英语语法之主谓一致 6页

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  • 2022-06-17 15:11:28 发布

英语语法之主谓一致

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主谓一致定义:是指句子中的谓语和主语在人称和数上必须一致。一般说来,主语的单复数形式决定着谓语动词采取相应的形式。例如:lHeisacleverstudent.lTheyareEnglishmen.lWefoundtheboysbrightpupils.lWefoundtheboyabrightpupil.二.在实际使用上,往往会遇到复杂的情况,因此,我们在处理主谓一致问题时可依据以下三种原则。1.语法一致原则2.意义一致原则3.就近原则1.语法一致:是指在形式上看,主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,请语动词也用复数形式。lThisisabook.lThesearebooks.2.意义一致:是指从意义上来处理主谓一致问题。有时,主语形式为单数,但意义上为复数,谓语动语依意义而定,也采取复数形式;有时主语为复数形式,但意义上为单数,动词也用单数。lOurclasslikeEnglishverymuch.lOurfamilyarefondofthefilm.说明:这两个句子中的class和family,都是集体名词,在这里都指集体中的各个成员。因此谓语动词用复数形式。lFourthousanddollarsismorethanshecanafford.说明:fourthousanddollars表面看是一个复数形式,而实际上被子看作一个总数,即一笔钱,因此谓语动词用了单数形式。3就近原则:是指谓语动词的人称和数往往和最近的主语保持一致。lThereisachairandtendesksintheroom.lNotonlyhebutalsoIamateacher.面对这三种原则,究竟何时采用何种原则为好,应视习惯用法而定。在使用中,如果对三种原则的选则捉摸不定,最好还是使用语法一致的原则。三、有关主谓一致的问题用法归纳总结如下:1.某些表示有定数量和不定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题。语法专项主谓一致第6页(共6页) 1)当名词词组的中心词是表示时间、距离、度量、重量,价值等复数作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。lTwentyyearsinprisonwaslong.lFifteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.lTendollarsisabigsumtohim.2)当名词词组的中心词是由all,most,half,therest,分数,百分数+of+名词时,如果of后的名词所指的为复数,谓语动词用复数,如果of后的名词为单数意义,谓语动词用单数。lHalfofthestudentsinourclassareboys.lHalfofthetimeisspentinlearningEnglish.lTherestofthestudentsaregoingtothecinema.lTherestofthemoneyispaidforbooks.注意:all作主语指人时,谓语动词复数;指物时,谓语动词单数。Allinourclassarehere.(我们的所有人都到了)Allinthefrontlineisquiet.(前线的一切都很安静)3)如果主语是由kindof,typeof,formof,aportionof,asortof,aseriesof等+名词构成,其谓语动词应视kind,type,form的单复数而定。lThiskindofmanannoysmelThiskindofmenannoysme.lThiskindoforangesishighlypriced.lThesekindsoftestsaregood.如果以apples,men作为名词词组的中心词,其后的谓语动词就用复数形式.lApplesofthiskindarehighlypriced.lMenofthiskindaredangerous.如果kindof之前的限定词和之后名词都用了复数形式,这时谓语动词也用复数形式。Thesekindsofmenannoyme.4)用于数学运算的数字作主语,谓语动词应当用单数形式。lEighteenplusfiveistwentytwo.l15Minus11is4.lFivetimeseightisforty.lFifteendividedbythreeisfive.如果两数相加,采取的是并列形式,并列主语用单数形式,复数形式即可。语法专项主谓一致第6页(共6页) Fiveandfivemake(makes)ten.2.由and和both……and连接两个成分作主语时的主谓一致问题1)由and和both--and连接两个成分作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。lThesecretaryandtreasurerhaveagreedtobepresent.lManyvisitorsandIfindthefastpace.lBehindthewallstandahouseandagarage.2)由and连接两个名词,如果指同一概念时,即指同一个人或同一件事时,谓语动词用单数形式。指同一概念时的标志是,and后的名词前没有冠词。lThesecretaryandschoolmasterisgoingtogiveatalkthisafternoon.lTheassistantandgradatestudenthelpschecktheexercise-books.如果and后面的名词有定冠词,就意味着两上人或两件事了。lThesecretaryandtheschoolmasteraregoingtogiveatalkthisafternoon,.lTheassistantandthegraduatestudenthelpchecktheexercise-book.lThebreadandthebutterareonsale.牛油和面包正在出售。类似表示同一概念的习语还有thebreadandbutter(奶油面包)acartandhorse(车马)theneedleandthread(针线)acupandsaucer(碟子茶杯)causeandeffect(因果)3)由and连接两个单数名词作主语,并且前面有each,every,manya,no等词修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式lEachsoldierandeachsailorwasgivenagun.lEveryhourandeveryminuteisprecioustous.lManyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenthefilm.3如果名词作主语时,后面有with,aswellas,ratherthan,alongwith,like,besides,morethan,togetherwith,including,inadditionto,accompaniedby(由……陪同)等,谓语动词的单复数要和这些词前面的名词保持一致,与这些词后面的名词无关。lHeaswellasIisateacher.lDr.Smith,togetherwithhiswifeandtwosonsisgoingtoarrivehere.lMary,accompaniedbyherbrother,waswarmlywelcomed.lSomeoftheworkers,aswellasthemanager,workduringtheholidays.4由or,neither……nor,either……or,notonly……butalso语法专项主谓一致第6页(共6页) 连接两个名词作主语,谓语动词应采取就近原则,还有therebe结构lNotonlyhebutalsoIamateacher.lNeithertheteachernorthestudentsweregoingtoseethefilm.5单个动名词,不定式,以及句子作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式1)Climbinghillsisgoodexercise.Toseeistobelieve.Whathesaidistrue.Whatintereststheworkersmostisbetterwages.2)如果用and连接上述两个成分时,谓语动词就用复数形式。Climbinghillsandswimmingaregoodexercises.3)what是个带有复数意义的并列结构时,或者表语是复数形式,谓语动词采用复数形式.lWhatIsayandthinkarenobusinessofyours.lWhathesaysanddoesdon’tagree.lWhatheleftmeareoldbooks,6.当不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.(something,anything,everything,nothing,,everybody,anybody,somebody,anyone,everyone)说明:当none,neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,也可用复数形式。lNeitherofuswants/wanttogothere.7.书刊名和专有名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。lHisSelectedPoemswasfirstpublishedin1960.lTheArabinNightsisapopularreadingwiththeyoungpeople.8.定语从句中的谓语动词单复数1)定语从句中谓语动词的单数还是复数,应由先行词的单复数面定。特别是先行词“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”,以复数名词为先行词,从句的谓语动词用复数形式;而且theoneof+复数名词+定语从句,应以theone为先行词,,从句的谓语动词应用单数形式。lThisisoneofthebestbooksthathavebeenpublishedthisyear.lThisistheoneofthebestbooksthathasbeenpublishedthisyear.2)如果定语从句所修饰的先行词是代词,那么从句中的谓语的数要与此代词一致。lI,whoamyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.9.集体名词的主谓一致问题family,class,police,committee,crew,government,audience,public,team,crowd语法专项主谓一致第6页(共6页) 等集体名词,如果指整个集体时,谓语动词用单数;如果指集体中的各个成员时,谓语动词用复数。lMyfamilyisgoingtomove.lMyfamilylikethebook.lThecommitteeconsistsof12members.lThecommitteearehavingameetingtodiscussamimportantproblem.lThecattlearegrazinginthefields.10.有些名词,如people,mitilia,cattle,poultry(家禽)等,单数形式具有复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式。lTheChinesepeoplearebraveandhard-working.lThemitiliaaredrillingontheground.但people作“民族”讲时,有单数形式。lTheChinesepeopleisabraveandhard-workingone世界上有许多使用英语的民族。11.有些名词,表面是复数,但在意义上是单数,因此谓语动词用单数形式。(news,,maths,mathematics,physics,politics,works)lThenewsisgood.lMathsisherweakpoints.12有些名词只有复数形式,如goods(货物),scissors(剪刀),trousers(裤子),spectacles(眼镜),glasses,scales(天平),clothes,compasses因此,他们作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。lGoodsproducedbythefactoryaregood.lWherearemyglasses?Theyareonthedesk.说明:如果用apairof来修饰时,谓语动词要取决于pair的单复形式。lHistrousersweretorn,soapairoftrouserswasnotenough.lTwopairsofglassesareenough.13.有些形容词,分词与the连用,表示一类人,谓语动词用复数形式。(blind,dead,deaf,sick,poor,rich,old,young,wounded)14.oneortwo+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数;但a/one+单数名词+ortwo谓语动词用单复数均可。lThereareoneortwobooksonthedesk.lAwordortwois/areneededhere.语法专项主谓一致第6页(共6页) 注:表示数量的oneandahalf,后加复数名词,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。lOneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.15.morethan+数词+名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数;但morethanone+名词,谓语动词常用单数。lMorethan200peoplehaveattendedtheconcert.lMorethanonepersonhasvotedagainsthim.16.单,复数同形的名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,作单数意义时,谓语动词用单数;反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有;means,sheep,species,Chinese,Japanese,lTheglassworkswassetupin1970.lTheseglassworksareneartherailwaystation.lEverymeanshasbeentried.lAllthemeanshavebeentried.17.(large)quantitiesof既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数.largeamountsof只能修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数.lQuantitiesoffoodwereonthetable.lLargeamountsofmoneywerespentontheproject.语法专项主谓一致第6页(共6页)