英语语法大全完全版7 59页

A．介词的宾语 1225 介词后面一般紧跟宾语。这种定语是名词或相当于名词的东西。一共有11种关型。1226 1．名词：Iliveinasmallhouse．Wearewalkingalongthestreet．Iwillansweryouconcerningyourrequest．1227 2．代词：Ispoketothem．Heisinterestedinit．Hewrotetomeconcerninghimself．1228 3．动名词：Hespenttheafternooninswimming．HelearnsEnglishbyreadingEnglishpapers．Heinsistedongoingbacktothehotel．1229 4．不定式：Hedidnothingbut（orexcept）（to）sleep．Everythingisallowedexcepttodisturbothers．Whatdoeshedosave（to）talknonsense？Iwouldsoonerdiethan（to）yield．Iknowbetterthantoarguewithsucharascal．（Iwillnotargue．） Icoulddonootherwisethan（to）laugh．（Icouldnotbutlaush．）（不定式一般不能用作介词的宾语，只有在save，but，ex-cept和than后可以。在这样用时to常常省略。）1230 5．疑问词+不定式：Theproblemofwhattodoisdifficulttosettle． Thatdependsonwhichmethodtouse．Wehaveinformedhimofwhentosendthemerchandise．Haveyoureceivedmyletterregardinghowtosendthemoney？（在任何适当介词后这种结构都可使用）1231 6．表示时间或地点的副词：Weallhavetrustedhimtillnow（ortillrecently）． Hehasbeenillsincethen．Hehasneverseenanyonesincethreeyearsago．I"llloveyouforever．Ishallhavefinisheditbytomorrow．Weshallmeetagainbeforelong．Hecamefromafar．Hehasjustreturnedfromabroad．Newtroublesarosefromwithin（orfromhere，fromallaround，fromhardby，frombelow，fromelse-where）．比较：Hestoodinhere（oroutthere）．（这里in和out是副词，不是介词。）（能以副词作宾语的介词为数不多）1232 7．形容词：Inshort，Ihaveexplainedeverything． Atfirst，hefailed；butatlast，hesucceeded．Hehasatleastathousandfriends．Ihaveadvisedhiminpublicandinprivate．Hewasilloflate．（只在少数成语中可在介词后用形容词）1233 8．介词短语：Hecamefromacrosstheriver．（across=aplaceacross）Hereturnedfrombeyondthesea．（beyond=aplacebeyond）Hewasshotfrombehindthehedge．Hestoletobehindtheenemy．Theenemysuddenlyappearedfromjustbelowourfeet．（两个介词之间夹入一个副词）Hehasbeenillsincebeforethewar．（before=atimebe-fore）Iwriteuptoaboutmidnight．（about=atimeabout）Hereadtillintothenight．HedidnotseehertillaboutlastSunday．Iworkedtillafterfour．Theyhavestayedforabovetendays．Thestormcontinuedfrombeforesunrisetillaftermid-night．Hehadarrivedbysoonafterten（两个介词之间夹入一个副词）Iboughtitatovertendollars．（over=apriceover）Icansellitforunderyourprice．Idroveatfrom30to40milesanhour．（from…to=adistancefrom…to） Idroveatbetween30and40milesanhour．（between…and=adistancebetween…and）Thisjobisdonebyfrom40to50men．1234 9．That引起的从句：Iknownothingexceptthat（orsavethat）hestoodatthespotwherethemurderwascommitted．Mandiffersfromotheranimalsinthatmancanlaughandspeak．Heisnotcontentnotwithstandingthat（=although）heisrich．IwouldstudyabroadbutthatIampoor．Iwouldhavebeenapoliticianbutthatmyfatherforbademeto．（除了在except，in，save，but，notwithstanding之后，介词后一概不能用that引起的从句作宾语。）1235 10．疑问词引起的从句：Theyweredisputingaboutwheretheyshouldgo．Hedoesnotcareaboutwhowillbethepresident．Hewantstobeinformedofwhichcollegeisthebestforhim．Hissuccessdependsonwhetherhewillworkhard．Haveyouanyideaastowhenthewarwillend？（疑问词前的介词有时可以省略）1236 11．名词（代词）+形容词（或相当于形容词的东西）：这种宾语通常跟在介词with后，表示伴随的情况：Helayonthefloorwithhisfeetice-cold（形容词）（withhisfeetice-cold=hisfeetbeingice-cold）Heisawayfromhomewithheralone（=shebeingalone）．Withthesunup（地点副词），thebirdstwitterednoisily． Shewenttothemarketwithherchildbehind．Hewanderedaboutwithoutacentinhispocket（介词短语）．Withhiswifeoutoftemper，hecan"tstayathome．Hewenttothepartywithhisshoesshiningandcreaking（现在分词）．Therevolutionbrokeoutwithmillionsofpeoplescreamingandshouting．Hecamewithagift（whichwas）beautifullypacked（过去分词）．Thepolicereturnedwithathiefboundupinrope．Theysatfacetofacewithoutawordsaid．Hereturnedhomewithalotofproblemstosettle（不定式）．Hewanderedoverthevillagewithadog（whichwas）thesize（=ofthesize）ofacalf．HestudiesMalaywithMaryhisonlyclassmate（同位语）．这种宾语间或可用在其他介词后面：“After”allsaidanddone（过去分词），thisseemsthebestone．Haveyoueverheard“of”anuprightmanabandonedbyhisfriend？Theycelebratedthatday“for”thefreedomregained．“Inspiteof”somuchtimeandmoneyspent，here-mainsabachelor．Hissuccessdepends“on”him（orhis）working（现在分词）hard．Thefact“of”John（orJohn"s）marryingawomanofpleasureshockedhisfamily．Hissuccessdepends“upon”themethodtouse（=whichhewilluse）（不定式）． B．副词与介词的差别 1237 许多介词可以用作地点副词，不过有时不易看出它们是否用作副词。根本差别是，介词总跟有宾语，而副词后从不跟有宾语。不过，必须指出，如此副词，往往就是省略了宾语的介词。（省略是因为从上下文可猜出宾语是什么）：带介词的句子                               带副词的句子Childrenmustkeep（不及              Childrenmustkeepoff．物动词）offthis                            （在读者或听话人可以清楚dangerousplace．                          离开什么地方时才这样                                                    说）Iwentbeforethem．                     Iwentbefore．Hestoodbetweenus．                   Hestoodbetween．Johnwanderedabout                      Johnwanderedabout．thestreets．Theanimalsliveinside                    Theanimalsliveinside．thecave．Hewentupthemountain．             Hewentup． Hedashedintothehouse．             Hedashedin（不是into）．Wewereleftbehindthe                   Wewereleftbehind．rest．Itook（及物动词）thelugga-         Itooktheluggageingeintothehouse．                         （不是into）．Hesailedhisboatacross                 Hesailedhisboatacross．theriver．Throwitoutsidethehouse．           Throwitoutside．Don"tdragthecatupthe                 Don"tdragthecatup．staircase．Theoldman（名词）across           Theoldmanacrossismythestreetismyuncle．                  uncle．Somepeoplebehindthe                   Somepeoplebehindscenesupporthim．                       supporthim．Thebeautifulprospect                    Thebeautifulprospectbeforeusisencouraging．              beforeisencouraging．但地点副词除了表示地点，还可表示其他东西，这时就不能认为是把介词宾语省略：Howdiditcomeabout（=happen）？ Theplanfellthrough（=failed）．Themachinebrokedown．Howareyougettingalong？Wehavegivenup．Hehasgrownup．Holdon！1238 此外我们还应把“及物动词+地点副词”这种动词短语（如：Hekeptdownhistemper．和Heleftbehindhisclothesandhat．中的斜体词）和“不及物动词+介词”这种动词短语（如：Hewalkeddownthemountain．和Hewaitedbe-hindotherpassengers．中的斜体词）加以区别。这种短语是较难区别的，因为它们都跟有宾语。一般说来，如果这样的动词短语包含1）一个通常用作及物动词的动词，或是2）一个通常用作副词的词，或3）有一个紧跟在动词后的名词或代词，这个短语就是“及物动词+副词”型的动词短语： 及物动词+地点副词 1）Hecastdowntheweddingring．（cast通常用作及物动词）Hecarriedonthebusiness．Wecutofftheirretreat．Iputonmyblueshirt．Don"tgiveupyourplan．Wehandoverthethieftothepolice．Icanlaydownmyburdennow．Hemade（ordelivered）overhispropertytohisson．Iwilltake（orset，put）downwhatyousay． Hefilledupaform．Helockedinhisnaughtychildren．Hedrewuphiswill．Herubbedinsomeoil．Hebound（orstored，tore）upthedocument．Therevolutionbroughtaboutagreatchange．有些不及物动词间或可用作及物动词：Theyhisseddownthespeaker．TheyshouteddowntheperformerWemustthinkoverthismatter．Wehavedtalkedoverthisproblem．Iwalkedoffmyheadache．Heblewoffthecandle．Welaugheddownthosewhoopposedus．2）Heboreawaythepalm．（away通常用作副词）Hebeatbackhisenemy．Hebroughtforwardhisproposal．Hecastouttheuninvitedguest．HedrewasideJohnandMary．Hecollectedtogetherallheneeded．3）IwillseeJohnoff．（名词John紧跟在动词后面）Hecalledhissecretaryin．Hehelpedherup．Ourforefathershandedthetraditionsdowntous． Pointtheverbout．Putyourshoesoffbeforeenteringthetemple．Iputmyglasseson．Iwillsendthegoodsofftomorrow．Ishalltakethepropertyover．Takeyourhatoff．Let"stalktheplanover．Ican"tputawordin．1239 如果一个动词短语包含4）一个通常用作不及物动词的动词或5）一个通常用作介词的词，这种短语就是“不及物动词+介词”型的动词短语：不及物动词+介词 4）Hecameacrossavaluablecurio．（came通常用作不及物动词）Theyclingtotheirleader．Iconversedwithsomefriends．HecrowedoverJohn．Hecriedforcoffee．Theydifferinopinion．Hehasrunintotroubleinhisjob．Hewentaboutthecity．TheaccidenthappenedtoJohn．Ihopeforpeace．5）Lookatthethingyoudid．（at通常用作介词） Ilistenedtohim．Hekeptfromgambling．Icannotjudgeofhim．ItalkedwithJohn．Westroveforindependence．Hespokeagainstme．Hefellamongthieves．1240 如果一个动词短语中的动词可以是及物动词，也可以是不及物动词，后面的词可以是介词，也可以是副词，我们可以用下面的方法来决定它属于哪种类型。以Thecardasheddownthemountain为例。如果down是介词，就是“车往山下冲”，如果它是副词，就是“把山冲倒”，显然是“车往山下冲”，因此它是介词，这个动词短语是“不及物动词+介词”。再看另一句Wecan"tgetunderthefire．如果under是介词，就是“到达火下面”，如果是副词，则表示“把火控制住”（=getthefireundercontrol）。显然这里under是作副词，这个动词短语属“及物动词+副词”型。1241 如果动词短语是“及物动词+副词”，在宾语长时，必须把宾语放在副词后面：Hegaveuptheplanwhichhehadworkedonformanyyears．Theyhisseddownthespeaker，managerofAsiaCompany．Howcanhekeepunderawomanwhohasbeentoleratedformanyyears？如果宾语很短，它可以放在副词之后，也可放在副词之前：Hegaveuphisplan．Hegavehisplanup．Theyhisseddownthespeaker．Theyhissedthespeakerdown．Hecan"tkeepunderhiswife．Hecan"tkeephiswifeunder．如果宾语是一个人称代词，则必须把它放在副词前面：Hegaveitup．（而不是Hegaveupit．）Theyhissedhimdown． Hecan"tkeepherunder．但如果这个短语是“不及物动词+介词”，则必须把宾语放在介词后面（除去下章提到的一些特殊情况）：Hewentaboutthestreet．（Right）Hewentthestreetabout．（Wrong）Hesailedalongtheriver．（Right）Hesailedtheriveralong．（Wrong）Hefellamongthieves．（Right）Hefellthievesamong．（Wrong）C．介词的位置 1242 从上面所有例句中可以看出，介词通常放在它的宾语的前面。Heisgoingtoschool．Heisinterestedinplayingmusic．在下述情况下，特别是在口语中，它可放在它的宾语的后面：1．宾语在说话人脑中占有最重要地位：Yourbrazenface，Iwillneverlookatagain．（正常说法：Iwillneverlookatyourbrazenfaceagain．）Anymatter，politicalorsocial，heseemstohavegottiredof．Football，Iamtoooldfor．Suchatrifle，theythoughtlittleof．Smokingordrinking，Idon"tcarefor．2．它的宾语是一个疑问词：Whoisthisgiftfor？（书面体：Forwhomisthisgift？） Whosegirldidhefallinlovewith？Whatareyoutalkingabout？“Gothere！”“Whatfor？（=WhatdoIgotherefor？）”（书面体：Forwhat？）“Listen！”“Whatto？”“Ihavebeentothepictures．”“Whowith？”“Hehasbeenmarried．”“Whoto？”3．它的宾语是名词从句中的一个疑问词：Iaskedwhothisgiftwasfor．（书面体：Iaskedforwhomthisgiftwas．）Saywhosedaughterhefellinlovewith．Mindwhatyouaretalkingabout．4．它的宾语是一个起名词作用的不定式短语中的一个疑问词：Iaskedwhotoapplyto（=WhoIshouldapplyto）．（疑问词+不定式+介词）（书面体：Iaskedtowhomtoapply．）Mindwhattotalkabout．Iwonderwhattoliveoninthisdesert．Tellmewhichfriendtocooperatewith．5．它的宾语是一个关系代词：Iknowamanwhomyoucanbelievein．（书面体：IKnowamaninwhomyoucanbelieve．）Themountain（which）youarelookingatisthemostbeautifulinJapan．Heisnotsuchaboy（as）sheisinterestedin．Thereisnotasinglesubjectthathepaysattentionto． Thatisworsethan（what）Ihaveanyideaof．Thisistheenvironment（which）Ihavegrownupin．6．它的宾语是一个表示时间或空间的介词，而且用在all后或round，through，或over前：Hetravelledalltheyearround．Hegambledallthenightthrough．Hetravelledalltheworldover．7．宾语是由there，here或where构成书面语，或法律用语中的合成词：thereabout（s）=aboutthat……………hereabout（s）[tendollarsorthereabout]=aboutthisplacethereafter=afterthat……………………hereafter=afterthisthereby=bythatmeans………………hereby=bythismeansthereto=tothat………………………………hereto=tothistherefore=forthatreasonthereof=ofthat………………………………hereof=ofthisthereupon=uponthat，then……………hereupon=onthistherewithal=withthat，besides………………………………………………………………………herewith=withthisWhereabout（s）=aboutwhatplace？aboutwhich（关系代词）whereby=bywhat？bywhich（关系代词）wherefore=forwhatreason？forwhich（关系代词）reasonwhereof=ofwhat？ofwhichorwhom（关系代词）whereas=seeingthat，while D．介词的亲和力 1．以介词开头及以介词结尾的短语1243 介词是用来把名词（或相当于名词的东西）和动词、另一名词或一形容词连系起来的词。这个名词（或相当于名词的东西）称作介词的宾语。这个动词、另一名词或形容词，为了方便，可称作介词的相关词（RelatedWord）：Hewent（动词作相关词）tothehospital（名词作宾语）．IspokewithJohn．Theheadmaster（名词作相关词）ofmyschool（名词作宾语）isakindman．Thehutacrosstheriverlookspretty．Heisangry（形容词作相关词）atherbreaking（相当于名词的东西作宾语）thecup．Johnischarmedwithherbeauty．这介词和宾语的关系有时比它和相关词的关系更密切。在HecameonSunday．Theyareatwar．Sheiswithchild．Hemademistakesonpurpose．中，on和Sunday结合，at和war结合，with和child结合，on和purpose结合，而构成短语或成语。可以说用on是靠Sunday决定的，用at是靠war决定的等等。这样我们就有了以介词开头的短语（通常称作介词短语）。但是介词也可和它的相关词有更密切的关系，在Hepersistedinhisdecision．Hetiedhishorsetothetree．Heisafraidofstrangers．Ourdependenceonaforeigncountryisashame．中，介词和它的相关词结合起来构成成语或习用语。可以说用in是靠不及物动词persisted决定的，用to是靠及物动词tied决定的，用of是靠形容词afraid决定的，用on是靠名词dependence决定的。这样我们就有了以介词结尾的短语。介词有时属中性，对哪一边都没有特别的偏向（亲和力）。这时可以把以介词开始的短语（或称介词短语）作为一个单元。例如：Hegotitfromhisuncle．（是gotfrom还是fromhisuncle是一个单位？我们不能十分肯定。但说fromhisuncle是一个单位是没有错的，比说gotfrom是一个单位强。）HewentwithJohn．ThepicturesofMaryarebeautiful． Thebookonthedeskisadictionary．2．以介词开头的短语之用法1244 以介词开头的短语（包括有特殊亲和力的和中性的）（斜体字）都用来修饰a．名词，b．动词，c．形容词或d．整个句子（用黑体字表示）。这些短语都起形容词或副词作用：a．Isawthephotoofhisfather．Thepictureonthewallisbeautiful．ThemanbesedeJohnisanartist．（这些短语必须紧跟它们修饰的名词，如photo，picture．它们起形容词的作用。）Thebookisoflittleuse．Thetrageddyseemsatanend．Theyareatwar．Hesetthematwar．Hebroughtthetragedytoanend．（这些介词短语都放在系动词或宾补动词后面，起主语补语或宾语补语的作用。）b．HecamehereonMonday．OnMondayhecamehere．Theytalkedbehindus．HelearnedEnglishwithme．（这样的介词短语都放在所修饰动词的前面或后面，如came和talked，它们起副词的作用。）c．Heiscrueltotheextreme．Heisinsomedegreedishonestandunreliable．（这些介词短语可以紧挨着放在所修饰的形容词前面或后面，它们起副词的作用。）d．Inaword，Ihavetoldyoueverything．Onthewhole，thesituationseemsveryserious．（这种短语通常放在句子开头，它们起副词的作用。）3．以介词结尾的短语（及物动词型短语）之用法1245 另一方面，如果介词和它们的相关词（a．动词，b．形容词或c．名词）有更大的亲和力，我们就有7种类型的短语，都以介词结尾，都起及物动词的作用，有自己的宾语，因此可以称为及物动词型短语。在下面的各个句子中，第一个括号表明这种及物动词型短语在意义上接近一个单一的及物动词，第二个括号（如果有的话）说明这个及物动词型短语的详细结构：1246 a．动词+（副词或名词）+介词： 1）Hemaylaughat（=ridicule）（不及物动词+介词）myproject．（laughat以project作宾语）Wehavebeentalkingabout（=discussing）thismat-ter．Youcancountupon（=trust）myassistance．2）Wemustkeepawayfrom（=avoid）（不及物动词+地点副词+介词）thosepeople．Heranawaywith（=stole）amilliondollars．Theylookdownon（=despise）humblepeople．3）Ipaidattentionto（=watched）（及物动词+名词+介词）histricks．Shemusttakecareof（=mind）herchildren．Hemadefunof（=ridiculed）you．但是：Hethrewaglassatme．（这和上面3类句子不同，threwaglassat不是成语。threw和at间虽有亲和力，但glass与它们的关系比较远。）再如：Hetiedhishorsetothetree．Hesoldhishousefortensofthousandsofdollars．HecomparedPariswithLondon．4）Weareagainst（=oppose）（系动词+介词）anyformofslavery．Heisabove（=despises）moneymatters．Wearefor（=support）Johnasourchairman．注意：有许多介词短语可用在系动词后。Heisatgripswith（=isfighting）hisenemy．Heisinlovewith（=loves）her．Heisinneedof（＝needs）money． Goodluckisinstorefor（=isawaiting）us．1247 b．（系动词）+形容词+介词：5）Johnisfondof（=loves）（系动词+形容词+介词）wineandwonnen．Heischarmedwith（=enjoys）thebeautifulscene．Heisdoubtfulof（=doubts）mysincerity．6）Heisamanfondof（=分词loving）（形容词+介词）wineandwomen．（这种短语和前面句子中的短语不同，前面是谓语动词短语，而这种“形容词+介词”的短语，相当于一个分词[例如loving]，修饰它前面的名同[例如man]。不过这种分词仍然起及物动词的作用。）John，doubtfulof（=doubting）mysincerity，changedhismind．Charmedwith（=Enjoying）thebeautifulscene，heforgottogohome．1248 c．名词+介词：7）Indifferenceto（=动名词ignoring）（名词+介词）pleasureandpainisnothuman．（这个“名词＋介词”的短语不是谓语动词，而应看作是相当于动名词—如ignoring—的东西，可以用作主培、宾语等，但这种幼名词仍然是及物动词。）Ican"tunderstandtheirhostilityto（＝hating）allfor-eigners．Hisdelightin（=loving）poetryisonlynatural．注：还有一种及物动词型短语，由及物动词和地点副词构成。例句见1233。4．动词后跟介词与不跟介词的情况1249 有时“不及物动词＋介词”和用作及物动词的同一动词在意义上和作用上都没有多少差别，甚至全无差别。例如：Wefoughtwiththem．和Wefoughtthem．基本上是一样的。Headmittedtodoingsomethingwrong．和Headmitteddoingsomethingwrong．也是一样的。下面列出了这类特殊动词：Headmitted（to）（=acknowledged）doingsomethingwrong．Weapproached（to）（=camenear）ourdestination．Hehasapproved（of）（=O．K．"d）myproposal． Heattained（to）power（orprosperity，wisdom，perfection，proficiency，oldage）．Hewillattest（to）（＝bearwitnessto）myabilityandcon-duct．Heceased（from）（＝stopped）workingwiththefirm．Heconfessed（to）（＝acknowledged）doingsomethingwrong．Letmedrink（to）yoursuccess（=wishyousuccess）．Hehastoflee（orfly）（from）thetown．Iforbore（from）troublinganybody．Hisvoicejarred（on）me．Wejudge（of）apersonbyhisappearance．Hejumped（over）thehedge．Helamented（fororover）（=expressedsorrowfor）herdeath（orhismisfortune）．Heleaped（over）theditch．Inevermock（at）anyone．Hemourned（fororover）（＝expressedsorrowfor）herdeath（orhisloss）．Heowned（to）hisfault．Wepartook（oforin）（＝tookashareof）themeal（orthebenefit）．Hepassed（by）myhouse．Sunlightpenetrated（orpierced）（into）themist．Hepondered（onorover）（=seriouslyconsidered）theplan．Herepented（of）gettingmarriedsohurriedly．Heroamed（overorabout）theworld． heruled（over）akingdom．Ishared（in）histroublesandhisjoys（orthecostwithhim）．Hesought（fororafter）wealthandfame．Nobodycanstand（for）（=tolerate）hisbadmanners．Hesucceeded（to）Johninhisoffice．Hewilltestify（to）（=bearwitnessto）myabilityandcon-duct．Wewilltreat（of）thissubjectlater．Hetrod（on）mytoes．Don"ttrust（in）（=believein）thisman．1250 但在多数情况下，这两钟结构是有差别的。例如：Hestabbedhisenemy．stabbed表示一个完成的动作，而在Hestabbedathisenemy中，stabbedat只表示有这种意图。同样，grasp，strike，catch，shoot，snap，bite，get，guess，reach，andclutch也如此。Heshot（at）thethief．Thedogbit（at）thevisitor．He（person）admittedmeintotheclub．Headmitted（=receivedastrue）thisfact．It（thing）admittedofnochoice（ornoexcuse，nodoubt，nodelay）．（=Therecannotbeanychoice…）He（person）allowed（＝permitted）metochoose．Hedoesnotallowsmoking．It（thing）allowedof（＝admittedof）nochoice（ornoexcuse，nodoubt，nodelay）．Heanswered（=repliedto）me．Hewillanswerfor（=beresponsiblefor）mydebt．Hearrangedflowers（orthebooksintwoclasses）．Wearranged（for）apicnic（orawedding）． Heaskedpermission（orfavour，leave，ahighprice；aques-tion，myname，theway）．HeaskedforMary（ormoney，milk）．Heattended（=waspresentat）thelecture（orschool，ameeting）．（名词为attendance）Heattendedto（=gavethoughtto）hiswork（orhisaf-fairs，mywants，myremarks）．（名词为attention）Heattendedon（=waitedon）thepatient（orhismaster）．Shecannotbear（＝cannotendure）thesightofhim（orthesmell，thesound）．Shebearswith（＝ispatientwith）hisimportunities（orhistemper）．Hebeggedyourpardon（orfavour，permission）．Hebegged（for）money，（of）hisfriendtohelphim．Letusbeginthisbook．（=readitsfirstpartbeforeotherparts）．Letusbeginwiththisbook（=readthisbookbeforeotherbooks）．Ibelievehim（orit）（＝believethathisremark［orit］is．true）．Ibelieveinhim（orit）（=believethathe［orit］isgood）．Thecityboasts（=isproudof）itsbeautifulbridge．Heboastsof（=speaksproudlyof）hislargecountry-house．Hecalledme（＝requiredmypresence，telephonedtome）．Hecalledto（=shoutedloudlyto）me．Hecalledat（＝cameto）myhouseHecalledfor（=demanded）money．Hecalledonme（=paidmeashortvisit）．Iwillconsult（=seekadvicefrom）aspecialistaboutthismatter． Iwillconsultwith（=talkwith）myrelativesandfriendsaboutthismatter．Heenteredahouse（oraschool，aclub）．（地点）Weenteredintodetails（orconversation，acontract）．（抽象名词）Ienteredon（=began）myduty（ormycareer，anewlife）in1969．（抽象名词）Heescaped（from）death（oranepidemic，starvation，beingpunished，beingdiscovered）．（抽象名词）Heescapedfromtheprison（ortheworld）．（地点）Thebirdsescapedfromthecage．Ifear（＝amafraidof）John．Ifearfor（＝amanxiousonbehalfof）John．Hefeltmypulse（=examineditbytouching）．Hefeltforthematches（＝triedtofindthembygroping）．Hewentonwriting（=continuedtowrite）．Hewentonwithhiswriting（=continuedtowriteafteraninterruption）．Iforgetthenumber．（不记得）Iforgetaboutthenumber．（记不清楚）Ihearher（=Ihearhervoice）．Ihavenotheardabouther（=learnedanythingabouther）．Ihavenotheardfromher（＝receivedlettersfromher）．Hetriedtoimprove（＝makebetter）thisproduct．Hehasimprovedon（=producedanotherthingbetterthan）thisproduct．Heinquiredmyname（orthereason，theway）． Heinquiredofsomepersonaboutsomething，inquiredin-to（=investigated）thecase，inquiredaftermyhealth．Hejoinedaclub（orhisfriends）．（人）Hejoinedinourconversation（ordancing，thegame，awalk）．（活动）IknowJohn．（认识）Iknowof（orabout）John．（不太熟悉）Helearnedhislessons．Helearnedof（=wasinformedof）herdeath．Helectured（=scolded）John．Helecturedon（=madeaspeechon）aninterestingsub-ject．Hemeditated（=considered，decidedon）revenge．Hemeditated，on（=thoughtquietlyabout）therevengehehadtaken．Hetriedtomeettheproblem，decidedtomeetmeattheair-port，hadtomeethisobligations，metsomefriendsonthestreet，wouldliketomeetanewfriend．（多是有意动作）Hemetwithsuccess（orpraise；ill－treatment，anaccident，obstacles，agreatloss，astorm）．（偶然遭遇）Mymemory（orMyheart，Myeyesight）（thing）failedme．（=Ilostmymemory，lostcourage，lostmyeyesight）．He（person）failedin（＝didnotsucceedin）hisbusiness（ortheexamination）．Den"toffend（=makeangry）anybody．（人）Don"toffendagainstgoodmanners（orthelaw，tradi-tions）．（抽象名词）Heoperated（=managed）amachine（orastore，afarm）．（物）Thedoctoroperatedon（=performedasurgicaloperationon）John．（人） Hepaidtheprice（orthetuition，mywage，therent，thetaxifare，thefee，hisdebt．thebill，thetax，thefine，therate，theinterest，theprotection［money］，thepostage，thedamage）．（款项）Hepaidforthegoods（orhisschooling，thefood，thetaxi）．（货物或服务）Heplayed（at）cards，football，hide－and－seek，music，Ham-let．（按照规则）Heplayedwithadog（oragun）．（不按照规则）Hepractisestyping（ordancing，music，English）．（抽象名词）Hepractisesonthetypewriter（orthepiano），withthesword（orchopsticks）．（普通名词）Hepreparedadinner（oraspeech，alesson）．Hepreparedforatrip（ortheexamination），againstsomethingunpleasant．Hepretended（=claimedfalsely）illness．Hepretendedto（=claimed）intelligence（orhonesty，thethrone）．Heprovidedsomeonewiththingsnecessary．Heprovidedforhisfamily（orhisfuture，myeducation，theircomfort），againstsomethingundesirable．Hepulledtherope．Hepulledattherope（=gaveatugatit）．Hereadapaper（orabook，aletter，adocument）．（书面材料）Hereadabout（orof）theaccident（orthePresident，ahistoricalfact）．（事或人）Heremarked（=noticed）thedifferenceofthesetwo．Heremarkedon（=commentedon）themanagementofourschool．Hedecidedtorevengethevictim．（为……报仇） Hedecidedtorevengeonthemurderer．（向……报仇）Hesearched（＝examined）myluggage（ormyhouse）．Hesearchedfor（=lookedfor）smuggledgoods（oracriminal）．HespokeEnglish（orthetruth，afalsehood，hismind，agoodwordforme）．Hespokeabout（orof）someone（orsomething）．Hespied（=saw）thedogstealingthemeat．Hespiedon（=keptwatchon）everymovementoftheen-emy．Letusstart（=begin）ourjourney．Hestartedwith（＝beganwith）athousanddollarsandmadeamillion．Theystormed（=attacked）theenemy"sfortress．Hestormedat（=ragedagainst）me．Hetalkedsense（ornonsense，shop，politics，rubbish，baby，English）．Hetalkedaboutsomepersonorthing．Hetoldthenews（oratale，astory，thesecret，alie，afalse－hood，ajoke，thedifference，blackfromwhite）．Hetoldofsomeoneorsomething．Hetreatseverybody（person）well（orbadly）．Thisbooktreatsof（＝dealswith）education．Justtastethisfood．Hehasnevertastedof（=experienced）peaceorhappi-ness．Ittastedofgarlic．Hetrustedmewithmoney（entrustedmewithmoney）． Hetrusted（in）me（=confidedinme）．HewatchestelevisioneverySunday．Shemustwatchover（=guard）thehouseHeiswatchingfor（=onthelook-outfor）achance．Hewitnessed（=waspresentat）theaccident．Hewitnessedto（=testifiedto）thetruthofJohn"sstate-ment．5．同根词后跟同样介词1251 在这钟及物动词型的短语中，词根相同但词类不同的词通常都跟相同的介词：Hedepended（动词）uponhisfatherforfoodandclothing．Hewasdependent（形容词）uponhisfatherforfoodandclothing．Hisdependence（名词）uponhisfatherforfoodandcloth-ingwastruewhenhewasveryyoung．Heliveddependently（副词）uponhisfatherforfoodandclothing．Hediffers（动词）fromhisbrother．Heisdifferent（形容词）fromhisbrother．Hisdifference（名词）fromhisbrotherisstartling．Hebehavesdifferently（副词）fromhisbrother．Hedidn"tseparate（动词）fromhertillmidnight．Theyhavebeenseparate（形容词）fromeachotherfortenyears．Hecan"tbearseparation（名词）fromher．Hecan"tliveseparately（副词）fromher．Hetriumphed（动词）overhisenemy．Hewastriumphant（形容词）overhisenemy． Iheardabouthistriumph（名词）overhisenemy．Heinquired（动词）intothecase．Hemadeaninquiry（名词）intothecase．Iinvited（动词）himtotheparty．Isenthimaninvitation（名词）totheparty．Heisangry（形容词）withme．Hisanger（名词）withmeisoftenduetoatrifle．1252 但是也有一些不同情况。某些词的不同词类要跟不同介词：Heactedaccording（形容词）totherules．Heactedinaccordance（名词）withtherules．Sheisaffectionate（形容词）tome．Shehasanaffection（名词）forme．Thisalternates（动词）withthat．Thealternative（名词）tothisisthat．Heisambitiousofbecomingsomebody．Hehasagreatambitionforbecomingsomebody．Heiscapableofmakingabird-cage．Hehasthecapacityforthetask．Heiscompassionatetoher．Hefeltcompassionforher．Hetookcompassiononher．Heisconfidentofmysincerity．Hehasconfidenceinmysincerity．Heiscontemptuousofart． Hefeelscontemptforart．Thiscolourcontrastswellwiththat．Thiscolourisacontrasttothat．Hedelightedinmusic．Hewasdelightedwithmusic．Thiscriticismwillderogatefromhisreputation．Thiscriticismwillbederogatorytohisreputation．HewasdescendedfromConfucius．HewasadescendantofConfucius．Heisdesirousofpeacefullife．Hehasadesireforpeacefullife．Heisfondofpraise．Hehasafondnessforpraise．IthinderedusfromprogressItwasahindrancetoprogress．Heisinfatuatedwithanactress．Hisinfatuationforanactressgothimintotrouble．Heispartialtotropicalfruits．Heshowsapartialityfortropicalfruits．Hepreparedforajourney．Hepackedallthingspreparatorytojourney．Hepridedhimselfonhiswealth．Hewasproudofhiswealth．Hisprideinhiswealthisonlynatural． Theaccidentresultedfromneglect．Theaccidentistheresultofneglect．Heisnotrespectfultohisteachers．Hehasnorespectforhisteachers．Ibecamesuretyformyfriend．Iwassureofhishonesty．Hesympathizeswithsufferers．Heissympathetictosufferers．（with可用，但用得很少。）Hehasgreatsympathyforthem．Thefirmclosedupforwantoffunds．Thefirmiswantingincommercialethics．E．介词的省略 1253 在指示形容词（every，each，any，all，this，that，one，the，lastornext）前，时间介词in，at，on通常省略：Hecameeveryday．（但是：onSunday，onJuly4）Youcancomeanyhour．（但是：atseveno"clock）Hethoughtofhereachminute．Heplaysallday．Icannotgooutthismonth．（但是：inJanuary）Hewasillthatyear．（但是：in1956）Hewasill（on）thedaythewarbrokeout，Hewasill（in）thewinterhelivedatavillage． HecamelastweekandwillcomeagainnextMonday．1254 在表示时间长度和距离的名词前，介词for可以用，也可以省略：Hehasbeenwaiting（for）threehours．IhavelearnedEnglish（for）fiveyears．Iwishtotalkwithyou（for）amoment．Theyhavebeenmarried（for）thirtyyears．Wehavetowalk（for）fivemiles．Idrove（for）threehundredmilesyesterday．Thecatjumped（for）tenfeetuptothefence．Ifyoumove（for）aninch，youareadeadman．1255 在系动词与age，colour这类名词之间，介词of通常省略：Weare（of）thesameage．Thebookisaredcolour．Theanimalseemstobethesizeofthetiger．Myhouseisadifferentshapefromyours．Thisbookissixdollars．Thisbridgeisnouse．1256 在下面这类句子中，介词with都省略掉：Hestoodhatinhand（=withahatinhishand）．Hewascominggunonshoulder．Hewaitedatthecorner，pipeinmouth．1257 在下面这类句子中，动名词前的介词in常常省略：Hehastediouswork（in）selectingthem．Ispentthreeyearsstudyingit． Hehasdifficultygettingit．Wetookturnssleeping．Hedideffectiveworkexposingtheenemy．Thereisnoneedinforminghimofit．Heisbusyreading．Heishelpfulcookingthedinner．Manylivesarelostresistingtheenemy．Ⅱ．成语介词 1258 像becauseof，inaccordancewith，intheinterestof，forthesakeof等成语介词是一些和简单介词起同样作用的习用语。它们大多由三四个词组成，由at，by，in或on开头，以of，with或to结尾，一些包含定冠词the，另一些则不包含它。1259 它们有3类，一类和它们的宾语一道，起副词作用，修饰动词或全句1），另一些在系动词或宾补动词后作补语2），有少数兼有这两种作用3）：1）Hefailedinconsequenceofhisneglect．Incontrasttohissillyface，hehandlesthingscleverly．Heworksforthesakeofourbenefit．Withregardtothismatter，Ihavenothingtosay．Astheresultofthisdelay，ourplanwasentirelydefeat-ed．2）Heisinneedoffood．Theyareindangerofutterfailure．Wekeepintouchwiththem．Wefoundhiminneedoffood． Heputthemindangerofutterfailure．3）Hediedinthemidstofhissweetdream．Heisinthemidstofdanger．Heworkedintheserviceofman．HewasintheserviceoftheKing．Herodeattheheadofhismen．Hewasattheheadoftheclub．Helivesnextdoortome．Thisactisnextdoortomurder．1260 成语介词和它们的宾语一道，都可起形容词的作用，修饰一个名词，不管它们通常用作副词（状语）1），或是用作补语2）：1）Thisstatementaheadoftheeventprovedtrue．Thedeathofplantsforlackofwateriscommoninthisseason．Therewillbeaperformanceinaidofwoundedsoldiers．Thearrivalofourboatinadvanceoftheotherswassome-thingunexpected．2）Theboyintheemployofthatfirmismyson．Allrefugeesinneedofclotheswillreceiveaid．Amanindangerofbeingdrownedwillcatchatevenastraw．Thepeoplenextdoortomeareverykind．1261 和简单介词不同，成语介词后只能跟几类宾语：Hesucceededbyforceofpatience（名词）．Hestoodinthemidstofthem（代词）．Heaskedpeopletodoitinsteadofdoing（动名词）ithimself． Aquestionaroseastowhentostart（疑问词＋不定式）．Theydidnotagreewithregardtowhowouldtaketherespon-sibility（疑问词＋从句）．1262 和简单介词不同，成语介词大多属中性，即既不与前面的词也不和后面的词有特别的亲和力，从上面的例句中即可看出。但通常用作补语的成语介词和前面的系动词（特别是be）常有较强的亲和力。如果说系动词和后面的简单介词起及物动词的作用，系动词和后面跟的成语介词也如此：Heisinpossessionof（＝has）manyacresofland．Heisinneedof（＝needs）comfort．Hewillbeattheheadof（＝head）theClub．Thecountryisonthevergeof（=isnearing）starvation．Heisinthegoodgracesof（=pleases）hisboss．但要找到意义正好与成语介词相同的及物动词有时并不容易，如下面句子中的成语介词就不易换成及物动词：Thisisnotinthepowerofman．Thesailorswereatthemercyofthewinds．Hisextravaganceisoutofproportiontohispocket．Thedecorationisoutofkeepingwiththeroom．1263 至于成语介词的位置，也像简单介词一样，在一般情况下，都放在它们宾语的前面，但在下面3种情况下，偶尔也可放在宾语后面较远处：1）宾语为疑问词：WhoisJohnatdaggerswith？Whatisheupto？WhichboyisCatherineinlovewith？2）宾语为名词从句中的疑问词：IdonotknowwhomJohnisatdaggerswith．Iaskedwhathewasinneedof． Hetellsmewhichcandidatetheyareinfavourof．3）宾语为关系代词：Thecountry（which）weareatwarwithhasbeenaggres-siveforcenturies．Herhusband，whomshehasbeenoutoftouchwithformanyyears，seemstobeinFrance．Ⅰ．连词的分类 1264 从形式上看，连词可以分为简单连词（SimpleConjunctions），如：and，but，if；副词连词（AdverbialConjunctions），如：then，besides，still；短语连词（Conjunction-Phrases），如：asyet，orrather，ontheotherhand；和关联连词（CorrelativeConjunctions），如：so…that…，either…or…，noton-ly…but…间或后面跟某种副词，如：and…aswell，but…allthesame。1265 根据用法，连词可以分为并列连词（CoordinateConjunc-tions），如：and，but，besides，和从属连词（SubordinateCon-junctions），如：than，then，if。1．并列连词连接单词、短语或分句1266 并列连词（下面的黑体字）用来连接两个或更多的a．单词；b．短语，c．单词及短语，d．分句（见下面的斜体字）；a．heishealthyandhandsome．（单词与单词）Hecameandsatdownandspoketome．b．Thebutterfliesflewoverourheadsandabouttheflowers．（短语及短语）Theywanttowinthewar，buttopaynoprice．Welivedinthecountryside，merelyreadingnovels，（or）playinggames，ortellingstories． c．Ifeelfunnyandoutofsorts．（单词及短语）Ideclarethisseriouslyandwithconfidence．Idevotemysparetimetomusic，books，orplayingten-nis．d．Iplayedtheviolinandshesang．（分句及分句）Iwanttogotocollegebutmyparentswantmetogetmarried．Donotmoveoryouareadeadman．Iknowthathehasbeenarrestedandthatheisinprison．（名词从句及名词从句）e．Let"stakehimtothehospitalorsomething．（分句及单词）（少见）Youcandoanythingyoulikeandwelcome．2．并列连词连接同一级别的词1267 从上面例句中可以看出，并列连词必须连接同一词类的词：在a组例句中连接形容词与形容词，动词与动词，副词与副词；在b组例句中，连接介词短语与介词短语，不定式短语与不定式短语，分词短语与分词短语；在c组例句中，连接单词与短语——形容词与形容词短语，副词与副词短语，名词与名词短语；在d组例句中，连接分句与分句，名词从句与名词从句；在e组例句中，连接单词或短语与分句，但这种连接法是例外情况。3．关联连词1268 a．关联连词（下面例句中的黑体字）必须放在它所连接的两个词（组）中间，b．除了连词外，还有某些副词或副词短语（见下面斜体字）可放在第一词（组）之前，c．这些副词或副词短语间或放在第二词（组）后面。这种与副词或副词短语一起用的连词称为关联连词。a．JohnandMaryaremychildren．Helooksdirtybuthappy．b．Heisatoncehonestandclever． Onemustbeeitherhard-workingoreconomical．Heisnotonly（ornotjust）asoldier，butalsoawriter．Ontheonehandhetriedtosmuggledrugs，andontheotherhetriedtobribetheofficials．Ihavenever（副词可以放在分句内而不是放在它前面）beeninAfrica，norhasmybrother．c．Heishonestandclever，too．Thatisnotcheapandnotusefuleither．Hehadfailedseveraltimes，buthepersistedinhisplanallthesame．4．并列连词前的标点1269 在并列连词前应用什么标点？a．单纯的简单并列连词为数不多，只有and，but，or（nor），so．在它们连接较长句时，前面通常加一个逗号：Iwentandhereturn．但是—IwenttoEuropeonbusinesslastspring，andhereturnedfromEuropethissummer．Itisneithereasynordifficult．但是—NeithercanIexpressmyopinion，norcanhesayanything．b．副词连词是那些同时用作副词和连词的词。它们只用来连接分句，而不连接单词或短语。（但前面若有单纯连词，它们也可以连接单词或短语。）它们前面可加逗号或分号：Herarelymeetspeople，[或；]thereforehefeelsshy．Heisyoung，[或；]howeverheknowsmorethanheseemsto．Hehaslivedonthisislandforthirtyyears，［或；］besideshehasmarriedanativewoman．Hehasseenmuchoftheworld，[或；]stillheiseagertoseemore．单纯连词常可放在副词连词前面，这时它前面可加逗号： Herarelymeetspeople，andthereforehefeelsshy．Hehasseenmuchoftheworld，butstillheiseagertoseemore．但若两个分句（或其中一个）中有一逗号，则应用分号代替逗号：Herarelymeetspeople，eitherboysorgirls；thereforehefeelsshy．He"syoung；however，heknowsmorethanheseemsto．Unlikehisbrother，hehasseenmuchoftheworld；stillheiseager，ifpossible，toseemore．副词连词和短语连词（不包括and，but及or）有时可放在主语后面。这时这个主语前面应用一个分号，甚至句号：Johnisseriouslyill．Someofhisbestfriendsandrelatives，therefore，arecomingtoseehim．Thestormwasterrible；fewhouses，however，weredamaged．Hemademanymistakes；hisyoungersister，ontheotherhand，madeveryfew．Notonlyhersondied；sheherselfwentmad，too（oraswell）．（这两个词特意放在句末）c．并列连词若有意把前面一系列句子（看作一个整体）和后面的一个或几个句子（看作一个整体）连接起来，则此并列连词前面还可用句号：Bobgotupatfiveeverymorning．Hewouldreadnewspaperswhileeatinghisbreakfast．Itwasabouteightwhenhestartedfortheoffice．ButtodayisSunday．Hewantstosleepasmuchaspossible．d．有时一串平行的短句可用逗号连接起来，而不用连词，看起来是像逗号的滥用，然而却是对的：Weneedwisdom，weneedmoney，weneedpower．Onechildisn"tenough，twoarejustright，threearetoomuch．Pauperswanttoberichmen，richmenwanttobekings，kingswanttobegods． B．连系连词 1270 并列连词有6种，它们是：连系连词（CopulativeConjunctions），选择连词（alternativeConjunctions），相反连词（AdversativeConjunctions），推论连词（IllativeConjunctions），解释连词（ExplanatoryConjunctions）和列举连词（Particular－izingConjunctions）。1271 连系连词，亦称“and-连词”，表示“加上”。1．连系连词可连接单词或短语：a．Heishonest（形容词）andintelligent（形容词）．（and连接同一词类的词）Hediditquickly（副词）andeffectively（副词）．Honesty（名词）andwisdom（名词）areessentialtosuccess．Wetalked（动词）andlaughed（动词）anddrank（动词）．Ourgovernmentisof（介词）thepeople，（and）by（介词）thepeopleandfor（介词）thepeople．b．Anovelmustbeinterestingandinstructive．（用and连接三四样东西有几种方式，注意语调。）Anovelmustbeinteresting，exciting andinstruc-tive．Anovelmustbeinteresting，exciting，instruc－tive．Anovelmustbeinterestingandexcitingandin－structive．Anovelmustbeinterestingandexciting，instruc－tiveandencouraging．c．Hebehaveshonestlyandalso（orandlikewise，andeven）wisely．（短语介词） Hebehaveshonestlyandwiselytoo（oraswell，a－like）．（关联连词）Hebehavesalike（orequally，atonce，both）honestlyandwisely．Hebehavesnotonly（ornotjust，notalone，notmere-ly）honestly，but（orbutlikewise，butalso）wisely．Hebehavesnotonlyhonestly，butwiselytoo（oraswell）．d．Hebehaveswiselyaswellashonestly．（=Hebehavesnotonlyhonestly，butalsowisely．）Hecanmovebackaswellasgoforward．Heisawiseman．e．Hesellsbananas，pineapples，grapesandothers（orandsoforth，andsoon，andthelike，andallthat，andwhatnot，andsuchlike，andall，andtherest，andthings，etc．）Hecommitsrapeandmurderandeverythinginbe－tween．f.Hestayedabroadformonthsandmonths．（很长时间）Hetravelledformilesandmiles．（很长距离）Thousandsand（orupon）thousandsofpeoplehavebeenkilled．（大量的）Shewaitedandwaitedandwaited．（反复的动作）g．Theywritenonsenseandnovels（=nonsensicalnove－ls）．（书面语）Ishallneverforgethisearnestnessandaffection（=earnestaffection）．Twohourswasspentindiscussionandexcitement．（=excitingdiscussion）．Thatisasinandashame（＝ashamefulsin）．Theyareamidstfactionsandintrigues（=thein－triguesoffactions）．Doyouliketolistentogossipandoldwives（＝gossipofoldwives）？ Thechildisinterestedinwarriorsandheroicacts（＝heroicactsofwarriors）．h．Hedidnotbehave（orneverbehaved）honestly，norwisely（ororwisely，norwiselyeither，orwiselyeither，andnotwiselyeither）．（两个否定词）Hebehaveddishonestly，norwisely．Hebehavedneitherhonestlynorwisely．Hebehavedneitherhonestly，norlegally，norwisely．Ihavenomoneyandfun．Ihavenomoneyorfun．Ihavenomoney，norfun．（注意逗号）Ihavenomoney，norhashe．i．Comeand（=Cometo）dinewithme．（anddine用来代替todine，可表示dine不仅是来的目的，而且是重要的独立的活动。）Comeandseeme（在祈使句中常在原形动词前加and）Hecameandsatdownbyme．（在陈述句一般过去时前加and）Hecameandaskedmemanyquestions．Hewillcomeanddiscussit．（加在助动词后）Sheshouldcomeandaskme．Iaskedhimtocomeanddinewithme．（加在to后以避免重复to）Hewantstocomeandplaytennis．Standupandsay“hello”tome．（不仅在come后，其他表示行动的动词后也可加and。）Gooutandtellhim．Callandseeme.Stayandtakedinner． Thecatrushedandcaughtthemouse．They，ranoutandwelcomedme．Marystoppedandtalkedwithawoman．Hewroteandtoldhisbossoftheresult．Tryandreadit．Besureand（=Besureto）come．Goandbemiserable！（Goand也可用来表示没有预料到的东西，有时可译为“居然”）Hewentandspentallhismoneyonrubbish．Hehasgoneandtoldmysecrettoher．Adamupped（=gotup）andcursedme．（upand也可表示惊异）j．Inever“drinkanddrive”．（drinkanddrive作为一体，整个加以否定，不能说IneverdrinkandIneverdrive．）Youcannot“eatyourcakeandhaveit．”Don"t“proposeonlyonceandgettired．”Youcannottouchpitchandnotbedefiled（=withoutbeingdefiled）．（这个句子中有两个否定词）Nobodycanhearherstoryandnotbemoved（=withoutbeingmoved）．Imustnotworkforthestoreanddonothing．k．Whatwith（=Partlybecauseof）hiscourageandwhatwithhiswisdom（orWhatwithhiscourageandhiswis－dom），hebecameanimportantperson.l．Ihavebeenhappyandsad，masterandslave.（有时两个不同类别的词可以放在一起）Heisfat，baldandalocalpatriarch．Ithoughtofthemayorandhowtospeaktohim．12722．连系连词可用来连接分句： m.IcalledonJohn，andhewelcomedme．（一连串情况）Atfirstherefused，thenheagreed，atlasthesaidno．Nowthecloudsweredark，nowtheywerebright；nowtheylookedlikecastles，nowtheylookedlikejungles．n．Heisanengineer，andbesides（oralso，likewise，inadditiontothis，atthesametime）hecanmakeshoes．（提供进一步情况）Hehasalotofmoneyandheknowsthemayorontheside（=inaddition）．（美国口语）Helivesinaverybigmansion；furthermore（ormore－over），heistheowneroftenfactories．HeknowsalotaboutIndia；indeed（ornay，whatismore），hehasbeeninmostcountriesinAisa．Notonlythistownisinpanic，（butalso）alltheworldwasshocked．o.Icannotgo．First（少用Firstly），Idon"tfeelwell．Secondly，Idon"tknowthatman．Thirdly（orLastly）IamwaitingforJohn．（列举理由、后果、目的等。注意连词前的句号。）Smokingisharmful．First，itcostsmoney．Second，itcausesillness．Third…．Iliketravelling．Forinthefirstplace（orinstance），Icanrelaxmyselfwhiletravelling．Inthesecond（ornext），Icanseemoreoftheworld．Inthethird…Inthelast…Heishopeless．Foronething，heisoldandsickly．Andforanother，hehasnofriendorrelative.（或Heisoldandsickly，foronething．Foranother…）p．Ihaveneverbeenabroad，nor（orneither）（=andnever）haveIeverwishedtogo．（每个分句中有一个否定词）Icannotswim，neither（ornor）canmybrother．Neitherhashedoneit，norwillhedoit．Hekeptsilent（＝didnotspeak），nor（orneither）didIsayasingleword． Allthatistrue（=notfalse），normustwedenyit.q．Theworkersrefusedtowork．Likewise，thebossrefusetoincreasetheirwages．Theparentsdon"tcareabouttheirchildren．Similarly（orInthesameway），thechildrendon"tcareabouttheirparents．r．Talkofthedevil（祈使句），andhewillappear．（=Ifyoutalkofthedevil，hewillappear．）Workhardandyouwillseetheresult．Lethimdoitandyouwillbesurprised．LettheglassfallandIwillpunishyou．Let（but）thisfellowbecomerichandhewouldforgetus．Onlymentionitandshe（will）get（s）mad．（will有时省略不用）Sparetherodandspeil（＝youwillspoil）thechild．s．Oneminutemore，andhewouldhavebeencaught．（=Ifhehaddelayedoneminutemore，hewould…）（and这里连接短语和分句，这是不寻常的。）Onehourlater，andIcouldneverseeheragain．（=IfIarrivedonehourlater，Icould…）Justanotherstepandhewouldhavebeenhitbyacar．Onlytenminutesagoandhewasonlyabeggar．Threethousandyearsandtheworldwillgreatlychange．Onecupmoreandwecango．t．Hedivorcedher，andagoodthingtoo．（=Hedivorcedher，anditwasagoodthing，too．）（and这里连接一个分句和一个短语，这也是不寻常的。）Theyweregone，andagoodriddance．Heismad，andnowonder（orandsmallblametohim）．Youtwocangetmarried，andnomistake．Killme，andthereanendofit． Doitandwelcome．u.Ispokeearnestlyandtheyyawning．（在现在分词yawning前，were一词省略，在and后的分句中省略be是表示对比。）Hemademerryandhisfatherdrudginglikeabuffalo．JohntriedtocheatMarryandsheunawareofit．（形容词unaware前was省略）HowcanIgotothemoviesandmymothersoillathome？Hewelcomedthevisitorsandtheyhisenemies．（名词enemies前were省略）Heisamillionaireandhisfather[is]withoutacent．Ican"tgotothecinemaaloneandmywife［is］tostayathome．［Youare］Apolicemanandsoscared！［Heis］Agoodfriendand［to］betraymethus！［Youare］Anofficialand［to］breakthelaw！v．ImetWang，who（＝andhe）invitedmetothecinema．（这种关系代词也是一种并列连词，参阅538节）Hereleasedthebird，which（＝andit）flewaway．Ishallseeyoutomorrow，when（＝andthen）wecangotogethertoyouraunt．Iwalkedtothestation，where（=andthere）Imetafriendofmine．C．选择连词 1273 选择连词，亦称“or连词”，表示进行选择。1．选择连词可连接单词或短语： a．Imustbehard－working（形容词）oreconomical（形容词）．（Or可连接任何词类）Youmaygo，（动词）orstay（动词）．Whichisbetter，wealth（名词）orhealth（名词）？Youcandoitquickly（副词）orslowly（副词）．Icanstartbefore（介词）orafter（介词）breakfast．b．Youcanstudychemistryorevennuclearenergy．Youmaystudychemistryorratherphysics．Youmuststudycalculusoratleastalgebra．c．Youmuststudyeitherchemistryorphysics．（关联连词）Youmuststudyeitherchemistryorphysicsorbiology．（不是eithe—either—or）Weobserveruleswhetheroflaworofmorals．d．Youmayhavefoodfried（形容词）orotherwise．（可用在任何词类后）Death（名词）orotherwiseisnothingtome.Youcanfinishittomorrow（副词）orotherwise.e．Helikesthe“durian”，or（=thatis，）atropicalfruithavingastrongsmell．Heisa“Taoist”，oraphilosopheradvocatingsimplic－ity．f．EitherBillorJohn（=Both）areIda"slovers．（美国说法）Helikeseithertheloworthehighsocialclass．1274 2．选择连词也可连接分句：g．Weoughtto（orshould，must，…）workhard，or（orotherwise，else，orelse）（＝ifnot）weshallbestarved．Workhardoryouwillbestarved. Heknowsgrammar，orhewouldmakemanymistakes．Hedidnotknowgrammar，orhewouldhavemadenomistakes．Eithertheytakeoverthecity，orwetrytodefendit．h．Hesaidnothing；orrather（=moreexactly），nobodyhadaskedhim．Hewillarriveateight；oratleast，hesaidhewould．i．Isendittoyouoryoucometotakeit？Willtheygivefreedomtous？ormustwefightforit？j．Hewillexplaintoherorsomething（＝ordosome－thinglikethat）．（Or这里连接分句和单词，这是不寻常的。）Takeoutthebarkingdogorsomething．Idonotwanttoseeher，oranything．Pay，orelse（=otherwiseyouwillgetintotrouble）．D．相反连词 1275 相反连词，亦称“but连词”，表示相反或对比。1276 1．相反连词可连接单词或短语：a．Heispoor（形容词）buthonest（形容词）．（but可连接任何词类）Heworksslowly（副词）butsteadily（副词）．Heisamillionaire（名词），butthen（orbutontheotherhand）adrunkard（名词）．1277 2．相反连词也可连接相反分句：b．Heisyoung，but（yet）heisprudent．（微微相反） Heisyoung；however，heisprudent（或heis，howev－er，prudent．或heisprudent，however．）Heisyoung．Heisprudent，though．（口语说法）c．Everyonewasagainsthim，still（orbutstill，yet）hestoodfirm．（强烈相反）Hehasfaults，nevertheless（ornonetheless，forallthat，withallthat，inspiteofallthat，notwithstandingallthat，allthesame）Ilovehim．Hehasfaults，butIlovehimall（orjust）thesame.Hehasfaults．Afterall（orAnyway）Idon"tmind．d.Indeed（orCertainly，Undoubtedly，Tobesure）hehasfaults，butwerespecthim．（先认定，后对比）（Itis）True，hehasfaults.Stillwerespecthim．Hehasfaultsallright，butdon"tyouhavefaults，too？e．Werespecthim，only（＝though）hehassomefaults．Hewriteswell，onlyheusestoomanydifficultwords．Hewriteswell．Heusestoomanydifficultwords，though.f．Iamnotidle.（But）Onthecontrary（orFarfromthat），Iamverybusy.（第一句中有一否定句）Thechildisnotatalldumb．Rather，he"sveryclever．Hedidnotsucceed；rather（orinstead，onthecontrary），hefailedlongago．Hemadenomistakes.Contrariwise（orConversely），hisworkwasexcellent．Notthatheislazy，butthathecan"tfindajob．HesaysIamidle（or，Iamidle？）Onthecontrary，Iamverybusy．（暗含否定意义）1278 3．相反连词连接对比分句：g．Ithoughtitwasgold，whereasitisbrass.（对比）Wisemenlovetruth，whereasfoolshateit．Poormenearntoolittle，whilerichmenspendtoomuch．Winteriscold，whilesummerishot． Helovesmusic，as（＝while）hissisterlovesdancing．Helovesmusic，aswhodoesnot？Johnneversmokes，aswhyshouldhe？On（the）onehandhelovesher，（and）ontheothershehateshim．Heredoctorstrytosavelives，（and）theresoldierstrytodestroythem．h．Nowhewasexcited，nowhewasquiet．Nowhesatdown，（and）then（oragain，nextmo－ment）hewalkedupanddown．Nowhecried，（and）thenhelaughed．Sometimes（orAttimes）thecoldwindblewthroughthewindows，（and）sometimes（orattimes）theoillampappearedbluish．（At）Onetime（ormoment，minute）sheseemstoloveme，and（at）another（orthenext）sheseemstoneglectme．E．推论连词 1279 推论连词，亦称“so连词”，表示“按理推论”。1280 1．推论连词很少连接单词或短语：a．Allhiswealth，therefore，allhishappiness，cametonoth－ing．Hedideverythingpatiently，（and）thereforesuccess－fully．Heishonest，andconsequentlyreliable．1281 2.推论连词多连接分句：b．Thewindblewhard（cause），therefore（orowingtothesecircumstances）manyhutsweredamaged．（后果） Beggarsarenumerousinthiscity（reason），therefore（orforthisreason）thegovernmentmustdosome－thingforthem.（结论）Allmenaremortal（ground）；kingsaremen；therefore（oronthisground）allkingsaremortal．（结论）Wemusteducateourchildren（purpose），therefore（orforthispurpose）wesetupschools．（手段）c．Ihavenotenoughmoney，soIcannotbuyit．（so和therefore用法相同）Theyhavedifferentideas，thus（=so）theydon"ta－gree.Haveyouworkedhard？Then（orInthatcase）youmustbeverytired．“Iwanttogonow．”“Thentaketheumbrellawithyou.”Ihadagreedtogo；accordingly（＝asanexpectedcon－clusion）Imadepreparationsforthejourney．Theyneglectedtheirlessons；consequently（=asanunavoidableresult）theyfailed．（第二分句受到强调）Theyneglectedtheirlessons；thatwaswhytheyfailed．（第一分句受到强调）Heisselfish，hencehehasnofriends．Healwayswearsablueshirt；hencehisnickname“Blue”.Heislazyanddishonest；hencehisfailure．d．Hehasmadeseriousmistakes．Hehaslostallhisfriends.Inaword（orInshort，Inbrief，Insum，Incon－clusion），heisdead．Joanwassick．Inshort．shehadnowarmdresstowearandthereforecaughtcold．Janhadtomeetherboyfriend．Toconclude（orTosumup），thepicnichadtobecancelled． F．解释连词 1282 唯一的解释连词为for，表示原因或理由，它只连接分句：Leavesareturningyellow，foritisnowautumn．Johnhasmademuchprogress，forheispolitenow．Letusgotobed，foritisalreadyeleven．Heisunabletositup，（for）heissoill．（若后面有so，such这类词时，for可以省略。）Hefiredmeimmediately，（for）hewassoangry．Allwerekilled，（for）theyhadsuchaterribleaccident.G．列举连词 1283 列举连词列中详细情况。1284 1．有些列举连词列出所有细节：HehasbeeninfourEuropeancountries，namely（ortowit，viz.，thatis，thatistosay，i．e．），France，Ger-many，SpainandGreece．（这些连词可以连接单词或词组。洼意前后使用了两个逗号，但i．e．只在前面有一个逗号。）Hehastomaintainabigfamily，thatis，fifteenper－sons.Thisdrugistobetaken3timesaday，thatis，at6a．m.，at2p.m.，at10p．m．Everymanhasagreatenemy，namely，himself．Hehashistacticsinlife，thatis，tobealwaysontheof-fensive.Hewasassassinatedlastnight，thatis，anewdynastyiscoming．（thatis可连接一个分句） Allisquietonthewesternfront．Thatis（tosay），wehavewonthewar.1285 2．有些列举连词只列出部分细节：HehasbeenintenEuropeancountries，suchas（oras，like）FranceandSpain．（只在连词前用一逗号，后面不用。）Somefriendsofminestudyagriculture—forexample（orforinstance）John.（forexample或forinstance也可放在John的后面）Youcanmeethimanywhere—atateahouse，forexam-ple．Wemustbecarefulinusingprepositions，e．g．with，inandfor.Wemustlearnsomeforeignlanguages，（letus）saySpanish．（say和letussay都不是连词，是独立的插句，意思是“例如说”。）CanIbuyitfor，say＄10？Canwemastertheviolinin，letussay，twentyyears？“How”maybeusedinanexclamatorysentence；as（ore．g.，thus），“Howhotitis！”，“Howfasttimepasses！”（这三个连词不须连接同等级的词）Marriagedoesnotsolveallproblemsinlife．Forexample（orForinstance），Johnhasevenmoreproblemstosolveafterhegotmarried．（或John，forexample，has…）（这里forexample和forinstance用来连接两个句子）在下面句子中，forexample和forinstance是独立词组，不是并列连词：Lucille，forexample，isalwaysveryconsiderate．Inthemorning，forexample，youcanpractisesinging．ThereinChina，forinstance，peopleridebicycles，butnotdrivecarsorgoonfoot.Hereyoucandrive，forinstance，at60milesperhour． Ⅲ．从属连词 1286 从属连词把从句和一个词连接起来。1287 A．有些从属连词把形容词从句（亦即定语从句）和一个名词连接起来。它们是用来引起限制性定语从句的关系词，如who，which和that．这些从句必须放在所修饰名词的后面：Mr．Tistheman（名词）who（关系代词，引起一个限制性定语从句。）toldmethenews（定语从句）．Manistheonlyanimal（名词）that（限制性关系代词）canlaugh（定语从句）．Heisnotsuchaman（名词）as（限制性关系代词）Iadmire（定语从句）．Thisistheriver（名词）where（限制性关系副词）theyfoundhisbody（定语从句）．Ican"tunderstandthereason（名词）why（限制性关系副词）heissoproud．（定语从句）Iknowthewoman（名词）whose（限制性关系形容词）husbandwaskilledinatrafficaccident（定语从句）．1288 B．有些从属连词，如when，where，because，引起一个状语从句，把它和一个动词连接起来。它们表示时间、地点、原因、结果等。这种从句可以放在所修饰动词的后面或前面：Istudied（动词）Germanwhen（时间连词）Iwasyoung（状语从句）．（从句在动词之后）Wearrived（动词）where（地点连词）theywerefighting（状语从句）．Hespeaks（动词）Japaneseasfluentlyas（比较连词）youspeakVietnamese（状语从句）．Theysurrendered（动词）because（原因连词）theywerealmoststarved（状语从句）．Heinsisted（动词）sothat（结果连词）Iagreed（状语从句）． Though（让步连词）hehasfailedmanytimes（状语从句），hedecides（动词）todoitagain．（从句在动词前面）Nomatterwhat（短语连词）youdo（状语从句），do（动词）itcarefully．As（时间连词）Igrewolder（状语从句），Igrew（动词）lessambitious．Sofaras（条件连词）Icansee（状语从句），theycanfight（动词）nomore．1289 C．另外的从属连词可用来引起名词从句（作主语、宾语、补语或同位语的从句），它们是that或像who，which，where，how这样的疑问词。由that引起的名词从句可称为that从句，由疑问词引起的名词从句可称为疑问从句，为了简练，也可称为“W-从句”，因为除了how，所有疑问词都以W开头。1290 That从句：Thatheissincere（that从句作谓语动词is的主语）isunbe－lievable．Thatheknowsthesecretdoesnotastonishme．Iknow（that）hewillagreewithme（作及物动词know的宾语）．（在及物动词后that可以省略）Hesaid（that）hecouldnotseemeanymore.“Alliswell，”hesaid．（比较：Hesaidthatallwaswell．）注意：That从句可作及物动词宾语，却不能作介词宾语，只有少数例外情况。Hispurposeisthatallwilllivehappilytogether．（作系动词is的补语）Mytroublewasthatnogooddictionarieswereavailable．Ouronlyhopeis，theywillspeakforus．（be后的that可以省略，这时要加一逗号。）Thefactthatheisabsent－minded（作名词fact的同位语）showsthathehassomethingonhismind．Ican"tunderstandtheideathatallmenareselfish． 1291 W-从句的情况也如此：Whatheisdoing（W-从句作谓语动词is的主语）isagreatsecret．Idonotknowwherewecanfindpeace（作及物动词know的宾语）．Heaskedhowmanypeopleatehowmuchriceinthiscountryeach．year．MysuccessdependsonhowhardIwork（作介词on的宾语．）Idonotknowatwhathotelhestays.Hisquestioniswhywecannotlaydownarms（作系动词is的补语）．Noonecananswerhisquestion—whywecannotlaydownarms（作名词question的同位语）．（关于这类结构可参阅379节）1292 That从句是从属的陈述句：Iknowthathewillnevergiveup．（比较独立的陈述句：Hewillnevergiveup．）ThatJohnwasmurderedisamaliciousrumour．1293 W-从句是从属的问句：Idonotunderstandwhyhemovessofrequently．（独立问句：Whydoeshemovesofrequently？）Idoubtwhether（orif）hewillcomeornot．（独立问句：Willhecomeornot？）Iwonderwhether（但不要用if）ornothewillcome．Whether（但不要用If）hewillcomeisdoubtful.Iwonder（或amnotsure）whetherhedoesn"t（＝does）forgetme.注：在现代体中从属问句的语序可以和独立问句相同，甚至用问号代替句号。Iinquiredwouldshe（=whethershewould）marryme．（？） IaskedhermightI（=whetherImight）speakwithherafewminutes？1294 That…should构成从属祈使句，that…would和that…will表示愿望和希望：Theteacherorderedthatwe（should）workharder．（should可以省略。独立祈使句：workharder．）Theyrequestedthatallthebooks（should）bereturnedtothelibrarybynextFriday．（独立祈使句：LetallthebooksbereturnedtothelibrarybynextFriday．）Iwishthathewould（ormight）recover．（Itseemsthathewillnotrecover．）Ihopethathewill（ormay）recoversoon．（Itseemsthathewillrecover．）1295 W-从句还可构成一个从属感叹句：Lookhowtheydance．（独立感叹句：Howtheydance！）Nobodycanimaginewhatamessitis．Justfancywhatatimewehavehad．IamastonishedatwhataniceboyJohnhasbecome．注：在本章末，似乎应该提到根据连词用法而分的几类句子。一个句子，如果没有连接几个分句或引起分句的连词，就叫做简单句，例如：Wearegoingtoschool．JohnandMaryaregoodchildren．一个句子，如果有连接几个分句的并列连词，就叫做并列句，例如：WustudiesAIDSandLinstudiesdrugs．Isayitisblack，buthesaysitisgrey．一个句子，如果含有从属连词，就叫做复合句，例如：Theladywhoissmokingismyauntie．Seemewhenyouarefree．Iknowthatheisunhappy．一个并列句中，如果有从属连词就叫做并列复合句，例如：Heispoor，butheoftengivesmoneytopeoplewhoneedhelp．第十五单元 感叹词  1296 感叹词用来表示一时的感情，它和其他词没有语法上的关系：Hello！Whatareyoudoingthere？（多数感叹词都放句首）Hurrah！Wehavewonthegame．Itcosts，oh，athousanddollars.（感叹词间或可插在句子中间）Hecoulddoit；but，alas，hewouldn"t．Isthisyourbaby？Wonderful！（感叹词偶尔也放在句末）Hemarriedawomantwentyyearsolderthanhe．Humph！1297 有些感叹词可表示各种情绪：Well，isitnotstrange？（惊奇）Well，thewarhasendedatlast．（松一口气）Well，Ihavealreadytriedmybest．（放弃）“Whenwillyougetmarried？”“Well，Ihaven"tconsideredityet．”（犹豫不定）1298 惊叹号可以放在感叹词后面，如果感叹的情绪到此为止。如果全句都表达这种情绪，惊叹号应放在句子末尾：Oh！Lifeisonlyadream．Oh，lifeisonlyadream！Aha！Youcannotescapenow．Aha，youcannotescapenow！Ohdear！Whatisthat？Oh！Iremembernow.Ohforthewingsofabird！OhthatIcouldfly！Omentionitnomore！（O偶尔可用在祈使句开头） Omydearestone！（O常可用在呼语前面）在某些感叹词后常用逗号代替惊叹号：Ohyes，hehasahappyfamily．Well，IhavedoneeverythingIcan．Why，thatisveryeasy．1299 下面是一些最常用的感叹词：对小错表示歉意：oops，whoops引人注意：hey，ho，lo，look，say，see，behold，hark厌恶：fiddlestick（s），humbug，pish（taboo），ugh，foh，therethere，shit（禁忌语）呼叫：halloo，hallo，hello，hey，holo，hola，ho，ahoi安慰词：therethere鄙视：bah，bosh，fudge，humph，pshaw，pooh，fie，faugh，fooey，shit（taboo）诅咒：blast（it）（英），bullshit（美），crap，balls，confoundit（orhim），damn（ordarn，dash）it（all），Goddamn（美），Jesus，Christ，hell，youbastard，bloody（英）fool，realass－hole（美）—禁忌语告别：farewell，bye－bye，goodby，solong发现情况：Aha，o-o.oho，andso怀疑：hum，hem，well，humph恐惧：Oh，ugh，no-no，ha驱逐：begone，avaunt，out，away，off，pissoff（禁忌语）发冷：brr打招呼：hello，hi，howdy，goodmorning（或afternoon）（也可用来告别），goodnight（晚间告别语），seeyou不耐烦：tut，tush，why，comecome 疑问：eh？ha？hey？高兴：ah，ha，aha，hurrah，hiphiphip（hurrah），oh，rah，boy，goody，mmmm，oooo，whoopee，whee，wow笑声：Ha－ha，he－he，ho－ho，te－hee，aha，yi－yi疼痛：ah，eh，oh，ugh，height，heigh－ho，ouch，yipe，ow，wow赞叹：bravo，o，swell，O．K.，attaboy，hearhear要求安静：hist，hush，shh，mum，whist打喷嚏：achoo悲哀：alas，ah，ohme，ohno，woe让站住：stop，hold，halt，wait，whoa惊讶：gee，gosh，golly，man，whew，ohdear，dearme，goodness，wow，gracious，ohLord，goodLord，ohboy，ohmy得意：there，now，so厌倦：heigh－ho，ho－hum，Ome，whew1300 其他词类的词也可用作感叹词，来表示突然的情绪：名词：Fire！Fire！Water！Quick！Water！Silence！Itisallrubbish．Mypurse！Goodmorning！形容词：Strange！Whereismykey？Quiet！Lookatthatmanwithalong，longnose． Fine！Youshallberewarded．Shocking！Nobodycouldbelieveit． 动词：Lookout！Therecomesatruck．Listen！Iamyourfather．Howcouldyoutalklikethat？Wearearrived．Stop！Hear，hear！Married！Idamarriedtoastranger！副词：Away！Youarenotwantedhere．Why，thatisveryeasy．Well，thatisnoordinarymatter．甚至短语和句子也可用来表示情绪：Welldone！Wellsaid！Justmyluck！Forshame！Threecheersfor—！WellInever！Goodstuff！Didn"tItellyou！That"ssomething！That"sjusttoobad！Itshouldn"thappentoadog！Thatisthebeautyofit！You"recrazy！Actyourage！