiangshanMount--morefighting,morecloseness)4.2.2XHYscontainingmaterialcultureMaterialculture,alsoknown蕊materializedpowerofknowledge,isatotalofhuman’Smaterialproducts.111eyaremainlyintheshapeofconcreteandtangible7王士均,2009:555,88。同上2009:1449孙治平等。1988363,377
culturalobjects10.HencemanyXHYsdemonstraterichandwonderfulmaterialcontents.大队仓库保管员赵老成⋯⋯挥动着两手大声地嚷道:“这回是饺子破了皮一露馅啦!他二秃子还说粮食是俺偷的,想吓唬俺,不让俺说,俺才不怕呢!"(《惊雷》509页)11饺子(1iaozi)isatraditionalChinesefood.Itismadeofapieceofflourwrapperandstuffingofmeat.Whenthewrapperisbroken,themeatsmitinginsidewillberevealed,i.e.露馅.Meanwhile,thistermnotonlyexpressestheliteralmeaningmthestuffingcomesout_butalsoimpliesametaphoricalmeaning:givingoneselfawayorlettingthecatoutofthebag.Otherexamplesare倒摆窝窝头一现眼(asteamedcombreadisplacedupsidedown—theholeinthebottomappearsatonce(makingfoolofoneselfinpublic)),八仙桌上的老九一挤不上(theninthpersonaroundaeight—immortaltable(atraditionalChinesesquaretableusuallyseatseightpersons卜hecannotsqueezein),etc4.2.3XHYswithInstitutionalcultureInstitutionalculturel2referstotheonewhosecontentsarecomposedofsocialnornlsestablishedinsocialpractice,whichmainlyincludereligion,politics,education,legislation,technique,economics,etc.和尚手里的木鱼一生来挨揍的货13(Awoodenfishinthehandofamonk—anobjectinbomtObebeaten).10物态文化是人的物质生产及其产品,是可感知的.具有物质实体的文化事务。http:j"haike.baidu.gOlllview/3537,htm?fr=alaOll(2010年12月23日)“谭永祥,1984,89u制度文化是人类在社会实践中建立的各种社会规范组成,包括民族,政治、教育及经济等.丛臣尘丝i蛀:随idu:嫂l!世Yi曼型趋3Z也地2立二趟璺Q—Ll(2010年12月23日)”孙治平.1988:23718
Religiousbeliefsexertafar-reachinginfluenceonpeople’sthoughtsandbehaviors.BuddhismwasintroducedintoChinaduringtheperiodbetweenWestemandEastHandynasty.AWoodenfishandBuddhistscripturearetwomustsforchanting:amonkisaschantingasbeatingthewoodenfish.Itusuallydescribesapersonwhoisinborncowardandbulliedbyothers.Otherexamplesare观音堂里填窟窿一补(不)庙(妙)(fillingupholesinmemorialtempleforGuanYinGoddess--mendingthetemple(bad)),抱泥菩萨洗澡一淘神费力(bathingaclayidol--spendingeffortwashingaclayidol(wastingenergyandeffort)),拜佛走进吕祖庙一走错了fq(enteringTempleL诅(atempleforworshipingTaoism)toworshipBuda--walkingintoawrongdoor)14,etc.Asforeducation,ConfucianismiSthemostinfluentialstandardinChinesehistory.Confuciusisrespectedtobeasageofintelligenceandhiswordsanddeedsarelookeduponasmodels.HencemanyXHYscontainingConfuciusmeetoureyes.Suchas孑L子面前卖文章一好不识相(sellinghisarticlesinfrontofConfucius--lackingself-knowledge),孑L夫子的背包一书袋(呆)子(Confucius’backpack--abagforbooks(pedant)),孔夫子的弟子一都是贤(闲)人(thefollowersofConfucius--allaresages(idlers))15,etc.4.2.4XHYswithbehaviorcultureBehaviorculturel6takestheformofcustomsandembracesstrongnationalandlocalcolors.ChinaiSatime-honorednationwithwell-establishedcustomsandhabits.Themostprominentonesarevarioustraditionalfestivalscelebratedatgiventimeonlunal"calendar.TheSpringFestivalisthemostsignificantfestivalinChina.Onthisfestival,peopleusuallypasteupcoupletsandNewYearpictures,eatdumplingsanddeliciousdishesonNewYear’SEve(30thdayofthe12mmonthonlunarcalendar)andstayupl●1516本段歇后语分别摘自孙治平。1988:182;马清文,1991:9本段歇后语摘自马文清,1991:146,145。146行为文化以民风民俗的形态出现,具有鲜明的民族及低于色彩。h鲢仑;:』随i鲢:b西垒丛:£Q堡!!i§型3i王Z:照£也!盘二型§尘!一l(2010年12月23日)
allnight.EvenfamilieswithmeagerincomestillmanagetomaketheirfoodasdecentastheyCan.ThesecustomshavetheirdemonstrationsinXHYs.Suchas三十夜熬稀饭一不像过年的架势(cookinggruelonNewYear’SEve—itdoesn’tlookliketocelebratetheNewYear),年画上的春牛一犁(离)不得(afarmcattleintheNewYear’Spicture--cannotbeusedtoplough(cannotpartwithsomebodyorsomething)),三十晚上贴福字一倒贴(pastingupChinesecharacter福onNewYear’SEve--pastingitupsidedown(payinginsteadofbeingpaid))17八月十五的团圆饼一不给外人18(themooncakeon15mdayofthe8mmonthnotbeingsharedwithoutsiders).Here,15mdayofthe8mmonthisconsideredbyChinesepeopleasMid.AutumnFestival.Inthiseveningthewholefamilygettogethertoenjoymoon-cakesandchatabouttheirlife,work,gainsandloss.Onsuchoccasion,mooncakes,asasymbolofreunion,arenottobesharedwithoutsidersSomeXHYsdisplayothertraditionalfestivalsinChina,suchasDragonBoatFestival(5mdayofthe5mmonth)andPureBrightFestival(TombSweepingDay,5mdayofthe4山month).Forexample,五月初六卖粽叶一过时货(sellingreedleaveson6mdayofthe5恤month--goodsoutofdate),上坟不带烧纸一惹祖宗生气19(visitingagravebuttakingnopapermoney--irritatingtheancestors),etc.4.2.5IxjHYswithmentalcultureMentalculture20referstothecultureconstitutedbyoutlookofvalue,aesthetictasteandwayofthinking.suchas三十年守寡一好守(手)(remainstobeawidowforthinyyearS—agoodguard(expert),小葱拌豆腐一一清二I刍(shallotismixedwith1。7本段歇后语摘自周骋,2007:224;孙治平。1988164,:23”孙治平,1988:20”Itiscustomforpeopleinsomeregionstovisitthegmvesoftheirlatefamilies.Onsuchoccasion,peopleiscustomarilyburnpapermoneyassumedtocirculateintheI豫therworldifnot,thoselatefamilieswillbetoopool"toafrordanything.(周骋,2007:232)∞心态文化是人类在社会实践和意识活动中长期孕育形成的价值观念,审美情趣等.http:./baike.baidu.com/view/3537.htm?fr-ala0l(2010年12月23日)
beancufd—电negreenandtwowhites(completelyclearcutorinnocent)),2tetc.People’Sattitudestowardmarriage,life,etcaledemonstratedintheseXHYs.4.3.LinguisticX/-/YsCulturesalediverse,SOalelanguages.NidaandTabermaintainthateachlanguagehasitsowngeniusandpossessescertaindistinctivecharacteristics(2004:3).XHYsarenotonlyashowcaseofdiversityofChineseculturebutalsotheunparallelfantasyoftheChines.elanguage.LinguisticXHYsrefertothosewhichareconstructedthroughskillfularrangementofChinesecharactersornumerals.Chinesebelongstoideographiclanguageandcanbedisassembledandcombined.Meanwhile,thebreakingoftheOrderofnumeralsin。脚Ysdemonstratesrichconnotations.Bothofthesesub—classificationsthemselvesaleinexplicableliterally.4.3.1UniqueChinesecharactersGenerallyspeaking,thefollowingthreewaysareemployedtocreatethiskindofXHYs.1).Employingtheslightdifferenceinstroke:王奶奶比玉奶奶一差一点22(Granny王(Wang)iscomparedvvimGranny玉m)一脚lingshonofadotstroke“、”)Wang(王)andYu(玉)aletwosurnamesofChinesepeople.Comparedwithcharacter玉,thecharacter王doeslackadotstroke“、”.Thesecondpartpointsoutthisdifferenceandmeanwhileitimpliesanothermeaning:nearly,almost.Otherexamplesinclude大爷比太爷一差一点(Grandpa大iscomparedwithGrandpa太一beingshortofadotstroke“,”),两个山字打垛一请出(twocharactersLh(hill)21本段歇后语选自戴其晓,2008:22,谭永详1984:138,戴其晓,2008:3忿马清文,1991:308
makesastacl(_producingacharacter,Sq,(pleasegoout))23,etc.2).dissemblingaChinesecharacterintotwoparts:庄稼人不识“串’’字一中中24(Thefarmerdoesnotlearnthecharacter串一中中)Here,theanalysisofChinesecharacterisadopted.Thecharacter串(bunch)iscomposedoftwoqb(middle).Thefarmerdoesnotleam串,hejustreadthischaracterfromtoptobottom.Thesecondpartpresentsthisformanditcontainsametaphoricalmeaning:OKmypleasure(inHenandialect)3).CombingaradicalwithaChinesecharacterorcombingtwoChinesecharacters:七字头上加两点一斗(抖)出弯儿来了25(addingtwodotstrokes“,”onthecharacter七——bringingoutacrook)ThisXHYisconstructedbythecombinationofaradicalwithacharacter.When七(seven)isaddedtotwodotstrokes“、’,,itbecomesanothercharacter斗(akindofgraincontainer).Meanwhile,七containsavertical—crookedstroke.Hencethesecondpart:斗出弯来.Besides,斗sharesthepronunciationd6uwith抖whichmeanspluckingupone’sspirit.Hencecomesthemetaphoricalmeaning:takingonairsorbeingself-complacent.Otherexamplesare高字边上加提手一搞两下子26(addingarisingstrokebesidethecharacter高(tall卜_haveago),Anotherexampleis心字头上一把刀一忍一下(theChinesecharacter心isplacedacharacter刀onthetop---producinga“忍’’(puttingupwithsomethingorsomebody)27.etc.4.3.2numerals∞本段歇后语分别摘自马清文,1991:51,谭永祥,1984:138“马清文,1991:373∞马清文,1991:230拍本段歇后语分别选自孙治平,1988:17;马清文,1991:8527谭永祥,1984。139
ThefirstpartsofsomeXHY$alecomposedofaseriesofnumeralsorexpressionsinvolvedacomputationofnumerals.Bybreakingthenormalorder,theyexpressothermeanings.一二五一丢三拉四23(one,two,five--losingthreeandleavingbehindfour)normalordershouldbe一二三四五(one,two,three,four,five),butthefirstpartofthisX/-/Yjustpresents一二五,and三,四isabsent.InChinese,theexpression‘"losingthreeandleavingbehindfour"’conveysitsmetaphoricalmeaning:beingcarelessandsloppy,orbeingscattered-brained.Otherexamplesare一二三五六一没四(事)(one,two,three,five,six—fourismissing(itdoesn’tmatter)),二三四五六七八九一缺一(衣)少十(食)(two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine—oneandtenareabsent(1ackingclothesandfood))29,etc.一伙加两伙一三(散)伙(Onecompanyisaddedtotwocompanies--threecompanies)’Here,thefirstpartisanexpressionconstitutedbytWOnumerals:oneandtwo.Oneandtwoisthree;hencethesecondpartof三伙(threecompanies).Meanwhile,thepronunciationsof三and散aledifferentonlyintone:sonands6n,and散伙meansdisbandingagrouporallorganization,whichistherealmeaningofthisXHY.Otherinstancesinclude十个钱掉了一个一九(久)文(闻)(onecoppercoinisfallingdownfromtencoppercoins---ninecoppercoinsarelefl(Ihavelongheardaboutyourgreatname(usedwhenmeetingsomebodyforthefirsttime)),背着九面找一面一没见过十(世)面(ca玎yillgonhisshouldersnineaspectsandlookingforone绉孙治平.1988:1凹本段歇后语摘自马清文,1991:349.73
aspect--neverseeingtenaspects(ababyinthearm))30etc.4.4Non-cultural-non-linguisticXHYsJustasA肿eFrankan.nog_n_ces:“ourlivesaredifferentandyetthesame”(Edwin,etal2009:vii).ThisclassificationofXHYsdemonstratestheuniversalcultureinhumanbeings,namely,suchculturalobjectscanbefoundinChineseandwesterncultures.Tobenoted,suchobjectsarenotarrangedaStheyare;rather,m盯arecomposedskillfullybycreatorsandproducewonderfulartisticeffects.TheseXHYSaresourcedfromtherealworldorunrealworldandareestablishedimaginativelythrough(a)figureofspeech;(b)imaginationwithoutfigureofspeech;c)justcommonobjects.(a)and(b)Canhardlybefoundinrealworld.4.4.1XHYscontainingfigureofspeech4.4.1.1PersonificationPersonification31referstoafigureofspeechwhichendowsanimals,plants,orlifelessobjectswithhuman’Squalities,such雒appearance,characteroremotion肚脐眼说话一腰(谣)言(ThebellybuRontalks--waistmakesaspeech(arumor))Bellybuttonisabodyorganandislocatedinthefrontofthewaist.Itlookslikeasmallmouthagainstthebelly,SOthecreatorofthisXHYendowsit丽t11human’Squalityandassumesthatitcantalk.Thebellybutton’Stalkingmeansthewaististalking.Moreover,腰and谣roughlysharethepronunciationyao,hencethemetaphoricalmeaning:arumor.Otherexamplesinclude公鸡戴草帽一冠(官)上加冠(官)(acockwearsastrawhat--coveringthecombwiththehat(movingupalongtheofficialladderconsecutively)),狐狸给鸡拜年一没安好心(mefoxpaysaNewYearvisittothe∞本段歇后语选自马清文,1991:261,1631拟人:把事物人格化,赋予其人的动作和感情。(2010年12月23日)
hen—harboringnogoodintentions)32,etc.4.4.1.2HyperboleHyperbole33isafigureofspeechaimingtoarousethereadership’Simaginationandtoenhancethepoweroflanguagebydescribingthingswithexaggeratedexpressions.担百斤行千里一任重道远34(shoulderinghundredgramsofgoodsandcoveringonethousandmiles--theburdenisheavyandtheroadislong).Here,itisimpossibleforanordinarypersontocarrysuchaweightonhisshouldersandwalkasfarasonethousandmiles.However,tohighlightthegreatresponsibility,thecreatorofthisXHYexaggeratesthepowerofthepersontoperformsuchatask.Otherexamplesare刀尖上打拳一站不住脚(practicingChineseboxingontheedgeofasword--cannotgetafirmfoothold(allopinionisuntenable)),一根头发牵牛一力薄势单(“Vingabullwithawispofhair--beingmeagerinstrengthandsmallinnumber),洗脸盆里扎猛子~不知深浅(divingihawashbasin--notknowingthedepth(speakingthoughtlessly))35,etc.4.4.1.3Antithesis36Antithesisisanexpressioninwhichsharplycontrastingideas铷.ejuxtaposedinabalancedstructure.百亩田中一棵谷一独苗37(acerealplantedinone-hundred-mii—farmland--singleseedling(onlychild)).弛本段歇后语选自马清文,1991:66.89,118"夸张:为启发听者或读者的想象力,用夸大的词语来形容。.http::/baike.baidu.com一:vi—ex~,571—7.hun(2010年12月23日)M马清文。1991:9玎本段歇后语分别摘自周骋,2007:58;孙治平,1988:2;马清文,1991:169”李玉华,2008:18”马清文,199l:9
Afarmlandcoveringonehundredmfiisalargearea,whichmakesastrongcontrast、析t11acerealplant.Thisexpressionemphasizesthematchlessnessofsomethingandlaterisusedtorepresentonlychild.Othersimilarexamplesinclude白鹤落到鸡群里一高众一头(acranealightsamongagroupofhens.一aheadhigheroverothers),大轴子裹小轴子一画(话)里套画(话)(abigscrollwrapsupasmallscroll—apaintingenvelopsanotherpainting(thereismoretoitthanwhatissaid)),有米无锅一饭(犯)不上(offningricebutnowoI,.一foodcallnotbeserved(notworththetrouble))38etc.4.4.2ImaginationThissubtypeofXHYsisjustemployingimaginationwithoutfigureofspeech.TherawmaterialscomefromtherealworldyetCannotbefoundinreality.高粱上挂个破皮球一垂头丧气39(Atime—womleatherballhangsonakaoliangplant(Chinesesorgh啪卜(theplant)droopingitsheadand(theball)losingitsgas)Kaoliangisakindofcropsandtheleatherbasketballisadailysportsrequisite.ThisX/-/Yprovidesalovelypicture:anoldleatherbailhangs011aplant.Thebailiswombytimeandhasnearlyrunoutofitsgas;thekaoliangplantistallandthinandCannotholduptheweightofthebail,SOitsheadisdrooping.InChinese,thewholeexpressionofleakinggasanddroopingheadimpliesanothermeaning:losingone’Sspirits.Again,额头挂钥匙一开开眼界(hangingakeyovertheforehead--unlockingtheeyes(broadeningoneknowledge)),船头上跑马一走投无路(ridingahorseonthebow—noroadtocome(havingnowayout)),筛子做门窗一难遮众人iil曼(makingadoororawindowwithasi伴一itisdifficulttohidethemassfromviewing(cannot38本段歇后语摘自孙治平,1988:144;马清文,1991:7,233挣马清文,1991:84
coverupone’sblemishes))40,etc.4.4.3CommonobjectsXHYsbelongingtothissubtypearecomposedofdailyobjectsandCanbetracedbackilltherealworld.However,theystillc锄producevividandlivelyeffects.“呸!她那是鸭子死了嘴硬,我姐说了,现在是我们的天下啦,什么‘青竹蛇’,‘眼镜蛇’,那都是秋后的山蝉一叫不了几声啦!”小明轻蔑地说着。《海疆儿女》(摘自温端政1985)Cicadaisallinsect.Aftergrowingintoanimago,cicada’Slifelastsasshortaseightydays.TheimagocomesoutofthegroundinJuneandclimbsuponatree.Itstaysthereandshedsoffitsshellandfinallygrowsintoacicada.Threemonthlaterwhentheautumnbegins,cicadadiesfollowinganaturallaw.TheauthoremploysthisXHYtoexpresshiscontemptuousattitudetowards‘‘bamboosnake’’and‘‘cobra"’(nicknamesofevilpeople).Anotherexamplesinclude一根筷子吃莲菜一挑眼)[,(eatinglilyrootwithchopstick--pickingupitbytheholes(pickingflaws),柴油机抽水一吞吞吐吐(thedieselpumpswater--swallowingandspitting(mutteringandmumbling)),百叶窗里看人一把人看斜了(seeingpeoplebehindtheblinds--theyareaskew(100kingdownuponsomebody),41etc.4.5SummaryThischapterprovidesanewclassificationofXHYs.Non-cultural-non-linguisticonesoccupyallabsolutemajorityandculturalonesareless,whilethenumberoflinguisticX/-/YsisthesmallestbuttothelargestextentdemonstratesthecharmofChineselanguage.Suchclassificationavoidspartlyoverlapsufferedbypreviousclassifications.柏本段歇后语分别摘自马清文,1991:69:周骋,2007:46;230‘1本段歇后语摘自马清文,1991:26.99,350
Meanwhile,itsbeingmoregeneralhelpsthetranslatorchoosetranslatingstrategiesintheconcreteprocessoftranslatingChineseXHYs.NextchapterwillgenerallyintroducesomegeneraltranslatingstrategiesofChineseX/-/YsintermsofthenewclassificationwithintheframeworkofWangJianguo’Sviewandthemodifiedprinciples.
5.1IntroductionChapterFiveTheTranslatingstrategiesofChineseXHYsThischapterexplorestranslatingstrategiesofChineseXHYsOilthefollowingbasicpointbasedonthenewlyproposedviewoftranslation:thetranslatorshouldfaithfullytransfertheintentionoftheSLtext,i.e.heshouldkeeptheoriginalassumptionsunchangedasmuchaspossible;ifnecessary,heshouldmakesomeadjustmentaboutaccessorilyoforiginalassumptions.BothofaboveaimtoshortentheTLreaders’inferentialdistanceaspossibleashecall.Gouaduec(ShuttleworthandCowie2004:1)proposesseverltranslatingstrategiesinprofessionalenvironment.ThesetranslatingstrategiesCanbeemployedtoexpoundthetranslatingofChineseXHYs.Amongthesesevenstrategies,absolutetranslation,abstracttranslationandselectivetranslationaremainlyconcemedaboutthewaytodealwiththeassumptionsoftheoriginalauthors.ThesestrategiesareemployedtotestifyWangJianguo’Sviewandthemodifiedprinciples5.2GeneralstrategiestobeemployedintranslatingChineseXHYsAsforthetranslatingstrategies,manyscholarshavedebatedaroundliberaltranslationandliteraltranslation,domesticationandforeignization,etc,yetwhichofthemaremorefeasiblehasnotbeenconcluded.Gouaduec(ShuttleworthandCowie2004:1)proposesseventypesoftranslationstrategiestofulfillvarioustranslationneedsinaprofessionalenvironment,whichincludeabsolutetranslation,abstracttranslation,keywordtranslation,diagrammatictranslation,selectivetranslation,sighttranslationaswellastranslationwithreconstruction.Absolutetranslation(ibid)referstoatranslationstrategyinwhich‘"thewholeofSTistransferredintoTL,withnoalterationtothecontentortheformoftheoriginaldocument.”Accordingtohim,allterminologyoftargetlanguageisexactlyasthatin
sourcetext.Inotherwords,thetranslatorkeepstheoriginalassumptionsuntouchedtoconveytheinformativeintentionofthetext.Forexample:聋子的耳朵-摆设istranslatedinto“adeafmail’se,al"Sjustforshow"’.Thistranslationretainseachelementoftheoriginalone.Abstracttranslation(ibid)isastrategyinwhich“acondensedtranslationofalltheinformationinSTismadeinordertogivetheclientrapidaccesstospecifictypes’ofinformation.”Thatistosay,thetranslatorfirstlymasterstheconnotationoftheoriginalassumptionsandthenmakessomeadjustmentsabouttheaccessibilitiesoftheseassumptions.Forexample:王婆卖瓜一自卖自夸istranslatedinto“nomancriesstinkyfish”.Inthistranslation,thetranslator,afterdigestingtheauthor’Sintention--praiseone’Sownwaresevenifmeyareinpoorquality,condensesallinformationinto“nomancriesstinkyfish”.ThisexpressionmakesthetargetreadershipunderstandtheoriginalintentionmoreeasilySelectivetranslation(ibid)indicatesastrategyinwhich“onlydetailsrelatingtoonespecificaspectofSTaretranslated,thuseliminatingallirrelevantinformation’’Thisstrategyisinessencetomakethetargetreaders’inferentialdistanceasshortaspossibletohelpwestemreaderscapturetheassumptionsinthetext.Forexample:这个地区的空气污染仍然是“外甥打灯笼一照舅(旧)。Theairpollutioninthisregionisstillunchanged.TheSTintentionistostatethepollutioninthisregionisasheavyasever--unchanged.HoweveL‘"Thenephewcarriesalantern---lookingforhismother’Sbrother"’hasnodirectrelationto“asheavyasever”.Therefore,thetranslatorleavesthecontentofthisXHYbehindandonlytransfersthemostrelevantinformationtotheoriginalintention.Thenanotecanbeadded:舅(mother’Sbrother)sharesthepronunciation、析mIH(previoussituation).Seeingformabove,wecanfindthesetranslatingstrategiesmainlydeal、7l,itIlthe
STassumptions,whichagreeswithviewoftranslationoftheintentionoftheSOUI"0∞textandthemodifiedprinciple.Threetranslatingstrategiesconveytheoriginalinformativeintentionindifferentways.Tobeadded,oneclassificationcallbeexplored、7l,itllmorethanonetranslationstrategies,andtwoormoreclassificationsCanbeexplainedwithonestrategy.Bassnettstatesthattranslationisaprocessofnegotiationbetweentextsandbetweencultureswhichismediatedthetranslator(2004:6).Thetranslatorshoulddeal、7l,itIlthisprocessflexibly.Ingeneral,abstracttranslationorselectivetranslationisusedtotranslateculturalXHYs;selectivetranslationismainlyusedtotranslatelinguisticHXYs;non··cultural-non—linguisticXHYsar0mainlyapproachedwithabsolutetranslationand/orabstracttranslation.ThefollowingsexpoundthetranslationofX/-/Yswithproperstrategiesintermsofthenewclassification.5.3Abstracttranslationorselectivetranslation:thetranslatingofculturalXHYsTouryandPiettestatethatchangesarein-builtfeaturesofcultureandeveryculturewillexperiencechanges(Huang2005:3,117).ThetranslatingofculturalXHYsCanpromoteexchangesofcultures.CulturalXHYsimplytheparticularculturalphenomenaofChinesepeopleandthesephenomenaareindispensablyassociatedwithhistoricalbackgrounds,customs,etc.TotranslatethisclassificationofXHYs,thetranslatormustpossessanexcellentbackgroundoftheoriginallanguageandcultivategreatcontroloverthematerialstobetranslated.Theproblemofteninvolvedinthetranslationofculturalcontentsisculturaldefault.Itdefinedastheabsenceofsomeculturalbackgroundknowledgesharedbytheauthorandhis/herintendedreaders(q:东风1997:55).Inotherwords,theparticularculturalcontentsimpliedinChineseX/-/Ysdon’thavementalrepresentationsinthewesternreadership,whichunavoidablyleadstowestemers’partialunderstandingevenmisunderstandingoftheinformativeintention.
Insuchcase,thetranslator,beingaculturalmediator,mustmakesomeadaptationtoaccessibilityoftheoriginalinformativeintention.Thetranslatorcallemployabstracttranslationorselectivetranslation.Thatistosay,thetranslatorcanmanagetograspthecondensedmeaningimpliedintheofignialassumptionsandthenfaithfullyconveysittothetargetreaders.Moreover,thetranslatorCanemployselectivetranslation,i.e.onlytranslatingtherelevantelementsandignoringirrelevantinformation.Inmostcases.thesetwostrategiesareemployed、枷n1notestorelevantbackground.Thisapproachnotonlyconveystheoriginalintentionandshortensthetargetreaders’inferentialdistance;meanwhile,itCanenrichtheircognitiveenvironment.Forinstance:他对小队长是一肚子不满意,特别是看到刚才突然进来一伙商客,更觉得住在这里是“鲁肃上了孑L明的船一错了(《难忘的战斗》112页)42TheassumptionscontainedinthisXHYimplyanallusion.TheSTinformativeintentionistomakeasetofassumptionperceivedandinferredbyhisintendedreadership.LuSuandKongMing(ZhugeLiang)aretwofamousstatesmenwhoareexcellentinemployingstratagem.KongMinggainstheupperhandandLuSuusuallywalksintoatrapdesignedbyKongMing.ChinesereadersespeciallythosewhoarefamiliarwimChinesehistoryCaneasilyunderstandtheseassumptionsandcapturetheoriginalinformativeintention.However,forwestemreadership,thesetwohistoricalcharacters、)~,iⅡlLuSuinparticularareGreektothem.neyhavenobackgroundtohelpjudgetheseassumptionstobetrueornot,whicheventuallyleadstotheirfailingtograspthisinformativeintention.ThetranslatorCanadoptselectivetranslatmnandjustconveysthemostrelevantinformation--itiswrong.ThenheCanaddall42温端政,1985:6
explanatorynotetodescribethehistoricaleventorcharacteristicsofthesetwopersons.Inthisway,hehelpswesternreadersshortentheirinferentialdistanceinseekingthisintention,andmeanwhileitprovidesculturalbackgroundforthem.Onthecontrary,ifthetranslatorchoosesabsolutetranslationtodescribethewholeculturalbackgroundofanallusioninthetext,histranslationwillcostwestemreaders’moreprocessingeffortandmeanwhilefailstoconveytheoriginalinformativeintention.However,thetranslator,havingdevelopedabilingualabilityaswellasbi。culturalvision,shouldmediatebetweentwoculturesandfindawayofovercomingincompatibilitiesbetweentheauthor’Scognitiveenvironmentandthetargetreaders’.Inthissense,hecanalsoemployabstracttranslationwhichcondensestheSTinformation:using‘"Knockingatthewrongdoor"’totakeplaceoftheseassumptions.ThechangesintheoriginalassumptionsarefamiliartoTLreadershipandcanshortentheTLreaders’inferentialdistanceallthesame.Besides,thisversionmaintainsthevividnessofEnglishlanguage.ThefollowingChineseXHYsaretranslatedwithdifferentstrategies.WecandiscusswhichoneiSmorereasonableandfeasible等他们赶来救援时,已是正月十五贴门神一晚了半月啦!Whentheyarrived,itWas—toolatefo—rarescue.Theycametoolateandpastthetimeforarescue,justlikepastinguppicturesof注:中国人正月十五贴f-j牢*,是为辟邪,保平安。43唐韧,2008:77(冯至《敌后武工队》)43
ThisXHYpresentsoneofChinesetraditionalcustoms---attheimmediateendofthe12mmonthonlunarcalendar,peopleputuppicturesofDoor-Godsonthefrontdoortoguardagainsttheevil.Theauthor’SintendedreadersareChineseones,、)l,iththeresultthattheseassumptionsaremanifest.However,theseassumptionsareunfamiliartowesternersandmeanwhiletheyinvolveacalculationofnumerals.Thesetwofactorscostnon-nativereadersmoreprocessingeffort,i.e.enlargetheirinferentialdistanceThefirsttranslatoremploysabstracttranslation.Hedigeststhattheoriginalinformativeintentionistoinformintendedreadersthat‘"itiStoolate”fortherescueandconveysthiscondensedconnotationinallovertmanrlor.Bickmorecomparestranslationtowalkinginsomeoneelse’Sshoesandregardstranslatingcultureasswitchingshoestotrytowalkinthem(2009:185—195).Putitinanotherway,thetranslatorshouldlocatehimselfinthetargetcultureandstandwithtargetreaders.Inthissense,thethirdtranslatordoesagoodjob.Hechoosesabstracttranslationyetgoesfurthertoemployanidiomfamiliartowesternreaders.Theassumptionsofthisidiomareacceptableintheircognitiveenvironment.ThisstrategynotonlyconveystheSTinformativeintentionanddemonstratesthevividnessofEnglishlanguagebutalsoshortensgreatlythewestomreaders’inferentialdistance.Oncomparison,thesecondtranslatorobviouslyaimstofaithfullyconveytheoriginalinformativeintention.Heemploysabsolutetranslationandkeepstheoriginalassumptionsunchanged,i.e.translatingthemwordforword.However,againsthiswill,thetranslationfailstoobtainthedesiredresultbecausehedoesnotcapturetheoriginalspiritinhistedioustransfusion.InliterarytranslationthetranslatorshouldfirstofallgrasptheoriginalintentionofusingXHYsandthenconveysthisintentionfaithfully.Otherwise,nomatterwhattranslatingstrategiesheadopts,heCannottransfertheoriginalinformativeintention.Forexample:
有急等用钱的,有愿意借出去的,周瑜打黄盖,愿打愿挨!老舍《骆驼祥子》Somepeopleneededmoney,andotherswerewillingtolendittothem_卫监(施晓菁译)WhenyouhadononehandapemonwhohadmoneyandWaSwillingtolendit,andontheotherhandapersonwhoseneedformoneywouldn’twait,il型签!ik曼ghQ丛.HwangKaitoprovetoanenemy_generalthatthey_werenolongerfriends:onewas.thebystandersthought7.(Tr.King)(选自黄振华2006:28)Tosomeextent,bothtranslatorsadoptabsolutetranslationwiththeonlydifferencethatthefirsttranslationjustomitsthenamesoftwohistoricalcharacters.Thesetwotranslationsjustdescribethehistoricalevent,yetneitherofthemdigeststheSTintentionofchoosingthisXHY.Besides,thesetwotranslationshavecostmuchprocessingeffort.ThisXHYitselfinvolvesamilitarystratagempracticedbyZhouYuandhismilitaryofticenHowever,theadoptionofthisXHYinfactdoesnothaveanyrelation、Ⅳittlpunishmentoracceptanceofpunishment.Itisobviousthattheauthorintendstodescribethephenomenonofdoingsomethingoutofone’Sownfreewill.ThesetwotranslatorsonlyconveytheXHYandletsliptheessenceoftheoriginalinformativeintention.Asmentionedin5.2,thechoosingoftranslatingstrategiesdoesnotfollowgivenrules.Rather,thetranslatorshouldcarryouttranslationflexiblyinaconcrete35
translatingprocess.Thefollowingtranslationemploysbothabsolutetranslationandabstracttranslation.Butthecombinationoftwostrategiesisseldomtosee.(芳官道)“姨奶奶犯不着来骂我,我又不是姨奶奶家买的。‘梅香拜把子一都是奴才’罢了!这是何苦来呢!”曹雪芹《红楼梦》Youhavenocalltoswearatme,madam.Youdidn’tbuyme.Weare堑!坠i£d墨Q£垒—feather--all—slaveshere.Whygoforme?(杨宪益戴乃迭译)(选自包惠南2001:157)梅香inthisX/-/Yisacommonly—usednameforservantgirlsintraditionalChineseoperaoranovel.拜把子referstoawayofmakingfriends.Infeudalistsociety,slavesonlycallbecomeswornbrothersorsisterswithslaves.Thereisnoneedtolookdownuponeachotherbecausetheybelongtothesamegroup.TheunderstandingoftheseassumptionsrequiresofTLreaderssomefundamentalknowledgeofChinesehistory.However,westemreaderslackrelevantbackgroundknowledgeaboutChineseopera.Thisfactbringsthemanobstacletointerprettheseassumptions.Thetranslator,keepingshorteningtheTLreadership’Sinferentialdistanceinhismind,adoptsabstracttranslation.AftercapturingtheSTintention---peoplebelongingtoonegroup,hechangestheoriginalassumptionsandchoosesanEnglishidiom:allbirdsofafeathermakeafolk”.However,hedoescompletelyreplacetheXHY、而tIlthisidiombecauseitdoesnotdisplaythestatusandidentificationoftheoriginalassumptions.Hence,thetranslatoradoptsabsolutetranslationtodealwiththesecondpart:allaleslaves.ThistranslationconveysfaithfullytheoriginalassumptionsandmaintainsthelivelinessofEnglishexpressions.5.4Selectivetranslation:translatingoflinguisticXHYsLinguisticHX"Ysalesmallinnumberyettheytypicallyportraytheuniqueness
ofChinesecharactersandChin懿ewayexpression.Nidastatesthateachlanguagehasdevelopeditsowngeniusandonemustrespectthisgeniustocommunicateeffectively(2001:3-4).However,whenthe‘"genius”loomsasahindrancetothereceptorreaders’understanding,thetranslatorhasthedutytomakesomechangesinsteadblindlyfollowingtherule.ThegeniusChineseXHYsenjoyedbyChinesereaderscallnotbeappreciatedbywesternpeoplewholackthislanguageback伊ound.V丹lendealingwiththisclassificationXHYs,thetranslatormayadoptselectivetranslationtoconveytherelevantinformationandcircumventtheoriginalassumptions,SOthatheCantransferfaithfullythisrealinformativeintention.那个半大不小的,扫了那位青年--Itl曼:“谁要抬杠,两个山字摞一块儿,请(出)!”《文学知识》1982年第四期第10页44ThisX/-/YpresentsasetassumptionsabouttwoChinesecharacters.Theverticalcombinationtwod_l(hillormountain)producesanewcharacter出(goout).TheauthoradoptsthisXHYtoexpresshisdispleasureinatactfulway.Yet,forthosenon-nativereaders,suchinformationisirrelevanttOtheoriginalintentionbecausethesethreecharactersaredifferentjustinform.Therefore,iIlordertOmaketheTLreadership’Sinferentialdistanceasshortaspossible,thetranslatorCanchooseselectivetranslationwhichonlyconveystherelevantinformation:pleasegoout.Ontheotherhand,Nidaholdsthatatranslatormustcreatealinguisticformtocarlytheconceptpresentedintheoriginallanguage(2004:145).Inthissense,thetranslatorcallattempttomakeupanewexpression:twowordsaregiventoyo岬oOut.Ofcourse,thisversionissuspiciousabsolutetranslationinaway.Butthiscaseisnotcommonlyused.“谭永详,1984:155
SimilarexamplesarestillfoundinChinesedictionaryandliteraryworks.大爷比太爷一差一点45大爷referstounclewhile太爷referstograndfather.Thereisnogroundtocomparethesetwoappellations.However,theauthormakesthestroke“、’’asadistinguishingpointandprovidesasetofassumptionsbasedonhislexicalinformationinhiscognitiveenvironment.TheseassumptionsaremanifesttoChinesereaders.However,thoseassumptionsareabouttwodifferentChinesecharactersfornon-nativereadership.InChineselanguage,差一点usuallyrefersto“beingabitinferiortoorbeingnotgoodenough”.Hence,thetranslatorcanemployselectivetranslationtoconveythemostrelevantinformation,i.e.theconnotationof差一点:beingabitinferiortoorbeingnotgoodenough.Inthisway,thetranslationCannotconfusetheTLreadersandmeanwhilemissnooriginalinformativeintentionPazholdsthatthereisapluralityoflanguages,andeachoneisalienandunintelligibletoothers(ShutleandJohn1992:153).Althoughhisstatementissuspiciousofextremity,wecanfindevidencefromlinguisticX/-/Ys.WhenreadintheChineselanguage,somenumeralssoundthesamewithorsimilartoparticularChinesecharacters.TheXHYdevoteesmanagetofindsomeroomforimaginationinthesenumerals.一二三五六一没四(事)Here,theassumptionprovidedinthisXHYistheabsenceofan啪eral一四(four).ItisancoincidencethatinChinesephoneticsystem四ispronouncedsiand事ispronouncedshi;thatis,twocharactershavethesimilarpronunciation.Theabsenceof45马清文,1991:51
f.0呱没四)soundslike没事(itdoesnotmatter,oritisallright).ThisXHYcanattracttheChinesereaders’attentionatonceandencouragethemtomakeinference.AsforEnglish-speakingworld,吐le,,arejust“one,two,three,fiveandsix,谢tllfourmissing”,nothingelseata11.TheyCannotfindtherelevancebetweenthesenumeralsandhenceCannotmakeusefulinference.ThispreventstheTLreadersfromproducingreasonstorecognizethatintention.Therefore,thetranslatorcallattempttoemployselectivetranslati[jntoexpressthemostrelevantinformationimpliedinthis咒唧:itdoesnotmatter.Insuchcase,thetranslatorCanalsorockhisbrainandcreateanewEnglishexpression.Forexample,heCantranslatethisXH】,into“some,any,every--thereisnothing”.Thisexpressionmeansitdoesnotmatter.Inthisway,thetranslatorconveystheoriginalintentionandfurthercontributesabittotherichnessoflanguage.MoreoveLalthoughthistranslationcontMnsmorewords,itCallnotenlargethenon—natives’inferentialdistance,becausetheseEnglishassumptionsfallintheircognitiveenvironment.Ofcourse,thiswayoftranslatingneedsfurtherdiscussionWeCancomparethefollowingdifferenttranslationsofthesameXHYandfindoutwhichisreasonableandwhichneedstobeimproved洪太尉倒在树根底下,唬的三十六个牙齿捉对儿厮打,那心头已似十五个吊桶,七上八落地响。施耐庵《水浒传》NowtheCommanderhadfallenatthefootofatreeandallhisthirty-sixteethclatteredtogetherand蝤§b曼堑!坠曼丛签鱼Q丛gh缸巡曼醒垦型曼!!型i尘』i壁垒坌塾垫丛垒k鲤(PearlS.Buck译)MarshalHonglaybeneathatree,histeethchattering,蝤墨h曼i虹璺!垒堕gi!鲳!iK曼(SidneyShapiro译)那胡正卿心头“十五个吊桶打水一七上八下。施耐庵罗贯中《水浒传》(第二十六回)HuChengchingWaSverymuch旦l!墨堕bythis,andhi墨h曼i蛙坠国墨坠曼煎i!鸦!ik璺
.fifteenbucketsbeinghurriedlyintoawellforwater--eightgoingdownwhileseven.morecomingup..(Jackson译)(卢红梅2006:245)日本曹长心里像有十五个吊桶打水一七上八下地不安宁。刘侠《烈火金刚》Itwasasifthe.s...w.......o.....r...d........o.....f.....D.......a.....m.......o.....c....1...e.—s—hungovertheJapaneseSergeant!(选自赵琼2007:75)TheassumptionspresentedinthisXHY—fifleenbucketsarefetchingwaterfromthewell.sevenbucketsareaboveandeightaredownintothewell——aremanifestormoremanifesttobothChinesenativesandwestemreadership.Inotherwords,theycanaccepttheseassumptionstobetrueorprobablytrue,becauseusingbucketstofetchWaterarecommontobothcountriesHowever,theSTrealintentionisnottodescribeapicturebuttoexpressimpliedmeaning:anuneasystateofmind.Suchimplicationcallnotbefoundinwesterners’cognitiveenvironment.WeCanapprovethisfromSidneyShapiro’Stranslation.Heemploysabsolutetranslaaonandconveystheoriginalassumptiononebyone.Forexample,theheartis‘‘clanging’’insteadof‘‘beating’’.Itisobviousthathedoesnotgraspthisrealintention.PearlS.Buck,althoughhavinglivedinChina,stillfailstoobtaintheimplicationoftheoriginalassumptions.JacksonalsochoosesabsolutetranslationbuthehasseizedtheoringialintentionofusingthisXHY.Afterdescribingtheseassumptions,headdsaword“upset"’whichtellsthathepartiallyemploysabstracttranslationandshortenstheTLreaders’inferentialdistance.However,Jackson’Stranslationisinferiortothelasttranslation.ThelasttranslatorcapturestheSTrealconnationandemploysabstracttranslationtomaketheconnotationoverttotheTLreaders.“SwordofDamocles”iS锄allusionfamiliartowesternreaders.Itexpresses‘"beingpanicandrestless’’andissimilarto‘"beingupset”.Therefore,he
makessomechangesabouttheoriginalassumptionsandreplacesit、加manEnglishallusion.8ythismeans,thetranslatormaintainsthecolorfulnessoflanguageandconveysfaithfullytheoriginalinformativeintention.Whatismoreimportant,thisversionhasgreatlyshortenedtheTLreaders’inferentialdistance.5.5Absolutetranslationand/orabstracttranslation:thetranslatingofnon-cultural-non-linguisticX/-/YsThisclassificationshedsoffitsculturalidentifiesandmostofthemcanbeeasilyrecognizedandadmittedbyTLreadership.Toalargedegree,thefulfillmentofinformativeintentionmeansthefulfillmentofcommunicativeintention.Tobesuccinct,theauthorconveyshisinformativeintentioninanovertormutuallymanifestmanner.InmostCases,thetranslatorcallchooseabsolutetranslationandkeeptheoriginalassumptionsunchanged.Thisstrategycallnotenlargethewestemers’inferentialdistancebecauseculturalorlinguisticcontentsarecommontonativesandnon.natives.However,thetranslatorusuallysufferstheproblemlatentinthesecondpartsofmisclassificationofxHYs.ChineseXHYsareoftenusedtOachieveacertainexpressiveeffect.Althoughthisclassificationhasnoidentityofcultureandlanguage,theassumptionspresentedintheirsecondsusuallypossesstwomeanings:literalmeaningandmetaphoricalmeaning.Therefore,whentranslatingthisclassificationofChineseXHYs,attentionshouldbepaidtowhetherthetranslatorconveystheorignialinformativeintention.Seeingfromthis,thetranslatorCanadoptabstracttranslationtoconveytheSTrealinformativeintention.Thatistosay,thetranslatormustfirstofallrecognizealloftheseimplications.ThenheCanchooseabsolutetranslationand/orabstracttranslationtoretaintheoriginalassumptionsandwritingcharm,andmeanwhileconveysthisinformativeintention.Forexample:
小吴,你有什么条件尽管说,现在又不是马上做结论,不要像小孩吃泡泡糖一吞吞吐吐的。(尚弓《斗熊》)(温端政2005:90)ThisXHYgivesascene;achildischewinggum.Whenthetranslatortransmitstheseassumptionsuntouchedtothetargetreaders,meycalleasilyacceptthisbehaviort0betrue.Butitdoesnotdemonstratetheauthor’Simplication.IntheChineselanguage,thephrase“吞吞吐吐”doesnotjustdescribeabehaviorbutitstillholdsanotherconnotation:beinghesitantinspeech.Fromthecontext,theauthorUSesthisXHYtoencouragexRiowtatotalktohisheart’Scontentandwantshisreaderstomakethiskindofinference.ButtheTLreadersonlycallrecognizethebehavioritself.Asaresult,inorderforthetargetreaderstoacceptittobetrue,thetranslatorshouldalsoemployabstracttranslationtoexpresstheconnotationofthisphrasetohelptargetreadersshorteninferentialdistance.Wecancomparethefollowingtranslations:正当这个功夫,一个车夫又指着他的脸说:“祥子,我说你吧,你才是‘哑巴吃扁食一心里有数儿’呢。是不是,你自己说,祥子?祥子?老舍《骆驼祥子》Justthen,anotherpullerpointedathimandsaid,‘‘Itellyou,Xiangzi,you"relikethemuteeatingdumplings,youknowhowmanyyou"vedowned!Aren’tyounow,Xiangzi?SpeakupTHey,Xiangzi?(施晓菁译)(选自卢红梅2006:245)江世荣看见咱们开会都不叫他,哑巴吃饺子,心里有数。丁玲《太阳照在桑乾河上》Chiangsawusholdmeetingswithoutsendingforhim.Hecanputtwoandtwo.(Yang译)
(选自卢红梅2006:249)Theassumptionspresentapicture:adumbiseatingfiaoziandheunderstandshowmanyhehaseaten.Shiemploysabsolutetranslationandconveystheoriginalassumptionsliterally.Targetreaderscanmakeinferencefromtheseassumptionsandacceptthemtobetrue.But心里有数impliesanothermeaning:knowingverywellinone’sheart.Inthissense,Shidoesnotrealizethisinformativeintention,letaloneconveyingitfaithfullytoTLreaders.Onthecontrary,Yangemploysabstracttranslationtotransfertheoriginalinformativeintention.Inorderfortargetreaderstosmoothlyinferthisintention,heusesasimpleequation“puttwoandtwotogether"’toexpress‘"knowwellinone’Sheart”.Thistranslationnotonlytransferstheoriginalinformativeintentionfaithfullybutalsoshortenstargetreaders’inferentialdistanceinunderstandingthisintention.Sometimes,thesameobjectmayimplydifferentassumptionsfordifferentpersonsfromthesameculturebecauseoftheirdifferentcognitiveabilityandpreference.IftheChinesetransiatorfallstorecognizetheoriginalassumptions.hemaystillbeafailuretotransmitthisintention.“我哪里管得上这些事来!见识又浅,嘴又笨,心又直,‘人家给个棒槌,我就拿着认针(真)’了。”曹雪芹《红楼梦》“Ianlincapableofrunningthings.I"mtooignorant,bluntandtactless,always(杨宪益戴乃迭译)选自包惠南2001:159)ThistranslationprovesoneofSperberandWilson’Sopinion,namely,peopledonotrepresentthesamerepresentationbecauseoftheirrelativelynarrowerphysicalenvironmentsandpreviouslymemorizedinformation(2001:38).蹄盈锄theauthormakeshisassumptionsabouttheworld,heisinfluencedor
restrictedbyhisphysicalenvironment.ThisexamplecontainsadetachedX_HYswhoseoriginalexpressionis棒槌认针一粗细不分(takingwoodenclub嬲aneedle---confusingthicknesswiththinness)or棒槌认针一缺心眼(threadinganeedlethroughawoodenclub---lackingalleyeinside).WangXifengisashrewishandsmartlady、析tIlaglib-tongue.Thesewordsareemployedtoshowoffhercapabilityinallironicwayandimplyaflavorofself-ridicule.While“gettingholdthewrongendofthestick’’means‘"tototallymisunderstandsomethingorsomebody”.Itisobviousthattheauthorandthetranslatordon’tmakethesameassumptionsaboutthisXHY.Thetranslatoremploysabstracttranslation,and桃es‘someadjustmentaboutaccessibilityoftheoriginalassumptions,andthishelpstheTLreadersshortentheirinferentialdistance.However,thistranslationcallnotbecountedasafaithfulonebecausethetranslatordoesnotconveytheoriginalinformativeintention.SomeXHYscontainassumptionscommontowestemreaders,buttheystillcannotrecognizetheSTinformativeintentionatallwithoutalloverttransmission怪不得人说你们“诗云子日”的人难讲话!这样看来,你好像“老鼠尾巴害疖予一出脓也不多”!Nowondert11叫sayyoubookwormsarehardtodealwith,Q照曼塑i曲!j丛盟签塑曼!!trytosqueezewateroutofastone..(Tr.Yang译)(《儒林外史》第十四回)(选自卢红梅2006:249)Drydenannouncesifthetranslatorwantstograsptheauthor’Sspirit,heshouldnotdwellonhiswords.Instead,thetranslatorshouldcompletelycomprehendthenatureofthesubjectandthetermspresentedbytheauthor(SchutleandBiguenet1992:31).Theoriginalassumptionsarebuiltonacommonphenomenon:whenaratsuffersaboilinthetail,thepuswillbedischargedinasmalltrickle.Whenthetranslatorconveystheseassumptionstothetargetreaders,heCanactivate
correspondingconceptualrepresentationintheircognitiveenvironment.However,theseassumptionsdon’tpresenttheoriginalrealinformativeintention.Justlikeaboveexample,theauthordoesnotwanttojustrecordacommonpictureforthereadersbutimpliesaconnotation:beingstingyormean.Inordertohelpthetargetreaderstomakeallinference,thetranslatorshouldexpresstheinformativeintentioninallovermanner.TheEnglishidiom‘"tosqueezewateroutofstone’’demonstratesthesimilarimplicationandisfamiliartowesternpeople,thiswillsurelyreducethetargetreaders’inferentialprocessingeffort.Takingallthesefactorsintoaccount,thetranslatoremploysabstracttranslaaonandhasmanagedtOconveythisinformativeintention.Thisshortensthetargetreaders’inferentialdistancesimultaneously.5.6SummaryThischaptertentativelyputsforwardthreetranslatingstrategiesinlightoftheTranslationoftheIntentionoftheSourceTextandamodifiedprinciple:absolutetranslation,abstracttranslationandselectivetranslation.CulturalXHYsdemonstrateuniqueculturalcontentswhichpreventwestemreaderfrommakinginferencesmoothly,thetranslatorCanchooseabstracttranslationorselectivetranslationtoshortenthetargetreaders’inferentialdistance,meanwhilethetranslatorshould‘makenotestoculturalbackground;linguisticHXYScanbetranslatedmainlywithselectivetranslation;whilethethirdclassificationCanbeapproachedwithabsolutetranslationand/orabstracttranslation.45
ChapterSixConclusion6.1FindingsofthisresearchThisresearchwillbeofvalueinthefollowingaspects.Firstly,theauthorintroducesanewclassificationofChineseXHYs.PreviousclassificationsareworkedoutaccordingtothesecondpartsortherelationbetweentwopartsofXHYsandbetraypartlyalloverlap.ThisresearchclassifiesXHYsintermsofthefirstpart:culturalXnYs,linguisticXHYsandnon—cultural-non-linguisticXHYs.Thisnewclassificationavoidstoalargedegreetheoverlapsufferedbypreviousscholars.WhatismoreimportantisthisnewclassificationcallprovideapivotforthetranslatingofChineseX/-/Ysandhelpchoosepropertranslatingstrategies.Secondly,WangJianguo’Sviewandhisprinciplesembodymoreexplanatorypowerovertranslationandmoreoperative.However,wecannotemployittoexplainthetranslatingofChineseXHYs.ChineseXHYsarefruitofChinesepeopleasawholeanddonotpossessexactcreatorsandmean、、’hileitisdifficulttomeasurewhethertwoinferentialdistancetobeequalornot.Inthissense,theauthorattemptstoputsforwardtheTranslationoftheIntentionoftheSourceTextandamodifiedprinciple.TheauthorsuggeststhatthetranslatorshortentheinferentialdistanceofTLreadersinrecognizingtheoriginalinformativeintention.Thirdly,theauthorblazesatrailandpresentsanewfaceoftranslatingstrategies,i.e.,absolutetranslation,abstracttranslationandselectivetranslation.Thisbypassesthewidely-debatedliteraltranslationVS.1iberaltranslationanddomesticationVS.foreignization.Meanwhile,theauthoremphasizesthreestrategiesdon’tnecessarilypossessone-to—onerelationtothreeclassificationsofXHYs.ThetranslatorCandeal、Ⅳ1ththemflexibly.6.2limitationsOfthisresearchTheauthoradoptsanewclassificationofXHYswhichcalltosomeextenthelpavoidtheoverlapcommonlyencounteredbyotherscholars,andmeanwhileattemptstoputforwardtranslatingstrategiesbasedonWangJianguo’Stheoreticframework.46
EvenSO,thereareallthesamesomelimit撕onsinthisresearch.ThefactthatthestudiesonthetranslationofxnY$arefewerpresentsallunfavorablefactorforavailablematerials.XHYsandexampleschoseninthisresearcharenotall-roundduetotheenormousnumberofX/-/Ysandfinitespaceofthisresearch.Theclassificationrequiresandwelcomesafurtherverificationandcriticism.Asforthetheoreticalexamination,thisresearchisrestrictedtotheTranslationoftheIntentionoftheSourceTextandamodifiedprinciple.Moreover,thisview0translationandthemodifiedprinciplestillneedfurtherimprovementinfurthertranslatingpractices.AlthoughthestrategiesoftranslatingXHYsadoptedinthisresearchshedofftheclichddebatesabouttranslatingstrategies,theyarefarfromcoveringallthe缸ansiationofChineseXHYs.6.3SummaryTymoczkostatesthatallresearchesaresubjectiveandinfluencedbytheresearcher’Sideasorbeliefs(SchutleandBiguenet1992:31)Althoughthisresearchprovidesitsfindings,italsobetraysitslimitations.Onecultureisahistory,SOisonelanguage.Theresearchintoacertainbranchofonelanguage_cannotpresentitscharmandconnotation.ThisresearchdevelopsnoaimtOproveacertainviewortheorytoberightorwrong;instead,itonlyprovidesmotherangleofresearchSOastoenrichrelevantinvestigations.TheuniquenessofChineseXHYsandtheapplicabilityofRelevanceTheoryneedfurtherstudiesfromvariousaspects
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