高中英语语法讲义大全 37页

高中英语语法一、英语词法1、实词：是指有实在意义，能独立承担句子成分的词名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词2、虚词：没有实在意义，不能独立承担句子成分冠词、介词、连词、感叹词二、英语句法1、简单句2、并列句3、复合句（1）名词性从句◆主语从句◆表语从句◆宾语从句◆同位语从句（2）定语从句◆限定性定语从句◆非限定性定语从句（3）状语从句◆时间状语从句◆条件状语从句◆地点状语从句◆原因状语从句◆方式状语从句◆结果状语从句◆目的状语从句◆比较状语从句◆让步状语从句三、其他句型倒装句强调句省略句It用法和Therebe句型动词时态非谓语动词虚拟语气主谓一致原则反意疑问句 第一讲：句子类型与句子成分一、句子种类和类型1、句子种类陈述句；疑问句；祈使句；感叹句2、句子类型简单句:由一个主语加一个谓语构成.并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and,but,or,so,either…or..neither...nor..howevernotonly…butalso等.并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。Hurryuporyou"llbelate.HeisrichwhileI’mpoor.复合句:由主句和其他从句组成。并列复合句：含有复合句的并列句.★Iaskedamanwhohasawifeandthreechildrenwhodidthecookinginhishouseandherepliedthatwhoevercamehomefromworkfirstdidit.二、句子成分Thatgirlisdoingherhomeworknow.主语：　主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么情况。表示句子说的是"什么人"、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等。名词、代词、数词、动名词、Todo不定式、一个句子都可以做主语。AllroadsleadtoRome.Howtodoitwellisanimportantquestion.谓语谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”.谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。一般由动词或动词短语承担，具有各种时态、语态及语气的变化。Iseldomgotothecinema.Hehasalreadyleft.WearestudentsShefellilllastweek宾语　宾语，又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动名词、Todo不定式、一个句子都可以做宾语，而todo不定式用于宾语补足语。WestudyEnglishatschool.Heenjoyslisteningtothemusic.直接宾语：表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。Lendmeyourdictionary. 间接宾语：动作所向或所为的人或物，通常指人。Lendyourdictionarytome.注意：间接宾语跟在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前要加介词to或for加介词to的动词：givebringtakehandlendpassreadtellsendshowteachwritedo等加介词for的动词:fetchfindpaysingbuychoosefindgetmake等介词宾语：位于介词后面的宾语。Hewalkedtotheoffice.宾语补足语：及物动词后的，用以补充说明宾语的身份、状态等的词或短语。这类常用的及物动词有：makeconsidercauseseefindcallgethaveletWeconsider/thinktheanswer(tobe)right.Electricitycanmakeamachinerun..可做宾语补足语的：名词、形容词及其短语、不定式及其短语、过去分词及其短语、as引出的宾语补足语、介词短语、副词和从句。LettheenemyinYoumustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.Wewillsoonmakeourcommunitywhatyourcommunityisnow.WetakeEnglishasausefultoolforeverydaywork.定语　定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。“的”是定语的标志。Heisaninterestingman.HaveyouanythingtosayCanyouseethecardownstairs?Hewastheonewhosucceededintheexperiment.状语英语中,状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当Hedrovehiscarcarefully.Chinaisdevelopingfastduringtheseyear,but,unfortunately，unhealthily.Heisveryquicktochangehismind.Tobuyacomputer,Ineedmoney.Seeinghismother,thebabyburstintotears.表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，补充说明主语的意义，也叫主语补足语。表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be,become,appear,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell, turn等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。Ourteacherisverystrictwithus.ThebookisinterestingandI"minterestedinit.Helookedjustashehadlookedtenyearsbefore.同位语一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.YesterdayImetTom,afriendofmybrother"s.Thatisherhabit,readinginbed.Hegaveordersthattheworkshouldbestartedimmediately.Thequestionwhethertoconfessornottroubledthegirl.三、句子基本结构（简单句）1.主语+谓语这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，例：Thingschange.事物是变化的。Nobodywent.没有人去。2.主语+连系动词+表语这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，例：Mr.Turnerisanartist.特纳先生是位画家。Themilkturnedsour.牛奶变酸了。Shebecamealawyer.她当了律师。3.主语+谓语+宾语这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例：Weneverbeatchildren.我们从来不打孩子。Mysisterwillfixeverything.我姐姐会料理一切。4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，例：Hegavethebooktohissister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。I"llwriteyoualongletter.我将写给你一封长信。5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，与宾语一起即构成复合宾语.Ifoundthebookeasy.我发现这本书不难。（形容词easy作补语）I"lllethimgo.我将让他去。（不定式go用作补语）注意：有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语，甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句，例：Mr.WangandIoftenworktogetherandhelpeachother.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。 第二讲：名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句(NounClauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1、主语从句在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句。(1)引导主语从句的关联词有:that(不充当句子成分,仅起引导作用,通常用it作形式主语；分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。),whether,who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,where,when,how,why。1Thathewillsucceediscertain.2Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.3Whathesaidisnottrue.4Wherehehidthemoneyistobefoundout.5Whoevercomesiswelcome.6Howwecanhelpthetwinswillbediscussedatthemeeting.7Whenthey’llstarttheprojecthasnotbeendecidedyet.（2）为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.①It+be+形容词（obvious,natural,surprising,wonderful,possible,likely,certain,probable)+that从句.Itiscertainthathewillsucceed.②It+be+名词词组（nowonder,anhonor,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise)+that从句.Itisapitythattheyhavetogowithouther.③It+be+过去分词（said,reported,known,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged)+that从句.Itisnotknownwhetherhewillgothere.④It+seems,happens等不及物动词及短语+that从句.ItseemsthatMaryisnotcomingatall.⑤Itdoesn’tmatter(makesnodifference)+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句.Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherhecomes.(3）注意连接代词whoever,whatever,whichever等引导主语从句的含义。whoever,whatever,whichever等引导的主语从句一般不后置，也不用替代词it.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.(whoever=thepersonwho)来的人将受到欢迎。总结：在下列句型中常用that引导主语从句◆It’slikely/possible/important/necessary/clearthat…很可能/重要的是…/必要的是…/很清楚…◆It’ssaid/reportedthat…据说/据报道…◆Itseems/appears/happensthat…显然、明显、碰巧..◆It’sbeenannounced/declaredthat…已经通知/宣布…◆It’snowonderthat…并不奇怪/无疑…◆It’sapity/afact/acommonknowledge/acommonsaying（俗话说）that… 注意：主语从句中，谓语动词一般用单数。What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定。Whatheneeds_is_thatbook.Whatheneeds_are_somebook.2、宾语从句在句中起宾语作用的句子叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词有四类：that(在宾语从句中常可以省略）；从属连词if/whether;连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever；连接副词where,when,how,why。Theyknowthatthehabitwillkillthem.Italldependsonwhethertheywillsupportus.HeaskedhowmuchIpaidfortheviolin.Hemadeitcleartothepublicthathedidanimportantandnecessaryjob.Ifinditnecessarythatweshoulddothehomework.（1）用作及物动词的宾语Theypretendedthattheywerereadingintheroom.Ididn’tknowwhattheyweretalkingabout.Doyouknowwhywinteriscolderthansummer?Hecouldn’ttellwherehishomewas.Johnmadetheboysitstill,promisingthatnothingwouldhurthim.（2）用作介词的宾语从句：Iwaspleasedbywhathetoldme.Healwayspaysattentiontowhatevertheteachersays.Hetoldofhowhehelpedtheoldwomantofindhermissingson.注意：介词的宾语从句一般不用which和if来引导，而要分别用what和whether来引导。Areyousorryforwhatyou’vedone?Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughexperience.不可用if（3）用作某些形容词的宾语从句：这类形容词常见的有sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等。Iamsureyoulookedbeautifulthatevening.Wewerenotsurprisedthathereturnedthreedayslaterthanexpected.Everyonewasafraidthatsomeonemightfindoutthathecouldseenothing.Motherwasverypleased(that)herdaughterhadpassedtheentranceexams.注意：如果宾语从句后边还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。如：WethoughtitstrangethatXiaoWangdidnotcomeyesterday.Hehasmadeitclearthatanyonewhobreaksthelawistobepunished.这种句型的谓语动词有think,make,feel,find,consider.注意的问题（重点）1.Whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，但下列情况用whether不用if。（1）当whether后紧跟or/ornot时,不用if.Idon’tknowwhetherIwillstayornot（2）介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling（3）引导主语从句和表语从句用whether不用if Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.（主语从句）Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.（表语从句）(4)whether可用在不定式前，if则不能.Pleasetellmewhethertogoornot.（5）whether可以引导同位语从句，用以说明前面的名词的内容，if不能。如：Weoughttodiscusscarefullythequestionwhetherwecandoitornot..（6）whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”，而if不能。如：Whetherhecomesornot,wewillbeginourpartyontime.注意：如果宾语从句是否定时，一般用if引导Icareifhewillnotattendthemeeting.2、that在名词性从句中的用法主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。如：ThattheyaregoodatEnglishisknowntousall.Theproblemisthatwedon’thaveenoughmoney.SheexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometoChinaoneday.宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：（1）在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that从句(真正宾语)的句型中不省略Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.（2）由and或but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以省略第一个连词that,第二个that不省略.Hetoldme（that）hewouldcomeandthathewouldcomeontime.3、宾语从句的时态变化规律：①当主句是一般现在时态时将来时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。Hebelieves__hisdreamwillcometruesomeday他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的.PleasetellmewhatyouweredoingatthistimeYesterday请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么.②当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。HetoldmehewaspreparingfortheexaminationHetoldmehehadbeenawayfromhishometownfortenyearsTheteachertelluslighttravelsinastraightline注意：1）.当从句表达的是客观事实，真理，自然现象时，从句通常用一般现在时。2）在“命令，要求，建议”等相关词后的名词性从句中常用虚拟语气（suggest.advise…）4、注意区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句Idon’tknowifhewillcome.Ifhecomes,I’llletyouknow.三、表语从句在句中起表语作用的句子叫做表语从句，表语从句放在系动词后面。作用：对主语进行解释说明。连接词：that/whether/asif/asthough（if不引导表语从句)连接代词：who/whom/whose/which/what连接副词：when/where/why/how/becauseThequestioniswhetherwecanrelyonhim.That’sbecausewewereinneedofmoneyatthattime.Helookedasifhewasgoingtocry. That’swhyIwaslate.ThiswaswhatTomwasreading.ThetruthisthatIhaveneverbeenthere.Thisishowweovercamethedifficulties.ThehouseiswhereLuXunoncelived注意：连词because可引导表语从句。主语是reason时，表语从句常用that,不用because。四、同位语从句同位语从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（idea；belief；fact；truth；problem；news等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明.连词that;连接代词：who,which,what;连接副词when/where/why/how/whether1.同位语从句的格式：n.+连接词+从句2.能接同位语从句的名词有：fact、idea,news,information,order,belief,suggestion,advice等3.连接词通常是that,也可根据含义选用whether,what,when,where等来引导同位语从句。TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcomeovertovisitChinaagain.Weallknowthetruththattheearthgoesroundthesun.Theyaskedmethequestionwhethertheworkwasworthdoing.练习：that/whether/where/howIhavenoidea_________hecomesfrom.Hecan’tanswerthequestion________hegotthemoney.Hegaveusmanysuggestions________weshouldgetupearlierandtakemoreexercise.Ihavenodoubt________hewillwin.Ihavesomedoubt________hewillwin注意问题：(1)that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：1.定语从句是先行词的修饰语，它不涉及先行词的具体内容。定语从句中that不但起连接作用，而且在定语从句中充当一个句子成分，充当从句的宾语成分时可省略。2.同位语从句对中心词的内容作进一步的解释和说明，表明中心词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的that在同位语从句中不做任何成分,只起连接作用,无具体含义,且不可省略.在同位语从句中：that不可以省略，不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分，作宾语时可以省略Weareinterestedinthenewsthatsomeforeignerswouldvisitourschool.Weareinterestedinthenewsthathetoldus.when,where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：在定语从句中，when,where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词；而在同位语从句中无此对应关系Theyhavenoideaatallwherehehasgone.(同位语从句)Goandgetyourcoat.It’sintheplacewhereyouleftit.(定语从句)练习答案：where;how;that;that;whether 五、名词性从句考点归纳及练习（一）名词性从句的语序1、名词性从句构成有两种a.That+陈述句Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall.b.疑问词+句子的剩余成分Thisiswhatwearelookingfor.(2)疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序，不能用一般疑问句语序。Howwashesuccessfulisstillapuzzle.(F)Howhewassuccessfulisstillapuzzle.(T)Couldyoutellmewherehelives?(F)Couldyoutellmewheredoeshelive?(T)（二）名词性从句连接词的选用1、that和what的选用that和what都可引导所有的名词从句。但是，what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。that/what1.______hewantsisabook.2.______hewantstogothereisobvious.3.Theresultis______wewonthegame.4.Thisis_____wewanttoknow.5.Is_____hetoldustrue?6.Weshouldpayattentionto______theteacherissaying.7.Ihavenodoubt_____hewillcome.8.Ihavenoidea_____hedidthatafternoon.答案：What;that;that;what;what;what;that;what2、if和whether的选用不能使用if的情况：a.主语从句b.表语从句c.同位语从句e.介词后的宾语从句f.whethertodo做动词宾语不能用iftodo.gwhetherornot连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if.If/whether1.Iaskedher__________shehadabike.2.______wewillholdapartyintheopenairtomorrowdependsontheweather.3、We’reworriedabout________heissafe.4.Idon’tknow___________heiswellornot.5.Idon’tknow________ornotheiswell.6.Thequestionis_________heshoulddoit.7.Thedoctorcanhardlyanswerthequestion______theoldmanwillrecoversoon.8.Idon’tknow_______togo. 答案：if/whether；Whether；whether；whether/if；whether；whetherWhether；whether3其它连接代词和副词的选用主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义,正确的选择who、which、when、where、why、how等连接词，这些连接词既具有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。________weshallholdoursportsmeetingisnotdecided.Idon’tknow_________broketheglassyesterday.Ihavenoidea_________helookslike.Thisis_________Ileftmyglasses.答案：when:;who;what;where(三)引导词that的省略1、that可省略的情况：单个宾语从句中的that可省略2、that不可省略的情况：主语从句表语从句同位语从句用it做形式宾语的宾语从句并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词that不能省略1.Idon’tthink________sheiscoming.2.Itisapity________hehasmadesuchamistake.3.Thereasonis_________heiscareless.4.Thenews________ourteamwonthematchinspiredus.5.Idon’tthinkitnecessary_________youshouldreadEnglishaloud.6.Hetoldme__________hisfatherhaddiedand__________hehadtomakealivingalone.答案：可省略；不可省略；不可省略；不可省略；可省略/不可省略（四）同位语和定语从句的区别同位语从句/定语从句1.Weexpressedthehopethattheyhadexpressed.WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometoChinaagain.2.Theinformationhasbeenannouncedthatmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversity..Theinformationthatherevealedatthemeetingisofgreatvalue.答案：1、定语从句，同位语从句。2、同位语从句，定语从句（五）注意：名词demand,suggestion,proposal,advice等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气,结构为should+do,should可省略HegavemeasuggestionthatI(should)becalmnow.（六）在名词性从句中，我们还须特别注意以下问题：reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导,不能用why引导,但reason后面的定语从句可以用why或者that引导1.Thereason______wedidn"ttrusthimwas______heoftenlied．2.Thereason____hegaveforhisabsentwas______hewasill答案：1、why,that2、that,that 六、试题精选1.madetheteacherproudwasmorethanhalfofherstudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.A.What;thatB.What;becauseC.That;whatD.That;because解析题中含有两个从句。因主语从句中缺少主语，故用what引导；表语从句中不缺少句子成分，故用that引导。2.Informationhasbeenputforwardmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as解析that从句作information的同位语，that在从句中不作句子成分，不可省略。3.Notsureofhewillbeadmittedbythehighqualitymiddleschoolornot,hefeelsquiteuneasy.A.whenB.ifC.whetherD.that解析此处为whether引导的从句作介词of的宾语。4.Afterfivedays’climbinginthemountain,theyreachedtheythoughtwastheplacethey’dbeendreamingof.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.what解析reach是及物动词，其后要跟宾语从句。而theythought是插入语，宾语从句中缺少主语，所以必须用what。5.wasoflittleimportance.A.NomatterhowhemightpasstheexaminationB.ThoughhemightpasstheexaminationC.WhetherhepassedtheexaminationornotD.Hemightpasstheexamination解析这是一个由whether引导的主语从句。nomatterhow与though都不能引导主语从句；D项不是一个从句。6.WorldAIDSDayisalsoimportantinremindingusthatHIVhasnotgoneaway,andtherearemanythingsstilltobedone.A.whichB.whatC.thatD./解析句中有多个宾语从句时，第二个that和以后的that都不能省略。thatHIVhasnotgoneaway和thatthereare...是remind的两个并列的宾语从句。7.Ihavenotfoundmybikeyet;andnow,I’mnotsureIshoulddowiththecase.A.whereB.whetherC.whatD.how解析what...dowith是固定搭配，what引导宾语从句并在从句中作宾语8.ProfessorLi’sbookwillshowyoucanbeusedinothercontexts.A.thatyouhaveobservedB.howyouhaveobservedC.howwhatyouhaveobservedD.howwhathaveyouobserved解析句意为：李教授的书会向你展示你所观察到的知识怎样能适用于其他的场合。how引导了一个宾语从句，而宾语从句中又缺少主语，所以用whatyouhaveobserved充当宾语从句中的主语，该主语从句用陈述语序。9.Theoldmanwassoangryandspokesofastthatnoneofhischildrenunderstoodhesaidmeant.A.thatthatB.whatwhatC.whatD.that解析本题考查宾语从句和主语从句。第一个what引导宾语从句，并在宾语从句中作meant的宾语；第二个what引导主语从句，并在该主语从句中作said的宾语。10.AlongwiththeletterwashispromisehewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas. A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether解析这是一个同位语从句，从句中不缺少成分，故用that来引导，用来补充说明promise的内容。11.isknowntoallisthatwhiledrivingdriversshouldkeepaneyeoutforroadsigns,onwhicharewordsorsymbolsgivingdirectionsorothertrafficinstructions.A.WhatB.AsC.ItD.Which解析考查主语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可以看出这个句子缺少主语从句的引导词，主语从句中缺少主语，所以要用what。12.In1492Columbusandhiscrewarrivedwasso-calledtheNewWorldbythewesterners.A.inwhatB.inwhichC.whatD.where解析考查宾语从句。arrive是个不及物动词，如果后面跟宾语必须加上介词。在宾语从句中缺少了主语，所以介词后面必须用what。13.Agrowinganxietyisdisturbingthepublictheeconomywillcontinuouslydecline.A.whichB.thatC.whyD.where解析该题考查名词性从句。that在句中引导同位语从句与前面的anxiety构成同位语，解释说明前面的anxiety的内容。14.Thereisnodoubt,inmyopinion,mattersisnotthespeed,butthequalityoftheproduct.A.whatwhatB.thatthatC.thatifD.thatwhat解析that引导一个同位语从句，在这个同位语从句中又有一个主语从句whatmatters。句意为：依我看，毫无疑问，重要的不是速度，而是产品的质量。15.Youaresayingthatourteacherstreateveryoneequally,andthisisIdisagree.A.howB.whatC.whereD.why解析考查表语从句。disagree是个不及物动词，所以从句的结构比较完整，B选项错误。句意为：你说我们的老师平等地对待所有的学生，这就是我不同意你的地方。根据句意应选where。16.Thenewsisspreadingaroundtheairportisabigsnowstormwillcomeattacking.A.which;whichB./;thatC.that;whichD.that;that解析考查定语从句和表语从句。第一个空是定语从句，先行词在定语从句中作主语；第二个空是表语从句，句子结构完整，所以也用that。17.Theoldwomanwouldtellthestorytopassedby.A.nomatterwhoB.whateverC.whoeverD.nomatterwhat解析句意为：这个老婆婆经常讲故事给任何一个经过的人。所以要从A、C两项中选择。这两项的区别在于:A项只能引导让步状语从句；C项既可以引导让步状语从句也可以引导名词性从句。18.There’sawidespreadbeliefamongthegraduatesbeingabletospeakasecondlanguagewillhelpthemwiththeirjob-hunting.A.whoeverB.whichC.thatD.what解析考查同位语从句。后一句话是对belief进行补充说明的，其句子结构比较完整，所以要用that引导。 七、巩固练习1．____hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.  A.whatever B.Nomatterwhat C.That D.If2. Themanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhow____  A.didthequarrelcameabout   B.thequarrelhadcomeabout  C.hadthequarrelcomeabout   D.hadthequarrelcomeabout3. Energyis____makesthingwork..  A.whatB.somethingC.anything  D.that4. Informationhasbeenput forward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.  A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as5. Thisis___theshenzhouVSpaceshiplanded.  A.there  B.inwhich  C.where  D.when6. Theyhavenoideaatall____.  A.wherehehasgone       B.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehashegone  D.wherehashegone7. Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatient’sfear____hewoulddieofthedisease.  A.  that  B. which  C.ofwhich  D. ofthat8. Theordercame___thesoldiers____thesmallvillagethenextmorning.  A. that;hadtoleave  B. that;shouldleave  C. /;mustleave      D. when;shouldleave9. ___isnopossibility____Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.  A.There;that  B.It;that  C.there;whether D.It;whether10.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting_____wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.  A.that  B.which  C.whether  D.if11.Is_____hesaidreallytrue?  A.that B. what C.why  D.whether12.____themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesn’tmatter.  A.That B.Whether C.If  D.Where13.Itworriedherabit_____herhairwasturninggray.  A.while  B.if    C.that D.for14.¬¬¬_____morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.  A.Whether  B.This  C.who  D.If15.____hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.  A.What B.That  C.Whether  D.If16.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.  A.What B.That   C.Who    D.How17.____alltheinventionshaveincommonis____theyhavesucceeded.  A.What;what B.That;that  C.what;that D.That;what18.____appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.  A.What     B.It        C.Allthat    D.That19.Itiswidely______thatsmokingcancausecancer.  A.believed  B. think    C.say       D.hoped 20.____causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.  A.What   B.That    C.How   D.Where21.____healwaysservesthepeopleverywellisknown.  A.What   B.That    C.Which  D.Who22.____haspassedthetestwillgetaprize.  A.Whoever   B.Nomaterwho  C.Whomever D.Who23.Is____truethatthefamousscientistwillgiveusalecturenextweek?  Athat     Bit       Chis    Dhe24.Ithasnotbeendecided___theywillleaveforNewYork.  A.when   Bwhy     Cthat    Dwhat25.Obviously___wedomorningexerciseseveryday___usgood.  A.thatdo   B.if;do    Cwhat;does D.that;dose26Itissaid________wasall___hesaid.  Athat;that;that Bwhat;what;what  Cthat;which;what Dthat;that;which27___getshomefirstistocookthesupper.  A.Who    BWhom  C.Thosewho  D.Whoever28___movedusmostwas___helikedaftertheoldmanformorethantwentyyears.  A.That;that  B.What;that  CWhat;what  D.That;what29.___youdiditisnotknowntoall. A.Who      B.What   C.How    D.Which30.___youdoshouldbewelldone. AHow      B.That    C.Whatever  DWhy31.ThereasonIplantogois___shewillbedisappointedifIdon’t. A.because   B.that     C.thanksto  D.what32.Whattimedoyouthink__? A.willTomcomeback    B.Tomwillcomeback C.isTomcomingback    D.canTomgethere33.Theteachersaidthatlight___fasterthansound. A.Hastraveled B.traveled C.hadtraveled D.travels34..___isstillaquestion___willwin. A.It;that  B.It;who  C.That;who  D.This;that35.Ifyouknow___itwasthatwriteATaleofTwoCities,raiseyourhand. A.whom  B.which   C.who  D.that答案1—5ABABC 6—10AABAC 11—15BBCAB 16—20BCBAA21—25BABAD 26—30ADBCC31—35BBDBC  第三讲：定语从句一、定语从句基本知识及疑点难点●定义：修饰限制某一名词或代词的句子为定语从句。一般翻译为:“……的”。●先行词：被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。●位置：放在被修饰名词或代词的后面。●关系词：定语从句必须有一个关系词引导，关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类.关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。（一）先行词定语从句的先行词分三类：代表人；代表物；代表全句Thestudentswhodon’tstudyhardwillnotpasstheexam..Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.TheKoreanWarbrokeoutin1950,whenChinawasstillinthebeginningstage.（二）关系代词1、关系代词的基本用法。关系代词指代的先行词充当从句的成分who人主语、宾语whom人宾语which物主语、宾语that人或物主语、宾语、表语whose人或物定语①who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。Theman(who)Italkedwithisourteacher.Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.②whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略Theman(whom)InoddedtoisMr.Li.Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.③which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder（which）heisusingismadeinJapan.④that指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.⑤whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。Thisisthelittlegirlwhoseparentswerekilledinthegreatearthquake. Weliveinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.2、关系代词用法注意点(1)that和which都可以指物，但以下5种情况只能用that不能用which。①当先行词中有人又有物时。如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?②当先行词为不定代词all,one,few,little,no,some,any,everything,nothing,nobody,none时。如：ThisisallthatIwantfromtheschool.注意：something后that和which均可用。③当先行词被only,just,very,right,last等修饰时。如：ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingforthesedays.④当先行词被最高级修饰时。如：TheTVtoweristhehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthiscity.⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.补充：主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句时当先行词在定语从句中作表语时（2）只用which不用that的情况。①引导非限制性定语从句。Mywatch,whichisveryold,stopsagain.②关系代词前有介词时。Thisistheroominwhichsheoncelived.③先行词为that时。Theclockisthatwhichcantellusthetime.(3)that和who都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用who。①先行词为all,anyone,one,ones等时。如：Allwhoheardthenewswereexcited.②先行词为those,he和people时。如：Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.(4)whose引导的定语从句注意点。①whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.②whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如：Thebossinwhosedepartmentheworkedhadheardthenews.他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。③whose引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。④whose的先行词指物时，可用ofwhich代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhich，或=ofwhich+the+名词。如：Thenovelwhosetitle(=thetitleofwhich或ofwhichthetitle)isRedandBlackisveryinteresting.⑤whose的先行词指人时，可用ofwhom代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhom，或=ofwhom+the+名词。如：Theboywhosemother(=themotherofwhom或ofwhomthemother)isadoctorismyfriend. (4)关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。如：Thosewhoareagainsttheplanputupyourhands.Tomisoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedbytheteacheryesterday.注意：在“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式由它修饰的先行词的数来决定，但如果one前面有theonly修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词只能用单数。Tomistheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedbytheteacheryesterday.练习1)Aplaneisamachine________________canfly.Which/that2)Thecar____________myuncleboughtlastweekwasstolen.which/that/省略3)Thestudents___________don’tstudyhardwillnotpasstheexam.Who/that4)Thewoman___________yousawintheparkisourEnglishteacher.Whom/that5)Hetalkedhappilyaboutthemenandbooks_______interestedhimgreatlyintheschool.that（三）关系副词1、关系副词的基本用法关系副词指代的先行词充当从句的成分when表时间的名词/名词词组时间状语where表地点的名词/名词词组地点状语why表原因的名词原因状语（1）when用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语，when可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：Istillrememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)IfirstcametoNanjing.Myfatherwasbornintheyearwhen(=inwhich)WorldWarⅡbrokeout.(2)where用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语，where可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：Thisisthefarmwhere(=onwhich)weworkedwhenwewereyoung.Theschoolwhere(=inwhich)hismotherteachesisinthewestofthecity.(3)why用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语从句中作原因状语，why可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：Thereareseveralreasonswhy(=forwhich)theboysshouldbepunished.Tomcouldn’tgivetheteacherthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewaslateforschool.2、关系副词的用法注意点(1)当先行词为time，表示“次数”时，应用关系词that或省略。如：Thisisthefirsttime(that)thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.(2)当point,situation,case等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合” 等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，where在句中作状语。如：Canyouthinkofasituationwherethisphrasecanbeused?（3）当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place，room，mountain，airport等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词where引导.但表地点的先行词在从句中做主语或宾语时，定语从句需要用关系代词which或that引导。练习：1.Istillremembertheday_________wespentintheforest.That/which2.Istillremembertheday___________IfirstcametoBeijing.When/onwhich3.Thefactory_________wewillvisitislarge.Which/that4.I’llneverforgetthetime_____________weworkonthefarm.When/atwhitch5.Thisisthehouse____________welivedlastyear.Where/inwhich归纳:关系副词when指时间,关系副词where指地点,在定语从句中作状语。即使先行词是时间地点,若作从句中的宾语，只能用关系代词that,which.(四)介词+which/whom/whose引导的定语从句1.介词的选用原则：（1）根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。ThisisthebookonwhichIspent8dollars.ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8dollars.(2)根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。IrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedtheParty.IrememberthedaysduringwhichIlivedthere.2.当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用whom(指人)或which(指物)，且关系代词不能省略。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.Ican’tfindthepenwithwhichIwaswriting.3.当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用which/that(指物),who/whom/that(指人)作从句中介词的宾语.而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。Dadisaperson________________Icaneasilytalkto.（whom/who/that）Isthistheplay___________youweretalkingaboutjustnow?(which/that)4、在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：Thisisthewatch(that/which)Iamlookingfor.Thebabies(who/whom/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.5.先行词是theway，意为“方式方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词用that/inwhich或省略。Ididn"tliketheway_________shetalkedtome.（that/inwhich）Theway____________heteachesEnglishisinteresting.（that/inwhich）（五）非限定性定语从句1、非限制性定语从句的定义非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开。Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.2、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 (1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然，非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开试比较：ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread.Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词as或which引导。(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，而非限制性定语从句则不能。(4)在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。(5)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。Heisill,inspiteofwhichhekeepsonstudying.3.关系代词as,which引导非限制定语从句时的区别(1)as和which都可指主句的整个意思，而不是主句中的某一个词。as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于主句之后。as常被译为“正如……”,而which常被译为“这一点这”如：Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsroundtheearth.(2)as和which引导非限定性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语，但as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。Thetwobrothersweresatisfiedwiththisdecision,aswasagreedbeforehand.Itrainedhardyesterday,whichpreventedmefromgoingtothepark.（3）as多用于下列习惯用语中asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那样asiswellknown=asisknowntoall众所周知aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述asismentionedabove正如上面提到的高考衔接(1).Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemployedmorepeopletokeepitrunning,______meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.A.whoB.thatC.asD.which(2)._______isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As答案：D;D(六)几个特殊先行词后的定语从句:①reason为先行词时,如果定语从句中缺少状语,则用why引导,如果缺少主语宾语表语,则用thatwhich引导。②theway为先行词时，如果定语从句中缺少状语，则用thatinwhich引导,也可以省略,如果缺少主语宾语表语,则用thatwhich引导。③situationcasepointspotscene为先行词时,如果定语从句中缺少状语,则用where引导。 ④occasion（时机机会，场合）为先行词时，如果定语从句中缺少状语，则用when引导。Thisisthereasonthatwhichhegave.Wemaybetrappedinsuchasituationwherewehavenoonetoturnto.高考衔接(1).---Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourselves?---Yes,there’sonepoint______wemustinsiston.(2006江西)A.whyB.whereC.howD.×(2).Occasionsarequiterare_____Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.(2008山东)A.whoB.whichC.whyD.when答案：D;D（七）定语从句与同位语从句的区别（同前）Thisisthesuggestionthatheputforward.Hegavemeasuggestionthatweshouldstartat5o’clock.高考衔接---It’sthirtyyearssincewelastmet.---ButIstillrememberthestory,believeitornot,______wegotlostonaRainnight.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.none二、巩固练习第一部分(1).Jimpassedthedrivingtest,________surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.A.whichB.thatC.thisD.it(浙江2005)(2).Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:school,museums,andsomeotherplaces,______othervisitorsseldomgo.(北京2002)A.whatB.whichC.whereD.when(3).Icanthinkofmanycases_______studentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn’twriteagoodessay.(上海2003)A.whyB.whichC.asD.where(4).Theplace_______thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe________thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.(江苏2005)A.which,whereB.atwhich,whichC.atwhich;whereD.which;inwhich(5).Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods,from_______effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering.(天津2005)A.thatB.whoseC.thoseD.what答案：ACDCB 第二部分1.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.A.ofwhom　    B.whom　      C.ofwhose　 D.whose　2.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_______broughtherheartintohermouth.A.it　　        B.which　       C.this       D.that　　3.Inthedarkstreet, therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.that　　      B.who　         C.fromwhom　D.towhom　4.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,____wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.what　       B.which　　      C.that　     D.it　5.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown____hegrewupasachild.　A.which　      B.where          C.that　     D.when　　6．CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,＿＿＿＿＿personallyIdoubtverymuch.　A.it　         B.that　           C.when     D.which　7．Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A．who   　  B．which　        C．this　   D．what　8.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,_____wasveryreasonable.A.whichprice　  B.thepriceofwhich　C.itsprice　D.thepriceofwhose9._____hasalreadybeenpointedout, grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.A.As　　　     B.It　　　         C.That　      D.Which10.HelivedinLondonfor3months,during____timehelearnedsomeEnglish.A.this　　     B.which　        C.that　　     D.same11.Ohthewallhungapicture,_____colorisblue.A.whose　     B.ofwhich　      C.which　     D.its12.WheneverImethim,____wasfairlyoften,Ilikehissweetandhopefulsmile.　A.what　       B.which　        C.that        D.when13.Thevisitoraskedtheguidetotakehispicture_____standsthefamoustower.A.that　        B.where　　      C.which　    D.there14.Theboss____departmentMsKingworkedtenyearsagolookdownuponwomen.　A.inwhich　     B.inthat　       C.inwhose    D.whose15.Idon’tlike_____youspeaktoher.A.theway       B.thewayinthat　 C.thewaywhich　　D.thewayofwhich16.Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella._______Igotwetthrough.A.It’sthereason　 B.That’swhy　  C.There’swhy　  D.It’show17.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,____ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkis  B.whichIthinkitis  C.whichIthinkit　D.Ithinkwhichis18.Hewasveryrudetothecustomsofficer,____ofcoursemadethingsevenworse.A.who　         B.whom　         C.what　　      D.which19.a)Heisaninterestingspeaker,and,_______ismoreimportant,heknowshissubjectthoroughly.b)Hewenttothemeeting,and,_______wasworse,insistedonspeaking.A.what　        B.which　        C.that            D.when20.Thefarmeruseswoodtobuildahouse________tostore grain.   A.inwhich      B.where          C.which          D.withwhich21.Iwillinvite_______mydaughterloves.   A.whoever       B.whomever       C.whichever        D.whatever22.Youcanbuyasmanycopiesofthisbook________youwants.   A.that           B.which          C.as              D.forwhich23.Tomatemorefood_______wasgoodforhishealth.   A.that           B.as             C.than           D.which24.Hewashidingbehindthedoor_________hecouldseewhatwashappening.   A.which         B.fromwhere     Cfromwhich      D.where25.Shewore,_______wasveryuncommoninthecountry,aredgarment.   A.what          B.that           C.which          D.it  =Sheworearedgarment,_______wasveryuncommoninthecountry.26.TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear"spartywasagreatsuccess.A.forwhich    B.atwhich    C.inwhich     D.onwhich27.______isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.   A.It     B.As         C.That     D.What28.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_____thesailingtimewas226days.A.ofwhich    B.duringwhich  C.fromwhich  D.forwhich29.Iworkinabusiness         almosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.A.how         B.which       C.where             D.that    30.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers______shehadwipedherhands.   A.where       B.which        C.when             D.that31.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,      ,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.A.who         B.that         C.what       D.which32.________isoftenthecase, wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.    A.Which        B.When         C.What          D.As33. Anyway,thatevening,____I’lltellyoumoreaboutlater,IendedupstayingatRachel’splace. A.when        B.where       C.what       D.which34.Astorygoes______ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethatbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.A.when        B.where       C.what       D.that35.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%       aresold四.答案1-5DBDBB6-10DBBAB11-15ABBCA16-20BADAA21-25BCCBC26-30CBACA 31-35DDDDA36-40BDADD第四讲：状语从句 一．基本知识及疑难点状语从句修饰主句中的动词,形容词,副词等,在复合句中作状语.引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词.状语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末.当从句在句首时,从句后常用逗号和主句相隔.状语从句根据其在句中的不同作用分别表示时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,条件,比较,让步,行为方式等.1、时间状语从句表示时间的状语从句可由when,as,while,whenever,after,before,till(until),since,once,assoonas(或themoment),bythetime,nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when,everytime等引导。Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasforcedtoleavehishomelandforpoliticalreasons.Ithasbeen15yearssinceheleft.I’lltellhimthenewsassoonasIseehim.Onceyouhavegotusedtoit,youwilllikeit.Iwaitedtillhehadfinishedhiswork.注意：（1）when,as,whilewhen即可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。WhenIcameintotheoffice,theteacherswerehavingameeting.as引导持续性动作，侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。如：Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.Isawyoursisterasshewasgettingonthebusyesterday.Hesangashewalked.as也可表示“随着”，但要注意与with的区别：as是连词接句子。with是介词，接词或词组。Asthedaywenton,theweathergotevencold.(从句，故用谓语动词）Withthedaygoingon,theweathergotevencold.(介词，故用非谓语）While：指的是“在某一时间里”，“在……期间”，从句里的动作必须是持续性的，它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。WhilehewasinLondon,hestudiedmusic.WhilewewerewatchingTV,hewaswritingacomposition.while也可做并列连词，表示对照的含义，意思为“然而”。如：Heistallwhilehisbrotherisshort.当when,as,while表示“在…一段时间里”，主从句的动作同时发生时，可以换用。如：While(When或As)wewerediscussing,Mr.Smithcamein.（2）如果when和before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时不能译成“当…时候”和“在…之前”，而要译成“就”、“才”、“这时”等。如：ThestrugglelastedfouryearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthemansawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.IwaswalkinginthestreetwhenIsawhim.before的句型：Itwon’tbelongbeforesb.doessth.不用多久某人就会……Itwillbelongbeforesb.does要过很久某人才会…… Itwaslongbeforesb.didsth.过很久某人才做……Itwillbe+一段时间+beforesb.does某人要过多长时间才做Itwas+一段时间+beforesb.didsth.某人过了多长时间才做(3)bythetime,eachtime,everytime,immediately,themoment,theinstant,theminute,soonafter,shortlyafter都可以作为连词，引导时间状语。如：Bythetimehewasfourteen,hehadtaughthimselfadvancedmathematics.bythetime+现在时，主句用将来完成时．例如：Bythetimehearrives,wewillalreadyhaveleftCalifornia.bythetime+一般过去时，主句用过去完成时．例如：Bythetimehearrived,wehadalreadyleftCalifornia.Eachtimehecame,hewouldcallonme.Youmustshowhiminimmediatelyhecomes.IrecognizedhimthemomentIsawhim.(4)till和until①如果主句谓语动词是持续动词，通常用肯定式的主句，表示“直到…为止”。如：Iworkedtill(until)hecameback.②如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词，则用否定式的主句表示“直到…才，如：Ididn’tgotobeduntil(till)hecameback③放在句首表示强调时一般用until。如：Untilhereturns,nothingcanbedone.Itwasnotuntilhismothercalledthathegotup.(notuntil的强调结构为itis/wasnotuntil…that…).(不倒装为Ｈedidn’tgetupuntilhismothercalled.)(5)用nosooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”，主句中的动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时若把nosooner,hardly提到句首，主句倒装Hehadnosoonergottothelabthanhesetouttodotheexperiment.该句倒装为：Nosoonerhadhegottothelabthanhesetouttodotheexperiment.（5）时间状语从句中谓语动词不能用任何一种将来时，只能用现在时和过去时表示将来时。Iwilltellyouwhenhecomesback.2、地点状语从句:通常由连词where和wherever等引导。WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成。WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。注意：不要和where引导的定语从句相混淆．例如Weshallgowhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.Weshallgototheplacewhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.3、原因状语从句:通常由连词：because,as,since,for,nowthat引导。区别是:because：表示“因为”，直接而明确的原因和理由，语气最强，why提问的句子，一般都用because回答。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill.as：表示“因为”语气比because轻，引导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。Youneedn’tgowithme,asyouarebusy. AsIwasafraid,Ihidmyself.since：表示“既然”，语气比because弱。Sinceyouarehere,youmustdoit.For:表示“由于”，语气最弱，是对某一事实进行推断或补充的理由。Itmustbemorning,forthebirdsaresinging.nowthat意思与since相似，表示“既然”。NowthatyouareinHighSchool,youwillprobablyspendmoreinreading.Nowthatalltheguestshavearrived,let’shaveourdinner.seeingthat(既然)和inthat(因为)Seeingthattheweatherisbad,we’llstayathome.Ilikethecity,butIlikethecountrybetterinthatIhavemorefriendsinthecountry.注意：①在强调句中强调原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不可用as或since，如：Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tgowithus.②because可以引导表语从句，而as,since不可以，但仅用于以下句型:This/That/Itisbecause……It’sbecauseheistoolazy.③For引导从句不说明主句发生的直接原因，只提供一些补充说明。For引出的句子为并列句，有有时不一定是逻辑上的因果关系Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.④由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.他今天缺席，因为他病了。Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.他一定病了，所以今天缺席。4、目的状语从句:通常由that,sothat,inorderthat,so…that,lest(以免，以防）,incase（以防、免得），forfearthat(以免）等引导：Hegotupearlyinorderthathecouldcatchtheearlybus.Shemarriedhimsothatshemighttendandcomforthim.Iexplainedagainandagainincaseheshouldmisunderstandme.注意：①目的状语从句中谓语动词常含有may(might),can(could)should,will等情态动词。lest，incase,forfearthat后面常用虚拟语气，也就是说其引导的状语从句常用“(should)+动词原形”　。　例如：Ihidthebooklest(=forfearthat)heshouldseeit.我把书藏起来免得他看见。②sothat.,that引导的目的状语从句不能放在句首，而inorder引导的从句则可以。InorderthatIcouldfinishmyworkearlier,Imadeaplan.5、结果状语从句:由that,sothat,so…that,such…that引导：Itwasverycold,sothattheriverfroze.Thebookissowrittenthatitgivesaquitewrongideaofthefacts.Thereweresomanypeople(=suchalotofpeople)intheroomthatwecouldnotgetin.Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.注意： （1）sothat既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句，其区别在于：引导结果状语从句时通常用逗号同主句分开．Hemadeawrongdecision,sothathalfofhislifetimewaswasted.(结果状语从句)Theystartedearlysothattheymightarriveintime.(目的状语从句)（2）so和such的用法比较：①如果中心词是形容词或副词，则用so，如果中心词是名词，则一般用such.Theboyissoyoungthathecan"tgotoschool.这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。Heissuchayoungboythathecan"tgotoschool②当中心词是可数名词的单数，名词前的形容词又没有省略时，即可用“so+形容词+a/an+名词中心词的结构，又可用“such+a/an+形容词+名词中心词”的结构。Ihavesuchagoodexperience/sogoodanexperiencethatIwouldneverforgetit.③当中心名词是不可数名词或复数名词时，一般用such.但当修饰中心名词的形容词是表示“数量”，即many,much,little,few时，不用such,只用so.Shereceivedsolittleeducationthatshecouldhardlyreadorwrite.6、条件状语从句:由if,unless,aslongas(=solongas)(只要),incase(that)(如果，万一),suppose(that),supposing(that),given(that)(在……的情况下,假定),grantedthat(就算),onconditionthat,providedthat,providingthat等引导：IshallnotgotothecinemaunlessIfinishmyhomeworkbeforeeight.Youmaygoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tswimtoofarawayfromtheriverbank.Aslongasyoukeepontrying,youwillsurelysucceed.SupposethatIdon’thaveadayoff,whatshallwedo?IncaseJohncomes,pleasetellhimtowait.Grantedthathe’snotbrilliant,heatleastwokshard.注意：条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态不可用将来时，只能用现在时态或过去时态表示将来时。典型例题Youwillbelate___youleaveimmediately.　A.unless　B.until　C.if　　D.or答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为Ifyoudongleaveimmediately,youwillbelate。B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为Youleaveimmediatelyoryouwillbelate.7、方式状语从句:由连词：as,asif,asthough引导：Theteachertoldthestudentstodoashedid.Leaveitasitis.Heheardanoise,asifsomeonewasbreathing.Isawthemanlookingabouthimasifhewishedtoimpressuponhismindeverything.注意：asif,asthough两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted. 完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）Helooksasif（asthough）hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）说明：asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。Thewavesdashedontherocksasifinanger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒 8、比较状语从句:由连词as…as,notso(as)…as,than等引导。Ihopeitwasasgoodastheoneyoulentme.Noonecanbemorefitforhisofficethanheis.Hecan’trunsofastasshe.注意：“the+比较级(接从句)，the+比较级(接主句)，这一句型也归在比较状语从句内。如：Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.Theharderwework,thehappierwefeel.以下as用于表示比较的结构AistoBasCistoD.=AistoBwhatCistoD.=AsCistoD,soAistoB.例如:Wateristofishesasairistomen.Wateristofisheswhatairistomen.Asairistomen,sowateristofishes.9、让步状语从句:由though,although,as(虽然尽管),evenif,eventhough,wh-ever,nomatter-wh,whether…or…(无论是……还是…),引导.wh–ever：whateverwhoeverwhicheverwheneverwhereverhowevernomatter-wh：nomatterwho，nomatterwhat，nomatterwhich，nomatterwhen，nomatterwhere，nomatterhowThoughheisold,yetheisactive.Althoughmostofthepeopleagreed,somewerenotwillingtoaccepted.Proudasthenoblesare,heisafraidtoseeme.Wewouldn’tloseheartevenifweshouldfailtentimes.NomatterwhatIsayorhowIsayit,healwaysthinksI’mwrong.Whetherhecomesornot,we’lldiscusstheproblemthisafternoon.注意：（1）让步状语从句在句中的位置可放前也可放后，有时还可以插在主句中间，前置时，强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。（2）though与although同义，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化；后者较正式，多放于句首，不能与but连用，但可以与yet,still等连用，用来加强语气。Though(Although)hewastired,yet(still)hewentonworking.（3）as/though引导让步状语从句时从句部分语序要部分倒装。adj./v./n./adv.+as/though+主语+谓语 Youngasheis,hecanreadandwriteinseveralforeignlanguage.（表语提前）Childashewas,hehadtosupportthefamily.（表语名词提前并常省去冠词）Hardashestudies,hecannotpasstheexam.(副词提前)Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.(动词提前)（4）nomatterwhat（who，which，when，etc.）与whatever（whoever，whichever，whenever）的区别：当引导让步状语从句时，两者相同，可以互换，但当引导名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句）时则只能用whatever（whoever，whichever，whenever）。However(=Nomatterhow)expensiveitmaybe,I’lltakeit.无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。Don’tletthemin,whoever(=nomatterwho)theyare.不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。下面句子不能用nomatter结构(nomatter不能引导名词性从句）:Whoevercomesbackfirstissupposedtowintheprize.(主语从句)Iamreadytodowhateveryouwantmeto.（宾语从句）例证：Whateveryoudid,Iwillaccept.为让步状语从句.Iwillacceptwhateveryoudid.为宾语从句.（5）提到的从句连词外，表示让步的介词短语有despite,inspiteof,后接名词。Despiteallthesefacts,wecannotignoretheadvantagesoflearningthroughinternet.二．例题分析(1)when引导时间状语从句①(2009)PeterwassoexcitedhereceivedaninvitationfromhisfriendtovisitChongqing.A．where　　B．thatC．whyD．when解析：句意：当Peter的朋友邀请他来重庆时，他很是兴奋。此题考查状语从句，只有when引导的时间状语从句符合题意。答案：D(2)while引导时间状语从句②(2009·辽宁)Itjustisn"tfair________Iwasworkingasawaiterlastmonth，myfriendswerelyingonthebeach.A．wheneverB．thoughC．forD．while解析：句意：这不公平：上个月我在做服务员时，我的朋友们却躺在海滩上。while引导时间状语从句时，从句常用进行时态。whenever无论何时，每次，引导让步状语从句或名词性从句；though尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句；for因为，引导原因状语从句，三项均不符合句意。答案：D(3)在since引导的状语从句中，动词可以是延续性的也可以是终止性的，都表示状态或动作的结束，但意义有所区别。③(2010·皖南八校联考)—Haven"tseenLucyrecently,what"shappened?—Oh,It"smorethantwomonths________sheworkedhere.A．whichB．thatC．beforeD．since 解析：It"smorethantwomonthssincesheworkedhere.＝It"smorethantwomonthssincesheleftthepositionhere.她已经有两个多月的时间不在这工作了。答案：D(4)as引导的时间状语从句④(2009·浙江嘉兴)Nationalmourning(痛心，遗憾)began________LiuXiangrubbedhisrightlegpainfully，telling1.3billionChinesecitizens________hewouldnotbecrossingevenonehurdlethatday.A．as;thatB．after;whatC．since;whyD．when;which答案：A(5)某些表示时间的副词、名词短语和介词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如directly，instantlyimmediately，themoment，theminute，theday，each/everytime，nexttime，thefirst(second，last)time，bythetime等。⑤(2009·浙江五校联考)Alice"sfatheralwaysbringsheranicegift________hereturnshomefromhisbusinesstrip.A．bythetimeB．atthetimeC．everytimeD．inthetime答案：C⑥(2008·山东日照高三考试)IwassofamiliarwithhimthatIrecognizedhisvoice________Ipickedupthephone.A．whileB．afterC．incaseD．themoment解析：themoment＝assoonas“一……就……”。句意：我对他那么熟悉以至于我一拿起电话就辨认出是他的声音。答案：D⑦(2008·江西师大附中月考)Fortunatelysomebodywhohappenedtobepassingbycalledfiredepartment________thefirebrokeout.A．hurriedlyB．quicklyC．instantlyD．shortly解析：句意：幸好火灾刚一发生，碰巧从旁边经过的人打了火警电话。四个选项中，只有instantly还能用作连词，意为“一……就……”。故选C项。答案：C⑧(2008·宁夏银川月考)Bettyshowsgreatinterestinthispoemnow，butshethoughtitboring________shereadit.A．atthefirsttimeB．thefirsttimeC．forthefirsttimeD．atfirst解析：forthefirsttime“第一次”，其后不能接从句，只能单独作状语；atfirst“首先”，只能单独作状语，其后不能接从句；thefirsttime“第一次”，引导时间状语从句。句意：贝蒂现在对这首诗表现出极大的兴趣，但第一次读的时候她觉得它很让人生厌。答案：B(6)till，until和not...until的区别：①肯定句：主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，主句、从句都为肯定式，意为“某动作一直延续到某点时间才停止”。②否定句：主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句肯定式，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。⑨(2010·江苏赣榆中学、射阳中学、滨海中学联考)________ournationalfootballteamlostthegametoaweakteamasSyriaby0to3,Iheldnodoubtaboutthenewcoach"sability.A.UntilB.SinceC.UnlessD.After答案：A(7)before引导从句的含义①before引导的从句，不再用否定式谓语。②当before引导的从句位于主句之后时，意为“……才……”。⑩(2009·上海)Youcan"tborrowbooksfromtheschoollibrary________yougetyourstudent card.A．beforeB．ifC．whileD．as解析：句意：在你没有学生证之前不能在学校图书馆借书。根据常识，一个学生只有拥有学生证之后才可以借阅图书馆的书籍。before在……之前；if如果；while当……时候，然而；as随着，因为。答案：A(2009·金华十校模拟)Tinaknockedatthedoorfornearlytenminutes________herhusbandopenedit.A．whenB．beforeC．untilD．while解析：when“当……的时候”；before“在……之前”；until“直到……才”；while“与……同时”。句意为：在父亲开门之前，蒂娜敲了将近十分钟。答案：B2．地点状语从句where和wherever皆可引导地点状语从句，where指某一固定地方，而wherever指任何一个地方。(2009·江苏)________unemploymentandcrimearehigh，itcanbeassumedthatthelatterisduetotheformer.A．BeforeB．WhereC．UnlessD．Until解析：句意：在失业率和犯罪率高的地方，可以想象得到，后者是由前者引起的。A.Before在……之前；B.Where在……地方；C.Unless除非；D.Until直到。答案：B3．原因状语从句because，since，as，for和nowthat的用法比较：(1)because表示直接的原因或理由，表示原因的语气最强，常表示必然的因果关系。回答以why引起的特殊疑问句，只能用because。(2008·四川、甘肃延考地区)Ihopeyou"vegotyourowncar，________ifyouhaven"t，wemayhavetohireone.A．becauseB．sothatC．eversinceD．when解析：because“因为”，引导原因状语从句；sothat“目的是，结果”，引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句；eversince“自从”，引导时间状语从句；when“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。句意为“我希望你有你自己的车，因为如果你没有，我们就不得不租一辆”。本题前后句是因果关系，应用because引导。答案：A(2)since表示对方已经知晓、无须加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because稍弱。I"lldoitforyousinceyouarebusy.既然你忙，我来替你做吧。(2009·北京崇文区)________youareunabletoanswer，perhapsweshouldasksomeoneelse.A．ThoughB．SinceC．WhileD．So解析：though虽然尽管；since由于；while当……时，虽然；so因此。句意：由于你不能回答我们找别人吧。答案：B(3)as表示的往往是十分明显的原因，听者或读者已经知道或能看得出来，语气较弱，比较口语化。?(2009·南通调研)Studyingalone，youarefreetochoosewhattolearnandwhen，________youdon"tneedothers"agreement.A．whileB．ifC．thoughD．as 解析：句意为：当你独自学习时，你可自由地选择学习的内容和时间，因为这不需要其他人的同意。as表示因为，引导原因状语从句。答案：D(4)for是并列连词，它引导的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用来附带解释说明前面一句的情况。for引导的分句常位于第一分句之后，它们之间用逗号隔开。(2008·山东)Hefounditincreasinglydifficulttoread，________hiseyesightwasbeginningtofail.A．thoughB．forC．butD．so解析：句意：由于他的视力开始下降，他明显感到读书有困难。本题句子前后是因果关系，for的意思是“由于、因为”；though引导的是让步状语从句，意思是“虽然……但是……”；but的意思是“但是”，表示转折；so的意思是“因此、因而”，在句意上不通。所以选B项。答案：B(5)nowthat意为“既然”，与since同义，但更突出事实本身。?(2010·北京四中)________youwanttorememberitsusage,you"dbettermakeasentencewiththenewword.A．UnlessB．WhileC．NowthatD．Evenif答案：C(6)inthat意思是“因为”。?(2008·江西)Animalssufferedatthehandsofman________theyweredestroyedbypeopletomakewayforagriculturallandtoprovidefoodformorepeople.A．inwhichB．forwhichC．sothatD．inthat解析：句意：动物遭受着来自于人类的灭顶之灾，因为人们摧毁它们是为了开垦更多的耕地来给更多人提供食物。sothat“以便”，不符合句意，A、B项是“介词＋which”结构，引导的是定语从句，根据语境，此句是表示因果关系的状语从句。inthat“因为”，符合语境要求。答案：D4．条件状语从句(1)通常由if，unless，once，solongas，aslongas(只要)等引导条件状语从句。?(2007·福建)Youwillbesuccessfulintheinterview________youhaveconfidence.A.beforeB.onceC.untilD.though解析：题干意思是：一旦你有自信，你的面试将会成功。用once，意思是：一旦，引导条件状语从句。答案：B?(2009·浙江)Themedicineworksmoreeffectively______youdrinksomehotwateraftertakingit.A．asB．untilC．althoughD．if解析：句意：这种药如果你热水送服，会更加有效。if引导条件状语从句。答案：D(2009·全国Ⅱ)Allthedishesinthismenu，________otherwisestated，willservetwotothreepeople.A．asB．ifC．thoughD．unless解析：句意：这个菜单上所有的菜，除非有特别说明，会满足两到三人的需要。本题unless后省略了主语和be动词。答案：D(2009·北京)Youmayusetheroomasyoulike________youcleanitupafterwards.A．sofarasB．solongasC．incaseD．evenif解析：句意：你可以任意使用这个房间，只要你之后打扫干净。sofaras“就……而言”；solongas＝aslongas表示唯一条件“只要”；incase“以防，万一”；evenif“即使，尽管”。 答案：B(2009·陕西)Myparentsdon"tmindwhatjobIdo______Iamhappy.A．eventhoughB．assoonasC．aslongasD．asthough解析：句意：我的父母不在乎我从事什么样的工作，只要我高兴就好。本题考查状语从句。aslongas引导条件状语从句，意为“只要”。assoonas一……就……；eventhough虽然，尽管；asthough好像。答案：C(2)onconditionthat，suppose(that)，supposingthat(假如)，incase(万一)，provided(that)，providing(that)(倘若)等也可引导条件状语从句。(2008·上海春)Pleaseremindmeofthemeetingagaintomorrow________Iforget.A．thoughB．sothatC．incaseD．until解析：句意：请明天再次提醒我开会，以免我忘了。incase“以防”，如：Takeanumbrellaincaseofrain/incaseitrains.A项“虽然……但是……”；B项“为了，以便”；D项“直到……为止”。答案：C(2007·宁夏银川一中期中)________wecan"tgetthenecessaryequipment，whatshallwedo?A．ThinkB．GuessC．SupposeD．Figure解析：句意：假设我们不能得到必要的设备的话，我们怎么办？suppose/supposing是连词，意为“假设，假如”。如：Suppose/Supposingitrains，whatshallwedo？假如下雨的话，我们怎么办？答案：C(2007·山东济宁二模)YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeeting________youdon"tmindtakingthenighttrain.A．providedB．unlessC．thoughD．until解析：provided(that)或providing，引导条件状语从句，意为“以……为前提；在……条件下”，故选A项。答案：A5．让步状语从句(1)①though，although，evenif，eventhough引导让步状语从句。②由though与although引导的让步状语从句中不再使用but，与中文不同。③evenif的从句含有强烈的假设性，而eventhough则多与此相反。(2009·北京海淀区)Onceagainhefailedtohandinhishomework________hehadbeengivenenoughtimetodoit.A．incaseB．asthoughC．sothatD．eventhough解析：此题考查状语从句。应注意看到onceagain他再一次没交作业，尽管给他充足的时间。incase“万一”，asthough“似乎，好像”，sothat“如此……以至于”，eventhough“尽管”。答案：D(2009·湖南)________thepolicethoughthewasthemostlikelyone，sincetheyhadnoexactproofaboutit，theycouldnotarresthim.A．AlthoughB．AslongasC．IfonlyD．Assoonas解析：句意：虽然警察认为他最有可能是罪犯，但没有确凿的证据，他们不能逮捕他。句子前后的逻辑关系为转折关系。答案：A(2009·北京宣武区)________youdisagreewithher，herideaisstillworthconsidering.A．IfonlyB．EvenifC．InsteadofD．Despiteof解析：考查前后句的关系。句意为：“尽管”你不赞同她，可她的观点还是值得考虑的。答案：B(2)一些疑问代词或疑问副词＋ever，如：whoever，whatever，whichever，whenever，wherever，however也可引导让步状语从句，这些词也可用nomatterwho，nomatterwhat，no matterwhich，……来代替。(2008·山东菏泽月考)AslongasIcanremember，________Icalled，hiswifewouldanswerthephone.A．howeverB．wheneverC．whateverD．whichever解析：however“不管怎样”；whenever“无论什么时候”；whatever“不管什么”；whichever“不管哪一个”，这四个词都可以引导让步状语从句。句意：在我的记忆中，不管我什么时候打电话，他妻子都会接。答案：B(3)as，while，whether作“尽管”讲时也可引导让步状语从句。(2009·皖北联考)Much________hestateshehasagoodtasteofhisown，hecan"tavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisement.A．thatB．whichC．asD．/解析：as引导让步状语从句，“尽管他不断声称自我感觉良好，但他不可避免地受广告影响”。答案：C(2008·重庆)Allpeople，________theyareoldoryoung，richorpoor，havebeentryingtheirbesttohelpthoseinneedsincethedisaster.A．evenifB．whetherC．nomatterD．however解析：句意：自这次灾难以来，所有的人，不管他们是年老的还是年轻的，富有的还是贫穷的，都在尽自己最大的努力去帮助那些需要帮助的人。whether...or...是固定搭配，意为“无论是……还是……，不管是……还是……”。答案：B(2009·郴州质量监测)________governments，universitiesandresearchinstitutesonlyhavealimitedbudgettodofieldwork，peoplewhosehobbyistostudybotanydevoteagreatdealofmoneyandtimetoit.A．UntilB．UnlessC．WhileD．For解析：while“尽管”；until“直到……才……”；unless“除非”；for“因为”。由句意知应选C。答案：C6．目的状语从句(1)由sothat，inorderthat，forfearthat引导从句，谓语常含may，might，can，could，will，would等情态动词。(2009·北京海淀区)Keepourselvesandourheartsopen________wecanexperiencethegreatjoythatfriendshipcanbring.A．sothatB．eventhoughC．asifD．eversince解析：sothat“因此”；eventhough“即使”；asif“好像”；eversince“从那以后”。答案：A(2)incase引导的目的状语从句表示“以防，以免”。Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissit.他走得很早以免错过了它。(2009·合肥质检)—Mary，Ihavegotanewcellphonenumber!—Oh，holdon.I"llputitdownjust________.A．inneedB．incaseC．intimeD．inuse解析：inneed“需要”；incase“以防万一”；intime“及时”；inuse“有用”，此处表示“我写下来以防万一。”答案：B(2008·江西遵义重点中学联考)—Mum，whatshouldIpreparebeforeIleaveforthelecture?—Well，getyournotebookready________youhavesomethingsignificantyouneedtoput down.A．sothatB．incaseC．onconditionthatD．asthough解析：句意：——妈妈，在我去听报告之前，需作什么准备吗？——嗯，准备了笔记本以防有些重要的东西要记下来。(just)incase(...)—becauseofthepossibilityofsth.happening因为可能发生某事；以防万一；万一。如：Itmayrain.You"dbettertakeanumbrella(just)incase(itdoes)．可能下雨，你最好带把伞，以防万一(下起来)。答案：B7．结果状语从句(1)sothat表示结果和目的时的区别：sothat表示目的时，在从句中往往有can，could，may，might等情态动词。(2009·西城)Somanyuseshavebeendiscoveredofthiswood________thesupplyofthisspecialtreeisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.A．thenB．whatC．thatD．which答案：C(2007·上海)Popmusicissuchanimportantpartofsociety________ithaseveninfluencedourlanguage.A．asB．thatC．whichD．where解析：“sucha(an)＋形容词＋单数可数名词”意为“如此……以至于……”，表示“流行歌曲是社会中如此重要的部分，以至于它已经影响了我们的语言”。such...as和such...that句型不同，前者as引导的从句是定语从句，而后者that引导的从句是状语从句。答案：B(2)so...that与such...that句型区别：so为副词，修饰形容词、副词，不能修饰名词；such是形容词，用来修饰名词。常见结构是：so＋形容词/副词＋that从句so＋形容词＋a(an)＋单数名词＋that从句so＋many/few/much/little＋复数名词/不可数名词＋that从句such＋a(an)＋adj.＋单数名词＋that从句such＋形容词＋复数名词＋that从句such＋形容词＋不可数名词＋that从句(2010·湖南四市九校联考)Inrecentyears，________manyriders—includinglastyear"swinner,FloydLandis,andseveralridersthisyear—havebeenaccusedoftakingdrugstohelpthemthatthemostdifficultracenolongerseemsspecial.A．suchB．asC．soD．too答案：C(2008·四川非延考区)Ihaven"tseenAnnfor________longthatI"veforgottenwhatshelookslike.A．suchB．veryC．soD．too解析：句意：我有很长时间没见着安了，我已忘记她长什么样了。so/such...that如此……以致于，即so＋adj./adv.＋that，而such＋n.＋that，long为副词，故用so。答案：C三、巩固练习1．(2010·厦门外国语学校)I"msorryyou"vebeenwaitingsolong,butit"llstillbesometime________Briangetsback.A．beforeB．sinceC．tillD．where答案：A2．—Lucy，theboywasfrightenedbytheterriblenoisefromthenextroom.—Takehim________it"squiet，Ithink. A．whenB．whereC．whatD．before答案与解析：B　题意为：“露西，这个男孩被从隔壁发出的可怕的噪音吓到了。”“带他到安静的地方。”where引导地点状语从句，意为“在……地方”。3．Hewillsurelyfinishthejobontime________he"slefttodoitinhisownway.A．sothatB．solongasC．incasethatD．forfearthat答案与解析：B　题意为：只要让他用自己的方法做这件事，他肯定能按时完成工作。sothat意为“以便，结果是”；solongas意为“只要”；incase意为“万一”；forfearthat意为“惟恐，害怕”。根据题意选B。4．—Didthepolicemanletyouin?—No，________ItoldhimwhoIwas.A．ifB．onceC．asthoughD．eventhough答案与解析：D　题意为：“警察让你进来了吗？”“没有，即使我告诉了他我是谁。”if意为“如果”，once意为“一旦”；asthough意为“好像”；eventhough意为“即使”。5．—Anythingelseshouldwepayattentiontoifwegocamping，Mum?—Nothingmuch.Takearaincoat________itrains.A．aslongasB．incaseC．ifD．nowthat答案与解析：B　题意为：“妈妈，如果我们去野营，有什么需要注意吗？”“没什么。带件雨衣以防下雨。”aslongas意为“只要”；incase意为“以防”；if意为“如果”；nowthat意为“既然”。6．—Didyoucatchtheearlybusthismorning?—No.Ithadleftthestop________Iarrivedthere.A．assoonasB．asthetimeC．bythetimeD．duringthetime答案与解析：C　bythetime，eachtime，everytime，immediately，themoment等词或短语常可用作连词，引导时间状语从句，主句用过去完成时态表明用bythetime。7．—Wehavedecidedtogoforapicnictomorrow，Dick.Areyougoingwithus?—Well，________youaregoing，sowillI.A．whenB．sinceC．ifD．while答案与解析：B　题意为：“迪克，我们明天准备去野餐，你和我们一起去吗？”“哦，既然你们去，我也去。”since意为“既然”，if意为“如果”，“打算要去了”所以不是“假设”而是“因果”。故选B。8．________muchIdisliketheideaofbegginginthestreet，weshouldstillshowconsiderationforthosewhoareindifficultsituations.A．HoweverB．HowC．WhateverD．Nomatter答案与解析：A　题意为：不管我多么讨厌在街上乞讨这种主意，我们仍然应该体谅那些处于艰苦境况的人。however意为“不管多么，无论如何”，等于nomatterhow；whatever意为“不管什么”，等于nomatterwhat。根据题意选A。9．________IfeelpityonearthquakevictimsinWenchuan，Ican"treallydoverymuchtohelpthembutcontributemypocketmoney.A．AslongasB．WhenC．WhileD．Even答案与解析：C　题意为：虽然我同情汶川地震的受难者，但我除了捐钱不能做什么去帮助他们了。while此处引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然；尽管”，符合题意。10．________greatachievementsChinamayhaveinthefuture，itislikelythatmanyofthemwillbeborninWesternChina.A．IfB．WhateverC．AsD．However 答案与解析：B　题意为：无论中国将来取得多大的成就，很可能许多来自西部。whatever相当于nomatterwhat，用来引导让步状语从句。if意为“如果”；as意为“因为”；however意为“无论怎样”，三项皆与题意不符。11．________thetotalnumberoffarmershasdecreasedoverthepast10years，thesizeoftheaveragefarmhasmorethandoubled.A．WhileB．SinceC．BecauseD．As答案与解析：A　考查连词用法。句译为：虽然十年来农民的数量减少了，但农场的平均面积却增加了一倍多。此处while表示“虽然；尽管”，引导让步状语从句。12．Simonthoughthiscomputerwasbroken________hislittlebrotherpointedoutthathehadforgottentoturniton.A．untilB．sinceC．afterD．because答案与解析：A　题意为：西蒙以为电脑坏了，直到他的弟弟指出他忘了打开电脑。主句为肯定句时，表示其动作或状态一直延续到until引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生为止。其他各项均与句意不符。13．________lifepacecontinuestospeedup，wearequicklylosingtheartofenjoyment.A．WithB．WhenC．AsD．While答案与解析：C　题意：随着生活节奏的加快，我们正迅速失去享受生活的乐趣。as，when，while均可引导时间状语从句，意为“在……时候”，但表示两个发展变化中的情况时常用as，意为“随着”；with是介词，后不接从句。14．________scientistsknowwhereastormwillhappen，windswillsuddenlychange，carryingthestormtoanewdirection.A．EvenifB．SinceC．DespiteD．Unless答案与解析：A　题意为：即使科学家们知道暴风雨将在哪里形成，风向会突然改变，携带着暴风雨到一个新的方向。evenif意为“即使”；since意为“因为，既然”；despite意为“尽管”；unless意为“除非”。15．Thelittleboywasallowedtogoswimming________hekeptneartheotherboys.A．onconditionthatB．incaseC．nowthatD．bythetime答案与解析：A　题意为：这个小男孩被允许去游泳如果他离其他男孩很近的话。onconditionthat意为“如果”；incase意为“以防”；nowthat意为“既然”；bythetime意为“到……时候为止”。16．Itwasthoughtthatthingswouldgetworse，but______itis，theyweregettingbetter.A．becauseB．whenC．asD．after答案与解析：C　题意为：原以为事情会变得更糟，但是实际上，事情变得越来越好。asitis为固定说法，意为“实际上”，符合题意。17．Itisdifficultforanyofustoeatbetter，exercisemore，andsleepenough，________weknowweshould.A．becauseB．eventhoughC．asifD．unless答案与解析：B　题意为：对于任何人来说吃得好，锻炼得多，睡眠充足都很困难，即使我们知道应该这么做。前后分句表示是一种让步关系，所以用eventhough“即使”。18．—CouldIuseyours?—I"msorry，itisn"there.I"dgetitforyou________Icouldrememberwhoborrowedit.A．exceptthatB．nowthatC．ifonlyD．eventhough答案与解析：C　题意为：“我能用你的吗？”“很抱歉，它不在这里。只要我能记起来谁拿的，我就把它拿给你。”exceptthat意为“除……之外”；nowthat意为“既然”；ifonly意为 “要是”，eventhough意为“即使”。19．Youcan"tunderstandthenovelwell________youunderstandthewriterwhowroteit.A．thoughB．whetherC．otherwiseD．unless答案与解析：D　题意为：如果你不了解写这部小说的作者，你就不能很好地理解这部小说。though意为“尽管”；whether意为“是否”；otherwise意为“否则”；unless意为“除非；如果不”。20．Weshouldbeabletodothejobforyouquickly，________yougiveusallthenecessaryinformation.A．incaseB．thoughC．providedthatD．evenif答案与解析：C　题意为：假如你给我们所有需要的信息，我们能够为你很迅速地完成这个工作。providedthat意为“只要，如果”，引导条件状语从句，符合题意。21．Heaskedmejusttositdownanddrinksomewater______Icouldsayanythingaboutmytravelplan.A．whileB．whenC．ifD．before答案与解析：D　题意为：我还没来得及说关于我旅行计划的事情，他让我坐下喝一些水。before此处可译成“还没来得及”，引导时间状语从句。22．—________mymailingaddressisdifferentfrommylivingaddress?—Thenyoumustwritebothintheform.A．AsifB．WhatifC．EvenifD．Onlyif答案与解析：B　whatif意为“倘若……该怎么办？”；asif意为“似乎，好像”；evenif意为“即使”；onlyif意为“只有”。23．________hewasthelastmanIwantedtosee，Ididallinmypowertohelphim.A．AsB．NowthatC．ThoughD．However答案与解析：C　题意为：尽管他是我最不愿意见到的人，但我还是尽力帮了他。根据句意选择C项。as可引导时间或原因状语从句，引导让步状语从句时，要倒装。nowthat是“既然”的意思。而however是“无论多么”的意思。24．ManyOlympicathletesholdthatthemostimportantthingisnottowinbuttoparticipate，________themostimportantthinginlifeisnotthesuccess，butthestruggle.A．asthoughB．justlikeC．suchasD．justas答案与解析：D　考查连词与介词的辨析。语境为：许多奥林匹克运动员认为，最重要的是参与，而不是获胜。正如人生中最重要的是奋斗而不是成功。justas“正如，正像”，后接句子。justlike也有“正如，正像”之意，后接名词或代词。25．Oneofthesuccessfulpeople"sstrongpointsisthattheycansucceed________othersfail.A．ifB．whenC．howD．where答案与解析：D　题意：成功的人的优势之一就是他们能在别人失败的地方成功。where引导地点状语从句。