高考语法回扣讲义和年高考题汇编单选与高中英语语法教案(全套)及配套练习 246页

1.语法回扣和08年高考题汇编单选22.高中英语语法教案(全套)及配套练习目录：1.冠词2.代词3.形容词和副词4.时态和语态5.复合句6.非谓语动词7.情态动词8.倒装句9.虚拟语气新题型，新词汇，耳目一心；老题出新，新题新颖，处处创新该背的还是要背，不背你就要吃亏语言是文化的载体，习俗是文化的元素；要学好语言，必须懂文化，知习俗，记习惯；这才是端正的态度，是对文化的尊重，也是学语言的方法！1.这些不可数名词随时都会帮你得分：有一些抽象名词：weather（天气）,news（新闻）,word(=news),advice（忠告），behavior（行为），fun（娱乐），information（情报，信息），progress（进步），damage（损害），harm（伤害），music（音乐），courage（勇气），experience（经验） 等即使被形容词修饰，也不加不定冠词a/an。Eg:Itwassuchfineweatherthatwewentoutforanouting.Apieceofnews/advice/information一条消息、建议、信息Whatfunitistoswimintheriver!Hemadesuchgreatprogressthatwealladmiredhim.dodamage/harmtosb、sth对...造成伤害likemusic/llistentomusichavemuchexperience1.这些末尾字母要双写或要添加字母的不规则动词你都记住了吗？picnic—picnicked—picnicked—picnicking野餐panic—panicked—panicked—panicking恐慌begin--began--begun--beginning开始admit--admitted--admitted--admitting允许进入；承认refer--referred--referred--referring指；参考occur—occurred—occurred--occurring发生control—control(l)ed—control(l)ed—control(l)ing控制travel---travel(l)ed---travel(l)ed---travel(l)ingforget--forgot--forgotten--forgetting忘记permit--permitted--permitted--permitting允许prefer--preferred--preferred--preferring更喜欢regret—regretted—regretted--regretting后悔；遗憾注意比较：differ---differed---differed---differingoffer---offered-----offered-----offering2.其后只能跟动名词而不可跟动词不定式作宾语的动词很重要！mind（介意）,miss（错过）,enjoy（享受…的乐趣）,can’thelp（忍不住）,avoid（避免）,appreciate（感激）,risk（冒险）,finish（完成）,escape（逃避）,practise（练习）,suggest（建议）,stand(忍受),keep（保持）,delay（推迟，延期）,imagine(想象),report(报道)是不是觉得太多了，难记是吗？别怕，有办法。我们不妨把这些单词的首字母按先后顺序排列起来（keep,delay,imagine除外）。看一看是什么：“mecarfeps”，什么也不是，毫无意义的一堆字母。但是，它们读起来刚好是一句顺口溜：“霉咖啡不吃”。记住它，上面这些单词就全有了。请看例句：⑴.Iappreciateyourmakingtheefforttocome.你能尽力前来，我很感激。⑵.Theboynarrowlyescapedbeingdrowned.这男孩险些被淹死。⑶.Weshoulddelaydecidingaboutthisuntilnextyear.我们应该推迟到明年再就此事做出决定。⑷.Theyreportedwitnessingaterribletrafficaccident,whichkilledthreepeople他们报道说目击了一起可怕的交通事故，事故中三人死亡。3.跟宾语从句且从句谓语需用虚拟式的常见动词你还记得吗？insist（坚持认为，坚决主张）,order（命令）,command（命令）,propose（建议）,suggest（建议）,advise（建议，劝告）,demand（要求）,require（要求）,request(要求），ask(要求），prefer（更喜欢），recommend(推荐),desire(渴望请求),determine(裁决)除prefer,recommend,desire,determine外我们可以这样记：一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求。insist (1)Hisfriendinsistedthathe(should)giveupplayingonlinegames.他朋友坚持要他不要上网打游戏。特别提醒：insist有另一种用法，注意它的谓语动词形式：Gregstillinsiststhathedidnothingwrongandhe(should)besetfree.Greg坚持认为他没做错应该背释放。⑵.Sheproposedwe(should)boycottwartoys.她建议我们抵制枪炮玩具。⑶.Shedemandedthathereturnthebooksheborrowedfromher.她要求他把从她那儿借的书还给她。⑷.Wouldyoupreferthatwe(should)putoffthemeetingtillnextweek?你更愿意把会议推迟到下周吗？(5)HispalefacesuggestedthathewasillsoIsuggestedthatheshouldbesenttohospital.他苍白的脸表明他病了，所以我建议他上医院。记住了这些，那么含有这些动词的主语从句和它们的名词所构成的同位语从句，表语从句则都用虚拟。Hesuggestedthatweshouldgohomenow.(宾从）Hissuggestionwasthat....(表从）Hemadeasuggestionthat...(同从）Whathesuggestedwasthat...(主从）Itissuggestedthat...(主从）1.多个形容词修饰名词时的先后顺序你搞清楚了吗？通常的顺序是：限定词+描绘+大小长短高低+形状+年龄新旧+颜色+来源+材料+用途+被修饰的名词为了方便记忆，请记住下面的顺口溜：限关形令颜国材记住规则是必要的，但增强语感更重要：⑴.abigroundconferencetable一张大的圆会议桌⑵.ablueGermansportscar一辆蓝色德国赛车(3).hercharmingsmallroundpinkface她的迷人的红润的小圆脸(4).abeautifullittleoldChineseporcelainvase一只漂亮的小的古色古香的中国造的瓷花瓶6.在否定句中构成部分否定的不定代词只有三个：all,both,every⑴.Allstudentsdon’tlikefootball.=Notallstudentslikefootball.不是所有的学生都喜欢踢足球。⑵.Boththeseatsarenottaken.=Notboththeseatsaretaken.两个座位不是都有人坐了。⑶.Everychildcan’tattendcollege.=Noteverychildcanattendcollege.不是所有的孩子都能上大学。⑷.Moneyisn"teverything.钱不能代表一切。7.只能用于两者情况的不定代词也只有三个：both,either,neither⑴.Theyhavetwogrownchildren,bothofwhomliveabroad.他们有两个孩子，都生活在国外。⑵."Doyoupreferporkorbeef?""Idon"tlikeeither."“你喜欢猪肉还是牛肉？”“我两样都不喜欢。” ⑶.Neitherofmyparentslikesfootball.我父母都不喜欢足球。8.情景对话常用语要常说常用。特别提醒：关于情景对话用语，不仅要知道它的意思，更重要的是要记住它们的使用场合！（一）.回答别人感谢时常说：You’rewelcome./Notatall.不必客气。Don’tmentionit.不用提了。It’smypleasure./It’sapleasure.很乐意。Notroubleatall./Noproblem.一点也不。That’s(It’s)allright./That’sOK没关系。It’sreallynothingatall.算不了什么，不用谢。（二）别人道歉时，你通常这样回答：Nevermind./Itdoesn’tmatter./Don"tmentionit没关系。That’s(It’s)allright./That’sOK./It’snothing.没关系。Forgetit./Don’tthinkanymoreaboutit.别再想它了。（三）.对方向你求助说：Wouldyoudomeafavor?/Wouldyoubesokindasto…?如果你①乐意帮忙，就说：I’dlove(like)to./I’llbegladto.With(great)pleasure./Why,ofcourse./Certainly.②不能帮忙，就说：I’msorry.Ican’t./No.I’mafraidIcan’t.但是，假如对方说：Do/WouldyoumindifIdo(did)…?Wouldyoumindmydoing…?如果你①可以帮忙或同意时，就说：No.Goahead./Notatall./No,certainlynot./No,ofcoursenot.②无法效劳时，就说：I’msorry,butI…/It’snotallowed./Yes,Idomind.（四）对方向你提出邀请时常说：What/Howaboutdoing…?/Whynotdo…?/Doyoufeellikedoing…?Whydon’twedo…?/Shallwedo…?①接受邀请就说：Thankyou.I’dlove/liketo./I’llbegladto./Agoodidea.②拒绝邀请就说：I’msorry,butI…/I’dlove(like)to,butI…/I’dliketo,butI’mafraidI…No,thankyou.Icanmanageitmyself.等。（五）关于留言你想留言时就说：Couldyoutakeamessageforme?你帮我捎个信好吗？/MayIleaveamessage?/DoyouthinkIcouldleaveamessage?我可以留言吗？你想请对方留言就说：Wouldyouliketoleaveamessage?你留个言好吗？/CanItakeamessageforyoutoMr.Green?我可以为你给Mr.Green捎个信吗？（六）其它常用语1.Byallmeans.表示“许可”意思是“完全可以！”"MayIborrowthisbook?""Byallmeans."BynomeansamIpleasedwithhisbehavior.我对他的行为一点都不满意2.Noway.拒绝对方的要求。意思是“别想，没门。”"Goon,lendmeyourbike.""Noway!"3.Forgetit.①告诉对方要求不可能满足"I"dliketotakeaweek"sholiday.""Forgetit,we"retoobusy."②对方道歉时，告诉他（她）某事不重要，不要担心。"I"msosorryaboutthatcup.""Oh,forgetit-I"vegotplenty." 4.Goahead.允许对方做某事。"CouldIaskyouaratherpersonalquestion?""Sure,goahead."5.Howcome?怎么会呢？，为什么呢？"Wehadtostoptheproject.""Howcome?"Howcomewehadtostoptheproject?=Whydidwehaveto...?6.Noproblem.①用于回答对方的感谢"Thanksforthelift.""Noproblem."②同意对方提出的请求"Canyougetmetothestationby11.30?""Noproblem."7.Comeon.①鼓励对方开口说话Comeon,Annabelle,youcantellme.Iwon"ttellanyone.②催促对方Comeon-we"regoingtobelateifyoudon"thurry!③对别人说的话表示“不赞同”comeon,Ian,youmadethesameexcuselastweek!8.Speaking=Thisis…speaking.电话用语。意思是“我就是…”Whoisthatspeaking?您贵姓？IsthatTomspeaking?是Tom吗9.Allright.对对方所提建议的答复。意思是“好的！行！可以！”10.Suityourself.随你便。"Idon"tthinkI"llcometothepartytonight.""Allright,suityourself!"11.Takeiteasy.别担心。12.Takeyourtime.别慌张，慢慢来。13.Nothingdoing.不行；我才不干！Weaskedifshe"dcomeoverandhelpus,butshesaid,"Nothingdoing".语法重点扫描，帮你轻松记牢冠词都说冠词最头疼，三个词（the，a,an），到处挤；躲不开，挡还在；它是英语的重要元素，它是高考的考查热点；不要怕，有妙法，让你懂，使你棒，读了一定信心强。一．不定冠词不定冠词a/an有两个基本且很重要的用法，即：泛指和个别指。所谓泛指，是指首次提到的人和物，或是不限定的人和物。在这种情况下，不定冠词a/an不赋予人或事物以任何个体特征，它已失去了“一”的含义。例如：在句子“Ahorseisausefulanimal.”中，Ahorse就是泛指“马”这一类动物，而不是指“一匹马”。个别指是指同类事物中作为个体的人和物，这时，它指的数量才是“一”。例如：Agirlcameuptoapolicemanandaskedhimaquestion.句中的不定冠词“a”都是“一个”的意思。规则1：当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为辅音音素时，用a；而当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为元音音素时，用an。（特别提醒：判断a还是an的依据是其后的词的发音，而不是字母。）例如：auniversitystudent,auniquestyle,aEuropeanwriter,anhonestboy,anx-ray,an800-metre-longbridge,aone-eyeddog等。规则2：“a/an+可数名词单数”常用来表示泛指。⑴.Ionlyknowitwasadognotacatthatbitme.我只知道是狗咬了我而不是猫。⑵.Theboywasverypleasedtohavecaughtafish.抓了一条鱼这男孩很高兴。规则3：序数词前面加不定冠词a/an表示“再一，又一”之意。 ⑴.Shedidn’tlikethecolorofthetwobagsandaskedforathirdone.她不喜欢这两只包的颜色，又要了一个。⑵.Theyhaveasecondhouseinthecountry.他们在乡下还有一间房子。规则4：在“of+a/an+名词单数”结构中，不定冠词a/an表示“同一，相同”。⑴.Theyareallsongsofatype.它们是同类型的歌曲。⑵.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚，人以群分。(3)Weareofanage?thesameage我们同龄。规则5：不定冠词a/an用在姓氏和星期名称前表示“某一个”。⑴.AMr.Smithwishestoseeyou.有一位Mr.Smith想要见你。⑵.IrememberhestartedoutonaSaturday.我记得他是在某一个星期六起程的。规则6：不定冠词a/an用在某些抽象名词和物质名词前，表示“一种，一件，一…”之意；如果这些名词前有形容词修饰，则不定冠词通常不可少。⑴.Shewasabeautywhenyoung.她年轻的时候是个美人。⑵.Hereceivedagoodeducation.他接受过很好的教育。(3)Thepartywasasuccess/failure..晚会很成功、糟糕.二．定冠词定冠词the主要用于特指，但也可以用于泛指。所谓特指，是指上文已提到的人和物，或是被限制性修饰语加以限定的人和物，也可指说话双方心目中所默认的特定的人和物。规则1：方位名词east,west,south,north,left,right,front,middle和时间名词present,past,future前都要用定冠词the。注意：作副词用时不加冠词。⑴.Helivesinthenorth.他生活在北方。⑵.Welearnfromthepast,experiencethepresent,andhopeforthefuture.我们学习过去，体验现在，展望未来。⑶.Hewasthenheadingeastfortheschoolfarm.他当时正朝东向学校农场走去。(4)Eastofourschoolisahospital.我们学校东边是一家医院。规则2：定冠词用于姓氏名称的复数前，表示“一家人或夫妇俩”。如：theSmiths史密斯一家人；theBrowns布朗夫妇CallontheSmiths拜访史密斯夫妇callattheSmiths"拜访史密斯夫妇家规则3：by和计量单位名词连用时，名词前要用冠词the；但如果该名词为不可数名词时，则不用冠词。例如：bytheyard/meter/thedozen/themonth/theyear/thehour，但是要说：byweight/volume/area。⑴.Hepaystherentbythemonth.他按月付房租。⑵.Theygottheirpaybyweight.他们按重量取酬。规则4：当西洋乐器名称作play的宾语时，名词前必须加定冠词the；而运动、棋类游戏名称作play的宾语时通常不用冠词。⑴.Sheisgoodatplayingthepiano.她钢琴弹得好。⑵.Iwouldratherplaytennisthangolf.我宁可打网球而不打高尔夫。规则5：名词由短语或定语从句修饰而成为特指时要加定冠词the；但是，修饰以后仍然是泛指时就不能用定冠词。例如：⑴.ThismorningIsawawomanwholookedlikeyouraunt.今天上午我看到了一位妇女，她很像你的阿姨。⑵.You’dbetteraskthewomanwhositsinfrontofyoutohelpyou.你最好请坐在你前面的妇女帮你。 规则6：“the+可数名词单数”表示泛指时通常是在谈论发明物和科技问题，而“the+表述人的形容词或表国籍的形容词(以-sh或-ch结尾的)”表示泛指时是指“某一类人和全体某国人”。⑴.Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone?你知道是谁发明了电话的吗？⑵.Herjobwastotakecareofthewounded.她的工作就是照顾伤员。⑶.TheBritishareveryproudoftheirsenseofhumor.英国人为自己的幽默感而自豪。三．零冠词（即不用冠词）规则1：物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词，泛指总称时不用冠词。⑴.Wealthdoesnotalwaysbringhappiness.财富不总是会带来幸福。⑵.Ilovemusic,whilemybrotherlikesart.我喜欢音乐，而我兄弟却爱好艺术。规则2：class,school,church,college,university,hospital,prison,court,bed,table等名词，当我们取它们的功能意义作某一目的用时，不加冠词；如果这些名词表示“场所”时，要加冠词。⑴.Heleftschoolattheageof18.他18岁学校毕业。Theylivenearaschool.他们靠一所学校居住。⑵.Parentsshouldtellchildrentobehavewellattable.父母应教育孩子注意餐桌礼仪。Abowlfelloffthetable.一只碗从桌子上掉了下来。规则3:society表示“我们居住的社会”时,space表示“星球间的距离即太空”时,nature表示“大自然”时,most表示“大多数”时都不用冠词。Withthedevelopmentofsociety,ShenZhouVIIwaslaunchedintospace,walkinspace,protectnature,most(ofthe)students.规则4：“…kindof+名词”中的名词不用冠词，类似的名词还有：type,sort,species。⑴.Today"svehiclesusetwokindsoffuel-petrolanddiesel.如今的车辆使用两种燃料---汽油和柴油。⑵.He’safinetypeofChinesegentleman.他是中国绅士的典范。规则5:在动词turn之后作表语的名词不可用冠词。但become+a+n⑴.Heusedtobeateachertillheturnedwriter.他在成为作家以前一直是教书的。⑵.Whenherservantlefttohaveababy,Susanhadtoturncook.当她的仆人去生小孩的时候，Susan只好自炊了。五．过关题⑴.______JohnSmithiswaitingtoseeyou,butnot______onewhoplayedchesswithusLastSunday.A.不填；aB.A；theC.不填；theD.The；a⑵.Theybothsattherewithoutsaying______word.FinallyJimlaughed,breaking_____silence.A.the;aB.a;theC.a;不填D.the;不填⑶.As______unemploymentisveryhighatthemoment,it"sverydifficultforpeopletofind______work.A.the,不填B.不填，不填C.the,aD.an,the⑷.Peter,there"samanat_____backdoorwhosayshehas______newsofgreatimportanceforus.A．the；不填B．the；theC．不填；不填D．不填；the⑸.Johngrewupin______largefamilyandhehasdeveloped______abilitytogetonwellwith______others.A．/;an;theB．a;the;/C．the;an;theD．a;the;the ⑹._______medicalcareandeducationarethemostimportantmattersthat_____mostvoterspresentattheconferencefeelstronglyconcernedabout.A.the;theB.the;/C./;theD./;/⑺.Sincegraduationfrom______college,hehasworkedas______reporterinanewspaperoffice.A/;aB/;theCa;theDthe;the⑻.Wehaveforgottenwhenexactlytheforeignerleft______city.Weonlyrememberitwas______Friday.A.the,theB.a,theC.a,aD.the,a⑼.Kateis______11-year-oldgirlwhohas______giftforpainting.Shehaswonseveralnationalprizes.A.a;aB.an;theC.an;aD.the;a⑽.Themostimportantthingaboutcottoninhistoryispartthatitplayedin_____IndustrialRevolution.A.不填；不填B.the；不填C.the;theD.a;the⑾.Mymotheraskedmetorepeat______telephonenumber______secondtimesothatshecouldwriteitdown.A.the;aB.an;theC.an;aD.the;the⑿.Mr.Greendoesn’tlikemusicverymuch．Buthesaidmusicinthefilmwaspleasant.A.不填；不填B.the；theC.the；不填D.不填；the⒀.Janeisanactressandsheregards_____stageas______meansofmakingaliving.A.a;aB.the;aC.the;theD.a;the⒁.Everywheremanhascutdown    forestsinordertogrowcrops，ortousewoodasfuelorasbuildingmaterial.A.the;theB.the;/　C./；theD./；/⒂.Ofthetwoboys,Lincolnis_______one,andheisalsotheonewhoisgoodatsports.A.astrongerB.astrongestC.thestrongerD.thestrongestAnswer:1BBBAB6DADCC11ADBCC代词代词虽不起眼，高考却不少见；乍看一个摸样，的确容易上当；给你一个锦囊，考场顺顺当当。一.不定代词1.none,noone和nothingnone可指人也可指物（可数或不可数名词都行）；noone只能指人，不可指物；nothing指物，表示“什么也不，什么也没有”。特别提醒：①none指的是上下文中所提到的人和物，其后可跟of短语，构成“noneof…”。②(否定)回答“Howmany/much…?”问句时，用none；（否定）回答“what…?”问句时，用nothing；而（否定）回答“who…?”问句时，则用noone/nobody。③noone不可跟of短语。⑴.Noneoftheboysis(are)interestedinthefilm.男孩们没有一个对这部电影感兴趣的。⑵.He’sgotsomegoodEnglishreferencebooks,butIhavenone .他有几本好的英语参考书，但我一本也没有。⑶.Nooneknowswhattheyquarreledabout.没人知道他们为什么吵架。⑷.---What’swrongwithme,doctor?---Nothingiswrong.Youjustneedagoodrest.Don’tworry.“医生，我得的什么病？”“什么病也没有，你只是需要好好休息。别担心。”⑸.---Howmanyelephantsdidyouseeinthepark?---None.“你在公园看到几头大象了？”“一头也没看到”⑹.---Whowillgotherewithyou?---Noone/Nobody.“谁将和你一起去？”“没人。”⑺.---What’sinthecase?---Nothing.“盒子里有什么？”“什么也没有。”2.each和everyeach锦囊：①跟动词搭配时，应遵守：“行为动词do前，be后，第一助动词后”的原则。②跟名词搭配时，应遵守：“each+名词，eachof+限定词+名词”的原则。⑴.Theyeachworkhardattheirlessons.他们每个人学习都很用功。⑵.Thesestudentshaveeachmadesomeprogress.这些学生每个人都取得了一点进步。⑶.Theywilleachhavefinishedtheirownworkbytomorrow.到明天他们每个人都将完成各自的工作。⑷.Eachmemberofthepartymustdotheir(=hisorher)share.党内每个成员都必须尽自己的一份力量。⑸.Eachofthecompaniessupportsapoorchild.每个公司都资助一个孩子。⑹.Eachofthemshookhandswithme.他们每个人都跟我握了手。Every锦囊：①every+单数名词②物主代词/名词所有格+every③与not连用表部分否定④表示“每隔”。⑴.Everychildlovestheirdogs.每个小孩都喜欢自己的狗。⑵.Watchhiseveryactandyouwillknowhowtodoit.观察他的每一个动作，你会知道怎么做的。⑶.Noteverystudentcanbehardworking.=Everystudentcannotbehardworking.不是每个学生都会用功。⑷.TheOlympicGamesareheldeveryfouryears(=everyfourthyear).奥运会每四年举办一次。辨析：each是“每，每个”的意思，它只强调个别性，可以用来指两个或两个以上的事物。every是“每一个都”之意，即一方面考虑到个别的，一方面想到全体的，这一点与all接近；总是指三个或三个以上的事物，不可指两者。特别提醒：当回指前面提到的every所修饰的名词时，可以用物主代词和人称代词的复数形式。如：⑴.Everystudentwaswearingtheirschooluniforms.每个学生都穿着校服。⑵.ItoldeverysingleboywhatIthoughtofthem.我告诉每个男孩我对他们的印象如何。3.other(s)和theother(s)other的意思是“其他的,另外的”。它只作定语。⑴.Helikestravelingabroadandlearningaboutotherpeople"scustomsandtraditions.他喜欢国外旅行去了解一些其它民族的风俗和传统。⑵.Arethereanyotherpeopleweshouldspeakto?我们可以和其他的人说话吗?⑶.Shesaidshehadnoothertrouble.她说她没别的麻烦。theother⑴.Onetookataxi,andtheotherwalkedhome.一个人打车回家，另一个人则步行回家。⑵.Afterherdeparturetheotherpeople(=theothers)wentonwiththediscussion. 她走后，其余的人继续讨论。others(泛指其余的)(1)Ionlyknowaboutthisbook,buttheremightbeothers(=otherbooks).(做主语)我只知道这本书，可能还有其它的。⑵.Somepeoplepreferavegetariandiet,whileotherspreferameat-baseddiet.有人喜欢素菜饮食，而还有人却喜欢肉类饮食。theothers(特指其余的全部)⑴.Ishallwaituntiltheotherscomeback.(做主语)我会等到其余的人都回来。⑵.Ican’tdothefourthandfifthquestionsbutI’vedonealltheothers.(做宾语)我不会做第四和第五道题，但其余的我全会做。4.both,either和neitherboth指两个人或物⑴.Bothofthetwinsarepopsingers.（主语）这对双胞胎两人都是流行歌手。⑵.Boththesuggestionsmakegoodsense.（定语）这两个建议都有道理。⑶.Heisfondofyouboth.(同位语)你们两个人他都喜欢。either意为“两者中任何一个都…”⑴.Therearetwowaysleadingintothewoods.Eitherseemstobepassable.有两条路通往树林，看起来两条都走得通。⑵.Ateitherendofthestreetthereisabridge.大街的两头各有一座桥。neither意为“两者中任何一个都不…”⑴.---Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?---Neither.Ilikemilk.“你要喝茶还是咖啡？”“都不要，我要牛奶。”⑵.Neitherofthetwobagsisofhighquality.Wouldyoupleaseshowmeanotherone?这两只包质量都不太好。能再拿一只来看看吗？特别提醒：both,either和neither都只能用于两者情况。（关于neither的其它用法见“倒装句”）⑴.Newbuildingshavesprunguponeithersideofthestreet.（street只有两边）大街两边新的大楼拔地而起。⑵.Newbuildingshavesprunguponallsidesofthesquare.（square有四边）广场四周新的大楼拔地而起。5.部分否定和全部否定both,every和all在否定句中就构成部分否定；如果要表示全部否定，应用neither,none,no,nowhere,nothing,never,noone,nobody。如：⑴.Bothanswersarenotright=Notbothanswersareright.两个答案并不都正确。（部分否定）⑵.Neitheroftheanswersisright.两个答案没有一个正确。（全部否定）⑶.Allofuscan’tunderstandthepoem.=Notallofuscanunderstandthepoem..（部分否定）我们大家并不都能够理解这首诗。⑷.Noneofuscanunderstandthepoem.我们大家没有一个人能理解这首诗。（全部否定）⑸.Noneofthestudents/Nostudentinthisclassisagenius.这个班上没有一个人是天才。（全部否定）6.one(s),that,those,it的替代用法one(s),that,those和it都可以用来替代上文所提到的人和事，但具体用法不尽相同。①one(s),that和those是代替上文所提到的同类事物，但不是原物。而it则是替代上文提到的原物。 ①one(s)替代可数名词单（复）数，表示泛指。可有定语，也可没有定语；可有前置定语，也可有后置定语，但不可以跟of短语作定语。②that替代可数名词单数和不可数名词，表示特指。those替代可数名词复数,也表示特指;that和those都必须有后置定语。④不难看出:当替代的事物是可数名词单数,且特指又不带of短语时,theone和that都可用。若名词是复数且特指，则theones和those都可用。⑴.---Haveyoufoundyourpen?---No,Ihaven’tfoundit.(it指上文的pen,是原物)⑵.Awallmadeofbricksismuchfirmerthanonemadeofmud.砖砌的墙比泥墙牢固多了。⑶.TheweatherofBeijingismuchcolderthanthatofShanghai.北京的天气比上海冷得多。⑷.Thisstoryisaninterestingone.这是个有趣的故事。⑸.---Howaboutthepriceofthesewashingmachines?这些洗衣机的价格怎么样？---Theyareatleastequalinprice,ifnotcheaperthanthose/theonesatotherstores.即使不比其他店的便宜也至少和其他店的价格一样。⑹.ThelaptopIboughtlastweekisbetterthantheone/thattheschoolhadboughtforus.我上周买的手提电脑比学校为我们买的那台好。二.it用法1.用作人称代词，指代前文提到过的事物Thisisnotmydictionary.ItisMary’s.这不是我的字典，是玛丽的。2.用来代替指示代词this或that⑴.–-What’sthis?---It’sanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.“这是什么？”“是一本英汉字典。”⑵.—Whosejacketisthat?---Itishers.“这是谁的茄克衫？”“是她的。”3.起指示代词的作用，指一个事物﹑动物﹑婴儿或未知的人⑴.---Whoisknockingatthedoor?---It’sme.“谁在敲门？”“是我。”⑵.Thebabyiscryingnow.Goandseetoit.婴儿在哭，去照看一下。4.指天气﹑时间﹑距离﹑自然现象﹑环境等⑴.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmernow.天气越来越热了。⑵.---What’sthetimenow?现在几点了？---It’stenpasteight.八点十分。⑶.Itisabouttenminutes’walkfrommyhometotheschool.从我家走到学校约十分钟。⑷.Itisspringnow.现在是春天了。⑸.Itisveryquiethere.这儿的环境相当安静。5．指代整个句子的内容HewillbesenttoTibetasavolunteer.Haveyouheardaboutit?他将作为志愿者派往西藏，你听说了吗？6．代替句尾的不定式﹑动名词和名词性从句作形式主语⑴.Itisofgreathelptolearnaforeignlanguagewell.学好一门外语是很有帮助的。⑵.Itisapitythatyou’vemissedsuchawonderfullecture.你错过了如此精彩的演讲真是太遗憾了。7．代替句尾的不定式﹑动名词和宾语从句作形式宾语⑴.IthinkitimportanttolearnEnglishwell.我认为学好英语很重要。⑵.Hemadeitcleartothepublicthathewouldtakeneitherside.他向公众表明他不会站在任何一方。8．特殊用法用于某些习语中，常见的有：takeitthat-从句（猜想，认为）,haveitthat-从句（据传说，声称，硬说）,likeitthat-从句（喜欢）,hideitthat-从句（隐瞒）,hateitwhen/if-从句（讨厌）,appreciateitif-从句（感激）等。例如：⑴.Itakeitthatyouwereresponsiblefortheaccident.我认为你应该对这起事故负责。 ⑵.Rumourhasit(that)you"regoingtobethenextmanagingdirector.Isittrue?据谣传你将成为下一任总经理，是真的吗？⑶.Hewillhaveitthatourplanisimpracticable.他坚持说我们的计划不切合实际。⑷.Ihateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.我讨厌人们嘴里塞满了东西时说话。⑸.Iwouldappreciateitverymuchifyoucouldgivemesomesuggestions.你若能给我一些建议我将非常感激。9.强调it详见“复合句四.强调句及其相关内容”。三.过关题⑴.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,______Iwillalwaystreasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what⑵.Ihaven’tread________hisbooks,butjudgingfromtheonesI’vereadIthinkhehasagoodimagination.A.noneB.eitherC.allD.both⑶.---Isthisschool_______youvisitedafewyearsago?---Yes,butitisn’t_______itusedtobe.A.theone,whatB.one,thatC.that,theoneD.theone,one⑷.---Hewasnearlydrownedonce.---Whenwas_______?---_______wasin1998whenhewasinmiddleschool.A.that,ItB.this,ThisC.this,ItD.that,This⑸.Itisimpossibleforallthepeopletogetthejob,because_______themarenotfitforit.A.everyoneofB.allofC.noneofD.eachof⑹.---ShallIsitatthisendoftheboatortheotherend?---Ifyoukeepstill,youcansitat_____end.A.neitherB.eachC.eitherD.any⑺.______sideofthestreetislinedwithdifferentshops,_______ofwhichsellelectronicproducts.A.Both,bothB.Either,allC.Neither,eitherD.Either,both⑻Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems,whichareinfactfarmoreserious______thanmobilephonesdo.A.oneB.onesC.itD.those⑼.Ihate_______whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.A.itB.thatC.theseD.them⑽.Take______halfandgive______halftoyouryoungerbrother.A.neither,neitherB.each,theotherC.either,theotherD.any,other⑾I’mmovingtothecountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthan______inthecity.A.onesB.oneC.thatD.those⑿.Grandpawantedsomemoreteabut______leftintheteapot.A.therewasnoneB.nonewereC.nothingwasD.therewasnoone⒀.---Ishecontenttoacceptourofferedprice?---Yes.Hecaresmoreaboutquality.Youknowmoneyis______tohim.A.everythingB.anythingC.nothingD.something⒁.Johndidn’tlike______ofthetwotiesandaskedtheshopassistanttoshowhim______.A.both,theotherB.all,theothersC.either,anotherD.neither,another ⒂.Shewenttothepartyinadressthatwasmoreattractivethan______.A.theothergirlsB.theoneofanyothergirlC.anygirl’sD.thatofanyothergirlAnswer1BCAAB6CBBAC11CACCD形容词和副词形容词是名词的外衣，副词是动词的修饰，都是高考的重点；貌似很简单，再看真的难；欲知是否有巧，下文给你指导。一.形容词1．表语形容词在英语中，有些形容词通常只作表语，这样的形容词叫做表语形容词。常见的表语形容词有：afraid,alone,awake,asleep,alive,alike,ashamed,aware,well,sorry,unable,worth,sure等。特别提醒：①以字母a开头的形容词不作前置定语，但可作后置定语。②以字母a开头的形容词不可直接用very来修饰（alike,ashamed除外），而用其它词修饰。③以字母a开头的形容词本身带有副词时，可用作前置定语。如：theasleepbaby.（×）⑴.Theboyisstillasleep.这男孩还熟睡着。⑵.Don’twake别把睡着的婴儿吵醒。thesleepingbaby.（√）⑴.Heisthegreatestpoetalive.他是尚健在的最伟大的诗人。⑵.Thepeople,andthepeoplealone,arethemotiveforceinthemakingofworldhistory.人民，只有人民，才是创造世界历史的动力。⑶.(very)much/allalone非常孤单的fast/soundasleep熟睡的wideawake十分清醒的well/acutelyaware很清楚greatly/veryashamed非常害羞的(very)muchafraid很害怕(very)muchalike(也可以说veryalike)非常相象⑷.afastasleepboy熟睡的男孩awideawakesoldier十分清醒的士兵2.形容词和副词的比较级常有修饰语，常见的修饰语有：much,far,byfar,verymuch,any,no,rather,even,stillyet,alot,agreatdeal,alittle,abit等。⑴.Thingsarenobetterthanbefore.情况根本不比以前好。⑵.Thefilmisfarworsethanthebook..这部电影改编后比原著差多了。⑶.Couldyoutalkabitmorequietly?你们谈话小声一点好吗？3.多个形容词修饰名词时的先后顺序见P.24.形容词作状语，表示主语所处的状态。如：⑴.Hefinallycameback,safeandsound.他最终回来了，安然无恙。⑵.Kate,sadandtired,sleptallday.凯特又累又悲伤，一整天都在睡觉。记住常见表达：bittercold严寒，redhot炽热，deaddrunk酩酊大醉，deadsure铁定，awfulsick病得厉害，arealgoodtime好时光。aprettygoodidea一个妙注意5.用of引导所比较的两者时，要用“the+形容词比较级+of+两个比较对象”结构。例如：⑴.Thepictureistheprettierofthetwo.两张图画之间，这一张更漂亮。 ⑵.Ofthetwoproblems,thefirstoneisthelessdifficult.在两个问题中，第一个问题不太难。6.倍数表达法的三种基本句式：①…倍数+as+原级+as…②…倍数+比较级+than…③…倍数+thesize/length/weight/heightof…如：特别提醒：表示倍数的词始终在前面。如：我们的新房子是旧房子的三倍大。⑴.Ournewhousewasthreetimesaslargeastheoldone.⑵.Ournewhousewastwicelargerthantheoldone.⑶.Ournewhousewasthreetimesthesizeoftheoldone.注意下面两种表达：⑴.Theoutputofcarsin2005is6timesthatof2002.2005年的汽车产量是2002年的产量的6倍。⑵.Theoutputofcarsin2005is6timeswhatitwasin2002.2005年的汽车产量是2002年的产量的6倍。7.“can’t/couldn’t+比较级”表示“不可能更…，再…不过了”(暗含最高级）⑴.Ican’tagreemore.我完全同意（我再同意不过了。）⑵.Theweathercouldn’tbeworse.天气再坏不过了。⑶.Hecouldn’thavedonebetter.他做得再好不过了。⑷.Thiscouldgivehernogreaterpleasure.这使她最高兴。8.特殊结构“so/as/too/how+adj.+a/an+单数可数名词”中的词序不可颠倒。例如：⑴.I’veneverseensobeautifulagirl.我从未见过一个这么美丽的女孩。⑵.HeisasgoodateacherasJan.他是和Jan一样出色的老师。⑶.Itistoocoldadayforhertogoout.这一天太冷，使她没能外出。⑷.Howfineadayitis!多晴朗的一天啊！二.副词在句中的位置1.副词修饰形容词和副词时，应放在被修饰的词之前，但enough要置于其后。如：⑴.Thisbookisquiteinteresting.这本书是很有趣的。⑵.Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.这男孩已够大可以上学了。2.频度副词（always,often,usually,never,seldom,hardly,sometimes等）要放在实义动词之前，be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。⑴.ChildrenoftengototheparkwiththeirparentsonSundays.在星期天孩子们经常和他们的父母去公园。⑵.Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.他总是乐于助人。⑶.Iwillneverforgetthatday.我永远也忘不了那天。3.修饰全句的副词多置于句首,作评注性状语。⑴.Fortunately,hewasnotdrownedandwassavedbythePLAmen.幸运地是，他没有被淹死而是被解放军就了起来。⑵.Happilyforher,herstepmotherwaskindtoher.对她来说，她的继母对她很慈善。5.very和much1).very修饰形容词和副词，much不可以。⑴.Thesituationisveryserious.形势很严峻。⑵.Thinkaboutitverycarefullybeforedeciding.决定以前要仔细考虑。2).very可修饰形容词化的现在分词，much不可以。⑴.Iheardsomeverysurprisingnews. ⑵.Thenoiseoutsideourhouseisveryannoying.3).very可修饰表示状态和性质以及表示个人情绪的过去分词，但这些分词作定语时通常不用much。⑴.I’mverypleasedatyourcoming.你来了我非常高兴。（可用much，verymuch）⑵.WewereallveryshockedbythenewsaboutKate.我们听到这一消息都感到非常震惊。（可用much，verymuch）⑶.HeisaveryexperiencedEnglishteacher.她是个很有经验的英语老师。（不用much）⑷.Heworeaverysurprisedexpressionathearingthenews.听到这个消息，他脸上露出惊讶的表情。（不用much）常见的分词有：pleased,surprised,tired,excited,shocked,complicated,disappointed,exhausted,experienced,worried,ashamed,amazed,bored,delighted,frightened,talented等。4).very与the,this,that,one’s等连用修饰名词，表示“正是，恰好是”之意。⑴.You"retheverypersonweneedforthejob.你正是我们要找的人。⑵.Itwasinthisveryroomthatthetragedytookplace.悲剧就发生在这个房间。⑶.Hisveryservantslookdownuponhim.连他的佣人们都瞧不起他。5).修饰动词、过去分词和比较级，可用much，也可用verymuch，但不可用very。⑴.Iverymuchenjoyedtheconcert.我很欣赏那场音乐会。（不可用very）⑵.Mywifedoesn’tlikebeefmuch.我太太不大喜欢牛肉。（不可用very，也不用verymuch）⑶.Thefinancialsituationseemstobemuch/verymuchimproved.财政情况似乎已大为改善。（不可用very）7).修饰以a开头的形容词用(very)much，不用very。（详见本节一.1）三.过关题1.Alicewas______girltoexpressherself.A.amuchtooshyB.toomuchshyaC.soshyaD.muchtooshya2.---Doyouthinktheweatherisgoodenoughforaclimbing?---Yes,youcouldn’thopefor______atthistimeoftheyear.A.anicedayB.thenicedayC.thenicestdayD.anicerday3.Tooursurprise,thepeoplepresentattheexhibitionwere_________wehadexpected.A.astwicemanyasB.twicemorethanC.moretwicethanD.thesametwiceas4.---Johnisn’tdiligentandhisgradesarefalling.---SoitiswithPeter.Heworks_______thanJohn.A.harderB.noharderC.notharderD.farharder5.Inmyopinion,heis_______themostimaginativeofallthecontemporarypoets.A.byfarB.quiteC.veryD.rather6.Weare______movedbecauseMr.Smithalwaysprepareshislesson______intothenight.A.deeply,deeplyB.deep,deepC.deeply,deepD.deep,deeply7.---WhatdoyouthinkofZhangLiangying’sEnglishsongs?---Veryattractiveandlively.AlmostnootherSuperGirlscansing_______atpresent,Ithink.A.WellB.bestC.betterD.thebest8.IdoubtwhetherIwillcometolistentohisspeechnexttime．Itcouldn’thavebeen______infact． A.sobadB.anygoodC.anyworseD.thebest9.Paperproducedeveryyearis_____theworld’sproductionofvehicle.A.thethreetimesweightofB.threetimestheweightofC.morethanthreetimesheavyofD.threetimesasheavy10.The______housesmellsasifithasn"tbeenlivedinforyears.A.littlewhitewoodenB.littlewoodenwhiteC.whitewoodenlittleD.woodenwhitelittle11.Asarecently-divorcedmanwithtwolittlechildren,Iwasdeterminedtogivethem_______possible.A.ahomelifesonormalandstableasB.asnormalandstableahomelifeasC.asanormalandstableashomelifeD.astablehomelifeasnormalas12.______,thepeopleinJiujiangCity,JiangxiProvincerecoveredfromtheeffortsoftheearthquakequickly.A.StrongandunitedB.StronglyandunitedlyC.BestrongandunitedD.Becausestrongandunite13.It’sdifficultforastudentof_______intelligencetomeettherequirementsofaworld-leadinguniversity.A.naturalB.averageC.middleD.normal14.Itwasrainingheavily.LittleMaryfeltcold,soshestood_tohermother.A．CloseB．closelyC．closedD．closing15.Allthepeople______atthepartywerehissupporters.A.PresentB.thankfulC.interestingD.ImportantAnswer:1DDBBA6CCCBA11BABAA时态和语态过去现在和将来，都有时态和语态；开口说话少不了，下笔行文更重要；时态语态讲规则，规则时常有例外；考前热身理个清，考场从容好放心。一.一般现在时和现在进行时1．一般现在时用来表示习惯性﹑经常性或固定不变的动作或状态。现在进行时主要用来表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。⑴.Helikesreadingnovels.HeisreadingHarryPorternow.他喜欢看小说，现在正在看《哈里波特》。⑵.Mr.Smithoftentravels.HeisvisitingBeijingthisweek.史密斯先生经常旅行，这周他正在北京旅游。2．一般现在时还可用来表示客观规律或真理；在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态也要用一般现在时。⑴.Thegeographyteachertoldusthatthesunrisesintheeast.地理老师告诉我们太阳从东边升起。⑵.Practicemakesperfect.熟能生巧⑶.Whenhearrives,we’llgoouttomeethim.当他到达时，我们将出去迎接他。⑷.Iwillnotgobacktomyhometownifitrainstomorrow.如果明天下雨我将不回家乡了。3．现在进行时可用来表示感情色彩；一些短暂性动词如start,leave,come,go,move, return等和延续性动词如play,stay,fly等的进行时可表示将来。⑴.Heisalwayshelpingothers.他总是乐于助人。⑵.Sheisconstantlycomplainingofherworkinghard.她老是不断地抱怨她工作辛苦。⑶.Whoareyouplayingthegamewith?你们将和谁比赛？二.一般过去时和现在完成时1．一般过去时表示“在现在时刻之前已经结束的动作或状态，或过去经常重复的动作。”严格地说，过去时所说的事与现在无关，它只是在叙说或回忆过去发生的事。2．现在完成时中的动作也是过去发生的，但它叙说的目的是强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的结果或影响，是借过去说现在。⑴.Isawthefilm“GoneWiththeWind”severalyearsago.（回忆过去曾看过这部电影）⑵.Ihaveseenthefilm“GoneWiththeWind”.（为了说明：现在我了解这部电影）⑶.Helivedherefiveyearsago.(只能说明他五年前在这儿住过。)⑷.Hehaslivedhereforfiveyears.(五年前开始，一直住这儿，现在还住这儿)特别提醒：①如果句子中有过去时间状语，一定用一般过去时或过去进行时。以when发问的问句不可用现在完成时。②如果句子中有以下时间状语则要用现在完成时：sofar(迄今为止),since(自从…以来),todate(到目前为止),for/in/over/duringthepastfewyears,inthelastfewyears（近几年来）等。⑴.ThistimelastweekwewereplayingbasketballwithClass6.昨天这个时候我们在和六班的学生打篮球。⑵.Emmawentabroadayearago,andwehaven"tseenhersince.艾玛一年前出国了，从此我们再也没见过她。⑶.Sofarwehavefinishedhalfourwork.到目前为止，我们完成了工作的一半。三.过去完成时与将来完成时1．过去完成时最主要的用法是表示“过去某一时刻或某一动作以前发生的动作或完成的状态”，是“过去的过去”。⑴.Hetoldmehehadbeentomanyplacesofinterestallovertheworld.他告诉我他曾经到过世界很多名胜。⑵.Bythetimewefoundhim,hehadbeeninthecaveforanhour.我们发现他时，他已经在山洞里呆了一小时。特殊用法：一些表示愿望打算的词，如hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等，用过去完成时表示过去想做而未曾实现的愿望打算或意图。如：⑴.IhadhopedtoseemoreofShanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿）⑵.Ihadmeanttohelpyou,butIwastoobusyatthatmoment.我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙。⑶.Ihadthoughtyouwouldcometomorrow.我原以为你明天才来呢。2．将来完成时表示到将来某个时间将已经完成的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有：“by+将来时间”。⑴.Bynextmonth,Colinwillhavepublished7novels.到下个月为止，Colin将出版了七本书。⑵.BynextJanuary,theSmithswillhavebeeninChinafor2years.到明年一月份，史密斯夫妇在中国就已经呆了两年了。四．过去进行时表示过去某个时刻或过去某个阶段正在进行的动作，如： （1）Whatwereyoudoingatthistimeyesterdayafternoon?你昨天下午这时在干什么？（2）Thosedayswewerebuildingahouse.那几天我们在盖房子。过去进行时还可以描绘事情发生的背景，即：过去某时刻A动作正在进行，B动作在A动作进行的过程中发生了，A动作就是B动作的背景。如：（3）Hesleptwhenhewasreading.他读着读着书就睡着了。（4）Heburnthisfingerwhenhewascooking.他在做饭时烫伤了手指。四．现在完成进行时表示从过去某个时刻到现在一直进行的一个动作，这个动作可能仍进行，也可能停止了一会儿，也可能还要进行下去。如：（1）Ihavebeenteachingfor20years.（2）Myshoehasbeenpressingagainstmyfoot.五．将来进行时表示在将来某个时间或某段时间正在进行的动作。(1)Iwon"tbefreeFridaymorning.I"llbeseeingafriendoff.(2)Howmuchlongerwillyoubeneedingthisdictionary?六．一般将来时可以用下面几种形式表示将来时。（1）I"llleaveforHongKongtomorrow.（2）Ifitrains,wewillputoffthesportsmeet.（3）HeisgoingtomeetMrBrownattheairport.（4）Weareabouttoleave,sothereisnotimetovisithernow.（5）Thegirlsaretogotoschoolnextweek.（6）TheplaneforBeijingtakesoffat8am.（7）Theplaneistakingoffinnotime,Pleasebefastened.八.不用被动语态的动词1.表示状态特征的联系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear+形容词/名词（构成系表结构）⑴.Thesteelfeelscold.钢摸上去是冷的。⑵.Hisplanproved(tobe)practical.他的计划被证明是可行的。2.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词如read,write,act,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink等，一般不单独使用，常加上一个修饰语。如：⑴.Ilikethispenverymuch.Itwritessmoothly.我喜欢这支笔，它写起来很流畅。⑵.Thecoatdrieseasily.这外套易干。3.表示“开始”“结束”“运动”的动词，如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,move,run用主动形式表示被动意思。⑴.Theshopclosesat6p.m.everyday.这家商店每天下午六点钟关门。⑵.Workbeganat7o’clockthismorning.每天上午七点开始工作。4.当want,need,require作“需要”讲时，后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，动名词与句子的主语之间在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：Thehouseneeds/wants/requiresrepairing.(=toberepaired)这屋子需要打扫了。五.过关题⑴.You’dbetternotcallthemanagerbetween7and8thisevening,forhe_______animportantmeetingthen.A.willhaveB.wouldhaveC.willbehavingD.willhavehad ⑵.I_______tabletennisverywell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincehalfayearago.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play⑶.Youhavetowaittilltomorrow,whenourmanager_______back..A.willcomeB.comesC.cameD.come⑷.ThefirsttimeImether,she______inthegarden.A.workedB.wasworkingC.hadworkedD.wouldwork⑸.---Haveyougotanynewsaboutthemissingchild?--Thevillagers_____thehillnearby.A.havebeensearchingB.aresearchingforC.searchedD.weresearching⑹.Thecompany______ariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappenedyet.A.hasbeenpromisingB.haspromisedC.promisedD.promises⑺.ItissaidthatAndersen(1805-1875),thegreatDanishwriter,_inthesmallvillageforyears.A.wouldliveB.haslivedC.hadlivedD.lived⑻.ThenovelHarryPotterwrittenbyJ.K.Rowlingsellsbest,butfiveyearsagonoonecouldhaveimaginedhowgreataroleshe______intheliteraryworld.A.wasplayingB.wastoplayC.hadplayedD.played⑼.She_inourschoolbeforeshewasadmittedtoBeijingUniversity.A.wouldstudyB.hasstudiedC.studiedD.wasstudying⑽.---Haven’tyoufinishedyourworkinthewesternareaasavolunteer?---Yes.I_thereforfiveyears.A.StayedB.havestayedC.hadstayedD.stay⑾.---HaveyouseenPeterrecently?---Yes,infactIsawhimthismorning.I_______himfor2years.A.haven’tseenB.hadn’tseenC.didn’tseeD.don’tsee⑿.ThemayorofBeijingsaysthatallconstructionworkfortheOlympics_______completedbytheendof2006.A.willhavebeenB.hasbeenC.willbeD.has⒀.---Howlong______inBeijing,Bob?---Justfortheweekend.Andthenwe’llgobacktoNewYorkonSundayevening.A.haveyoustayedB.haveyoubeenstayingC.areyoustayingD.didyoustay⒁.---What’sthematter,Alice?Youlooktired.---Oh,nothingmuch.Asamatteroffact,I_______ofmyfriendsbackhome.A.justthoughtB.havejustbeenthinkingC.wasjustthinkingD.havejustthought⒂.Afterheleftcollege,hewasemployedinaninternationalcompanyand_______thereeversince.A.workedB.hasworkedC.hadworkedD.wasworkingAnswer1CDABA6ADBCA11BACCB复合句复合句，既是重点又是难点，更是高考热点。有关它的内容，不得不看；有关它的试题，不可不做。考前做一做，考中得分多。一．定语从句 1.关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中必须作一成份，若作宾语可省，其它情况不可省；这些关系代词与先行词有同等关系（whose是所属关系），但其本身已失去了它们原有的词义。that不再是“那个”,which不再是“哪一个”,who和whom不再是“谁”,whose也不再是“谁的”意思了。⑴.ThisisthetreethatIplantedthreeyearsago.这是我三年前种的树。⑵.I"vegotabookwhichwaswrittenbyLuxun.我得到一本鲁迅写的书。Theyliveinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth．（指物）他们住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。⑶.=Theyliveinahousethewindowsofwhichfacesouth．=Theyliveinahouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth．2.“介词+关系代词”和关系副词在定语从句中，①当介词提前时，介词后的关系代词只能用which（指物）,whom（指人）,whose表所属关系，指人也可指物），且不可省略。②当“介词+which”在定语从句中充当地点状语时，可用where替换；当“介词+which”在定语从句中充当时间状语时，可用when替换；当“介词+which”在定语从句中充当原因状语时，可用why替换。在英语里，when,where,why叫做关系副词。which指物充当地点状语时，可用where介词+whom指人介词+which充当时间状语时，可用whenwhose表所属关系充当原因状语时，可用why⑴.Theywenttoavillage,infrontofwhichtherewasamountain.他们去了一个村子，村子前有一座山。⑵.Thereisanoldmanthere,besidewhomstandsalittleboy.那儿有个老人，在他旁边站着个小男孩。⑶.Thisisthehouseinwhich/whereIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住的房子。⑷.Doyourememberthedayonwhich/whenyoujoinedourclub?你还记得你参加我们俱乐部的那一天吗？特别提醒：当whose指物时，whose+名词=ofwhich+the+名词（或=the+名词+ofwhich）⑴.Thereisatreestandingthere,whoseleaves(=theleavesofwhich/ofwhichtheleaves)haveturnedyellow.那儿有一棵树，树叶子已经变黄了。⑵.Weledtheforeignerstoanothervillage,whosebuildings(=thebuildingsofwhich)weremoremodern.我们领着外宾去了另一个村庄，那里的住宅更现代化。3.在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词（短语或句子）所表示的信息，形成“介词+which+名词”结构。如：⑴.Hewasveryill,inwhichcasewesenthimtohospitalfirst.他生病了，在这种情况下我们首先送他去了医院。⑴.Shelosthertemper,atwhichpointIdecidedtogobackhome.她发脾气了，这时候我就决定回家了。⑵.Mikewasastudentattheuniversityfrom1998to2004,duringwhichtimehestudiedveryhardandwasmadechairmanoftheStudents’Union.Mike自1998至2004年在这所大学学习，期间他学习很用功并当选了学生会主席。4.as,which引导的非限定性定语从句在由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句中，as和which可代替整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。as可在主句前、主句中，也可在主句后，且有词义：“正如…一样，像…”；但which 只能放在主句后。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。⑴.Smokingisharmfultoone"shealth，asweknow.Smoking,asweknow,isharmfultoone"shealth.⑵.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.　太阳给地球加热，这对于我们很重要。5.非限定性定语从句不可用that引导,通常也不用why引导，其它关系词皆可。⑴.Hissister,wholivedinanothercity,wascomingtovisithim.他姐姐要来看他了，她住在另一个城市。⑵.IloveBeijing,whereIwasborn.我爱北京，我出生在那儿。6.that可以作关系副词用　that可以在表示时间、地点、理由、方式的名词time,day,year,moment,place,reason,way等后面引导定语从句，此时的that是关系副词，相当于when,where和why并常可省略。例如：⑴.I’llneverforgettheday(that/when)youfirstarrivedhere.我永远也忘不了你刚来这里的那一天。⑵.Theway(that/inwhich)heworkedouttheproblemattractedme.他解这道题的方法吸引了我。⑶.Wewereledtotheplace(that/where)thehomelesspeoplelived.我们被领着去看了无家可归的人的住所。⑷.Thereason(that/why/forwhich)hefailedthegamewaslackofself-confidence.他输了这场比赛是因为他缺少自信心。7．关系代/副词的选择技巧选择技巧：⑴.试着将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，并判断它做什么成分。⑵.如果做主语，宾语或表语，那一定用关系代词；如果做状语，那一定用关系副词；如果从句中某一名词与先行词有所属关系则用whose。⑶.如果先行词前面加上介词才可作状语，则用“介词+which”或者用关系副词。二．名词性从句(宾语从句，主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）1.that引导的名词性从句that在引导名词从句时①无任何词义。②在名词从句中不充当任何成份。③引导宾语从句常可以省略，引导其它从句时不可省。④that引导的从句是陈述一个事实，因此，它不在含有“疑问”的句子中引导名词性从句。如：⑴.ThattheyaregoodatEnglishisknowntousall.他们擅长英语我们都知道。⑵.Theproblemisthatwedon’thaveenoughmoney.问题是我们没有足够的钱。⑶.SheexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometoChinaoneday.她表达了将来有一天来中国的希望。⑷.Hejudgedthat,becausehewasachild,hedidnotunderstandwine.他断定，因为他是个孩子，他不懂酒。⑸.Everyoneknewwhathappenedandthatshewasworried.每人都知道发生了什么和她很着急。特别提醒：①that一般不可引导介词后的宾语从句（inthat,exceptthat,butthat除外）。②当that从句和主句之间有插入语时，that不可省略；③当that从句与它前面的另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，that不能省。 2.what引导的名词性从句what引导的从句一定是名词性从句。what引导名词性从句时①必须充当句子成分，且常做主语、宾语和表语。②它有一定的词义，陈述“什么（事）”或“…的”。③不可省略。⑴.Whatweneedismoretime.(做宾语)我们所需要的是更多的时间。⑵.Peoplewereperhapsmorehonestalongtimeagowhenlifewasverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.(做表语)很久以前当生活与现在的生活完全不同时，人们或许更诚实。⑶.Whetherwayswillbefoundtostoppollutionornotisjustwhatworriesthepublic.(做主语)是否能找到阻止污染的方法就是所令民众担心的事儿。3.which引导的名词性从句which在名词从句中①必须作一成分②有词义：“哪一个”③不可省略。例如：⑴.Whichsidewillwinisnotclear.哪一边会赢还不清楚。⑵.Hecan’ttellwhichmethodcanbeusedfortheexperiment.他不清楚哪个方法能被用于这个实验。⑶.Thequestioniswhichteamwillwinthechampion.问题是哪个队将赢得冠军。⑷.Ihavenoideawhichclassheisin.我不知道他在哪个班。4.whether与if引导的名词性从句whether和if都可以引导名词性从句，表示“是否”,但是①引导介词后的宾语从句时，用whether,不用if。②引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，用whether不用if。③在whetherornot结构中，不可用if替换。（4）直接加todo时用whether(5)discuss后用whether.⑴.Everythingdependsonwhetherthesituationwillimprove.一切取决于形势是否好转。⑵.Idon"tknowwhetherornothe"llcome.我不知道他是来还是不来。⑶.Whetherwe"llgodependsontheweather.我们去还是不去要看天气而定。⑷.Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.问题是这是否值得做。⑸.Therewassomedoubtwhetherhewasqualifiedforhisjob.他是否能胜任他的工作有一些疑问。（6）Shedoesn"tknowwhethertogetmarriednoworwait.她不知道是现在结婚还是再等等。（7）Wearediscussingwhetherwecanfinishtheworkontime.我们正在讨论是否能按时完成工作。5.Who/whoever，which/whichever，what/whatever的用法区别特别提醒：①who/which引导从句时，是在疑问：“谁，哪一个”，而whoever/whichever引导从句时，不是疑问而是在陈述：“无论谁/无论哪一个”。②what引导名词性从句时，可以是陈述，表示：“…的事物”，也可以是疑问，表示“什么”。而whatever引导名词性从句时，只表示陈述，意思是：“无论什么”。⑴.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildwhateverheorshewants.无论孩子要什么就给他/她什么通常被认为是不明智的⑵.Ican’trememberatthemomentwhathehassaid.　在此刻我不记得他说了什么话。（what在陈述：“…的”）⑶.Weallwonderedwhathadcausedhisfailure.我们都想知道是什么导致了他的失败。（what在疑问：“什么”）⑶.Ihavenoideawhichclassheisin.我不知道他在哪个班级。(which是在疑问：“哪一个”)⑷.Herearetea,coffeeandwine.Youcantakewhicheveryouprefer.这儿有茶、咖啡、酒。你可以任何你喜欢的。(whichever不是疑问,而是陈述：anyofthethree).⑸.Whoneedshelpisn’tclear.谁需要帮助还不清楚。（who是在疑问：“谁”） ⑹.Whoeverneedshelpcanphoneus.无论谁需要帮助都可以打电话给我们。（whoever不是在疑问，而是在陈述:anyonewho,“任何…人”）。6.引导同位语从句与定语从句的that的区别。从语义上看，同位语从句是对它前面的名词的内容作补充说明。而定语从句是对它前面的名词起修饰限定作用。从语法上看，引导同位语从句的that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，且不能省略；而引导定语从句的that除了起连接作用外，还在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。作宾语时可省，作其它成分时不可省。例如：⑴.TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(同位语从句)他们表达了再次来拜访中国的愿望。⑵.Thehope(that)sheexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.（定语从句）她表达的希望是他们能再次拜访中国。特别提醒：可以引导同位语从句的连词并不是只有that，除了if不可引导以外，还有许多表示疑问的连词：whether,when,where,which,why,who,whom,how等等。例如：⑴.Heraisedaquestionwhywewouldreducetheinvestmentinthenewproject.他提出了一个问题，为什么我们要减少对这一工程的投资。⑵.Therewassomedoubtwhetherhewasqualifiedforhisjob.他是否能胜任他的工作有一些疑问。三.状语从句1.时间状语从句和条件状语从句时间状语从句的引导词有：assoonas,as,when,while,theinstant，thesecond,themoment，theminute，theday，theyear，each/everytime，nexttime，thefirst（second，last）time，bythetime,directly，immediately，等。条件状语从句的引导词有：if，unless，when（如果），suppose，supposing，giventhat，incase（常在主句前），onconditionthat，as/solongas等。特别提醒：①如果主句是一般将来时，那么，从句谓语要用一般现在时或现在完成时来表示将来。②记住固定句式：“nosooner…than-从句”和“hardly/scarcely…when-从句”，意思都是“一…就”。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。⑴.Iwillstayhereuntiltherainstops.我将呆在这儿一直到雨停下.⑵.WewillholdthesportsmeetingthisFridayunlessitrains.如果天不下雨,我们将在周五举办运动会。⑴.Don’tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.直到汽车停下才下车.⑵.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.我一到家天就下雨了。⑶.EverytimeIwasintrouble,hewouldcometohelpmeout.每次我处于困境中，他总会来帮助我。2.目的状语从句中谓语动词的形式常用来引导目的状语从句的引导词有sothat，inorderthat，incase等。从句的谓语常由“can／could，may／might＋动词原形”构成，有时也用“shall／should，will／would＋动词原形”。其中should相当于might表示“可能”而不是“应该”。⑴.Hespokeloudlyinorderthathecouldbeheardbythepeopleattheback.他大声说话，为了能使后面的人听到.⑵.Heworkedreallyhardsothathecouldcatchupwithhisclassmates.为了赶上同学，他的确很用功。(3).IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.如果我忘了，请提醒我。（条件从句） (4).I’llgetsomebeerincasemyfriendcomes.我要弄些啤酒来，可能我的朋友要来。（目的状语从句）(5).I’vedrawnsomemoneyfromthebankincaseyoushouldneedit.我从银行取了些钱来，以防你要用。（目的状语从句）(6).Incasethewallshouldcollapse,theyfledthebuilding.他们怕墙倒塌，便逃离了这幢大楼。（目的状语从句）(7)Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthelasttrain.他动身很早，以防误了最后一班车。3.让步状语从句让步状语从句的引导词有：although,though,as,evenif/though,nomatter+wh-从句(或wh-ever-从句),while,when,如：⑴.Although/thoughitwasraininghard,theywentonplayingfootball.虽然雨下得很大,他们还继续踢足球。⑵.Nomatterwhat/Whateveryoudo,Iwillsupportyou.无论你做什么,我都支持你。⑶.EvenifIknowtheanswer,Iwon’ttellyou.即使我知道答案，我也不告诉你。特别提醒：as引导让步状语从句时，必须要倒装,结构是：“n./adj./adv./v.+as+主语+谓语”。有时可用though替换as。动词提前时必须用原形，且主语后要加助动词。⑴.Childas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.虽然他是个孩子，他知道很多。⑵.Muchas/thoughIlikeit,Iwon’tbuyit,forit’stooexpensive.我虽然很喜欢它，我不买它，因为它很贵。⑶.ObjecttotheplanasIdid，Icarrieditout.我虽然反对这个计划，可我还是执行了。（4）Tryhardashemight,hefailedagain.尽管很努力，他又失败了。4.when/where可引导状语从句，也可引导定语从句和名词性从句⑴.1988istheyearwhenIwasborn.1988年是我出生的年份。(定语从句)⑵.Iwanttoknowwhentheywillarrive.我要知道他们什么时候到达。(宾语从句)⑶.Whenfathercameback,mybrotherpretendedtobedoinghishomework.(时间状语从句)当爸爸回来时，我弟弟假装正在做作业。⑷.ThatisthefactorywhereIworkedlastyear.(定语从句)那是我去年工作的工厂。⑸.ThisiswhereIlivedyearsago.这是我几年前住的地方.(表语从句)⑹.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成。(地点状语从句)⑺.HowcanIpersuadehimwhenhewillnotlistentome?既然他不愿听，我怎么能说服他呢？(原因状语从句)⑻.Hewalkswhenhemighttakeataxi.他虽然可以乘出租车，却总是步行。(让步状语从句)⑼.Don’tgoswimmingwhenyouhaven’teverlearnthowto.如果你没学过游泳，别去游。(条件状语从句)5.so…that和sothatso…that…引导结果状语从句，表示：如此…以至于…。sothat…引导结果状语从句和目的状语从句。⑴.Heissofatthathecan’tgetthroughthedoor.他如此胖一致不能通过这扇门。⑵.Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.(目的状语从句)他早点起床以便能赶上早班车。⑶.Hegotupearlysothathecaughttheearlybus.(结果状语从句)他早点起床结果能赶上了早班车。6.such…that…引导结果状语从句，such…as…/（so…as…）引导定语从句判断用that还是as,只要看到底是结果状语从句还是定语从句， 即看从句的结构是否完整。如果从句缺了主语或宾语就是定语从句；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句。⑴.Heissuchagoodboythateveryonelikeshim.(不缺句子成分，that引导结果状语从句)他是这么好的一个男孩以至每个人都喜欢他。⑵.Heissuchagoodboyaseveryonelikes.(likes缺宾语,用as充当并引导定语从句)他是一个让每人都喜欢的男孩。⑶.Thegreatwhitesharkissofierceafishaseatsmostoftheothers.(as充当eats的主语，并引导定语从句)大白沙是如此凶猛的鱼它能吃大多数其它的鱼。（4）SuchapersonasLuxunisworthadmiring.像鲁迅那样的人是值得敬佩的。四.强调句及其相关句型1.强调句是对普通句子的某一部分（谓语除外）进行强调而产生的特殊句式，结构为：“Itis/was+被强调部分+that+句子的其余部分”或“Itis/was+sb.+who(m)/that+句子的其余部分”.①强调句的陈述句⑴.ItwasJuliathat/whodrewabeautifulpicturetheotherday.是朱莉娅前几天画了一幅漂亮的画。⑵.ItwasabeautifulpicturethatJuliadrewtheotherday.朱莉娅前几天画的是一幅漂亮的画。②强调句的一般疑问句⑴.WasitJuliawho/thatdrewabeautifulpicturetheotherday?是朱莉娅前几天画了一幅漂亮的画吗？⑵.WasitabeautifulpicturethatJuliadrewtheotherday?朱莉娅前几天画的是一幅漂亮的画吗？③强调句的特殊疑问句⑴.Whowasitthatdrewabeautifulpicturetheotherday?是谁前几天画了一幅漂亮的画？⑵.WhatwasitthatJuliadrewtheotherday?朱莉娅前几天画的是什么？2.如果对“not…until”句型中的“until部分”进行强调，必须将not提前：⑴.Itwasnotuntilhisteacherexplainedittohimthatheunderstoodthesentence.只到老师向他解释了以后，他才理解这个句子。3.被强调部分可以是从句：⑴.ItwasashewalkedintotheofficewithafrozensmilethatIsensedhimtobeannoyed.是当他带着僵硬的笑走进办公室时我才意识到生气了。⑵.Itwasbecausetheywereeagertoviewtheexoticlandscapesthattheoldcoupletraveledabroad.是因为他们渴望看异国风光那对老年夫妇才到外国去旅游的。4.类似句型：①Itis+段时间+since-从句（谓语：短暂动词过去时）,表示：（…多久了）。如果从句谓语动词是延续性动词，则时间从状态结束算起。表示：“不…已经多久了”。⑴.Itis3yearssinceLincolnsettledinthetownteaching.林肯定居在这个镇教书已经3年了。⑵.Itistenyearssincehelivedhere.他不住这儿已经10年了。②“It+willbe+段时间+before-从句(一般现在时)”和“Itwas+段时间+before-从句(一般过去时)”表示：“要过/过了…才…”⑴.ItwillbehalfayearbeforeKatecomesbackfromabroad.凯特还要过半年才从国外回来。⑵.Itwas2yearsbeforetheearthquake-strickencityreturnedtonormal.过了两年那个被地震袭击的城市才恢复正常。③Itwas/willbe+点时间+when/before/after-从句(其中it表时间) ⑴.Itwillbe5pm.whenwefinishthework.当我们完成工作时将要是下午5点了。⑵.Itwas3pm.whenshearrivedhereandtoldusthegoodnews.当她到达这儿告诉我们这个好消息时是下午3点。④Itis/was+adj./n.+that-从句/wh-从句(it为形式主语)⑴.ItwasstrangethatsheshouldhavebeatenJane.她竟然打败了Jane真是奇怪。⑵.Itisaquestionwhethertheplanwillworkoutwell.是否这个计划结果很好还是一个问题。五.过关题1.London,______severalyearsago,isaniceoldcity.A.thatIvisitedB.whichIvisitedC.whereIvisitedD.inwhichIvisited2.Thetobaccowasfirstgrownin______isnowpartoftheUnitedStates.A.whereB.whatC.theplaceD.which3.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers_______shehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that4.Therearemanycases_______peoplegetcheatedintheirlife.A.whyB.whichC.asD.where5.Asdaysgoon,wethinkthatBeijingwillbecome________thewholeworldpaycloseattentionto.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.what6.Heaskedtheman_______heworkedtocontacthimwheneverhewasintrouble.A.withhimB.whoC.withwhomD.whom7.Moneyandpower,________manypeopleareseeking,are_______othershate.A.afterthem;whatB.bywhich;whichC.afterwhich;whatD.onwhich;where8.LatelyIboughtasecond-handcar,_______wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.it’spriceD.thepriceofwhose9.Weplayedoutsidetillsunset,________itbegantorain. A.when  B.while  C.yet    D.so10.Thisresearchisimportant________itreferstothesafetyoffood.A.asforB.forwhichC.inthatD.becausethat11.Newtechnologyisgivinghimhope_______hemightleadalifewithalittlemoreindependence.A.whatB./C.thatD.which12.Kitty’sparentswishhertobeateacher,________shedoesn’twanttobeinstead.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whom13.Kateisreally_______hercolleagueswanthertobeinthefaceofsetbacks.A.whatB.thatC.whoD.whoever14.Itwaslateintheafternoon_______wereachedthelittlevillage.A.whichB.untilC.sinceD.before15.There’safeelinginme_______we’llneverseeeachotheragain—notever.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.what16.It’simportanttomakeitaruletoleavethings_______youcanfindthemagain.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.there17.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,_______infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whomB.whereC.whileD.which 18.Ishallkeepmymobilephonealltheday______mybosslooksforme.A.incase　　B.nomatter　　C.inanycase　　D.eversince19.Don"tbeafraidofaskingforhelp______itisneeded.　A.unlessB.before　C.althoughD.when20.Iliketheskirtatthefirstsight.I’llbuyit,_______.A.howmuchmayitcostB.nomatterhowitmaycostC.howevermuchitmaycostD.howmayitcost21.Thefamousscientistgrewup______hewasbornandin1930hecametoShanghai.　A.whenB.wheneverC.whereD.wherever22---Mum,I"vefinishedmyhomework.　---Good,and_______youplayorwatchTV,youmustn"tdisturbme.　A.wheneverB.whether　　C.whateverD.nomatter23.IsHongKong_______youspentyoursummerholiday?A.whereB.inwhichC.theplaceD.that24._______hewasabsentIwasexpectedtotakehisplacegreatlysurprisedme,forIdidn’thavemuchworkexperience.　A.ThatifB.IfthatC.ThatD.If25.Ihopetomakefriendswith______sharesmyinterests.A.whoB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwhoAnswer1BBADD6CCBAC11CCADA16BCADC21CBAAC非谓语动词非谓语动词，年年考，变着考，实在太重要；形式多，作用大，处处少不了；不求精，只为熟，熟能生巧还省脑。非谓语动词即在句子中不单独充当谓语而作其它成分的动词。它是英语语法的重点和难点。一.作主语⑴.Workingintheseconditionsisnoeasyjob.在这种状况下工作绝不是一件容易的事。⑵.Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.(不可用He和Him)他来这里（对我们）是一个很大的帮助。⑶.Jack’ssuddenlydisappearingmadethemworried.(不可用Jack)杰克的突然消失使得他们很担心。⑷.Havingstudiedcomputerisanimportantqualificationforthejob.学了电脑知识对这份工作来说是一个重要的资历。⑸.Theirbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtotheiruneasiness.(不可用They和Them)主人忽略他们增加了他们的不安。特别提醒：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。动名词作主语还可以有完成式、被动式。二.作宾语mind（介意）,miss（错过）,enjoy（享受…的乐趣）,can’thelp（忍不住）,avoid（避免）,appreciate（感激）,risk（冒险）,finish（完成）,escape（逃避）,practise（练习）,suggest（建议）,stand(忍受),keep（保持）,delay（推迟，延期）,imagine(想象),report (报道)等这些动词的后面通常用动名词。（记住“mecarfeps”，顺口溜：“霉咖啡不吃”。）⑴.Doyoumindmy/mereadingyourpaper?你介意我看你的考卷吗？⑵.Shedoesn’tlikeMary(Mary’s)talkingthatway.她不喜欢玛丽那样讲话。⑶.Theycouldn’tstandbeingtreatedlikethat.他们不能忍受被那样对待。⑷.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.(not须放在having前)我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。⑸.Ihavenoideaoftheirhavingdonesuchathing.我不知道他们已经做了这样的事。⑹.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.我不记得曾经给予了实验这种办法的机会。⑺.Irememberhisnothavingtoldusaboutthematter.(not要放在his的后面having的前面)特别提醒：动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，带逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。而且作宾语的动名词也可以有完成式、被动式；也可以带宾语、状语。三.作定语非谓语动词作定语一般要跟在名词后。todosth.与被修饰的名词有①主谓关系②动宾关系doingsth.表示：①正在进行的动作②经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态③即将发生的动作名词+tobedone表示将要被做done表示已经完成的被动动作beingdone表示正在发生的被动动作⑴.We’dbetterfindsomeworkforthechildrentodo.我们最好找些事情让孩子们来做。⑵.Heisthefirstonetohelpmewithcomputer.他是第一个帮我学电脑的。⑶.Sheboughtabookshelftoputherbookson.她买了一只书架来放书。⑷.Yourabilitytoanalyzetheproblemreallysurprisedus.你的分析问题的能力真让我们感到惊奇。⑸.Theplantobemadeisofvitalimportance.将要制定的计划很重要。⑹.Doyouhaveanythingtosend?你有什么东西要送吗？（是主语you送）Doyouhaveanythingtobesent?你有什么东西要送吗？(不是主语you送，是别人送)⑺.Barkingdogsseldombite.吠狗不咬人。⑻.Thebuildingbeingconstructedwillbeusedasalibrary.在建的大楼将被用作图书馆。⑼.Thesuggestionsenttothecommitteewasadopted.送给委员会的建议被采纳了。特别提醒：用现在分词短语作定语时表示：①正在进行的动作（变为从句时需用进行时态）或一个即将发生的动作。②经常性动作或现在（或当时）存在的状态（变为从句时用一般时态）。③分词的完成式“having(been)done”不可以做定语。⑴.Cometomorrowandgivetheapplicationtothemansitting(whowillbesitting)atthedesk.⑵.Doyouknowthenumberofpeoplecoming(whowillcome)totheparty?⑶.Theyliveinaroomfacing(thatfaces)south.其他情况一般不宜用现在分词短语作定语。如：⑴.Themanwhocamethismorningisourlegaladviser.(√)Themancomingthismorningisourlegaladviser.(×)⑵.Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?(√)Isthereanyoneansweringthisquestion?(×用answering表达cananswer的意思是错的) ⑶.Thosewhohavefinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(√)Thosehavingfinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(×)四.作状语1．非谓语动词作状语必须遵守的基本原则：①非谓语动词必须和主语有逻辑上的一致关系：主谓（主动）关系或动宾（被动）关系。②与谓语动词所表示的动作在时间上的关系：先，后，或是同时。⑴.Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(不一致×)⑵.Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(一致√)⑶.Depressed,hewenttoseehiselderbrother.(先。但不强调)因为感到很难过，所以他去见他哥哥。⑷.Havinglivedinthecityformanyyears,heknewitverywell.(先，且强调)生活在城里很多年了，所以他很了解它。不定式：⑴.todo表示目的和结果⑵.only+todo表示意想不到的结果doingsth.与谓语动词同时发生的动作（主动关系）作状语being+adj./n.常表示原因的形式：being+pp.强调与谓语动词同时发生的动作（被动关系。较少使用）和作用done已经发生的被动动作havingdone先于谓语动词发生的动作（主动关系）havingbeendone先于谓语动词发生的动作（被动关系）⑴.Wefoundtheroomtoosmalltoholdsomanypeople.我们发现这房间太小，容不下那么多人。⑵.Hemadealongspeechonlytoshowisignoranceofthesubject.他做了一个很长的讲座，结果表明了他对这个主题的无知。⑶.Theboyisoldenoughtodresshimself.这个男孩年纪足够大了，可以自己穿衣服了。⑷.Beingsopoorinthosedays,wecouldn’taffordtosendtheboytohospital.在过去，我们很穷，所以我们没钱把孩子送到医院去。⑸.Beingwatchedbytheaudience,theyoungspeakerfeltverynervous.观众都注视着这为年轻的演讲者，他感到很紧张。⑹.Encouragedbythesesuccesses,theydecidedtoexpandthebusiness.由于受到了成功的鼓励，他们决定把生意做大。⑺.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.离开机场时，他们不断地向我们挥手。⑻.Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteantherlettertothem.因为没有收到回信，所以他决定再写一封信给他们。⑼.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.被老师批评后，李明戒了烟。特别提醒：①作状语时否定词not/never必须放在最前面，且此时不可用no。②不定式“todosth.”作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生，而分词一般式“doingsth”做状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。如：⑴.Heworkeddeepintothenight,preparingaspeechforthepresident.（worked与preparing同时发生）他工作到深夜为总统准备发言稿。(注意逗号)⑵.Igotupveryearlythismorningtopreparebreakfastformyfamily.（gotup先，prepare breakfast后）今晨我起得很早，要为全家人做早饭。2．too…todo和onlytoo…todo我们都知道，在一般情况下，too…todo结构具有否定意思。例如：Hewastootiredtowalkanylonger.他太累了，不能再走了。但是，在一些特殊结构中，动词不定式就再没有否定意义了。特别提醒：①当onlytoo和alltoo与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。②too+ready(apt,anxious,eager,glad,willing)+todo，其后的动词不定式不再具有否定意义，而具有肯定意义。例如：⑴.I’monlytoopleasedtohelpyou.我很高兴能帮助你。⑵.Theyarealltooenthusiastictotakepartintheactivity.他们都很热心要去参加这项活动。⑶.Sheistooreadytosuspect.她爱起疑心。⑷.Heistoowillingtoworkasavolunteer.他很愿意当志愿者。⑸.Weweretooeagertogooutforfreshair.我们很想出去吸收新鲜空气。五.作宾语补足语可用作宾语补足语的非谓语动词形式很多：dosth.todosth./tobedone动词+宾语+宾补doingsth.donebeingdone究竟用何种形式，这取决于带复合宾语的动词的特征。请记住：①使役动词have/make/let的用法：have+宾语+do/doing/done。感官动词的常用结构：感官动词+宾语+do/doing/done。常见的感官动词有：feel,hear,listento,see,observe,notice,watch,，lookat,等。可以记顺口溜：一感二听三让四看。(2)表示“知道”或“认为”的动词believe,consider,feel,know,think,suppose,understand,imagine的常用结构：动词+宾语+tobe/tohavedone/tobedoing。其中tohavedone表示先于谓语动词发生，tobedoing表示当时正在发生。特别提醒：在此结构中，不可用todo作宾补。（understand和besupposedtodosth.除外）⑴.Hesawagirlgetonthetractoranddriveoff.（用动词do作宾补表示动作的全过程已结束）Agirlwasseentogetonthetractorand(to)driveoff.(变为被动语态时，必须用带to的不定式)⑵.Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhim.他叫我和他一起做事。⑶.Weintendtheworktobefinishedaheadoftime.我们要这项工作提前完成。⑷.Suddenlyheheardsomeoneknockinggentlyonthewindow.突然他听到有人在轻地敲窗子。⑸.Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind.我感到心里卸下了一个沉重的担子。⑹.Shesawthewoundedmanbeingcarriedintothehospital.她看到那位伤员正被抬进了医院。⑺.Thefilmsoonhaduscrying.这部电影很快使我们哭了起来。⑻.Iconsiderhimtobeagoodman.我认为他是个好人。⑼.Heisthoughttobewritinganovel.人们认为他在写一本小说。⑽.Heisconsideredtohavecommittedtheft.他被认为有过偷窃行为。六.with复合结构（去掉with为独立主格结构）with复合结构常在句中充当状语和定语，是英语中的一种常见结构。它由“ with+宾语+补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。adv/prep.adj.其结构为：with+宾语+todo（与宾语有动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作）doing/beingdonedone⑴.Withthechildrenfollowinghim,hehadtogobacktothepark.由于孩子们跟着他，所以他只得回到公园去。⑵.Withtheworkfinished,hecouldgohome.工作已经做完，他可以回家了。⑶.Withsomanybookstoread,Icouldnotgoout.有这么多书要读，我不可以出去。⑷.Withtheweathersohot,theywentintohavearest.天这么热，他们进去休息了。⑸.WiththepricesofcolorTVsetsdownby50%,thecompanyhasaveryhardtime.由于彩电的价格下降了50%，所以公司的日子不好过。⑹.Hiswifecamedownthestairs,withherone-year-oldsoninherarms.他妻子从楼上下来，怀里抱着一岁大的儿子。⑺.Thestudentsstoodinlinewiththenationalflagbeingraised.学生成排站着，国旗冉冉升起。七.过关题⑴.---Whoarethose_______themselvesatthebackoftheclassroom?---Sorry,Ihaveno_______.A.sat;mindB.seated;ideaC.seating;ideaD.sitting;mind⑵.I’llmake_______hewasonceagoodsinger.A.itknownasallthatB.itknowntoallthatC.thatknowasallwhatD.thatknowtoall⑶.Thestudents,_______atthewaythequestionwasput,didn’tknowhowtoanswerit.A.beingsurprisedB.SurprisedC.SurprisingD.havingsurprised⑷.Wouldyoubesokindasto________metenminutes?A.SpendB.saveC.shareD.spare⑸.Peterdidn’tgo,becausenoonehadtoldhimabout_______alecturethefollowingday.A.theretobeB.therebeingC.therewouldbeD.therewas⑹.Isuggestedthecheat________intoprison.,A.referredtobeingputB.referredbeputC.referredtobeputD.referredshouldbeput⑺._______withsomuchdifficulty,wefailedtofinishthetaskontime.A.Faced B.Face C.Facing D.Toface⑻.Mynephewcametoseemefromthecountry,_meahandfulofgifts.A.broughtB.bringingC.tobringD.hadbrought⑼.Hemadealongspeechonly________hislackofknowledgeofthesubject.A.ShowedB.whichshowedC.toshowD.tohaveshown⑽.Theredroseslookedlikearedblanketmydesk.A.coveringB.coveredC.coverD.tocover⑾.Thecitygovernmentmusttakeaction________theincreasingpopulation.A.tocontrolB.controllingC.controlsD.controlled⑿.Themusician,_______forhissplendidspeech,waswarmlyreceivedbythestudents.A.KnownB.beingknownC.knowingD.havingknown ⒀.Ittookalongtimeforthedecisiononhowtogetacrosstheimportantmessage___.A.tomakeB.tobemadeC.makingD.beingmade⒁.________,aformmustbefilledin.A.ToaskforthisjobB.InordertogetthisjobC.MakingrequestforthisjobD.Ifyouwanttogetthisjob⒂.Thesunwasshiningbrightly,________everythingthere________morebeautiful.A.making;lookB.tomake;lookedC.andmade;lookingD.andmaking;belooked⒃.Policearenowsearchingforalittlegirlwhoisreportedto__sincetheearthquakestruckthearealastMonday.A.havebeenmissingB.havegotlostC.bemissingD.getlost⒄.Withhisson________,theoldmanfeltunhappy.A.todisappointB.tobedisappointedC.disappointingD.beingdisappointed⒅.Therestaurant,________ordinaryfood,ispopularwiththeworkersinthenearbycompanies.A.ServesB.servingC.toserveD.beingserved⒆.ItremainswhetherJacksonwillbeallowedtogoaloneforhisholiday.A.seenB.tobeseenC.seeingD.tosee⒇.Howpleasedtheemperorwas_________whatthecheatshadsaid.A.HearingB.HeardC.tohearD.HearAnswer1CBBDB6CABCA11AABDA16ACBBC情态动词你想做什么？你能做什么？你该做什么？你愿意做什么？只有学好情态动词，你的问题才能迎刃而解，你的愿望才可以实现。情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛。特别提醒：学习情态动词不可只记它们本身的词义，最重要的是要记住它们的具体用法和使用场合。一.can和could1.表示能力，有“能”、“会”、“能够”的意思。例如：⑴.Canyouswim?你会游泳吗？---Yes,Ican.我会。（---No,Ican"t.我不会。）⑵.WeaskedifthecomputercouldaccesstheInternet.我们问这台电脑是否能上网。2.表示允许，在口语中代替may，有“可以”的意思。例如：---Can/CouldIuseyourbike?　我可以用你的自行车吗？（Could更委婉）---Yes,youcan.可以。（但回答时不可用could！）3.表示可能性，即推测。①can可表示客观上存在的（或理论上的）可能性，不涉及实际上有没有、会不会发生；它不是说话者的主观认为和猜测。例如：⑴.Accidentscanhappentoanydrunkendriver.事故会发生在醉了酒的驾驶员身上。（这是一种客观存在）⑵.Smokingcancausecancer.吸烟会致癌。（这是一种客观存在）②could表示可能性即推测时，语气较委婉。可用于各种句式。用于肯定句时，可用may或might替换。否定时，也可用can’t，且语气更坚决。基本结构如下： do/be对现在或将来的推测（可用may/might）could+肯定句have+done本来可以⑴.Hecould(may,might)beamanofcharacter,buthecan’t(couldn’t)beamanofability.他可能是个有品格的人，但他不是个有能力的人。⑵.Canhebethinkingofchanginghisjob?他会在考虑换工作吗？⑶.Youcouldhavewalkedthere.Ataxiwasn’tatallnecessary.你本来可以走过去的，打的根本没必要。be/know/have不可能can’t/couldn’t+bedoing不可能正在否定句/疑问句havedone不可能已经⑴.Hecan’t/couldn’thaveheardus.Knockagain.他肯定没听到我们，再敲。⑵.TodayisSunday.Hecan"tbeatschool.今天是星期天。他不可能在学校里。特别提醒：①can表示的是理论上的可能性，是叙述一种客观存在，且只能用can（否定用cannot）。②could,may,might表示的是事实上的可能性，是人的主观判断，可以指现在、将来和过（may/might的详细搭配见：二.2）。如：⑴.Shecouldarriveanytimenow.她随时都有可能到。⑵.Thecauseoftheaccidentmayneverbediscovered.事故的起因可能永远也不会被发现。⑶.ImightcomeandvisityouinAmericanextyear,ifI’mfreethen.如果有空，我明年可能来美国拜访你。辨析：can和beabletocan只有一般现在时和一般过去时(could)两种时态，其他时态要用beableto的形式。请注意：当成功地完成某一具体动作时，通常不用could而用was/wereableto来表示。特别提醒：这时was/wereableto相当于managedto，表示经过一番努力，终于能够完成某事。但否定句中wasn’tableto与couldn’t同义，可以互换。例如：Ihaven"tbeenabletogetintouchwithher.　我一直没能和她联系上。Thewoundedmanwasabletogettothevillageandwassavedintheend.那位伤者尽力走到村里，最终被获救。二.may和might1.表示许可或征求对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。①可用于陈述句和疑问句。例如：⑴.Youmaygonow.　你可以走了。⑵.Personsunder14unaccompaniedbyanadultmaynotenter.14岁以下没成人陪伴不得入内。②用于疑问句。例如：May/MightIsmokehere?我可以在这儿抽烟吗？（Might更委婉，但回答时不可用might！）---Yes,youmay./Yes,please.---No,youcan"t./---No,youmustn"t./---No,you"dbetternot./---No,youmaynot.③can,could,may,might均可表示请求和允许。且“Can/MayI…”是表示“请求”的常见表达。特别提醒：“ShallI/we…?”是在提出一种“建议或要求”并询问是否同意，而不是“请求”。 ⑴.I"mcold.ShallIclosethiswindow?我冷。我关窗好吗？⑵.Shallwegooutfordinnertonight?今晚咱门去吃馆子好吗？2.may和might都可表示“可能性（推测）”。通常只用于陈述句。例如：①表示现在或未来可能发生的事，用may,might(=could);否定用maynot,mightnot,意思是：“可能不”⑴.Hemay/mightcomeandaskusforhelpthisafternoon.今天下午他可能会来向我们求助。⑵.Hemay/mightnotbelieveyourstory.他可能不会相信你说的话。②表示现在可能正在发生的事，用may/might+be+doingTheymay/mightbewaitingatthestationwhenwearrive.我们到时，他们可能在车站等。③表示过去可能已经发生的事，用may/mighthave+pp.Ican’tfindmysunglasses.Imay/mighthaveleftthematthehotel.我的墨镜不见了，我可能忘在旅馆了。④表示过去某时可能正在发生的事，用may/mighthavebeen+doing.⑵.Janewasn’tathomewhenwearrived.Shemay/mighthavebeenstudyingatthelibrary.我们到时，Jane不在家。她可能在图书馆学习呢。特别提醒：mighthave+pp.还可推测过去可能发生但未发生的事，以表示“埋怨、责备”之意。且此时不可用may。如：Youwerestupidtryingclimbingupthere.Youmighthaveinjuredyourself.(不可用may)你想试着爬上去，真蠢。你会伤了你自己的。（事实上没伤着。）三.must的用法1.示规定或指令、表示说话者的命令或强烈的劝告和坚决的主张He’ssick..Hemustseeadoctor.他病了，必须马上去看医生。2.否定式mustnot/mustn’t表示“禁止”Visitorsmustn’tfeedthesegiraffes.禁止游客给长颈鹿喂食。3.疑问式“Must----?”是询问对方有无必要MustIcleanthediningroomatonce?我必须马上打扫餐厅吗？---Yes,youmust.是的。---No,youneedn"t.(No,youdon"thaveto.)不必。4.表示“肯定的推测”，意为：“准，一定”。特别提醒：这一用法只能用于肯定句，否定或疑问用can。be(feel,know,have…)推测现在一定…bedoing推测现在一定正在…musthave+(been)+pp.推测过去一定已经发生的事have+been+doing推测过去某时正在发生的事⑴.Ican’tgetthecarstarted.Theremustbesomethingwrongwiththeengine.我不能发动汽车。电机准坏了。⑵.---Hello.MayIspeaktoMary?---I’msorry.Youmusthavethewrongnumber.抱歉，你打错号码了。⑶.There"snofoodleft.Theymusthaveeatenitall.没吃的了，他们一定吃光了。⑷.---Doyousmellsmoke?---Isuredo.Somethingmustbeburning.你闻到烟味了吗？当然，肯定有什么在烧。四.need的用法1.作为情态动词，need只能用于否定句和疑问句,以needn’t和Need…..？的形式出现。 do不必去做（在做之前说的话）needn’thavedone没必要去做（但事实上已经做了，含埋怨之意）⑴.Youneedn’tgotohisoffice.HehasleftforShanghai.你不必去办公室，他去上海了。⑵.Heneedn’thavecometowork.ItisSundaytoday.他不必来上班，今天是星期天。2.need还可以作实意动词用，常用搭配如下：sth./todosth.need+sb.todosth.doing=tobedone⑴.Thiscomputerdoesn’twork..Itneedsrepairing.(=toberepaired)这台电脑不能工作，需要维修。⑵.Ineedyoutohelpmechoosealaptop.我需要你帮我来挑一台手提电脑。don’tneedtodosth.=needn’tdosth.不必去做（在做之前说的话）两种否定didn’tneedtodosth.指过去不必做，事实上也没做⑴.Hedidn’tneedtocleantheroom.Hissisterhaddoneit.他不必打扫房间，他姐姐已扫过了。⑵.Youneedn’tgoandhelphim,becausehehasfinishedhistask.你不别去帮他了，他已经完成任务了。⑶.Needyougo?---Yes,Imust.(---No,Ineedn"t.)你得去吗？是的，我必须去。（不必。）五.dare的用法①用作情态动词时，表示“敢”，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中。例如：HowdareyousayI’munfair!你竟敢说我不公平！Hedaren’tspeakEnglishbeforesuchacrowd,darehe?　他不敢在这么一大群人跟前讲英语，是不是？②用作实义动词时，有时态、人称和数的变化，后面通常接带to的不定式，但在否定句和疑问句中，dare后面的to常可省略。例如：⑴.Hedarestodoanything,butthishedarenotdo.他什么事情都敢做，就是不敢做这件事。⑵.Hedoesnotdare(to)gotherebyhimself.他不敢一个人去那里。六.will和would的用法①will可表示“将会、意愿和客气的请求”构成：Willyou....?Wouldyouplease...?还有一个重要用法：will可表示现在的习惯性的动作；would表示过去的习惯性动作。有“总是”、“惯于”的含义。例如：⑴.Fishwilldieoutofwater.鱼离开了水总归是要死的。⑵.Hewouldtalktoomuchwhengiventime.给他时间，他总是讲得太多。②对于有生命的物体，我们可以用will/would来表示“意愿”，如：Ifhewon’thelpus,allourplanswillberuined.（如果他不肯帮忙，我们所有的计划都会失败）。而对于无生命的物体，有时也可以用will和would来表示“意愿”。这叫拟人化的手法。例如：⑴.Oh!Thedoorwon’topen.哈！这门打不开。⑵.Whenwewantedtogoout,ourcarwouldn’tstart.当我们想出去的时候，我们的车就是发动不起来。辨析：would和usedtowould表示过去反复发生的动作，常和表示一段时间短语连用。usedto表示过去常常发生的动作或存在的状态，但现在已不复存在了。例如：⑴.WhenIpassedmyschoolIwouldseemyteacherswhotaughtme5yearsago. 每当我路过我的学校时，我总会去看看五年前教我的老师们。⑵.Heusedtosmokealot.他以前常抽烟。(他现在不抽烟了。)七.shall的用法1.shall表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、警告、威胁、强制和允诺”等意思。例如：⑴.Weshalldoasourteachersays.我必须按老师所说的去做。⑵.YoushallhavethebookassoonasIfinishit.我一看完这本书，你就可以拿到它。2.在疑问句中，shall用于提出“建议”并征求对方的意见或请求指示，常用于第一、第三人称。例如：⑴.Shallwegooutforawalk?我们去散步好吗？⑵.Whereshallhewaitforus?他可在哪里等我们呢？八.should的用法1.“should+动词原形”表示“建议”。译成“应该”。指现在或将来。⑴.Youshouldbecarefulnottowakethebaby.你要小心别把婴儿吵醒。⑵.Youshouldn’teatbetweenmeals;itwillmakeyoufat.你不该在三餐饭间再吃东西，这会使你发胖的。2.表示“竟然”、“居然”,用在表示“遗憾、惊讶”等的形容词之后的that从句中。⑴.Itisstrangethatyoushouldsayso.奇怪，你竟然这样说。⑵.Iamsurprisedthatalazyfellowlikehimshouldhavesucceeded.我奇怪，像他这样的懒惰竟然还成功。3.表示“出乎意料”，用在特殊疑问句中。---What’sMary’sphonenumber?玛丽的电话号码是什么？---HowshouldIknow?Whyshouldyouaskme?我怎么知道？你为什么问我？4.表示“推测、预测”It’s8o’clock..Johnshouldturnupatanymoment.八点了，John随时都会到。5.“should+have+(been)+pp.”意思是：“应该已经，但却没有”。“should+be+doing”意思是“应该正在，但却不在…”。两者都含“责备、埋怨”之意。1).Theyshouldhavestoppedatthetrafficlights.他们应该在交通灯前停住。2).Heshouldbestudyingforhisexamathomenow.他现在应该在家学习准备考试。九.过关题1.Ifyoureallywanttobeafriendofhis,you________alwaysbeblaminghim.A.mustn’tB.can’tC.needn’tD.oughtn’t2.Ithoughtyou________likesomethingtoread,soIhavebroughtyousomebooks.A.MayB.mightC.couldD.must3.---MayIgoandwatchTVafterIfinishmyhomework,Mum?---No,you________.A.won’tB.mightnotC.mustn’tD.aren’table4.Childrenarelovely,butsometimesthey_______beverynaughty.A.shouldB.CanC.wouldD.need5.---Itrainedsoheavily.---Yes.We_______aworsedayforthepicnic.A.shouldn’thavepickedB.needn’thavepickedC.couldn’thavepickedD.wouldn’thavepicked6.---Willsheforgiveyouforwhatyouhavedonetoher?---I’mnotquitesure.She_______neverforgetaboutit.A.willB.ShallC.shouldD.may7.He’sbeenalittleworriedforthepastfewdays.Shemustbeangrywithhim,________she? A.mustn’tB.isn’tC.can’tD.wasn’t8.---Youdidn’tphoneBill?---_______Bill?A.MustIphoneB.ShouldIphoneC.ShallIphoneD.ShouldIhavephoned9.Ipromisedtogettherebefore5o’clock,butnowtherainispouringdown.They________formeimpatiently.A.maywaitB.oughttowaitC.couldwaitD.mustbewaiting10.You_______tothepartythiseveningifyoureallycan’tsparethetime.A.needn’thavecomeB.needn’ttocomeC.needn’tcomeD.don’tneedcome11.---Shemusthavegonebacktothevalley.---________,she________have.Theentrancetoitwasnowheretobefound.A.No;mustn’tB.Yes;mightC.Yes;couldD.No;couldn’t12.They________talkabouttheirdaysspenttogetherinBeijingforhoursonthephonethen.A.WouldB.shouldC.couldD.can13.Heleftatoneo’clock.Actuallyhe________alaterflight.A.musthavebookedB.couldhavebookedC.shouldbookD.needhavebooked14.Accordingtotherules,anyonewhoislateforworkmorethantwice________bedismissed.A.ShallB.wouldC.mayD.should15.---It’ssolate.Ourson_______beback!---Don’tworry.Idaresayhe_______havesomeextraworktodo.A.can;mustB.will;mightC.should;mustD.must;mayAnswer1ABCBC6DBDDC11DABAC倒装句倒装句内容虽少，但举足轻重；在历年的高考题中，它始终是考查热点；单项选择有它，完形填空有它，改错也有它，你不可小看哦！(一).部分倒装主语与助动词倒置即构成部分倒装。下列情况要用部分倒装。1.含有否定意义的副词或短语放在句首时。如：few,little,never,not,notuntil,nowhere,rarely,seldom,hardly/scarcely…when…,nosooner…(than)…,notonly…(butalso),atnotime,bynomeans，等。⑴.Littledoesheknowaboutthenews.他对这消息知之甚少。⑵.Bynomeanscanhecatchupinsuchashorttime.他根本不可能在这么短的时间里赶上来。特别提醒：①若原句中没有助动词，必须根据谓语动词的形式来添加助动词do,does或did。②notonly…butalso连接两个并列主语时不可倒装。只有在连接两个句子且将notonly所连接的句子提到句首时，才可用倒装，且必须在notonly所连接的句子中倒装。如Notonlywillhelpbegiventopeopletofindjobs,butalsomedicaltreatmentwillbeprovidedforpeoplewhoneedit.③在“hardly/scarcely…when-从句”和“nosooner…than-从句”结构中，主句用过去完成时，而从句用过去时。④notuntil提前时，必须将notuntil后面的全部内容提前，而不仅仅是not until这两个词。⑴.Heisactiveinpersonality,andheseldomstaysindoors.（无助动词）Heisactiveinpersonality,andseldomdoeshestayindoors.（添加does）⑵.Thevillagersdidnotrealizehowseriousthepollutionwasuntilallthefishdiedintheriver.Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriverdidthevillagersrealizehowseriousthepollutionwas.(将until后面的全部内容提前)⑶.Ihadhardlygottotheairportwhentheplanetookoff.HardlyhadIgottotheairportwhentheplanetookoff.(注意谓语动词的形式)⑷.NotonlychildrenbutalsoadultsareinterestedinthefilmHarryPorter.(连接并列主语，不可倒装)2.“so/as+助动词+主语”或“neither/nor+助动词+主语”，表示前面的情况也适用于另一人或事。上文是肯定句，用so/as；如上文是否定句，则用neither/nor。如：⑴.---"I"vegotanenormousamountofworktodo."我有大量的工作要做。---"SohaveI."我也是。⑵.Hebelieved,asdidallhisfamily,thatyouwereinnocent.他，和他全家人一样，相信你是无辜的。⑶.Ifshedoesn"tagreetotheplan,neitherwillTom.如果她不同意这个计划，Tom也不会同意。特别提醒：①“so+主语+助动词”表示对上文内容加以肯定或赞同，意为“的确如此”；②“主语+did+so”表示：“主语”这样做了。例如：⑴.TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballwithhimandIdidso.Tom要我去踢足球，我去了。⑵.—It"sraininghard.天下着大雨。—Soitis.是的。3.“only+状语”放在句首时⑴.OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。⑵.Onlyifhehastimewillhecomehere.只有他有时间的话他才会来。⑶.Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.他被请了三次才来开会。特别提醒：Only之后跟的不是状语时不可倒装。下面两句中的Only跟的就是主语：⑴.Onlythatboycanworkouttheproblem.只有那个男孩才能解答出这个问题。⑵.OnlysocialismcansaveChina.只有社会主义才能救中国。4.在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语有助动词were,had,should时，可将if省略，而把were,had,should移到句首。特别提醒：①若从句是否定句，则必须将not放在主语后。②had必须是助动词。⑴.HadInotfollowedhisadvice,Iwouldn’thavesucceeded.如果我没有遵循他的建议，我就不会成功了。⑵.Shouldanyonecall,tellhimtowaitforme.如果有任何人打电话来，让他等我。⑶.WereInotengagedinmypresentwork,Iwouldbewillingtodowhatyouaskedmeto.如果我不忙于目前的工作，我会很乐意做你要我做的事。5.as引导让步从句时，必须将表语或状语提到句首，用倒装。特别提醒：①名词提前时，其前不能带任何冠词。②实意动词提前时,必须是动词原形，且主语后必须加助动词。如果实意动词带宾语和状语，则跟着一起提前。例如：⑴.Thoughsheispretty,sheisnotclever.=Prettyas/thoughsheis,sheisnotclever.虽然她漂亮，但她不聪明。 ⑵.Childashewas,heknewalot.尽管他是个小孩，他懂得很多。⑶.Tryhardashemight/did,hefailedtopasstheexaminationagain.尽管努力了，可他又没有通过考试。6.在“so…that”和“such…that”结构中，将“so+adj.”和“such+n.”提到句首时。⑴.Soterriblewasthestormthatthewholeroofswereblownoff.暴风雨如此厉害，整个屋顶都被吹掉了。⑴.SuchacleverboywasJackthathewasabletoworkoutallthesedifficultproblems.杰克是如此聪明的孩子，他能解答所有这些难题。(3)SoclearlydoeshespeakEnglishthathecanalwaysmakehimselfunderstood.（二）完全倒装1.为了使句子平衡，或使上下文衔接，常把介词短语、副词、形容词、现在分词和过去分词等放句首，用完全倒装。特别提醒：完全倒装时，只要在原句中交换主语和谓语的位子即可，不需要借助其它助动词。如：⑴.Shadowboxingisveryimportantinhislife.太极拳在他的生活中是很重要的。Veryimportantinhislifeisshadowboxing.⑵.Abeautifulpictureishangingonthewall.一幅美丽的画挂在墙上。Hangingonthewallisabeautifulpicture.⑶Someancientcoinswerewrappedinapieceofredcloth.包在一块红布里的是一些古币。Wrappedinapieceofredclothweresomeancientcoins.2.以here,there,away,up,in,down,off,out等单个副词开头的句子，用全倒装结构，且谓语动词只限于一般过去时和一般现在时。如：⑴.Herecomesthecar!车来了！⑵.Theregoesthelastbus!最后一班公共汽车开走了！⑶.Outrushedthechildren!孩子们冲了出去。特别提醒:如果此类句子的主语不是名词而是代词时，则不可用倒装结构。如：⑴.Offtheywent!他们出去了。⑵.Awayitflew!它飞走了。（三）。过关题1.Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1945_______togetacollegeeducation.　A.hewasableB.heisableC.washeableD.isheable2.Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury_______whatheatis.　A.mandidknowB.manknewC.didn"tmanknowD.didmanknow3._______gotintotheroom,_______thetelephonerang.　A.Hehardlyhad;thenB.Hardlyhadhe;whenC.Hehadnot;thanD.Nothadhe;when4.---Idon"tthinkIcanwalkanyfurther.---_______.Let"sstophereforarest.　A.NeitheramIB.NeithercanIC.Idon"tthinksoD.Ithinkso5.So_______thatnofishcanliveinit.　A.thelakeisshallowB.shallowthelakeisC.shallowisthelakeD.isthelakeshallow6._______,hisfaceaswhiteasasheetofpaper.A.AboyrushinginB.InaboyrushedC.RushedaboyinD.Inrushedaboy7.Oureatinghabitshavechanged,______ourwayoflife,andthefuelweneedforourbodiesisalsodifferent. A.soisB.ashasC.whichhasD.thesameis8.______,hedoesn"tstudywell.　A.AsheiscleverB.HeisascleverC.CleverasheisD.Ascleverheis9._______ontheblackboard________thenamesofthosewhowerelateyesterday.A.Written,wereB.Written,wasC.Writing,wasD.Writing,were10.______dowegoforpicnics.A.NoB.FewC.SeldomD.Once11.Betweenthetwomounts＿＿＿andtheydecidetobuildaropeway.A.liesaverydeepvalleyB.doesaverydeepvalleylieC.averydeepvalleyliesD.averydeepvalleylays12.Thechildtiptoedquietlytothebird.＿＿＿intotheforestwhenhewasabouttocatchit.A.FlewitawayB.AwayflewitC.AwayitflewD.Flewawayit13.---Itwascarelessofyoutohaveleftyourclothesoutsideallnight.---MyGod!________.A.SodidIB.SoIdidC.SowereyouD.Ididso14.Accordingtotheperiodictable,______stillsomeelementsundiscovered.A.thereseemtobeB.itseemsC.itseemstobeD.thereseemstobe15.Notonly_______pollutedbut_______crowded.A.wasthecity;werethestreetsB.thecitywas;werethestreetsC.wasthecity;thestreetswereD.thecitywas;thestreetswereAnswer1CDBBC6DBCAC11ACBAC虚拟语气虚拟语气，说它难，是因为你怕它；说它不难，是因为你驾驭了它。知己知彼，百战不殆；考前一览，有备无患。1.wish跟宾语从句时，谓语动词必须是虚拟式。表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用一般过去式(be用were/was,但常用were)表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用had+过去分词表示与将来事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用would/could/should/might+动词原形.⑴.IwishthatIhadacar.我希望我有一辆车。(我没有)⑵.IwishIhadpassedyesterday’sexam.要是我昨天的考试及格了该多好。⑶.Iwishthatheweren’tsolazy.要是他不这么懒该多好。⑷.Howhewisheshewouldgoabroadnextyear!他多么希望明年出国呀！2.宾语从句中的虚拟语气下列动词接宾语从句时，谓语要用should+动词原形，should可省。insist（坚持认为，坚决主张）,order（命令）,command（命令）,propose（建议）,suggest（建议）,advise（建议，劝告）,demand（要求）,require（要求）,request(要求），ask(要求），prefer（更喜欢），recommend(推荐),desire(渴望请求),determine(裁决)除prefer,recommend,desire,determine外我们可以这样记：一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求。⑴.Sheadvisedthatwe(should)lockthedoor.她建议我们把门锁上。⑵.Theemergencyrequiresthatitshouldbedone.情况紧急,非这样做不可。 ⑶.Sherecommendedthatweavoidgivingoffense.她建议我们避免找麻烦3.条件从句中的虚拟语气①.与现在事实相反,从句谓语过去时（be多用were）主句谓语would/should/could/might＋动词原形⑴.IfIwereyou,Ishouldaccepttheinvitation.如果我是你，我会接受邀请的。⑵.IfIhadtime,Iwouldgothere.如果我有空，我就去那儿。②.与过去事实相反,从句谓语haddone主句谓语would/should/could/might＋havedone⑴.Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youcouldn’t/wouldn’thavemissedthebus.如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。⑵.Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhavereturnedyourbook.如果他昨天见到了你，他就会还你的书的。③.与将来事实可能相反,从句谓语一般过去时（be多用were）或should/weretodo+动词原形主句谓语would/should/could/might＋动词原形⑴.Ifitshouldrain/weretorain/rainedtomorrow,thesportsmeetwouldbeputoff.万一明天下雨，运动会就推迟。（事实上明天下雨的可能性不大。）⑵.Ifyoudropped/shoulddrop/weretodroptheglass,itwouldbreak.万一杯子掉下来会打碎的。④if的省略在条件句中可把助动词were,had,should提到句首而省略if，变为倒装句式。特别提醒：若从句是否定句，倒装后not必须放在主语后。⑴.IfIwereatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.如果我再次回到学校学习，我会更加努力的。WereIatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.⑵.Ifyouhadn’tcomeearlier,youwouldn’tcatchthebusnow.要是你没早点来，你现在就赶不上这趟车了。Hadyounotcomeearlier,youwouldn’tcatchthebusnow.⑶.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.要是明天下雨，我们就不去爬山了。Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.4.主语从句中的虚拟语气①在由it作形式主语且用形容词important/necessary/strange/natural/incredible/essential/vital/urgent等作表语的主语从句中，that从句的谓语用：should+动词原形，should可以省略。⑴.It"snecessarythatwe(should)haveawalknow.　我们有必要出去散散步。⑵.It"squitenaturalthatsuchfear(should)arise.产生这样的疑虑是很自然的。②在由suggested/proposed/decided/ordered/requested/required/recommended/advised等词引出的主语从句中，从句的谓语用：should+动词原形，should可以省略．⑴.Itissuggestedthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.有人建议我们下星期开会。⑵.Itisrecommendedthatthesportsmeetbeputoff.有人建议运动会推迟。5.同位语从句和表语从句中的虚拟语气如同一些特殊动词（suggest,insist等）要求其宾语从句使用虚拟语气一样，它们的名词的同位语从句以及其所引出的表语从句也要求用虚拟语气，即：(should)+动词原形。这样的名词有：demand,decision,requirement,request,order,proposal,command,advice,suggestion,wish等等。如：⑴.Theydidn"tlikemysuggestionthatweshouldallsharethecost.他们不喜欢我提出的大家共同分担费用的建议。⑵.TheyacceptedourrequestthatthenextmeetingbeheldonaFriday.他们接受了我们提出的把下次会议放在周五开的建议。 ⑶.Hisdecisionwasthatheshouldresignhisleadership.他决定从领导岗位上退下来。6.asif/asthough-从句中的虚拟语气①主句与从句时间相同时，从句动词用过去时或过去进行时。⑴.PeopletreatmeasthoughIwereadangerousperson..人们认为我很危险。⑵.Shestoodasifshewere/waswaitingforsomeone.她站在那里好像在等某个人。②主句与从句时间不相同且从句动作在前时，从句动词用过去完成式。⑴.Hetalkedaboutthefilmasifhehadseenitbefore.他谈论那部电影就好像他以前已经看过一样。⑵.ShespeaksEnglishfluentlyasthoughshehadbeentrainedabroadforsomeyears.她的英语讲得很流利好像她已经在国外受过几年的培训一样。③主句与从句时间不相同且从句谓语动词表示将来时，从句动词用would/could/might/should+V.原形。Helookedasifhewouldtellmeabouttheexam.他看起来好像要告诉我那次考试的情况。7.其它情况①.在“Itishigh/abouttimethat–从句”中，从句谓语要用should+动词原形（should不可省）。该句型表示：“是…的时候了”之意。⑴.Itistimethatwewent(orshouldgo)tobed.是睡觉的时候了。⑵.Itishightimethatweshouldputanendtothisargument.现在的确该停止这个争论了。did：现在或将来的动作②.Wouldrather(that)sb+宁愿某人做某事/已经做过某事。haddone：已经发生的动作⑴.Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.我宁愿他们明天来。⑵.IwouldratheryoutoldhimthanIdid.我宁愿你告诉他而不是我告诉他。③.butfor,without可以代替虚拟条件句，有时也用“Ifitwerenotfor…和Ifithadnotbeenfor…”来表示虚拟。⑴.Butformybrother"shelp,Iwouldnothavefinished.要不是我兄弟的帮助，我是无法完成的。⑵.Withoutthedreamsoftheyouth,thisinventionmighthavebeenpostponedforacentury.要是没有年轻人的梦想，这项发明可能会推迟100年。⑶Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavesucceeded.要不是你的帮助，我就不会成功。④.Ifonly但愿…，要是…该多好呀！⑴.IfonlyIwererich.但愿我很富有．(与现在事实相反)　　⑵.IfonlyIcouldgoabroadforfurtherstudy.要是我能出国深造该多好啊！．(与将来事实相反)⑶.Ifonlyhehadrememberedtobuysomefruit.他当时要是记得买些水果该多好．（与过去事实相反）⑤.并列连词otherwise,or,orelse也可表达非真实情况。如：⑴.Iranallthewaytoschool,otherwiseI’dhavebeenlate.我一直跑到学校，否则就要迟到了。⑵.Hehelpedyoualot,orelseyouwouldhavefailed.他帮了你好多，否则你就要失败。⑥.连词but,引导的分句是一个事实，而另一分句则可能是一个与事实相反的情况。如：Wewouldhaveavoidedmakingsuchamistake,butwedidn’tfollowhissoundadvice.6.过关题⑴.Johncouldn’taffordacar.Howhewishedhe_______enoughmoneytobuyonethen. A.hadhadB.shouldhaveC.hasD.had⑴.TheboyhelduphisheadandpassedmeasifI_______exist.A.didn’tB.hadn’tC.wouldn’tD.haven’t⑶.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe______hereforclassthen.A.hadtobeB.shouldbeC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen⑷.Hisfailureintheexperimentsuggestedthathe______histeacher’sproperinstructions.A.shouldnothavefollowedB.shouldnotfollowC.mustn’thavefollowedD.hadn’tfollowed⑸.Sheismysister,butsheoftenactsasifshe______mymother. A．is   B．was   C．were  D．hadbeen⑹.Hewouldratherthatyou______thebooktohimnow.A.ReturnedB.returnC.arereturningD.hadreturned⑺.---Jennylookshotanddry.---so______youifyouhadahighfever.A.willB.doC.areD.would⑻.IfI_____withherlastsummer,I______withhernow.A.worked;amgettingonverywellB.hadworked;wouldgetonverywellC.hadworked;wouldhavegotonverywellD.hadworked;willgetonverywell⑼.Whatwouldhavehappenedifyou_______herchild?A.couldn’thelpB.wouldn’thelpC.hadn’thelpedD.didn’thelp⑽.Withouthishelp,we_______suchrapidprogress.A.don’tmakeB.wouldnotmakeC.didn’tmakeD.wouldnothavemade⑾.He’sworkinghardforfearthathe_______.A.shouldfallbehindB.fellbehindC.mayfallbehindD.willfallbehind⑿.Youradvicethat_______tillnextweekisreasonable.A.shewaitsB.shewaitC.waitsheD.shewaited⒀.Ithoughtthechildren_______whenwereturnedhome,buttheywerestillawake.A.weresleepingB.wouldbesleepingC.hadbeensleepingD.wouldsleep⒁.Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwives_______inthehome.A.workedB.wouldworkC.workD.wereworking⒂.Tom’sfather,aswellashismother,_______inNewYorkforafewdaysmore.A.askhimtostayB.askhetostayC.askshestaysD.askshestayAnswer1AADDC6ADBCD11ABBCD2008年全国各地20套高考卷分类汇编单项选择语法一．冠词1（湖南卷）22.Haveyouheard______news？Thepieceof_______petrolisgoingup again!A.the,the B.不填，the C.the,不填D.不填，不填2（江苏卷）21.Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastby______seainsteadofdrivingacross______continent.A.the;the   B.不填；the   C.the;不填   D.不填；不填3（山东卷）21.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtouse______Internetas______resource.  A.不填；a   B.不填;the  C.the;the   D.the;a4（江西卷）30.---Iamsosorrytohavecomelateforthemeeting.---Itisnotyourfault.With__rush-hourtrafficand__heavyrain,itisnowonderyouwerelate.A.a;a            B.the;the   C./;/            D./;a5（辽宁卷）24.Myneighboraskedmetogofor______walk,butIdon’tthinkI’vegot______energy.   A.a;不填   B.the;the    C.不填；the  D.a;the6(全国II)8.It’snot___goodideatodriveforfourhourswithout___break.A.a;a B.the;a  C.the;the   D.a;the7（陕西卷）10.Iate_________sandwichwhileIwaswaitingfor_________20:08train.A.the,a     B.the,the     C.a,the     D.a,a8(四川卷)8.IntheUnitedStates,thereisalways____flowofpeopletoareasof______countrywheremorejobscanbefound. A.a;the         B.the;a      C.the;the     D.a;a9（浙江卷）2.______applefellfromthetreeandhithimon______head.A.An;the    B.The;the    C.An;不填    D.The;不填10（重庆卷）27.InmanyplacesinChina,___bicycleisstill___popularmeansoftransportation.A.a;the  B./;a   C.the;a   D.the;the二．名词、数词1（安徽卷）24.Tosavesomeofthehumanlanguagesbeforetheyareforgotten,thestudentsinourschoolstartedadiscussion“SaveOur________”  A.Sky       B.Life       C.Arts           D.Voices2（福建卷）32.What’sthe_____ofhavingapublicopenspacewhereyoucan’teat,drinkorevensimplyhangoutforawhile?  A.sense           B.matter           C.case              D.opinion3（江苏卷）25.—Ican’trepairtheseuntiltomorrow,I’mafraid.—That’sOK,there’s______.A.noproblem  B.nowonder  C.nodoubt   D.nohurry4（江苏卷）28.—Whydoyousuggestwebuyanewmachine?—Becausetheoldonehasbeendamaged______.A.beyondreach      B.beyondrepair  C.beyondcontrol     D.beyonddescription5（山东卷）34.Iboughtadressforonly10dollarsinasale;itwasareal______.A.exchange   B.bargain  C.trade    D.business6（江西卷）27.---Shallwegooutforawalk?---Sorry.Thisisnottheright____toinviteme.Iamtootiredtowalk.A.moment            B.situation  C.place      D.chance7（浙江卷）15.Dogshaveaverygood______ofsmellandareoftenusedtosearchforsurvivorsinanearthquake.  A.sense      B.view     C.means      D.idea8（湖北卷）22.Thetopleadersofthetwocountriesareholdingtalksina friendly______  A.atmosphere B.state    C.situation   D.phenomenon9（天津卷）11.Mostairpollutioniscausedbytheburningof____likecoal,gasandoil.  A.fuels      B.articles       C.goods      D.Products三．代词1（全国I卷）30.—Whichofthetwocomputergamesdidyouprefer?—ActuallyIdidn’tlike______.A.bothofthem  B.eitherofthem  C.noneofthem  D.neitherofthem2（全国I卷）33.TheEnglishspokenintheUnitedStatesisonlyslightlydifferentfrom______spokeninEngland.  A.which   B.what    C.that    D.theone3（安徽卷）21.Thetwogirlsaregettingonverywellandshare_______witheachother.  A.little         B.much          C.some      Dnone4（福建卷）21.–Howdoyoufindyournewclassmates?–Mostofthemarekind,but____issogoodtomeasBruce.A.none          B.noone          C.everyone          D.someone5（湖南卷）21.Ournerghborsgave_____ababybirdyesterdaythathurt______whenitfellfromitsnest.  A.us,it B.us,itself C.ourselves,itself D.ourselves,it6（山东卷）27.Makesureyou’vegotthepassportsandticketsand______beforeyouleave.A.something  B.anything  C.everything D.nothing7（江西卷）23.Isn’titamazinghowthehumanbodyheals____afteraninjury?A.himself            B.him  C.itself               D.it8（辽宁卷）26.—CouldyoutellmehowtogettoVictoriaStreet?—VictoriaStreet?______iswheretheGrandTheatreis.A.Such    B.There     C.That    D.This9（陕西卷）12.Hedoesn’thave_________furnitureinhisroom--justanolddesk.A.any   B.many   C.some   D.much10(四川卷)11.Themanagerbelievespriceswillnotrisebymorethan_____fourpercent.  A.anyother      B.theother     C.another   D.other11（浙江卷）9.–I’dlikesomemorecheese. –Sorry,there’s______left.  A.some    B.none     C.alittle    D.few12（北京卷）25.ItwashardforhimtolearnEnglishinafamily,inwhich_____oftheparentsspokethelanguage.  A.none   B.neither   C.both   D.each13（天津卷）5.ToknowmoreabouttheBritishMuseum,youcanusetheInternettogotothelibrary,or_______. A.neither       B.some         C.all         D.both14（重庆卷）24.—Couldweseeeachotherat3o’clockthisafternoon?     ---Sorry,let’smakeit__time.   A.other’s        B.theother    C.another       D.other15(上海卷)26.--Doyouwantteaorcoffee?   --______, Ireallydon"tmind.   A.none  B.neither    C.either    D.all四．介词1（全国I卷）24.Let’slearntousetheproblemwearefacing______astepping-stonetofuturesuccess.  A.to   B.for    C.as   D.by2（安徽卷）23.Fredenteredwithoutknockingand,veryoutofbreath,sank_______a chair.  A.on         B.off        C.into             D.to3（福建卷）23.Agreatmanshowshisgreatness_____thewayhetreatslittleman.  A.under          B.with          C.on                 D.by4（福建卷）34.Youhavenoideahowshefinishedtherelayrace____herfootwoundedsomuch.  A.for            B.when           C.with              D.while5（湖南卷）27.—Whendidyoulasthear______Jay?  —Hephonedmethismorning,andweagreed______atimeandplacetomeet.A. of,to B.about,withC.from,withD.from,on6(全国II)15.ModernequipmentandnosmokingaretwoofthethingsIlike____workinghere.A.with B.over   C.at   D.about7（陕西卷）19.Elizabethhasalreadyachievedsuccess_________herwildestdreams.A.at   B.beyond    C.within    D.upon8（北京卷）33.Ifyoureallyhavetoleaveduringthemeeting,you’dbetterleave____thebackdoor.A.for    B.by    C.across    D.Out五．形容词、副词1（全国I卷）28.You’redrivingtoofast.Canyoudrive______?A.moreslowlyabit B.slowlyabitmore C.abitmoreslowly D.slowlymoreabit2（全国I卷）32.Theweatherwas______coldthatIdidn’tliketoleavemyroom.A.really   B.such    C.too    D.so3（安徽卷）27.-----Hi,Mark.Howwasthemusicalevening? -----Excellent!AlesandAndyperformed_________andtheywonthefirsprize. A.skillfully         B.commonly      C.willingly          D.nervously4（福建卷）26.Inspiteofrepeatedwrongsdonetohim,helooks_____topeoplegreetinghim.  A.friendly         B.lively         C.worried             D.cold5（湖南卷）25.LastnighyMr.Crookdidn’tcomebackattheusualtime.______,hemetsomefriendsandstayedoutuntilmidnight. A. Meanwhile B.However C.Instead D.Yet6（江苏卷）30.Itis______tospendmoneyonpreventingillnessesbypromotinghealthylivingratherthanspendingittryingtomakepeople______aftertheyareill.A.good;good  B.well;better   C.better;better  D.better;good7（山东卷）33.Woulditbe______foryoutopickmeupatfouro’clockandtakemetotheairport?A.free    B.vacant  C.handy   D.convenient8（江西卷）29.Ifapersonhasnothadenoughsleep,hisactionswillgivehim___duringtheday.A.away         B.up  C.in     D.back9（江西卷）33.Jackislateagain.Itis___ofhimtokeepotherswaiting.A.normal           B.ordinary   C.common          D.typical10（辽宁卷）30.Itlooksliketheweatherischangingfor______.Shallwesticktoourplan?A.theworse  B.worse    C.theworst   D.worst11（辽宁卷）31.Pleaseremain______;thewinneroftheprizewillbeannouncedsoon.A.seating   B.seated    C.toseat   D.tobeseated12(全国II)19.Thehousestillneededalotofwork,but___thekitchenwas finished.A.instead  B.altogether  C.atonce  D.atleast（陕西卷）16.Tenyearsagothepopulationofourvillagewas_________thatoftheirs.A.astwicelargeas       B.twiceaslargeas C.twiceasmuchas      D.astwicemuchas13(四川卷)3.Althoughbadlyhurtintheaccident,thedriverwas_____abletomakeaphonecall. A.still          B.even        C.also          D.ever14(四川卷)15.Acoughisusuallynothingtoworryaboutunlessitlastsfortendays___.  A.ormore      B.instead         C.atmost        D.only15（浙江卷）3.Ilikethisjacketbetterthanthatone,butitcostsalmostthreetimes______.A.asmuch   B.asmany   C.somuch   D.somany16（浙江卷）12.Thereareplentyofjobs______inthewesternpartofthecountry.A.present       B.available      C.precious       D.convenient17（浙江卷）18.Runningacompanyisnot______amatterofhiringpeople—theyalsoneedtobetrained.  A.simply     B.partly     C.seriously      D.equally18（北京卷）26.Afterthelongjourney,thethreeofthemwentbackhome,______.  A.hungryandtiredly     B.hungryandtired  C.hungrilyandtiredly     D.hungrilyandtired19（湖北卷）28.Inthosedays,our______concernwastoprovidepeoplewhowerestoppedbythesnowstormwithfoodandhealthcare.   A.normal   B.constant  C.permanent D.primary20（湖北卷）29.Asheworksinaremotearea,hevisitshisparentsonly______.   A.occasionally B.anxiously  C.practically  D.urgently21（天津卷）2.Mybrotherisreally____.Heoftenworksinhisofficefarintothenight. A.open-minded   B.hard-working     C.self-confident  D.warm-hearted22(上海卷)27.Inmyview,London"snotasexpensiveinpriceasTokyobutTokyois___intraffic.A.themostorganized   B.moreorganized  C.soorganizedas    D.asorganizedas六． 动词时态和语态1（全国I卷）27.—HaveyouknownDr.Jacksonforalongtime?—Yes,sinceshe______theChineseSociety.A.hasjoined  B.joins    C.hadjoined  D.joined2（全国I卷）29.Thewetweatherwillcontinuetomorrow,whenacoldfront______toarrive.A.isexpected  B.isexpecting  C.expects   D.willbeexpected3（安徽卷）22.-----Didyouwatchthebasketballmatchyesterday?  -----Yes,Idid.Youknow,mybrother________inthematch.  A.isplaying     B.wasplaying     C.hasplayed     D.hadplayed4（安徽卷）33.IliketheseEnglishsongsandthey________manytimesontheradio.  A.taught        B.havetaught        C.aretaught       D.havebeentaught5（福建卷）25.Sofarthisyearwe______afallinhousepricesbybetween5and10percent.  A.saw            B.see           C.hadseen            D.haveseen6（湖南卷）32.IcalledHnnahmanytimesyesterdayevening,butIcouldn’tgetthrough.Herbrother_____onthephoneallthetime!A. wastalking B.hasbeentalkingC.hastalked D.talked7（湖南卷）35.—Doyouhaveanyproblemsifyou______thisjob?  —Well,I’mthinkingaboutthe salary….  A.offer  B.willoffer  C.areoffered D.willbeoffered8（江苏卷）33.—I’msureAndrewwillwinthefirstprizeinthefinal.  —Ithinkso.He______foritformonths.  A.ispreparing      B.waspreparing   C.hadbeenpreparing     D.hasbeenpreparing9（山东卷）25.Bythetimeherealizeshe______intoatrap,it’llbetoolateforhimtodoanythingaboutit.A.walks   B.walked  C.haswalked   D.hadwalked10（江西卷）32.–Doyouthinkweshouldacceptthatoffer?--Yes,weshould,forwe___suchbadluckuptillnow,andtime__out.A.havehad;isrunning    B.had;isrunning C.have;hasbeenrun  D.havehad;hasbeenrun11（辽宁卷）23.Wefirstmetonatrainin2000.Webothfeltimmediatelythatwe______eachotherforyears.A.knew    B.haveknown   C.haveknown  D.know12（辽宁卷）29.—Haveyougotanyjoboffers?—No.I______.A.waited   B.hadbeenwaiting  C.havewaited  D.amwaiting13(全国II)11.Iftheweatherhadbeenbetter,wecouldhavehadapicnic.Butit____allday.A.rained  B.rains   C.hasrained   D.israining14（陕西卷）6.ThemomentIgothome,IfoundI_________myjacketontheplayground.A.hadleft   B.left    C.haveleft      D.wasleaving15(全国II)14.Iftheirmarketingplanssucceed,they____theirsalesby20percent.A.willincrease    B.havebeenincreasing  C.haveincreased   D.wouldbeincreasing16（陕西卷）15.–Didyougototheshowlastnight?–Yeah.Everyboyandgirlinthearea_________invitedA.were  B.havebeen    C.hasbeen     D.was17（陕西卷）17.Thoughwedon’tknowwhatdiscussed,yetwecanfeelthetopic____________.A.hadchanged       B.willchange     C.waschanged  D.hasbeenchanged18(四川卷)7.Thetelephone_______,butbythetimeIgotindoors,itstopped. A.hadrung       B.wasringing     C.rings      D.hasrung19（浙江卷）5.Idon’tbelieveyou’vealreadyfinishedreadingthebook—I______ittoyouthismorning!A.wouldlend  B.waslending   C.hadlent    D.lent20（浙江卷）7.–What’sthatnoise? –Oh,Iforgottotellyou.Thenewmachine______.A.wastested B.willbetested  C.isbeingtested  D.hasbeentested21（北京卷）22.—HaveyoureadbookcalledWaitingforAnya?  —Who_______it? A.writes           B.haswritten C.wrote             D.hadwritten22（北京卷）27.Thehotelwasn’tparticularlygood.ButI____inmanyworsehotels.   A.wasstaying  B,stayed  C.wouldstay  D.hadstayed23（北京卷）29.Nodecision     aboutanyfutureappointmentuntilallthecandidateshavebeeninterviewed.  A.willbemade           B.ismade  C.isbeingmade          D.hasbeenmade 24（天津卷）14.He_____footballregularlyformanyyearswhenhewasyoung.  A.wasplaying     B.played     C.hasplayed    D.hadplayed25（重庆卷）23.Judyisgoingtomarrythesailorshe__inRomelastyear.  A.meets        B.met    C.hasmet      D.wouldmeet26（重庆卷）31.He__asanationalheroforwinningthefirstgoldmetalforhiscountryintheOlympics.A.regarded         B.wasregarded  C.hasregarded  D.hadbeenregarded27（重庆卷）35.Teenagers__theirhealthbecausetheyplaycomputergamestoomuch.A.havedamaged        B.aredamaging  C.damaged            D.willdamage28(上海卷)28.DoyouknowifTerrywillgocampingthisweekend?  Terry?Never!She___tentsandfreshair!A.hashated  B.hated  C.willhate  D.hates29(上海卷)32.Inrecentyearsmanyfootballclubs___asbusinesstomakeaprofit.A.haverun  七．定语从句1（福建卷）31.Bynineo’clock,alltheOlympictorchbearershadreachedthetopofMountQomolangma,____appearedararerainbowsoon.  A.ofwhich          B.onwhich       C.fromwhich        D.abovewhich2湖南卷）31.Thegrowingspeedofaplantisinfluencedbyanumberoffactors,_____arebeyondourcontrol. A. mostofthemB.mostofwhichC.mostofwhatD.mostofthat3（江苏卷）24.TheScienceMuseum,______wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondon’stouristattractions.   A.which   B.what   C.that     D.where4（山东卷）26.Occasionsarequiterare______Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.A.who    B.which  C.why   D.when5（江西卷）35.Laterinthischaptercaseswillbeintroducedtoreaders__consumercomplaintshaveresultedinchangesinthelaw.A.where            B.when  C.who              D.which6(全国II)16.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.  A.it  B.what   C.which   D.that7（陕西卷）8.TomorrowisTom’sbirthday.Haveyougotanyidea_________thepartyistobeheld?A.what   B.which   C.that   D.where8（陕西卷）13.Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,_________weremadeofsmalldiamonds.A.thehandsofwhom       B.whomthehandsofC.whichthehandsof       D.thehandsofwhich9(四川卷)4.Formanycitiesintheworld,thereisnoroomtospreadourfurther,_______NewYorkisanexample. A.forwhich     B.inwhich      C.ofwhich       D.fromwhich10（浙江卷）8.Yesterdayshesoldhercar,______sheboughtamonthago.A.whom     B.where     C.that      D.which11（北京卷）28.I’llgiveyouyourfriend’shomeaddress,     Icanbereachedmostevenings.  A.which              B.when  C.whom              D.where 12（重庆卷）21.TheywillflytoWashington,___theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.A.where B.there   C.which    D.when13(上海卷)38.Wewentthroughaperiod___communicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas.A.which   B.whose    C.inwhich    D.withwhich八．状语从句1（全国I卷）31.—Haveyougotanyideaforthesummervacation?—Idon’tmindwherewego______there’ssun,seaandbeach.A.asif    B.aslongas   C.nowthat   D.inorderthat2（安徽卷）31.-----Doyouhaveaminute?I’vegotsomethingtotellyou.  -----Ok,______youmakeitshort.  A.nowthat         B.ifonly         C.solongas        D.everytime（3安徽卷）26.Alltheneighboradmirethisfamily_________theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.  A.why            B.where         C.which          D.that4（福建卷）28.Nancyenjoyedherselfsomuch______shevisitedherfriendsinSydneylastyear.  A.that            B.which          C.when              D.where5（湖南卷）33._____theInternetisofgreathelp.Idon’tthinkit’sagoodideatospendtoomuchtimeonit.  A. If B.While C.Because D.As6（山东卷）22.Hefounditincreasinglydifficulttoread,______hiseyesightwasbeginningtofail.A.though   B.for   C.but    D.so7（山东卷）31.You’dbetternotleavethemedicine______kidscangetatit.A.evenif   B.which  C.where   D.sothat8（辽宁卷）28.______hungryIam,Ineverseemtobeabletofinishoffthisloafofbread.A.Whatever  B.Whenever   C.Wherever   D.However9（辽宁卷）32.Iusedtolovethatfilm______Iwasachild,butIdon’tfeelitthatwayanymore.A.once    B.when     C.since    D.although10(全国II)7.Asmallcarisbigenoughforafamilyofthree____youneedmorespaceforbaggage.A.once B.because  C.if  D.unless11(四川卷)6.Thereweresomechairsleftover_____everyonehadsatdown. A.when       B.until        C.that      D.where12（浙江卷）16.Don’tpromiseanything______youareonehundredpercentsure.A.whether     B.after    C.how    D.unless13（北京卷）23.—DidyoureturnFred’scall?  —Ididn’tneedto____I’llseehimtomorrow.  A.though          B.unless  C.when            D.because14（北京卷）34.I’msorryyou’vebeenwaitingsolong,butit’llstillbesometime____Briangetback.A.before   B.since   C.till   D.after15（天津卷）1.We’llhaveapicnicintheparkthisSunday_____itrainsorit’sverycold. A.since     B.if        C.unless      D.until16(上海卷)31.---Areyoureadyfor Spain？   --Yes,Iwantthegirlstoexperiencethat___theyareyoung.A.while   B.until   C.if   D.before17(上海卷)40. ___wellpreparedyouare,youstillneedalotofluckinmountainclimbing.A.however   B.whatever  C.nomatter   D.although九．名词性从句1（全国I卷）25.ThelawyerrarelywearsanythingotherthanjeansandaT-shirt______theseason.A.whatever   B.wherever   C.whenever   D.however2（安徽卷）29.Studentsarealwaysinterestedinfindingout_______theycangowithanewteacher.  A.howfar       B.howsoon      C.howoften     D.howlong3（福建卷）27._____isknowntousallisthatthe2008OlympicGameswilltakeplaceinBeijing.  A.It              B.What          C.As                D.Which4（湖南卷）29.Whenasked_____theyneededmost,thekidssaidtheywantedtofeelimportantandloved.  A.what  B.why C.whomD.which5（山东卷）23.______wasmostimportanttoher,shetoldme,washerfamily.A.It     B.This   C.What    D.As6（江西卷）34.AnimalssufferedatthehandsofMan___theyweredestroyedbypeopletomakewayforagriculturalhadtoprovidefoodformorepeople.A.inwhich            B.forwhich C.sothat              D.inthat7（浙江卷）4.______wantstostayinahotelhastopaytheirownway.A.Anyone    B.Theone    C.Whoever    D.Who8（浙江卷）6.Somechildrenwanttochallengethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom______theirparentsspeakathome. A.what      B.that      C.which     D.one9（北京卷）30.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate        theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.  A.which          B.that           C.what         D.who10（天津卷）12.Thelasttimewehadgreatfunwas_____wewerevisitingtheWaterPark.  A.where       B.how        C.when        D.why11（重庆卷）25.PeopleinChongqingareproudof__theyhaveachieved,inthepasttenyears.    A.that  B.which   C.what   D.how12（重庆卷）33.Allpeople,__theyareoldoryoung,richorpoor,richorpoor,havebeentryingtheirbesttohelpthoseinneedsincethedisaster.A.evenif               B.whether  C.nomatter          D.however13(上海卷)34.Ashisbestfriend,Icanmakeaccurateguessesabout___hewilldoorthink.A.what    B.which    C.whom    D.that14(上海卷)36. Ithasbeenproved___eatingvegetablesinchildhoodhelpstoprotectyouagainstseriousillnessesinlaterlife.  A.if   B.because   C.when    D.that十．非谓语动词1（全国I卷）26.Ilikegettingupveryearlyinsummer.Themorningairissogood____.A.tobebreathed  B.tobreathe   C.breathing   D.beingbreathed2（安徽卷）30._______inthefieldsonaMarchafternoon,hecouldfeelthewarmthof spring.  A.Towalk.       B.Walking      C.Walked         D.Havingwalked3（福建卷）22.______inthequeenforhalfanhour,theoldmansuddenlyrealizedbehadleftthechequeinthecar.A.Waiting        B.Towait       C.HavingWaited       D.Tohavewaited4（福建卷）33.–Canthose____atthebackoftheclassroomhearme?A.seat           B.sit           C.seated               D.sat5（湖南卷）26.Thetrees_____inthestormhavebeenmovedofftheroad.  A.beingblowndown B.blowndownC.blowingdown D.toblowdown6（湖南卷）30._____theprojectasplanned,we’llhavetoworktwomorehoursaday.  A.CompletingB.CompleteC.CompletedD.Tocomplete7（江苏卷）34.TolearnEnglishwell,weshouldfindopportunitiestohearEnglish______asmuchaswecan. A.speak.   B.speaking   C.spoken   D.tospeak8（山东卷）35.Lucy’snewjobpaidtwiceasmuchasshehadmade______intherestaurant.A.working   B.work   C.towork   D.worked9（江西卷）24.Ihearthey’vepromotedTom,buthedidn’tmention_____whenwetalkedonthephone.A.topromote           B.havingbeenpromoted C.havingpromoted       D.tobepromoted10（江西卷）28.Wefinishedtheruninlessthanhalfthetime____.A.allowing         B.toallow  C.allowed      D.allows11（辽宁卷）27.Hewasbusywritingastory,only______onceinawhiletosmokeacigarette.A.tostop   B.stopping    C.tohavestopped D.havingstopped12（陕西卷）14._________aroundtheWaterCube,wewerethentakentoseetheBird’sNestforthe2008OlympicGames.A.Havingshown   B.Tobeshown   C.Havingbeenshown   D.Toshow13(四川卷)14.Wehadananxiouscoupleofweeks_____fortheresultsoftheexperiment.  A.wait         B.tobewaiting     C.waited      D.waiting14（浙江卷）10.______thathewasingreatdanger,Ericwalkeddeeperintotheforest.A.Notrealized  B.Nottorealize C.Notrealizing  D.Nottohaverealized15（浙江卷）13.Itisoneofthefunniestthings______ontheInternetsofarthisyear.A.finding    B.beingfound      C.tofind     D.found16（北京卷）24.______thatshewasgoingofftosleep,Iaskedifshe’dlikethatlittledollonherbed.  A.Seeing         B.Tosee  C.See            D.Seen17（北京卷）31.–Didthebookgivetheinformationyouneeded?  –Yes.But_____it,Ihadtoreadtheentirebook.A.tofind  B.find  C.tofinding  D.finding18（北京卷）32.Ifeelgreatlyhonored____intotheirsociety.A.towelcome         B.welcoming  C.tobewelcomed      D.welcomed19（天津卷）4._____theirhatsintotheair,thefansofthewinningteamletoutloudshoutsofvictory. A.Tothrow     B.Thrown       C.Throwing   D.Beingthrown20（重庆卷）29.__toreachthemonthephone,wesentanemailinstead.A.Fail                  B.Failed  C.Tofail              D.Havingfailed 21(上海卷)30. Mysister,aninexperiencedrider,wasfoundsittingonthebicycle___tobalanceit.A.havingtried B.trying  C.totry   D.tried22(上海卷)33.Ifthereisalotofwork___,I"mhappytojustkeeponuntilitisfinished.A.todo   B.tobedoing   C.done    D.doing23(上海卷)35.Somethingassimpleas___somecoldwatermayclearyourmindandrelivepressure.A.todrink  B.drinking   C.tobedrinking  D.drunk24(上海卷)37.Ideally___forBroadwaytheatreandFifthAvenue,theNewYorkParkhotelisafavouritewithmanyguests.A.locating  B.beinglocated  C.havingbeenlocated  D.located十一．情态动词1（福建卷）24.ItisusuallywarminmyhometowninMarch,butit_____berathercoldsometime.  A.must           B.can           C.should             D.would2（湖南卷）28.Youdon’thavetoknowthenameoftheauthortofindabook.You_____findthebookbythetitle.A. must B.need C.can D.would3（江苏卷）35.—I’msorry.I______atyoutheotherday.—Forgetit.Iwasabitoutofcontrolmyself.A.shouldn’tshout     B.shouldn’thaveshouted C.mustn’tshout      C.mustn’thaveshouted4（山东卷）24.Thankyouforallyourhardworklastweek.Idon’tthinkwe______itwithoutyou.  A.canmanage  B.couldhavemanaged   C.couldmanageD.canhavemanaged5（江西卷）26.Whatapity.Consideringhisabilityandexperience,he____better.A.needhavedone       B.musthavedone C.canhavedone             D.mighthavedone6（辽宁卷）22.Peter______bereallydifficultattimeseventhoughhe’sanicepersoningeneral.A.shall    B.should    C.can    D.must7(全国II)17.Liza___wellnotwanttogoonthetrip---shehatestraveling.A.will B.can  C.must  D.may8（陕西卷）9.–Whatsortofhousedoyouwanttohave? Somethingbig?--Well,it_________bebig--that’snotimportant.A.mustn’t   B.needn’t   C.can’t     D.won’t9(四川卷)10.Althoughthis____soundlikeasimpletask,greatcareisneeded.  A.must         B.may        C.shall       D.should10（浙江卷）11.You______behungryalready—youhadlunchonlytwohoursago!A.wouldn’t      B.can’t      C.mustn’t        D.needn’t11（北京卷）21.Johnpromisedhisdoctorhe________notsmoke,andhehassmokedeversince.  A.might     B.should   C.could   D.would.12（天津卷）6.She______haveleftschool,forherbikeisstillhere. A.can’t        B.wouldn’t      C.shouldn’t   D.needn’t13（重庆卷）30.–Ican’tfindmypurseanywhere.    --You__havelostitwhile shopping.A.may    B.can   C.should   D.would14(上海卷)29. Accordingtotheairtrafficrules,you___switchoffyourmobilephonebeforeboarding.A.may   B.can  C.would   D.should十二．动词辨义1（全国I卷）23.Theperformance______nearlythreehours,butfewpeopleleftthetheatreearly.A.covered  B.reached   C.played  D.lasted2（安徽卷）28.-----Areyouhappywithyournewcomputer?  -----No,itis_______mealotoftrouble.  A.showing      B.leaving       C.giving        D.sparing3（江苏卷）31.—I’mstillworkingonmyproject.—Oh,you’llmissthedeadline.Timeis______.A.runningout B.goingout   C.givingout   D.losingout4（山东卷）28.Thefactthatsheneverapologized______alotaboutwhatkindofpersonsheis.A.says    B.talks   C.appears  D.declares5（山东卷）29.EinsteinlikedBose’spapersomuchthathe______hisownworkandtranslateditintoGerman.A.gaveoff   B.turneddown C.tookover  D.setaside6（江西卷）25.I____itasabasicprincipleofthecompanythatsuppliersofrawmaterialsshouldbegivenafairpricefortheirproducts. A.make          B.look  C.take           D.think7（辽宁卷）25.Youhavetobeafairlygoodspeakerto______listeners’interestforoveranhour.A.hold    B.make     C.improve   D.receive8(全国II)9.–Whatareyoureading,Tom?--I’mnotreallyreading,just___thepages.A.turningoff B.turningaround  C.turningover  D.turningup9(全国II)18.LittleJohnnyfeltthebag,curioustoknowwhatit____.A.collected B.contained  C.loaded D.saved10（陕西卷）20.It’sgoingtorain.XiaoFeng,Willyoupleasehelpme_________theclothesontheline?  A.getoff    B.getback   C.getin    D.geton11(四川卷)9.Althoughthis______soundlikeasimpletask,greatcareisneeded. A.lookout        B.stayup      C.carryon    D.getalong12（浙江卷）14.AmericanIndian______aboutfivepercentoftheU.S.population.A.fillup      B.bringup     C.makeup      D.setup13（湖北卷）23.Thoughhavinglivedabroadforyears,manyChinesestill______thetraditionalcustoms.  A.perform   B.possess   C.observe   D.support14（湖北卷）24.Asnobodyhereknowswhatiswrongwiththemachine,wemustsendforanengineerto______theproblem.   A.handle   B.raise   C.face   D.present 15（湖北卷）25.Theteacherstressedagainthatthestudentsshouldnot______anyimportantdetailswhileretellingthestory.   A.bringout  B.letout   C.leaveout  D.makeout16（湖北卷）26.Inmoderntimes,peoplehavetolearnto______allkindsofpressurealthoughtheyareleadingacomfortablelife.   A.keepwith  B.staywith   C.meetwith  D.livewith17（湖北卷）27.Thepresentsituation isverycomplex,soIthinkitwilltakemesometimeto______itsreality.   A.makeup  B.figureout  C.lookthrough D.putoff18（天津卷）7.Themealover,themanagerswentbacktothemeetingroomto______theirdiscussion. A.putaway       B.takedown   C.lookover      D.carryon19（天津卷）13.Hershoes______herdress;theylookverywelltogether.  A.suit        B.fit         C.compare        D.match十三．交际用语1（全国I卷）21.—Wouldyouliketojoinmeforaquicklunchbeforeclass?  —______,butIpromisedNancytogooutwithher.  A.I’dliketo  B.Ilikeit   C.Idon’t   D.Iwill2（全国I卷）22.—Whatfruitisinseasonnow?—Grapesandpeaches,______. A.Iknow  B.Ithink   C.Isee   D.Ifeel3（全国I卷）35.—Sorry,Imadeamistakeagain.—______.Practicemoreandyou’llsucceed.A.Nevermind  B.Certainlynot  C.Notatall   D.Don’tmentionit4（安徽卷）25.-----Ihavesomebignewsforyou.You’vebeenacceptedasamemberofourclub.  -----_______That’sgreat!  A.HaveI?        B.Pardon?      C.Congratulations!    D.Goodidea!5（安徽卷）34.-----Goodevening.HuangshanHotel.  -----Goodevening.______________?  A.Doyoustillhavearoomfortonight          B.Whatwouldyoulike,please  C.IsthereanythingIcandoforyou              D.Whoisthatspeaking,please6（江苏卷）22.—DoyoumindifIrecordyourlecture?—______.Goahead.A.Nevermind      B.Noway   C.Notatall       D.No.You’dbetternot7（江苏卷）23.—IsPeterthere?—______,please.I’llseeifIcanfindhimforyou.A.Holdup  B.Holdon   C.Holdout   D.Holdoff8（江苏卷）26.—Itshouldn’ttakelongtoclearupafterthepartyifweallvolunteertohelp.—That’sright._______________.A.Manyhandsmakelightwork  B.SomethingisbetterthannothingC.Themorethemerrier    D.Thesoonerbegun,thesoonerdone9（山东卷）30.—Say,Jane,willyoucomewithmetothegameFriday?—______,Bob,butIpromisedMaryI’dgowithher.A.Mypleasure  B.Thanks  C.Takeiteasy  D.Forgetit 10（江西卷）21.–Ithinkyou’dbettertypethisletteragainbeforeMr.Smithseeit.--Oh,dear!___________.A.Whocares?             B.Noproblem C.Idon’tmindatall        D.Isitasbadasthat?11（辽宁卷）21.—DidyouhaveagoodtimeinThailandlastweek?—______,itwastoohot.A.Notreally  B.Yeah,whynot  C.Oh,great   D.You’reright12（福建卷）35.–Wouldyouliketojoinusinthegame?  –_____,forIhavesomethingimportanttoattendto.  A.Iwill          B.I’dloveto       C.Iwon’t            D.I’mafraidnot13（辽宁卷）34.—MynameisJonathan.ShallIspellitforyou? —______.A.Ifyoudon’tmind  B.Notatall  C.Takeiteasy  D.Nicetomeetyou14(全国II)6.–DoyouknowAnna’stelephonenumber?--____.Asamatteroffact,Idon’tknowanyAnna,either.A.Ithinkso         B.I’mafraidnot  C.Ihopeso         D.I’drathernot15(全国II)10.---CouldIaskyouaratherpersonalquestion?---Sure,____.A.pardonme  B.goahead  C.goodidea   D.forgetit16（陕西卷）18.–Thefloorisdirty.Cananyonecleanit?  –_________.Idoitallthetime.A.Don’tmentionit.      B.Whyyou?     C.Notsure  D.Notmeagain.17(四川卷)5.---Let’sgoforawalkinthegarden. ---_______,butIneedtodothewashing-up. A.No,thankyou  B.That’sright    C.Goodidea   D.Notatall18(四川卷)13.---CanyoushowmeMr.Jaffer’soffice,please?  ---_____.ButIdon’tknowifheisinatthemoment.   A.Thanks        B.Goon        C.Sure       D.Youarewelcome19（浙江卷）1.–Areyouallright?–______.A.That’sOK  B.Ithinkso   C.Takeiteasy    D.It’sverykindofyou20（浙江卷）20.—Shallwegooutfordinnertonight?  —______.A.Youareright       B.Itmustbefunny     C.Thatsoundsgreat      D.Haveanicetime21（天津卷）3.----Ijustcan’tstopworryingabouttheresultofthejobinterview. ----_____.There’snothingyoucandonowbutwait. A.Relax     B.Goahead        C.Goforit   D.Goodluck22（天津卷）9.----HowmuchdoIoweyouforlunch? ----______.It’snothing. A.You’rewelcome     B.Forgetit     C.Withpleasure   D.That’sright23（重庆卷）28.—MayIaskaquestionafterclass,Sir?   --__,butnotduringmylunchbreak.A.Iamsorry  B.Anytime  C.Certainly    D.Goahead24（重庆卷）34.–IamafraidIcan’treturnthebooktoyoubeforeFriday.    --__. A.Don’tbeafraid  B.Becareful CNotatall.        D.Takeyourtime十四．固定搭配 1（全国I卷）34.Afterstudyinginamedicalcollegeforfiveyears,Jane_____herjobasadoctorinthecountryside. A.setout   B.tookover   C.tookup   D.setup2（安徽卷）35.Don’tbesodiscouraged.Ifyou________suchfeelings,youwilldobetternexttime.  A.carryon      B.getback      C.breakdown     D.putaway3（福建卷）29._____amomentandIwillgotoyourrescue.  A.Goon          B.Holdon         C.Moveto            D.Carryon4（湖南卷）34.Susanwantedtobeindependentofherparents.Shetried_____alone,butshedidn’tlikeitandmovedbackhome. A. livingB.toliveC.tobelivingD.havinglived5（江苏卷）27.Itisoftensaidthatthejoyoftravelingis______inarrivingatyourdestination______inthejourneyitself. A.不填；but  B.不填；or  C.not;or   D.not;but6（江苏卷）29.—Theyarequiet,aren’tthey?—Yes.Theyareaccustomed______atmeals.A.totalk   B.tonottalk   C.totalking   D.tonottalking7（山东卷）32.Ibegantofeel______inthenewschoolwhenIsawsomefamiliarfaces.A.athome   B.atheart  C.atwill   D.atsight8（辽宁卷）33.IlikeMr.Miner’sspeech;itwasclearand______thepoint.A.at    B.on     C.to    D.of9(全国II)12.Thedirectorhadherassistant___somehotdogsforthemeeting.A.pickedup  B.picksup  C.pickup  D.pickingup10（陕西卷）11.Themessageisveryimportant,soitissupposed_________assoonaspossible.A.tobesent     B.tosend      C.beingsent     D.sending11(四川卷)1.Ihaven’tseenAnnfor____longthatI’veforgottenwhatshelookslike. A.such        B.very          C.so         D.too12(四川卷)2.Youhaveto________achoice.Areyougoingtoleavethejoborstay? A.decide      B.get           C.do          D.make13（浙江卷）17.Everythingwasperfectforthepicnic______theweather.A.inplaceof     B.aswellas     C.exceptfor     D.incaseof14（浙江卷）19.Whyareyousoanxious?Itisn’tyourproblem______.A.onpurpose      B.inall     C.ontime     D.afterall15（北京卷）35.Itisworthconsideringwhatmakes“convenience”foodssopopular,and____betteronesofyourown.A.introduces     B.tointroduce  C.introducing    D.introduced16（湖北卷）21.Theyoungmanmadea______tohisparentsthathewouldtrytoearnhisownlivingaftergraduation.   A.prediction  B.promise  C.plan   D.contribution17（湖北卷）30.WhenshefirstarrivedinChina,shewonderedwhatthefuturemighthave______forher,butnowallherworriesaregone.   A.inneed  B.intime   C.inpreparation D.instore18（天津卷）10.ManyChineseuniversitiesprovidedscholarshipsforstudents______financialaid.  A.infavourof      B.inhonourof      C.infaceof      D.inneedof19（天津卷）15.Attherailwaystation,themotherwavedgoodbyetoherdaughteruntilthetrainwas_______.  A.outofsight     B.outofreach     C.outoforder   D.outofplace20(上海卷)25.Thetwosportsmencongratulatedeachother_______winningthematchby shakinghands. A.with  B.on  C.in   D.to十五．特殊句式(简单句、强调句、倒装句、省略句)1（安徽卷）32.-----Haveyougotanyparticularplansforthecomingholiday?  -----Yes,_______,I’mgoingtovisitsomehomesfortheoldinthecity.  A.Ifever         B.Ifbusy           C.Ifanything      D.Ifpossible2（福建卷）30.–Whoshouldberesponsiblefortheaccident?  –Theboss,nottheworkers.Theyjustcarriedouttheorder_____.  A.astold          B.asaretold       C.astelling           D.astheytold3（湖南卷）23.Ithoughtwe’dbelatefortheconcert,______weendedupgettingthereaheadoftime.  A.but B.or C.so D.for4（湖南卷）24._______thewebsiteoftheFireDepartmentinyourcity,andyouwilllearnalotaboutFirefighting. A. HavingsearchedB.Tosearch C.SearchingD.Search5（江苏卷）32.______youeatthecorrectfoods______beabletokeepfitandstayhealthy.A.onlyif;willyou      B.Onlyif;youwill  C.Unless;willyou     D.Unless;youwill6（江西卷）22.MyEnglishteacher’shumorwas____makeeverystudentburstintolaughter.A.soasto           B.suchasto  C.suchthat          D.sothat7（江西卷）31.Itwasannouncedthatonlywhenthefirewasundercontrol___toreturntotheirhomes. A.theresidentswouldbepermitted          B.hadtheresidentsbeenpermittedC.wouldberesidentsbepermitted          D.theresidentshadbeenpermitted8（辽宁卷）35.Billwasn’thappyaboutthedelayofthereportbyJason,and______.A.Iwasneither   B.neitherwasI C.Iwaseither  D.eitherwasI9(全国II)13.Standoverthere___you’llbeabletoseetheoilpaintingbetter.A.but  B.till C.and  D.or10(全国II)20.ItwasinNewZealand___ElizabethfirstmetMr.Smith.A.that B.how   C.which   D.when11（陕西卷）7.Notuntilthemotorbikelookedalmostnew_________repairingandcleaningit.A.hestopped   B.didhestop     C.stoppedhe     D.hedidstop12（天津卷）8.ItwasalongtheMississippiRiver_______MarkTwainspentmuchofhischildhood. A.how        B.which         C.that       D.where13（重庆卷）22.Itwasnotuntilmidnight__theyreachedthecampsite.A.that  B.when   C.while   D.as14（重庆卷）26.OnlywhenIleftmyparentsforItaly__howmuchIlovedthem.   A.Irealized           B.Ihadrealized     C.hadIrealized     D.didIrealize15（重庆卷）32.Theartistwasbornpoor,__poorheremainedallhislife.A.and   B.or   C.but   D.so16(上海卷)39.Somuchof interest___thatmostvisitorssimplyrunoutoftimebeforeseeingitall.A.offersBeijing  B. Beijingoffers/  C.doesBeijingoffer D.Beijingdoesoffer 高中英语语法教案(全套)及配套练习1.名词　名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：　1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。　2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。　3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。　4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：↗专有名词名词↘普通名词个体名词可数名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词不可数名词1.1名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags/car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-es读/iz/bus-buses/watch-watches以ce,se,ze,等结尾加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加es读/z/baby---babies 1.2其它名词复数的规则变化1）以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：　　　twoMarys　　　　theHenrys　　　　monkey---monkeys　holiday---holidays　　2）以o结尾的名词，变复数时：　　a.加s，如：photo---photos　　piano---pianos　　　　　　　　radio---radios　　zoo---zoos；　　b.加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes　　c.上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros/zeroes。　3）以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：　　a.加s，如：belief---beliefs　roof---roofs　　　　　　　　safe---safes　gulf---gulfs；　　b.去f,fe加ves，如：half---halves　　　　　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves　　　wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；c.上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves。1.3名词复数的不规则变化1）child---children　foot---feet　tooth---teethmouse---mice　　　man---men　woman---women　注意：由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women，如anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是theBowmans。2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，li，jin，yuan，twoli，threemu，fourjin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：people　police　cattle等本身就是复数，不能说apeople，apolice，acattle，但可以说aperson，apoliceman，aheadofcattle,theEnglish，theBritish，theFrench，theChinese，theJapanese，theSwiss等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a.maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。b.news为不可数名词。 c.theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations应视为单数。　　　TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如："TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses（眼镜）　trousers,　clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）;　suit（套）;apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等。6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。　1.4不可数名词量的表示1）物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。比较：Cakeisakindoffood.　蛋糕是一种食物。（不可数）Thesecakesaresweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。（可数）b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：Thisfactoryproducessteel.　（不可数）Weneedvarioussteels.　（可数）c.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Twoteas,please.请来两杯茶。2）抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如aglassofwater一杯水/apieceofadvice　一则建议。　1.5.定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。例如：sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室　　talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2）man,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：　　menworkers　　womenteachers　　gentlemenofficials3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如： 　　goodstrain（货车）armsproduce　武器生产　　　　customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：two-dozeneggs　两打鸡蛋　aten-milewalk十英里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan.　一个五年计划1.6不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes1.7名词的格　　英语中有些名词可以加""s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：ateacher"sbook。名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加""s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加""s"，如theboy"sbag男孩的书包，men"sroom男厕所。2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加"""，如：theworkers"struggle　工人的斗争。3）凡不能加""s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：thebarber"s理发店。5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有"s，则表示"分别有"；只有一个"s，则表示"共有"。例如：John"sandMary"srooms（两间）　　JohnandMary"sroom（一间） 6）复合名词或短语，"s加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：amonthortwo"sabsence1.8练习1.Hewaseagertomakesomeextramoney,sinceduringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.a．littlewageb.fewwagec.waged.wages2.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar.a.anashb.theashc.ashd.ashes3.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesaremaking______forthecomingNewYear.a.manypreparationsb.muchpreparationc.preparationsd.preparation4.Paintingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities.a.oilb.anoilc.oilsd.theoil5.Intheviewoftheforeignexperts,therewasn’t____oilhere.a.muchb.lotsofc.agreatdealofd.many6.Thelargehousesarebeingpainted,but______.a.ofgreatexpenseb.atagreatexpensec.inalotofexpensesd.byhighexpense7.Theroomwassmallandcontainedfartoo______.a.muchnewfurniturec.muchnewfurnituresb.manynewfurnitured.manynewfurnitures8.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.a.roomsnumberb.roomnumberc.room’snumbersd.roomnumbers9.Computerscando______workinashorttime,butamancannotdo______byhimself.agreatmany…manyc.much…agreatdealb.agreatdealof…muchd.many…agreatmany10.Shedidn’tknow_____hehadbeengiven.a.howmanyinformationc.howmanyinformationsb.thenumberofinformationd.howmuchinformation11.Heinvitedallofhis______tojoinhisweddingparty.a.comrade-in-armsc.comrades-in-armb.comrades-in-armsd.comrade-in-arm12.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.a.womendoctorsc.womandoctorsb.womendoctord.womandoctor13.Aftertenyears,alltheseyoungstersbecame_____. a.growns-upsc.growns-upb.grown-upd.grown-ups14.Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.a.stander-byc.standers-byb.stander-bysd.standers-bys15.TheNazikeptthose______intheirconcentrationcamp.a.prisoner-of-warsc.prisoners-of-warb.prisoners-of-warsd.prisoner-of-war16.Themanagerwasgreatlyappreciatethat_____madebyLindalately.a.newreelb.newsreelc.new-reelsd.newsreels17.Mary’sdressissimilarinappearancetoher______.a.eldersisterb.eldersister’sc.eldersistersd.eldersistersdress18.Allthepeopleattheconferenceare______.a.mathematicteachersc.mathematicsteacherb.mathematicsteachersd.mathematic’steachers19.ProfessorMackaytoldusthat______ofleadareitssoftnessanditsresistance.a.somepropertyc.propertiesb.somepropertiesd.property20.Physics_____withmatterandmotion.a.dealb.dealsc.dealingd.are21.Hehaswrittenseveralbooks,buthislastworks_____wellknownamonghisfriends.a.haveb.havebeenc.isd.are22.Afterhecheckedupmy______heart,thedoctoradvisedhimtorestforafewdays.a.father-in-law’sc.father’s-in-lawb.father-in-lawd.father’s-in-law’s23.Hetoldme_____wouldcometohisbirthdayparty.a.manyJackfriendsc.manyJack’sfriendb.Jack’smanyfriendsd.manyfriendsofJack’s24.Ihadmyhaircutatthe_____aroundthecorner.a.barberb.barbersc.barber’sd.barbers’25.Yesterdayeveningwehadalovelyeveningat______.a.PeterandHelen’sc.PeterandHelenb.PeterandHelensd.Peter’sandHelen’s26.______receivesonlyasmallportionofthetotalamountofthesun’senergy. a.Theearth’ssurfacec.Thesurfaceofearthb.Thesurfaceearthd.Theearthsurface27.Numerousmaterialsareavailableto______.a.todayofdesignersc.today’sofdesignersb.today’sdesignersd.todaydesigners28.WhydidyouspeaktoPeterthatway?Don’tyouknowheisanoldfriendof______?a.mybrotherb.mybrothersc.mybrother’sd.mybrother’sfriend29.______isawell-informedman.Hecantellyouanythingyouwanttoknow.a.ThisJohn’soldfriendc.That’sJahn’soldfriendb.ThisoldfriendofJohnd.ThisoldfriendofJohn’s30.______istoomuchforalittleboytocarry.a.Abike’sweightc.Theweightofabikeb.Theweightsofabiked.Bile’sweight31.Generallythereare______televisionprogramsforchildrenonSaturday.a.littleb.muchc.alargenumberofd.alargeamountof32.Whentheygottothelecture-room,therewere______left.a.onlyfewseatsb.averyfewseatsc.onlyafewseatsd.soafewseats33.______travelsfasterwhenthezipcodeisindicatedontheenvelope.a.Alittlemailb.Apieceofmailc.Amaild.Asmallmail34.TheDepartmentpurchased______toimprovetheworkingconditionsthere.a.anewequipmentc.newequipmentsb.anewpieceofequipmentd.newpiecesofequipments35.Theboytriedhardbuttherehasbeen______inhiswork.a.littleimprovementc.manyimprovementsb.alittleimprovementd.fewimprovements36.Today’smodernTVcamerasrequire______lightascomparedwiththeearliermodels.a.onlyafewb.onlyfewc.onlyalittled.onlylittle37.Nocountrycanaffordtoneglect______.a.aneducationb.educationsc.educationd.theeducation38.Pleasewritetheanswerstothequestionsattheendof______.a.eighthchapterb.chaptereightc.eightchapterd.chaptertheeight39.______isonlysurpassedbythatofmonkeys’andapes’.a.Theintelligentdogc.Theintelligenceofdogsb.Thedogswhoseintelligenced.Thedogsbeingintelligent 40.All______musttakethegraduateManagementAdmissionTest.a.businessstudentb.business’sstudentsc.businessstudentsd.business’sstudent41.______anywhereintheUnitedStatescostslessthanadollarwhenyoudialityourself.a.Threeminutescallc.Athree-minutescallb.Three-minutecalld.Athree-minutecall42.The______aboutnuclearenergyrevolvesaroundthewasteproblem.a.public’schiefconcernc.chiefpublicconcernb.publicchiefconcernd.chiefconcernofpublic’s43.______thefirstandlargestethnicgrouptoworkontheconstructionofthetranscontinentalrailroad.a.Chinesewereb.TheChinesewasc.Chinesewasd.TheChinesewere44.______cangetabetterviewofthegamethantheparticipants.a.Looker-onb.Lookers-onc.Looker-onsc.Lookers-ons45.Agroupofspectatorswasdispersedbythepolicewho______atthesceneoftheaccidentswithinminutes.a.wereb.havebeenc.wasd.hasbeen46.Ourlivestock______notasnumerousastheyusedtobe.a.isb.arec.bed.been47.Oneofthemostsurprisingthingsisthat______maycomefrompetroleum.a.muchoftomorrowfoodc.manyoftomorrow’sfoodb.muchofthefoodoftomorrowd.muchoftomorrow’sfood48.Scottisanorphanbuthereceived______.a.verygoodeducationc.averygoodeducationb.verygoodeducationsd.manygoodeducations49.Afterseveralday’shardworking,wehavemade______onthedesign.a.muchimprovementc.manyimprovementb.severalimprovementsd.someimprovement50.Theboywasveryhappythathismotherboughthimanewpairofshoesata______yesterday.a.shoesshopb.shoeshopc.shoes’sshopd.shoe’s51.Eggs,thoughnourishing,have______offatcontent.a.largenumberb.alargenumberc.ahighamountd.thehighamount52.Hehasdonesome______onthatsubjectfromvariousanglesoverthepasttenyears.a.researchb.aresearchc.researchesd.theresearches 53.Recently,hehaslostallhis______.a.wageandsavingatcardc.wagesandsavingatcardb.wagesandsavingsatcardd.wagesandsavingsatcards54.Thecountry’swealthcomeschieflyfromitsmany______.a.herdofcattleb.heardofcattlesc.herdsofcattled.herdsofcattles55.InBritainthe______areallpaintedred.a.letterboxesb.lettersboxc.lettersboxesd.letters’sbox56.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad______.a.alittlewhitehairc.afewwhitehairb.somewhitehaird.muchwhitehair57.Allhis______farfromsatisfactiona.conductisb.conductarec.conductsisd.conductswillbe58.Althoughthetownhadbeenattackedbythestormseveraltimes,______wasdone.a.afewdamagesb.fewdamagesc.littledamaged.alittledamage59.Hewas______whattodo.a.athiswitendb.athiswitsendc.athiswit’sendd.athiswits’send60.Wouldyouliketohaveacupofteaand______withme?atwotoastsb.twopiecesoftoastc.twopieceoftoastsd.towpiecesoftoasts61.Accurate______coveringthefactarenotobtainable.a.datumb.datumsc.datad.datas62.OnMondaymorningsometeachersexchangedafew______.a.how-are-yousc.how-are-you’sb.ofhow-are-you’sd.ofhowareyou63.Albertsaidhemetthegirl______a.athisuncle’sSmithroomc.athisuncleSmith’sroomb.atSmith’shisuncle’sroomd.attheroomofhisuncle’sSmith’s64.ItisfourmonthssinceIlastsawKeats______.a.atMrtSmith’s,thebooksellerc.atmyaunt’s,abooksellerb.atmyaunt’s,MrsPalmer’sd.atMrsPalmer’s,thebookseller’s65.Thisroomis______.a.theeditor’s-in-chief’sofficec.theeditor-in-chief’sofficeb.theeditor-in-chiefofficed.theeditor’s-in-chiefoffice66.Myoldclassmate,ComradeSun,worksat______.a.ateachercollegec.ateacher’scollegeb.ateachers’scolleged.acollegeofateacher’s67.Thepolicemenputthecriminal______. a.inaironb.intoaironc.inironsd.intoapairofiron68.Ourteachergaveme______.a.anadviceb.theadvicec.manyadviced.muchadvice69.Mymothercuttheclothwith______scissors.a.ab.twoc.acoupleofd.apairof70.Myhouseiswithin______fromtherailwaystation.a.astone’sthrowb.athrowofastonec.stone’sthrowd.thestone’sthrow附：介词练习1.Sheissuchanirritatingwoman,Idon’tknowhowyoucan______her.a.putupb.standuptoc.standwithd.putupwith2.Togetmytraveler’scheckIhadto______aspecialchecktothebankforthetotalamount.a.makeforb.makeoutc.makeoffd.makeup3.Littleboysareeasily______.a.takeninb.takenawayc.takenoutd.takenover4.Thecompanyisgoingtohand______thefreesamplestomorrow.a.upb.outc.ond.down5.Itwaspurely______chancethatthemistakewasdiscovered.a.inb.forc.byd.from6.Themagicianpickedseveralpersons______fromtheaudienceandaskedthemtohelphimwiththeperformance.a.byaccidentb.onoccasionc.onaveraged.atrandom7.Ileftfortheofficeearlierthanusualthismorning______trafficjam.a.incaseofb.inlinewithc.forthesakeofd.attheriskof8.Someareas,_______theirsevereweatherconditions,arehardlypopulated.a.butforb.inspiteofc.duetod.withregardto9.Visitorsareaskedtocomply______theregulations.a.atb.inc.withd.on10.He______somuchworkthathecouldn’treallydoitefficiently.a.putonb.tookonc.broughtond.turnedon11.Inordertosavetime,I______myshoppingtoonceaweek.a.cutoffb.cutoutc.cutupd.cutdown12.Theideahas______thatsciencecannotbewrong.a.piledupb.pickedupc.grownupd.putup13.hedideverythinghecouldtopreventiffrom______intofighting. a.breakingoffb.breakingupc.breakingoutd.breakingof14.Theconstructionofthenewbuildingwillcost______1,000,000dollars,andit’snoteasytogetsomuchmoney.a.atlastb.atmostc.atleastd.atlarge15.Thethiefranawayasfastashecould______thepoliceman.a.insightb.withinthesightofc.withinsightd.atthesightof16.Fortoolong,Europeancanmakershavefoughtto______oldwaysandoldprivileges.a.hangontob.haveaccesstoc.refertod.seeto17.Whoever______afullnight’ssleepwillbemorethanrewardedinheightenedproductivity,creativityandfocus.a.investsatb.investsinc.investsbyd.investswith18.Prior______hisdeparture,hewrotealettertohismother.a.ofb.fromc.tod.in19.Thecompanyisveryfamous______thehighqualityofitsproducts.a.inb.forc.byd.with20.Oncehewasgivenachancetoimprovehispositioninthefirm,heseizedit______bothhandsandisnowonhiswaytothetop.a.onb.atc.ind.with21.Thesemisfortunesalmostdeprivedhim______hisfuturecareer.a.withb.ofc.fromd.beyond22.Idon’t______theexpense;Iwantthepartytobearealsuccess.a.careforb.careaboutc.beincareofd.takecareof23.Wemustgettheroofmendedbeforethewetweathersets______.a.aboutb.onc.upd.in24.Thecarpulled______besidemeandthedriveraskedmetowaytotheGreatWall.a.downb.offc.upd.out25.Afterthewar,manywarshipswerelaid______astheywerenotneededanylonger.a.upb.asidec.downd.over26.Whentherebelliondied______thingsquicklyreturnedtonormal.a.outb.awayc.downd.through27.I’llpickyou______atyourcollegegateandtakeyoustraighttothestation.a.onb.offc.outd.up28.Willyoupleasesee______ourluggagewhenIamaway?a.tob.inc.withd.for 29.______theyreachedthesmallvillagebeforedusk.a.Towardstheendb.Bytheendc.Intheendd.Attheend30.Maryhasleftthebookonthetable______purposesothatyoucanreadit.a.withb.onc.ind.outof31.Thatnoiseisgettinglouderbecausetheengineersare______theenginetoseeiftheplaneisreadytofly.a.doingwithb.runningupc.turningind.tryingfor32.Thegovernmentislooking______newmethodsofraisingmoneywithoutincreasingtaxes.a.downonb.uponc.outford.around33.Manissuperiortotheanimals______hesueslanguagetoconveyhisthoughts.a.andthatb.inthatc.sothatd.inorderthat34.Notlongago,apersonwhoIknoweverywellwas______anaccident.a.relatedtob.includedinc.involvedind.subjectto35.I______tohimfortheerror.a.excusedb.pardonedc.forgaved.apologized36.Thoughwehavenointerests______common,wearegoodfriends.a.onb.inc.ford.at37.Thepursehasreturnedtotheoriginalowner______.a.inalongtimeb.inalongrunc.innotimed.atnotime38.Wecan’thopetocatchupwiththatcar______us.a.inadvanceofb.inthefrontofc.atthefrontierofd.aheadof39.Someanimalswillmodifytheirbehaviorto______theirenvironment.a.adapttob.adopttoc.suittod.conformto40.Don"t______goingabroadthissummer,wemaynothaveenoughmoney.a.countonb.comeonc.attendupond.frownupon41.Don’tsuspectyourdaughter______dishonesty.a.ofb.forc.withd.to42.Attheheadofthevalleyweturnedrightand______thesummit.a.setupb.tookupc.madeford.wentfor43.Hertypeofwomencan______lifemuchmoreeasily.a.copewithb.takeadvantageofc.takecareofd.lookafter44.Themanageraccusedoneofthehotelservants______stealingthemoney.a.forb.withc.ofd.about45.Itisdifficultto_____theimplicationbetweenthelines.a.gettob.getintoc.getoverd.getat 46.Whilelivingthere,she______thelocalaccent.a.pickedonb.pickedatc.pickedupd.pickedout47.Weadoptedthenewmethod_____raisingourefficiency.a.intheeventofb.onaccountofc.withaviewofd.withregardto48.______thelightofwhatyouhavetoldme,Iwillsaythatitishewhocamehereyesterday.a.Byb.Inc.Ofd.Under49.TheywillplaceChinainthefrontranksofcountriesoftheworld______theoutputofmajorindustrialproducts.a.insupportofb.inconnectionwithc.intermsofd.bymeansof50.Whentheyhadfinishedplaying,thechildrenweremadeto______allthetoystheyhadtakenout.a.putoffb.putawayc.putupd.putout51.Hefailedtosupplythefactsrelevant______thecaseinquestion.a.forb.withc.ofd.to52.InBritain,andontheContinenttoo,theJapaneseareviewed_______athreattodomesticindustries.a.likeb.asc.withd.for53.WhenJackwaseighteenhe______goingaroundwithastrangesetofpeopleandstayingoutverylate.a.tookupb.tookforc.tooktod.tookon54.WhileinLondon,wepaidavisittothehospitalfounded______thenurseFlorenceNightingale.a.inlinewithb.infavorofc.inplaced.inhonorof55.Apoormanhasto______manythingwhicharichmanregardsasalmostnecessariesinlife.a.gothroughb.gowithoutc.gooverd.goabout56.Digitalcomputersarepractical______theirhighspeedofoperation.a.insteadofb.becauseofc.regardlessofd.inspiteof57._____themanyhoursofstudythathedevotedtothesubject,hestillfoundthesubjectmatterdifficult.a.Afterb.Duetoc.Despited.Asfor58.Theearlypartoftheconcert______comparativelysatisfactorily.a.wentafterb.wentdownc.wentoffd.wentup59.Maryis_______herfacereadyfortheparty.a.clearingupb.holdingupc.keepingupd.makingup 60._______aprolongedspelloffineweather,theywereabletocompletethefilmwithinthemonth.a.Astob.Thankstoc.Inrelationtod.Withrespectto61.Onedaypeoplewillbeabletogotothemoon_____holiday.a.onb.duringc.ford.in62.Howdiditcome_____thatyoumadealotofmistakesinyourhomework?a.aboutb.afterc.withd.to63.Whatevertheruleis,youmaybesurehewillkeep_____it.a.onb.inc.offd.to64.Inonefirmaloneoverthreehundredpeoplewerelaid_____duringthelastmonth.a.inb.outc.ond.off65.Thesafetyofshops______seadependsmuchonthewarningsgivenbylighthouses.a.inb.acrossc.ond.at66.Themassofanobjectismultipliedbythespeedoflightsquared,_____otherwords,thespeedoflightismultipliedbyitself.a.byb.forc.ind.with67.Thenewsystemencouragescompaniestocompetewitheachother______equalterms.a.onb.inc.withd.for68.Youshouldstick_____thepointindebate.a.tob.atc.ind.for69.Tomhasbeensadrecently,forhisplantogotocollege_____atthelastmoment.a.felloutb.fellbehindc.fellind.fellthrough70.Davidlikescountrylifeandhasdecidedto______farming.a.goinforb.gointoc.gothroughd.goafter71.Thepolicehaven’tcaughtthemurderaliveyet,buttheyareconvincedthatthereallyimportantfactsofthecasewillsoon________.a.comeintoforceb.comeintocontactc.comeintolightd.comedowntoearth72.Theteacherexpectsustodoalltheexercises,tostudythespellinglistandtogetourpaper______time.a.inb.onc.atd.by73.Havingbeentoldbadweatherwasontheway,theclimbersdecidedto______theirattemptonMountTaiuntilthefollowingweek.a.giveupb.denytoc.putoffd.refuseto74.Billdidnothearthetelephonebecausehewascompletely______hisreading. a.absorbedforb.absorbedbyc.absorbedond.absorbedin75.Unwantedticketscanbegiven______atthetheatreofficewindowuptohalfanhourbeforetheperformance.a.inb.outc.offd.over76.Sciencewas______regardedasapartofphilosophy.a.attimeb.atalltimec.atatimed.atonetime77.Thenewlydesignedmachinesarehigh______quality.a.onb.inc.ford.with78.Somequiteartistic,yetinexpensivefabricsarenowbeing_____fromBritishmills.a.turnedoverb.turnedoutc.turnedupd.turnedoff79.Themotherscoldedtheboy______notcleaninguphisroom.a.tob.withc.atd.for80.______mycarisbeingmadereadyforalongjourney.a.Inthemomentb.Forthemomentc.Atthemomentd.Bythemoment81.I’mbad______rememberingfaces.a.atb.inc.withd.on82.Oildrillinginthatareahasnowstoppedbecausethecompanyhas______money.a.comeoutofb.comeoffc.runoutofd.rundown83.Thedoctorwasalways______thepoorandthesick,oftengivingthemfreemedicalservices.a.remindedofb.absorbedinc.tendedbyd.concernedabout84.Thecompanywillsendarepresentativeto______theirbusinessinthatregion.a.attendtob.attemptatc.associatewithd.approveof85.Milkis______memoriesofhomeandmothersopeopleawayfromhomedrinkmoremilk.a.boundtob.kepttoc.referredtod.tiedto86.Despitethetrafficlightsahead,thecarcontinued______fullspeed.a.withb.inond.at87.Somethingstrangeseemstobe_____mesinceIhavebeentakingthisdrug.a.runningintob.comingacrossc.happeningtod.fallingon88.Theshopkeeperwas______insidehisownshop,andalltheday’smoneywasstolen.a.heldoverb.heldupc.heldoutd.heldoff89.Earth-likeplanetsareextremelycommonintheUniverse,______thelatestcomputersimulationoftheformationoftheSolarSystem.a.accordingtob.inadditiontoc.inregardtod.thanksto 90.InBrazil,spendingonscienceandtechnology______just0.6percentofgrossnationalproduct.a.makesforb.makesupforc.accountsford.standsfor91.______,whereverhelives,amanbelongstosomesociety.a.Forshortb.Inshortc.Ofshortd.Onshort92.Amanwhocould______suchtreatmentwasamanofremarkablephysicalcourageandmoralstrength.a.bearuponb.insistonc.standuptod.persistin93.Ishisactionconsistent______hisprinciples?a.withb.inc.ofd.by94.Heisbyfarthebestplayer______theteam.a.forb.onc.ind.to95.Aforeignfirmhasboughtmorethanhalfofthesharesinhiscompanyand______.a.gotoveritb.overtakenitc.takenitoverd.overcomeit96.Afteraheatedbargainingtheyagreed______thepriceforthecar.a.tob.withc.ond.in97._______allthedifficultiesanddiscomforts,theywentonworkingatthedesign.a.Becauseofb.Inproportionwithc.Asaresultofd.Inspiteof98.allquestionsleft______byhistorymustbesettledonebyone.a.aloneb.offc.outd.over99.Itisjustthreeo’clockp.m.Theplanejust_____fiveminutesago.a.tookoffb.tookupc.tookoutd.tookin100.Thegovernmentwarnedthepeoplelivingintheforesttobe______fire.a.withregardtob.onguardc.onguardagainstd.inregardto101.Duringsleepbloodpressureisnormally______itslowest.a.inb.forc.atd.by102.Theparentsandthechildrenwillhavetoleavethecountry______good.a.withc.overc.ond.for103.Neithertheirparentsnortheirfriendshaveapproved______theirmarriageyet.a.forb.ofc.tod.with104.Classroomtesting,ifwelldone,mostcertainly______astimulustostudyandreallearning.a.actsforb.actsonc.actsasd.actsto105.Intheexperimentwekeptawatchfuleye______thedevelopmentsandrecordedeverydetail.a.inb.atc.ford.on 106.TheFrenchpianistwhohadbeenpraisedveryhighly______tobeagreatdisappointment.a.turnedupb.turnedinc.turnedoutd.turneddown107.Intheadvancedcoursestudentsmusttakeperformancetests______monthlyintervals.a.inb.overc.atd.between108.Weregrettoinformyouthatthematerialsyouorderedare______.a.outofworkb.outofreachc.outofpracticed.outofstock109.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties______teaching,suchasadministrativeorresearchwork.a.besidesb.exceptc.butd.with110.heattempted______tosetupacompanyofhisown.a.withvainb.onvainc.invaind.ofvain111.Onhearingthenewsthatherfatherdied,she______tears.a.burstoutb.burstinc.burstintod.burstforth112.Shewasannoyedathiscomment,thinkingthathevisitor_____her.a.lookeddownb.lookedhighlyofc.lookedlowatd.lookeddownupon113.______comparisontomyboyhood,myundergraduateyearsinOklahomawereparadise.a.Inb.Withc.Byd.For114.TheUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffee,yetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowany______itsown.a.onb.forc.ofd.to115.Theaccountshavealwaysbeenhandled______thebankspolicies.a.inaccordancewithc.inconnectionwithc.incontrastwithd.inlinewith116.Hisinabilitytolearnforeignlanguageswasanobstacle______hiscareer.a.ofb.toc.ford.as117.Thepurposeoftheofficialinquiryisto______thetruefactsleadingtothelossoftheshipatsea.a.comeatb.comeforc.comeintod.comeover118.BusinesspickedupinthestoresduringDecember,but______againafterChristmas.a.droppedoffb.droppedoutc.droppedoverd.droppedon119.ManywordsassociatedwithlifeintheWestareSpanish______origin.a.onb.inc.atd.from 120.Thecustomofvisitingfriends,relativesandneighborsonNewYear’sDayisonetheOldWorldtraditionsthathas______anewformintheUnitedStates.a.takenupb.takenonc.takenoverd.takenoff121.Someworkersfearthelossofsocialidentitythatcan______nothavingajob.a.resultinb.resultfromc.bringupd.bringon122.Mostoftheleadingfoodshopshavepromisedto______pricesuntilafterthenewyear.a.keepoffb.keepdownc.keepoutd.keepback123.______classicalmusic,whichfollowsformalEuropeantraditions,jazzisaspontaneousandfreeform.a.Incomparisonwithb.Inconnectionwithc.Incontrasttod.Inregardto124.Alice______whenacrowdfromatrainrushedthroughthegate.a.lookedafterb.lookedinc.lookedoverd.lookedup125.Thenewsofimportanteventsisbroadcastoften_______overtelevision.a.ontheaverageb.onthecontraryc.onthespotd.onthewhole2.冠词和数词2.1不定冠词的用法　　冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种是零冠词。　　不定冠词a（an）与数词one同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。　1）表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为acertain。例如：　　AMr.Lingiswaitingforyou.有位姓凌的先生在等你。　2）代表一类人或物。例如：　　Aknifeisatoolforcuttingwith.刀是切割的工具。　　Mr.Smithisanengineer.史密斯先生是工程师。　3）组成词组或成语，如alittle/afew/alot/atypeof/apile/agreatmany/manya/asarule/inahurry/inaminute/inaword/inashortwhile/afterawhile/haveacold/haveatry/keepaneyeon/allofasudden等。2.2定冠词的用法　定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但意义较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。　1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如： 　　Takethemedicine.　把药吃了。　2）上文提到过的人或事。例如：　　Heboughtahouse.　I"vebeentothehouse.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。　3）指世上独一物二的事物，如thesun，thesky，themoon，theearth等。　4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如thedollar美元;thefox狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：therich富人;theliving生者。　5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面。例如：　　Wheredoyoulive?　Iliveonthesecondfloor.　你住在哪？我住在二层。　　That"stheverythingI"vebeenlookingfor.　那正是我要找的东西。　6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：　Theyaretheteachersofthisschool.（指全体教师）　Theyareteachersofthisschool.　（指部分教师）　7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如：　　Shecaughtmebythearm..　她抓住了我的手臂。　8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如：　thePeople"sRepublicofChina　中华人民共和国　theUnitedStates　美国　9）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：　Sheplaysthepiano.　她会弹钢琴。　10）用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：　　theGreens　格林一家人（或格林夫妇）　11）用在惯用语中。例如：intheday,inthemorning（afternoon，evening）,　thedayaftertomorrow　thedaybeforeyesterday,　thenextmorning,　inthesky（water，field，country）　inthedark,　intherain,　inthedistance,　inthemiddle（of）,　intheend,onthewhole,　bytheway,　gotothetheatre2.3零冠词的用法1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。　2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如：　　Theyareteachers.他们是教师。　3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如：　　Failureisthemotherofsuccess.　失败乃成功之母。 　4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：　　Mancannotlivewithoutwater.　离开水人就无法生存。　5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如：　WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.　我们从星期一到星期五都上课。　6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如：　TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。　7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如havebreakfast，playchess。　8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如：　　Ican"twritewithoutpenorpencil.　没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。　9）当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如bybus，bytrain。　10）有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如：　　　gotohospital　　去医院看病　　　gotothehospital　去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）　11）不用冠词的序数词；　a.序数词前有物主代词时。　b.序数词作副词。例如：Hecamefirstintherace.他跑步得了第一。　c.在固定词组中，如at（the）first,firstofall,fromfirsttolast等。2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构1）两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同的人或物。例如：　　Heraisesablackandawhitecat.　他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。　Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers.　这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。　2）如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一人或一物。例如：Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他养了一只花猫。2.5冠词位置1）不定冠词位置　不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：　　a.位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后。例如： 　　Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.我从来没见过这样的动物。　　Manyamanisfitforthejob.许多人适合这岗位。　b.当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如：　　ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.我从未这么高兴过。　　Soshortatime如此短的时间　　Toolongadistance距离太远了　c.quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：ratheracoldday/arathercoldday。　d.在as，though引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。例如：Braveamanthoughheis，hetremblesatthesightofsnakes.他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。2）定冠词位置　定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，threetimes等词之后，名词之前。例如：Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.　班里的所有学生都出去了。2.6数词　表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。　一、基数词　　1）基数词一般可写成如345或threehundredandforty-five。　　2）基数词一般是单数形式，但遇下列情况，常用复数：　　a.与of短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scoresofpeople指许多人；　　b.在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里。例如：Theyarrivedintwosandthrees.　他们三三两两的到了。　　c.表示"几十岁"。　　d.表示"年代"，用in+the+数词复数。　　e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如Threefivesis（are）fifteen。　二、序数词　　序数词的缩写形式如first---1st　second---2nd　thirty-first---31st等。　　三、数词的用法　　1）倍数表示法　　a.主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+adj.+as。例如　　　Ihavethreetimesasmanyasyou.　我有你三倍那么多。 　　b.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+thesize（amount，length…）of…。例如：　　　Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.　地球是月球的49倍。　　c.主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than…。例如：　　Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。　　d.还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍。例如：　　Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。　　2）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：　　1/3one-third；3/37threeandthree-sevenths.2.7冠词练习1.WhenLindawasachild,hermotheralwaysletherhave______bed.a.thebreakfastinb.thebreakfastinthec.breakfastind.breakfastinthe2.Hehaspromisedtogiveup______hundredsoftimes.a.atobaccob.tobaccoc.thetobaccod.tobaccos3.______usuallygotochurcheverySunday.a.TheBrownb.ABrownc.Brownsd.TheBrowns4.Thetrainisrunningfiftymiles______.a.anhourb.onehourc.thehourd.ahour5.Hecanplayalmosteverykindofmusicinstrumentbutheisgood______.a.atthefluteb.atflutec.atafluted.atthatflute6.Theinvestigatorsfoundthatmoreshouldbedonefor______inIndia.a.thosepoorb.apoorc.poord.thepoor7.Youlookinhighspirit.Youmusthave______duringyourholiday.a.wonderfultimeb.awonderfultimec.thewonderfultimed.somewonderfultime8.Thecityassignedapolicemantotheschoolcrossingbecause______traffictherewassoheavy.a.ab.anc.thed.one9.Anewteacherwassenttothevillageinplaceof______onewhohadretired.a.ab.thec.and.its10.Virtueandvicearebeforeyou;______leadsyoutohappiness,______tomisery.a.theformer…latterb.aformer…alatterc.theformer…thelatterd.former…latter11.Thechildreninthekinder-gardensoontook______totheirteachers. a.quitefancyb.aquitefancyc.quiteafancyd.thequitefancy12.______tendtobemoanthelackofcharacterintheyounggeneration.a.Theoldb.Oldc.Elderlyd.Older13.Amansufferingfromachockshouldbegiven______.a.hotsweetteab.ahotsweetteac.thehotsweettead.onehotsweettea14.Heansweredmyquestionswith______nottobeexpectedofanordinaryschoolboy.a.hisaccuracyb.aaccuracyc.theaccuracyd.anaccuracy15.Ifyougobytrainyoucanhavequite______comfortablejourney.a.theb.onec.ad.that16.We’regoingto______with______today,aren’twe?a.thetea…theSmithsb.tea…thoseSmithsc.atea…aSmithd.tea…theSmiths17.Iwantanassistantwith______knowledgeofFrenchand______experienceofofficeroutine.a.the…theb.a…thec.a…and.the…an18.Ann’shabitofridingamotorcycleupanddowntheroadearlyinthemorningannoyedtheneighborsand______theytookhertothecourt.a.intheendb.attheendc.inanendd.inend19.Itisreportedthattoday______presidentwillhavelunchwith______PresidentOmon.a.the…theb.a…ac.the…/d./…/20.TiananMenSquareand______GreatWallaretowoftheplaceseveryoneshouldseein______People’sRepublicofChina.a.the…theb./…/c.the…/d./…the21.Ithaslongbeenknownthatthereisanelectricfield______.a.insidetheearthb.insideearthc.insideanearthd.onearth22.______muchharderwork,thevolunteerswereabletoplacetheragingforestfire______.a.Bythemeansof…underthecontrolb.Bymeansof…undercontrolc.Bymeansof…underacontrold.Byameansof…undercontrol23.Nosoonerhadthemandepartedthanthetreebegandroppingcoffeebeans______.a.bythethousandb.byathousandc.bythousandsd.bythousand24.Heexpressed______oftheirhavingeverbeenmarried.a.thedoubtb.adoubtc.doubtd.andoubt25.Hesawthroughthelittleboy’stricks______.a.atglanceb.attheglancec.atsomeglanced.ataglance 26.Theirvictoryis______,forthey’velosttoomanymen.a.outofquestionb.outofthequestionc.outquestiond.ofquestion27.Manyagirlwantstobecome______.a.somesecretaryb.asecretaryc.secretaryd.secretaries28.Hegrabbedme______andpulledmeontothebus.a.aarmb.anarmc.thearmd.bythearm29.I’llcomein______minute;infactI’llcome______momentI’mthrough.a./…theb.a…thec.the…ad./…/30.Thisisoneof______interestingbooksonyoursubject.a.themostb.themostofthec.mostd.mostofthe31.Heenjoyslife______the“QueenAnne”.a.onaboardb.onboardc.intheboardd.board32.Helosthisfoband______hiswifelefthim.a.onthattopb.ontopofthatc.onatopofthatd.onthetop33.Mostoftherepresentativesthinkthat______themeetingwasverysuccessful.a.onwholeofb.onawholec.onthewholed.onthewholethat34.UndernocircumstanceswilltherebewagecontrolwhileIam______ofthegovernment.a.theheadb.aheadc.headd.thathead35.Likehissister,Davidneeded______fromsomegenerouspersoninordertogethome.a.arideb.someridec.rided.theride36.Thebrain’slefthemispherecontrolslogicandlanguage,while______controlsintuitivetalentsandmusicalability.a.therightb.arightc.thatrightd.rightone37.______issettinguparesearchteamtoseehowchildrenreacttovideogames.a.TheJapan’sHealthMinistryb.Japan’shealthMinistryb.AJapan’shealthMinistryd.JapanhealthMinistry38.UnlikeAmericans,whoseemtoprefercoffee,______agreatdealoftea.a.Englishdrinkb.TheEnglishdrinkc.Englishmandrinkd.theEnglishdrinks39.Hundredsofpeopleare______now,sothereareabout50peopletryingforthesameposition.a.outoftheworkb.outworkc.outofworkd.outofawork40.Hismothertaught______,buthisfatherwasonlyablue-collarworker.a.pianob.anpianoc.thepianod.apiano41.ContrarytowhatIhadexpected,helostfor______. asecondtimeb.asecondtimec.secondtimesd.thesecondtime42.Fashionschangeandpeoplechangetoo,buttheoldfeelingremains______.a.thesameb.samec.thatsamed.assame43.Wearegoingtodinetomorrowwith______tocelebrateChristmasDay.a.theCunningb.Cunningsc.TheCunningsd.Cunning’s44.Thisis______whichiscollectedbeforethefirstraininSpring.a.oneteab.ateac.thetead.thattea45.______isknownbyitsnote,______isknownbyhistalk.a.Abird/amanb.Onebird/onemanc.Thebird/themand.Bird/man46.Nevertravelwith______wholeavesyouincaseofdanger.a.thefriendb.thatfriendc.afriendd.friend47.DoyouthinkitpossiblefortheNorthPoletohave______afewthousandyearsfromnow?a.Shanghaib.aShanghaic.theShanghaid.oneShanghai48.Idon’tthink______isabettercarthanourmakes.a.aFordb.Ford’sc.theFordd.Ford49.Ididn’tknowwhyhelookedangrywhenIpattedhim______.a.ontheheadb.onheadc.onaheadd.onhishead50.heneverfailstogiveyou______whenyouareintrouble.a.hishelpinghandsb.thehelpinghandc.helpinghandsd.ahelpinghand51.Thehistoricaleventsofthatperiodarearranged______.a.inalphabeticalorderb.inanalphabeticalorderb.inthealphabeticalordersd.inaalphabeticalorders52.Theliketotakeavacation______.a.onetimetheyearb.onetimeinayearc.onceayeard.onceinayear53.“WhatisTodger?”“Heis______.”a.apoetandnovelistb.apoetandanovelistb.poetandnovelistd.thepoetandnovelist54.“Howdidyoupaytheworkers?”“Asarule,theyarepaid______.”a.byanyourb.bythehourc.byahourd.byhours55.TheDMZextendsabouttwohundredkilometers______.a.fromeasttowestb.fromtheeasttowestc.fromtheeasttothewestd.fromeasterntowestern56.What______areyouplanningtobuy?a.makeofcarb.makeofthecarc.makeofacard.makeofcars 57.______,youcan’tfoolher.a.ThechildthoughRowenaisb.ThoughchildRowenaisb.AschildRowenaisd.ChildasRowenais58.What’s______istogetinformationaboutthesituationfirst.a.thewisestb.awisestc.thewiserd.wisest59.Thedifferencesbetween______aregraduallybeingeliminated.a.thetownandthecountryb.townandcountryb.atownandacountryd.atownandthecountry60.ScientistshopetosendanexpeditiontoMarsduring______.a.the1990sb.the1990c.1990sd.1990’s2.8数词练习1.______martyrshaveheroicallylaiddowntheirlivesforthepeople.a.Thousanduponthousandofb.Thousandandthousandsofc.Thousandsuponthousandsofd.Thousandandthousandof2.Theyreceived______oflettersabouttheirTVprograms.a.dozenb.dozenanddozencscored.dozens3.Whoisthatman,______inthefrontrow?a.oneb.theonec.firstd.thefirst4.Wehaveproduced______thisyearaswedidin1993.a.asmuchcottontwiceb.astwicemuchcottonc.muchastwicecottond.twiceasmuchcotton5.Theearthisabout______asthemoon.a.asfiftytimebigb.fiftytimesasbigc.asbigfiftytimed.fiftyastimesbig6.ThepopulationofmanyAlaskancitieshas______inthepastthreeyears.a.morethandoubledb.moredoubledthanc.muchthandoubledd.muchdoubledthan7.Themoonisabout_____indiameterasdiameterastheearth.a.one-threeaslargeb.onethreeaslargec.one-thirdaslarged.onethirdaslarge8.Fivehundredyuanamonth_____enoughtoliveon.a.isb.arec.isbeingd.hasbeen9.______ofthebuildingswereruined.a.Threefourthb.Threefourc.Three-fourthsd.Three-four10.Consult_____forquestionsaboutearthquakes.a.thesixindexb.indexsixc.sixthindexd.indexnumberingsix11.Shewenttothecountryside______. a.inthemorningatnine/onJunefirst,1968b.onJunefirst,1968/inthemorningatninec.atnineinthemorning/onJunefirst,1968d.onJunefirst,1968/atnineinthemorning12.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearth______coveredwithwater.a.areb.isc.wered.be13.Thismonththeproductionofstainlesssteelinoursteelworkshasincreased______2,000tons.a.withb.inc.ond.by14.Withtheminiaturizationofthestructuralcomponentstheweightoftheseelectricdeviceshasdecreased________30percent.a.asb.withc.ind.by15.TheOlympicGamesareheld______.a.everyfouryearsb.everyfouryearc.everyfourthyearsd.everyfour-years16.Asheisnotingoodhealth,hegoestohisfactoryonly______justtolearnsomethingabouttheprogressofexperiment.a.onceaweekb.oneweekc.onetimeaweekd.oneaweek17.Threestudents______inthisuniversitycomefromtheSouth.a.oftenb.outofintenc.outoftend.intens18.Stringsofthesamethicknessmadeofnylonare______.a.fivetimesstrongerthanthoseb.fivetimestrongerthanthosec.fivetimesstrongthanthosed.fivetimesstrongerasthose19.thewheelsoftheoldwagonarenearly______thoseofamoderncar.a.twicethesizeofb.twicesizeofc.twicesizesofd.twicethesizeof20.Onedayonthemoonis______.a.twoEarthweeklongb.twoEarthweekslongb.twoEarthweekslongerd.twoEarthweekslength附：限定词练习1.Myhandwashurt.Couldyoudo______typingforme?a.someb.manyc.suchd.any2.Therewere______studentsinthereadingroom.a.neitherb.notc.nod.none3.Ifitisof______usetoyou,pleasetakeit.a.someb.manyc.nod.any4.I’veinvitedfivepeopletoteathisafternoon.Outofthem,onlyJohnandMarycan come,______can’t.a.otherb.theotherc.othersd.theothers5.MostEnglishpeoplegotoSpainforthesea,thesunandallthe______thingsassociatedwitharelaxingholiday.a.anyb.anotherc.somed.other6.______wereironedbymymotheryesterday.a.Theallsheetsb.allofsheetsc.Allthesheetsd.Sheetsofall7.Asusual,______manwasgivenhisindividualassignment.a.everyb.eachc.alld.both8.Theysaw______girlsthedaybeforeyesterday.a.boththeothertwob.thetwootherbothc.thebothothertwod.thebothtwoother9.Oneusesthefreezer,thecomputerandthebusinessschooltomanufacture______dishesinneveraticklongerthan100seconds.a.suchothersb.othersuchc.suchotherd.othersucha10.______boxerwasstrong,but______hadagoodbuildandwaslightonhisfeet.a.Either/everyb.Neither/eachc.Both/bothd.Allthe/all11.______wasastonishedtofindhimselfrootingandshoutinginamostundignifiedmanner.a.Manyelderlymanb.Amanyelderlymenc.Manyanelderlymand.Manyelderlymen12.Iknownow,ofcourse,thereis______aslove.a.nosuchathingb.notsuchthingc.notathingd.nosuchthing13.Astherewere______life-boatsforeverybody,40liveswerelost.a.aslittleb.solittlec.toofewd.veryfew14.Hewasbrave;_____soldiersfoughtsobravelyinthatbattle.a.noothersb.noanotherc.nootherd.notother15.Idon’tthinkwehavemetbefore.I’mafraidyou’reconfusingmewith______.a.someotherb.someotherpersonc.otherpersond.oneother16.16.WeekendslastfromFridayeveningtoSundaynight.______daysareweek-days.a.Theotherb.Anotherc.Otherd.Everyother17.Wehad______goodtimethatwehatedtoleavetheparty.a.suchab.suchc.sod.pretty18.Parisis______thatwecanhardlyvisitallthebeautifulparksintwoorthreedays.a.suchlargeacityb.soalargecityc.suchalargecityd.asuchlargecity19.DeputiestotheNationalPeople’sCongressareelected_______. a.everyfouryearb.eachfouryearsc.everyoffouryearsd.everyfouryears20.Thereishardly______differencebetweenthetwolibraries.a.nob.anyc.muchd.some21.Foryoungpeople,Carpenteris______singer.a.mosttheirpopularb.mostpopularoftheirsc.theirmostpopulard.mostpopularoftheir22.______areabouttheAmericanIndependentWar.a.Bothbookb.Bothbooksc.Allthetwobookd.alloftwobooks23.WhenIamintrouble,myfriendswillgivemetheirhandswithout______hesitation.a.someb.ac.anyd.the24.You’rewelcometomyhouse______timeyou’dlike.a.theb.anyc.nod.some25.Hewasverymuchdisappointedbecause______wenttohisweddingparty.a.nohisfriendsb.allnohisfriendsc.nonehisfriendsd.noneofhisfriends26.Youshouldn’tstopyourcarheresincethereisasign‘______’.a.NotParkingb.NoParkc.NoParkingd.NotaPark27.Icannotinvited______ofyou,sinceI’vegotonlyoneextraticket.a.eitherb.bothc.somed.one28.______theidiomsarenoteasytorememberanduse.a.Everyb.Somec.Alld.Each29.Thereisalineoftreesin______sideoftheriver.a.everyb.eachc.perd.none30.______ourcountriesaredevelopingcountries.a.Eachb.Eitherc.Everyd.Both31.Thescientistwroteanumberofbooks,but______bookswerenovels.a.lasttwohisb.hislasttwoc.twohislastd.lasttwoofhis32.Haveyougot______copiestogoaround?a.muchc.alargeamountofc.enoughd.great33.Youcanneverusemycar.____timeshouldyoutouchit.a.Atnob.Atanyc.anyd.No34.Mybrotherisgoingonthepicnicwith______friends.a.histwolittleotherb.otherhistwolittlec.hisotherlittletwod.histwootherlittle35.Thoseexamplesarenotenough,youshouldgive______examplestomakeyourargumentconvincing.a.someb.anyc.somemored.anymore 36.______feelsentitledtomoreinlifethanjusthousework.a.Manywomenb.Alotofwomanc.Manyawomand.Afewwoman37.Youwillhavetopractice______timesbeforeyoucandoit.a.manymoreb.moremanyc.moreoftend.moreseveral38.Itis______workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.a.asounusualb.suchanunusualc.sounusuald.suchunusual39.Thiscakeisdelicious,butIcan’teat______.a.someb.noc.anyd.much40.HerearesomebooksbyAmericanwriters.Youcanread______youlike.a.anyb.whichc.whatoned.whicheverone3.代词　代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。　一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemshehertheythemitittheythem例如：Heismyfriend.　他是我的朋友。　　　It"sme.　是我。二、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人物和数的变化见下表。数单数复数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourHis/her/itsOuryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyoursHis/hers/itsoursyourstheirs例如：Ilikehiscar.我喜欢他的小汽车。 　　　Ourschoolishere，andtheirsisthere.我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。　三、指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。例如：Thatisagoodidea.　那是个好主意。　四、表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为"反身代词"。例如：Shewastalkingtoherself.　她自言自语。　五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有eachother和oneanother两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么大的区别。例如：Theyloveeachother.　　他们彼此相爱。　六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody，something，noone。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。例如：---Doyouhaveacar?　--你有一辆小汽车吗？---Yes，Ihaveone.　　--是的，我有一辆。---Idon"tknowanyofthem.　他们，我一个也不认识。　七、疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）　　例如：Tellmewhoheis.　告诉我他是谁。　八、关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（先行词）。例如：Heisthemanwhomyouhavebeenlookingfor.　他就是你要找的那个人。3.1人称代词的用法1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如：　Johnwaitedawhilebuteventuallyhewenthome.约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。　JohnhopedthepassengerwouldbeMaryandindeeditwasshe.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中。例如： 　Whenhearrived,Johnwentstraighttothebank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。　2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。例如：Isawherwiththem,atleast,Ithoughtitwasher.我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语）　　　a.--Whobrokethevase?　--谁打碎了花瓶？　　b.--Me.　　　　--我。（me做主语补语=It"sme.）说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。3.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换1）宾格代替主格　a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not后，多用宾语。　　　----IlikeEnglish.　　　--我喜欢英语。　　　----Metoo.　　　　　　　--我也喜欢。　　　----Havemorewine?　　　--再来点酒喝吗?　　　----Notme.　　　　　　　--我可不要了。　b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。　　　HeistallerthanI/me.　　　HeistallerthanIam.2）主格代替宾格　a.在介词but，except后，有时可用主格代替宾格。　b.在电话用语中常用主格。　　　　　　----IwishtospeaktoMary.--我想和玛丽通话。　　　----Thisisshe.　　　　　　--我就是玛丽。　注意：在动词be或tobe后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。　　　Ithoughtitwasshe.　　我以为是她。　　　　　　（主格----主格）　　　Ithoughtittobeher.　　　　　　　　　　　　　（宾格----宾格）　　　Iwastakentobeshe.　　我被当成了她。　　　　（主格----主格）　　　Theytookmetobeher.　他们把我当成了她。　　（宾格----宾格）3.3代词的指代问题1）不定代词anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，noone，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he,his,him代替。例如：Nobodycame,didhe?　谁也没来，是吗? 2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he,she，带有亲切的感情色彩。例如：Givethecatsomefood.Sheishungry.　给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。3.4并列人称代词的排列顺序1）单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称－>第三人称－>第一人称，即you－>he/she;it->I。例如：You,heandIshouldreturnontime.2）复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称－>第二人称－>第三人称，即we　－>you－>they。　　　注意：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。　　　a.在承认错误，承担责任时，　　　　ItwasIandJohnthatmadeherangry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。b.在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，如：Iandyoutrytofinishit.我和你去弄好它。　　　c.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。　　　d.当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。3.5物主代词1）物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。例如：Johnhadcuthisfinger;apparentlytherewasabrokenglassonhisdesk.约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性（my,your等）和名词性（mine,yours等）两种，形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--"s属格结构。例如：　　　Jack"scap　意为ThecapisJack"s。　　　Hiscap　　意为Thecapishis。　2）名词性物主代词的句法功能　　a.作主语。例如：　　　MayIuseyourpen?Yoursworksbetter.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？你的比我的好用。　　　b.作宾语。例如：　　　Ilovemymotherlandasmuchasyouloveyours.我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。　　　c.作介词宾语。例如： YourshouldinterpretwhatIsaidinmysenseoftheword,notinyours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的去解释。　　　d.作主语补语。例如：　　　ThelifeIhaveisyours.It"syours.It"syours.　我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。3.6双重所有格　物主代词不可与a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。公式为：a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。例如：afriendofmine,eachbrotherofhis.　　　　3.7.反身代词1）1）列表数单数复数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词IYouHe/she/itweYouThey反身代词myselfyourselfHimself/herself/itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves　另外：one的反身代词为oneself　2）做宾语　a.有些动词需有反身代词，如absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave等。例如：　　　Weenjoyedourselvesverymuchlastnight.　我们昨晚玩得很开心。　　Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.　请你随便吃点鱼。　b.用于及物动词+宾语+介词，如takepridein,beannoyedwith,helponeselftosth等。例如：Icouldnotdress（myself）upatthattime.　那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注：有些动词后不跟反身代词，如：getup,sit-down,standup,wakeup等。例如：　　Pleasesitdown.　请坐。　3）用作表语，如结构beoneself。例如：Iamnotmyselftoday.　我今天不舒服。4）用作同位语Thethingitselfisnotimportant.　　事情本身并不重要。 　5）在不强调的情况下，but,except,for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：Noonebutmyself（me）ishurt.注意：　　a.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。　　　（错）Myselfdrovethecar.　　　（对）Imyselfdrovethecar.　我自己开车。　　b.但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself作主语。例如：Charlesandmyselfsawit.查尔斯和我看见了这件事。3.8相互代词1）相互代词只有eachother和oneanother两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。例如：　　Itiseasytoseethatthepeopleofdifferentcultureshavealwayscopiedeachother.显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。2）相互代词的句法功能：　　a.作动词宾语；　　　Peopleshouldloveoneanother.人们应当彼此相爱。　　b.可作介词宾语；　　　Doesbark,cockscrow,frogscroaktoeachother.　吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用eachother，存在于两个以上人和物之间用oneanother。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多。例如：　　　Heputallthebooksbesideeachother/oneanother.他把所有书并列摆放起来。　　　Usuallythesesmallgroupswereindependentofeachother.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。　　c.相互代词可加-"s构成所有格。例如：　　　Thestudentsborrowedeachother"snotes.学生们互借笔记。3.9指示代词1）指示代词分单数（this/that）和复数（these/those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词。例如：单数复数限定词ThisgirlisMary.Thosemenaremyteachers. 代词ThisisMary.Thosearemyteachers.　2）指示代词的句法功能；　　a.作主语。例如：　　　Thisisthewaytodoit.　　　这事儿就该这样做。　　b.作宾语。例如：　　　Ilikethisbetterthanthat.　　我喜欢这个甚至那个。　　c.作主语补语。例如：　　　Mypointisthis.　　　我的观点就是如此。　　d.作介词宾语。例如：　　　Idon"tsaynotothat.　　　我并未拒绝那个。　　　Thereisnofearofthat.　　　那并不可怕。　说明1：指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人。例如：　（对）Thatismyteacher.　那是我的老师。（that作主语，指人）　（对）Heisgoingtomarrythisgirl.　他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）　（错）Heisgoingtomarrythis.　（this作宾语时不能指人）　（对）Iboughtthis.　我买这个。（this指物，可作宾语）　说明2：That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：　（对）Headmiredthatwhichlookedbeautiful.　他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。　（对）Headmiredthosewholookedbeautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）　（错）Headmiredthatwhodancedwell.　（that作宾语时不能指人）　（对）Headmiredthosewhodancedwell.　他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）　（对）Headmiredthosewhichlookedbeautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）3.10疑问代词1）疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：　　指人：who,whom,whose　　指物：what　　既可指人又可指物：which　2）疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose还可作限定词。试比较：　疑问代词：Whosearethesebooksonthedesk?　　桌上的书是谁的？　　　　　　WhatwasthedirectionalflowofU.S.territorialexpansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？　　限定词：Whosebooksaretheseonthedesk?桌上的书是谁的？WhateventsledtomostoftheeastoftheMississippiRiverbecomingpartoftheUnitedStates?　哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？　说明1：无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which和what所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内。例如：　Whichgirlsdoyoulikebest?你喜欢哪几个姑娘？　　Whatgirlsdoyoulikebest?你喜欢什么样的姑娘？　说明2：Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom,例如：　　Who（m）didyoumeetonthestreet?你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）　　　　Who（m）areyoutakingthebookto?你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）　　　　　Towhomdidyouspeakonthecampus?你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词后，不能用who取代。）　　　说明3：疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句末。例如：　Forwhatdomostpeopleliveandwork?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体）Whatareyoulookingfor?你在找什么？（现代英语）　说明4：疑问代词还可引导名词性从句。例如：　Ican"tmakeoutwhatheisdrivingat.我不知道他用意何在。　　　Canyoutellmewhoseistheblueshirtonthebed?　你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗？MuchofwhatyousayIagreewith,butIcannotgoallthewaywithyou.你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。　3.11.关系代词1）关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如：ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.　跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。该句中whom既代表先行词thegirl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。2）关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that可指人也可指物，见表：指人指物指人或指物主格whowhichthat 宾格whomthatthat属格whoseofwhichwhoseofwhichwhose例如：Thisisthepencilwhosepointisbroken.这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。（whose指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语）　　　Hecamebackforthebookwhichhehadforgotten.　他回来取他丢下的书。（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）说明：非限定性定语从句中，不能用that作关系代词。　3）关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子。例如：　　Hesaidhesawmethere,whichwasalie.他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。　　　说明：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外，关系代词that在从句中作表语时也可省略，例如：　I"veforgottenmuchoftheLatinIonceknew.　我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。　　　He"schanged.He"snotthemanhewas.他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。　　3.12every,no,all,both,neither,nor1）不定代词有all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no以及some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,none,everybody,everyone.等。　2）不定代词的功能与用法　a.除every和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。例如：　　　Ihavenoideaaboutit.我不知该咋办。　b.all都，指三者以上。all的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。例如：　　　　Allgoeswell.　一切进展得很好。　　　all通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说allthebook，而说thewholebook。　　　但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如allday，allnight，alltheyear；但习惯上不说allhour，allcentury。　　　all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如allChina，allthecity，allmylife，alltheway　3）both　都，指两者。　a.both与复数动词连用，但both…and…可与单数名词连用。　b.both,all都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前，be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。例如：WhocanspeakJapanese?　谁能讲日本话？　Weboth（all）can.我们都不会。 　4）neither　两者都不　a.　neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。　b.作定语与单数名词连用，但neither…nor用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。c.　可用于下列句型，避免重复。例如：Shecan"tsing，neither（can）he.她不会唱歌，他也不会。　5）neither与nor的比较　a.　如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用nor。例如：　　　Ifyoudon"tdoit，neithershouldI.　如果你不干，我也不干。　b.如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。例如：　　　Hecan"tsing，nordance，norskate.他不会唱歌，不会跳舞，也不会滑冰。3.13none,few,some,any,one,ones一、none无　1）none作主语，多与of构成短语noneof。在答语中，none可单独使用。例如：　　　　　　Arethereanypicturesonthewall?　墙上有画吗？None.没。　2）none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。例如：　　　Itisnoneofyourbusiness.闲事莫管。二、few一些，少数　　few作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。三、some一些　1）可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。　2）当做"某一"解时，也可与单数名词连用。（=acertain）　　　Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.总有一天，你会为此后悔的。　　　Acertain（some）personhasseenyoubreaktherule.有些人不同意你的看法。　注意：　　（1）在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。　　（2）some用于其他句式中:　　　a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。　　　Wouldyoulike句式中，表委婉请求或建议。例如：　　　　Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?喝咖啡吗？ 　　　b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时。例如：　　　　Ifyouneedsomehelp，letmeknow.需要帮助，跟我说。　　　c.some位于主语部分。例如：　　　　Somestudentshaven"tbeentherebefore.有些学生没去过那儿。　　　d.当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。例如：　　　　Ihaven"theardfromsomeofmyoldfriendstheseyears.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。四、any一些　1）any多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。　　当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。　　　Herearethreenovels.Youmayreadany.　这有三本小说，你可任读一本。五、one,复数形式为ones　ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some,any，而不用ones。例如：Haveyouboughtanyrulers?　买尺了吗？Yes,I"veboughtsome.买了，买了几把。3.14one，that和it　one表示泛指，that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it与所指名词为同一个。例如：　Ican"tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone.（不定）我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。　　ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.（同类但不同个）你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。　　Ican"tfindmyhat.Idon"tknowwhereIputit.（同一物）我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。　3.15one/another/theotherone…theother　只有两个　　　　　　　　　some…theothers　有三个以上　one…another，another…　some…others，others…　others=otherpeople/things　theothers=therest　剩余的全部　1）泛指另一个用another。　2）一定范围内两人（物），一个用one，另一个用theother。 　3）一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one（another），第三个可用theother，athird。　4）一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用theothers。　5）泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。3.16“the”的妙用Heisoneofthestudentswhohelpme.　Heistheoneofthestudentswhohelpsme.他是帮我的学生之一。　第一句定语从句与thestudents一致。　第二句定语从句与theone一致。3.17anyone/anyone；noone/none；every/each1．anyone和anyone　anyone仅指人，anyone既可指人，也可指物。2．noone和none　a）none后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而noone只单独使用，只指人。　b）none作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而noone作主语谓语动词只能是单数。例如：　　Noneofyoucouldliftit.你们中没有人可举起它。　----Didanyonecallmeupjustnow?　--刚才有人打电话给我吗?　----Noone.　　　　　　　　　　　--没有。3．every和each1）every强调全体的概念，each强调个体概念。例如：　　Everystudentinourschoolworkshard.　我们学校的学生都很用功。　　Eachstudentmayhaveonebook..　每个学生都可有一本书。2）every指三个以上的人或物（含三个），each指两个以上的人或物（含两个）。3）every只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。例如：　　Everyboyhastotakeone.每个男孩必须取一个。　　Eachboyhastotakeone.　　Eachoftheboyshastotakeone.4）every不可以作状语，each可作状语。5）every有反复重复的意思，如everytwoweeks等；each没有。6）every与not连用，表示部分否定；each和not连用表示全部否定。例如：　　　Everymanisnothonest.并非每个人都诚实。 　　　Eachmanisnothonest.　这儿每个人都不诚实。3.18both,either,neither,all,any,none　　这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be动词之后，行为动词之前或第一个助动词之后。　1）both（两者都），either（两者中任何一个），neither（两者都不）。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。例如：　　Neitherofthetwoboysisclever.　两个男孩都不聪明。　2）both，either　both与复数连用，either与单数连用。例如：　Boththeboysareclever.　两个男孩都很聪明。　Eitherofthetwoboysisclever.　Thereareflowersonbothsidesofthestreet.路边长满了野花。　Thereareflowersoneithersideofthestreet.　3）all（所有的，全部的人或物），any（任何一个），none（都不）。以上词使用范围为三者以上。例如：　Alltheflowersaregone.　所有的花都谢了。　Idon"tlikeanyoftheflowers.　这些花我都不喜欢。　Ilikenoneoftheflowers.　这些花我都不喜欢。　注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。例如：　　　　Allofthestudentsarethere.所有的学生都在那。　　　　All（of）themilkisthere.　所有的牛奶都在那。3.19many,much　Many，much都意为"许多"，many+可数名词，much+不可数名词。例如：　　Howmanypeoplearethereatthemeeting?多少人出席了会议。　　Howmuchtimehasweleft?还剩多少时间？　　Manyoftheworkerswereatthemeeting.许多工人在开会。　　Muchofthetimewasspentonlearning.学习上化了许多时间。3.20few,little,afew,alittle（a）few+可数名词,（a）little+不可数名词　afew/alittle为肯定含义，还有一点　few/little　为否定含义，没有多少了。例如：　Hehasafewfriends.　　　他有几个朋友。 　Hehasfewfriends.　　　他几乎没有朋友。　Westillhavealittletime.我们还有点时间。　Thereislittletimeleft.几乎没剩下什么时间了。固定搭配：onlyafew（=few）　notafew（=many）　quiteafew（=many）manya（=many）。例如：　　Manybooksweresold.Manyabookwassold.卖出了许多书。典型例题:　Althoughhe"swealthy，hespends___onclothes.　A.little　B.few　C.alittle　D.afew　答案：A.spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或alittle.本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。3.21代词练习1.Thereareseveralprettygirlsstandingunderthetree,but______areknowntome.a.neitherb.nonec.nooned.all2.Inoneyearratseat40to50times______weight.a.itsb.andc.theird.theirs3.You’dbettercontinuetousethesamespellingofyournameas______youusedinyourapplication.a.oneb.theonec.anyd.someone4.Thelittlebabywasleftalone,with______tolookafterit.a.someoneb.anyonec.notoned.noone5.Johncanplaychessbetterthan______else.a.theoneb.noonec.anyoned.another6.Theweightofsomethingisanotherwayofdescribingtheamountofforceexertedon______bygravity.a.itb.themc.thatd.one7.Itisonethingtoenjoylisteningtogoodmusic,butitisquite______toperformskillfullyyourself.a.otherb.anotherc.somed.any8.Childrenshouldbetaughthowtogetalongwith______.a.anotherb.otherc.othersd.anyother9.Thepoormanlivedonwildberriesandrootsbecausetheyhad______toeat.a.nothingelseb.anythingelsec.somethingotherd.nothingother10.Igotothecinema______day,Tuesdays,Thursdays,andSaturdays. a.eachotherb.everyotherc.thisandtheotherd.allother11.Oneofthepropertiesoflightis______travelinginwaveformasitgoesfromoneplacetoanother.a.itb.it’sc.itsd.their12.______intheworldhasbeenaskedtodohisdutyforthehumansociety.a.Eachofthetrampsb.Everyofthetrampsc.Theeachtrampd.Theeverytramp13.Insomerestaurants,foodandserviceareworsethan______usedtobe.a.theyb.itc.themd.that14.Lettheportertakeallthebaggageoutandput______inthelobby.a.itb.theyc.themd.its15.Everyonewhocomestothepartyisgivenawoodenapplewith_____ownnamescutinitasasouvenir.a.hisb.herc.theird.our16.Everybodyintheclassmustgivein______exercisebookwithinthegiventime.a.theirb.ourc.hisd.her17.Duringthejourney,theboysandgirlsentertained______withsongsandgames.a.themselvesb.theirselvesc.himselfd.itself18.You’dbetterbuy______somefruitswhenyougoonatrip.a.youselfb.myselfc.yourselfd.you19.Theboysinthistownliketobully______.a.oneanotherb.oneandotherc.eachotherd.oneandtheother20.OnecommonfamilynameisBlack,______isAnderson.a.anotherb.theotherc.othersd.noneother21.Ihavetwonovels:oneofthetwois“GonewiththeWind’,and______is“theTaleofTwoCities’.a.anotherb.otherc.noneotherd.theother22.Allgirlswearbeautifulclothes.Somearedressedinred;______ingreen.a.otherb.anotherc.othersd.noneother23.Shecan’tseemtohelpherself.And______canhelpher,either.a.noneelseb.nooneelsec.notanyd.somebodyelse24.Childrencanusuallydress______bytheageoffive.a.himb.themc.hiselfd.themselves25.Thegoldwatchhadbelongedtomeforyears,butthepolicerefusedtobelieveitwas______.a.meb.myc.mined.I’s26.MotherwouldnotletMaryand______attendthehockeygame. a.Ib.myc.med.we27.Inanewsconferencethisafternoon,theuniversityannouncedthat______intendstomakeseveralimportantchangesinnextyear’sbudget.a.heb.itc.shed.they28.______butafoolcanmakesuchamistake.a.Everyoneb.Nootherc.Notalld.None29.ThepoembyBrowningissoobservedthatIcannotgrasp______meaning.a.itsb.it’sc.theird.that30.Themayorfeltthatthepolice,inspiteofthereports,haddone______best.a.itsb.theirc.hisd.our31.Ihaven’tread______ofthelastfourchapters,soIknowlittleaboutthem.a.anythingb.anyc.somed.something32.Aprettyfacemaywinfriendsbutittakescharacterandpersonalitytohold______.a.itb.themc.thatd.one33.Inthediscussion,onespeakerheldthat,sinceweliveinamoney-orientedsociety,theaverageindividualcareslittleaboutsolving______.a.anyoneelse’sproblemsb.anyone’selseproblemsb.anyoneelseproblemsd.problemsofanyoneelse34.Idon’tknowwhethersmallorangesaresweeterthanbig______.a.thoseb.onesc.oned.that35.‘Howmuchwaterisleftinthebottle?’‘______’a.Nothingb.Nonec.Notsomed.Notone36.Ittooktwoofthemtodotheworkthat______ofuscoulddo.a.someoneb.anyonec.anyoned.everyone37.Hehasfivechildren,and______ofthemisgoodatpainting.a.everyoneb.everybodyd.everyoned.every38.Ihavethreebrothers,______areinBeijing.a.nooneofthemb.neitherofthemc.someofthemd.noneofthem39.Someofmystudentsstudyalot,______justdon’tcare.a.anothersb.theotherc.someotherd.others40.Asamatteroffact,SaudiArabia’soilreservesaresecondonlyto______.a.Kuweitb.thatofKuweitc.Kuweits’sd.thoseofKuweit41.Thisbookof_______usedtobeoneofthebestsellersintheshop.a.hisb.himc.thatmand.this42.Weshouldalwayskeep______well-informedofthechanginginformation.a.usb.oursc.ourselvesd.we 43.Theclimatehereisoftensaidtobesimilarto______.a.Japanb.oneofJapanc.thatofJapand.inJapan44.Huntedbyconstantfearofarrest,thethief______tothepoliceatlast.a.gaveitupb.gaveuphimselfc.gavehimupd.gavehimselfup45.______oftheboysintheclasswhohavepassedthetestistoreceivecertificates.a.Everyb.Everyonec.Anyd.Anyone46.Doyoubelievethatshehasblamedusfortheaccident,especially______?a.youandmeb.youandIc.Iandyoud.meandyou47.Ofthosewhograduatedwith______,Ellenistheonlyonewhohasfoundagoodjob.a.Bettyandheb.heandBettyc.Bettyandhimd.HimandBetty48.Heissurprisedby______havingtopayfortheaccident.a.youb.yoursc.yourd.your’s49.Thisisalefthandgloveandthatis______.a.otherb.theotheronec.otheroned.another50.Addthoseexamplesto______youhavealreadynoted.a.oneb.theonec.oned.theones51.Haveyougotaticket?Yes,I’vegot______.a.itb.theonec.oned.theones52.There’sthedoorbell;Ihope______Tom.a.itsb.it’sc.isd.he’s53.It’scheapertobuyoldfurniturethantohavenew______made.a.oneb.onesc.furnitured.furnitures54.Thoseofuswhoareoverfiftyyearsoldshouldget______bloodpressurecheckedregularly.a.theirb.their’sc.ourd.ours55.Everymanandwomaneighteenyearsofageorolderiseligibletovoteforthecandidateof______.a.hischoiceb.theirchoicec.thechoiceofhimd.thechoiceoftheirs56.Ibitemynails.Imustbreak______.a.thehabitofmeb.thehabitwithmyselfc.myselfofthehabitd.ofthehabitmyself57.______ofthemsharedmyopinions,sowehave______incommontodiscuss.a.Nobody/alittleb.Few/littlec.Afew/littled.None/many58.Whenscience,businessandartlearnsomethingof______methodsandgoals,theworldwillhavecomeclosertoculturalharmony.a.oneandtheother’sb.eachandtheother’s c.oneanother’sd.theone’sandtheother’s59.Theboyis______ofamusician.a.anyoneb.anythingc.someoned.something60.For______interestedinnature,thecluboffershikesandovernightcampingeachweekduringthesummer.a.themb.whomc.themselvesd.those61.Theuseofradaraswellasthetwo-wayradio______forthepolicetointerceptmostspeeders.a.makeitpossibleb.makesitpossiblec.makespossibled.makeitapossibility62.Thefamilyneveragreeabout______sharesoftheproperty.a.herb.itsc.theird.his63.Theflockofgeesewasflyingthroughtheskyinperfectformationfollowing______leader.a.itsb.theirc.hisd.her64.WhenJonathanwenttoSpainwithhissister,heboughtaleathercoatforherandanotherfor______.a.himb.himselfc.hed.his65.Thoseofuswhowearglassesshouldhave______eyesexaminedatregularintervals.a.theirb.ourc.hisd.her66.FrankadmiredhisfriendsTomandDavid.Heimitated______.a.theirseveryactionb.everyactionoftheirsc.everyoftheiractiond.everyactionoftheirone67.Mydeskis______.a.betweenhisb.betweenhisonec.besidehisoned.besidehis68.“MayIspeaktoIris?”“Thisis______speaking.”a.sheb.hers’sc.hersd.her69.Maryisthelandlady______.a.fromwhowerenttheflatb.fromwhomwerenttheflatc.whomwerenttheflatd.whowerenttheflat70.Givethemessageto______isatthetable.a.whomeverb.whoseverc.whateverd.whoever71.Itwasthroughexperimentation______peoplefoundouthebehaviorofelectricity.a.thatb.whichc./d.the72.______NatTurnerwholedarevoltagainstslaveryinVirginiain1831. a.Wherewasb.Itwasc.Hewasd.itwashim73.Itwasn’t______telephonedme.a.hewhomb.himwhomc.hewhod.hiswho74.Itwas______heboughtthemagazine.a.fromasecond-handstorewhereb.asecond-handstoreinwhichb.inasecond-handstorethatd.inasecond-handstorewhere75.Itwas______lateintheeveningthatthestudentsreturnedtothedormitories.a.tillb.beforec.whend.notuntil76.Itwas______thathedidnotgotoMountLaowithus.a.becausehewasillb.ashewasillc.sincehewasilld.thoughhewasill77.Itwas______thathejoinedtheeveningparty.a.findingComradeLib.foundComradeLic.tofindComradeLid.findComradeLi78.Wasit______sheagreedtohelp?a.veryreluctantlysothatb.veryreluctantlythatc.soreluctantlythatd.veryreluctantlywhen79.______shegavethepostcardsto?a.Whomitwasthatb.Whoitwasthatc.Whowasitthatd.Itwaswhothat80.______thecamelcangoforthreedayswithoutfoodordrink?a.Thatitiswhyb.Thatisitwhyc.Whyitisthatd.Whyisitthat4.形容词和副词4.1形容词及其用法　形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot。2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid害怕的。　　　（错）　Heisanillman.　　　（对）　Themanisill.　　　（错）　Sheisanafraidgirl.　　　（对）　Thegirlisafraid.　　这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake等。 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：somethingnice.　　4.2以-ly结尾的形容词1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。　改错：（错）Shesanglovely.　　　（错）Hespoketomeveryfriendly.　　　（对）Hersingingwaslovely.　　　（对）Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2）有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：　　TheTimesisaweeklypaper.《时代周刊》为周刊。　　TheTimesispublishedweekly.《时代周刊》每周发行一期。4.3用形容词表示类别和整体1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如thedead，theliving，therich，thepoor，theblind，thehungry等。例如：　　Thepoorarelosinghope.穷人行将失去希望。2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如theBritish，theEnglish，theFrench，theChinese等。例如：　　TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.英国人颇有幽默感。4.4多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--出处--材料性质--类别--名词。例如：　　asmallroundtable/atallgraybuilding/adirtyoldbrownshirt/afamousGermanmedicalschool/anexpensiveJapanesesportscar典型例题:1）Tonyisgoingcampingwith___boys.　　A.　littletwoother　B.twolittleother　　C.　twootherlittle　D.　littleothertwo　答案：C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--性质--名词"的顺序可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。2）Onedaytheycrossedthe____bridgebehindthepalace.　A.oldChinesestone　B.Chineseoldstone　C.oldstoneChinese　D.Chinese stoneold　答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3）----HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?　----Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends，andspentthe___daysattheseaside.　A.fewlastsunny　B.lastfewsunny　C.lastsunnyfew　D.fewsunnylast答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词，如those+three+beautiful+large+square+old+brown+wood+table。4.5副词及其基本用法　副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置1）在动词之前。2）在be动词、助动词之后。　3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意：　a.大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：　　　Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。　b.方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。例如：　　　HespeaksEnglishwell.他英语说得好。二、副词的排列顺序：1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。例如：　　　Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.请写得慢一些，仔细一些3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意：副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。　改错：（错）　IverylikeEnglish.　　　　（对）　IlikeEnglishverymuch.注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如：　　　　Idon"tknowhimwellenough.他我不熟悉。 　　　　Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。　　　　Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.4.6兼有两种形式的副词1）close与closely　close意思是"近"；closely意思是"仔细地"。例如：　　　Heissittingclosetome.他就坐在我边上。　　　Watchhimclosely.盯着他。2）late与lately　　late意思是"晚"；lately意思是"最近"。例如：　　　Youhavecometoolate.你来得太晚了。　　　Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?近来好吗？3）deep与deeply　　deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。例如：　　　Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。　　　Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.老爸也被电影深深打动了。4）high与highly　　high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。例如：　　　Theplanewasflyinghigh.这架飞机飞得很高。　　　Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.你的看法很有道理。5）wide与widely　　wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"。例如：　　　Heopenedthedoorwide.他把门开得大大的。　　　Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。6）free与freely　　free的意思是"免费"；freely的意思是"无限制地"。例如：　　　Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放。　　　Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。4.7形容词与副词的比较级　大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1）规则变化　单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词未尾加-er,-esttalltallertallest以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggest"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-estbusybusierbusiest少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-estclever/narrowcleverer/narrowercleverest/narrowest其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级important/easilymoreimportant/moreeasilymostimportant/mosteasily2）不规则变化原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestwell（健康的）worseworstbadill（有病的）oldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest4.8.as+形容词或副词原级+as1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so…as。例如：　　　Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.他没你跑得快。2）当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式：as+形容词+a+单数名词/as+many/much+名词。例如：　　Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.这个例子和另外一个一样好。　　Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan.你能搬多少纸，我也能。3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：　　Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.这房间的面积是那间的两倍。　　Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine.　你的房间和我的一样大。4）倍数+as+adj.+as　<=>倍数+the…+of。例如： 　　Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。　　Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.　　Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.你的房间是我的两倍大。　　Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.4.9比较级形容词或副词+than。例如：　　　YouaretallerthanI.你比我高。　　　Theylightsinyourroomarebrighterthanthoseinmine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。注意：1）要避免重复使用比较级。　　（错）Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.　　（对）Heismorecleverthanhisbrother.　　（对）Heiscleverthanhisbrother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。　　（错）ChinaislargerthananycountryinAsia.　　（对）ChinaislargerthananyothercountriesinAsia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。　　　ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.　　　Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。　比较：Whichislarger,CanadaorAustralia?　　　　Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?　　　　Sheistallerthanhertwosisters.　　　　Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.4.10可修饰比较级的词1）abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等。2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3）以上词（除byfar）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题：1）----Areyoufeeling____?　　　----Yes，I"mfinenow.　A.anywell　B.anybetter　C.quitegood　D.quitebetter　　答案：B.any可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better. 2）Theexperimentwas____easierthanwehadexpected.　　A.　more　B.　muchmore　　C.　much　　　D.　moremuch答案：C.　much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。3）Iftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhave___atschool.　A.thehappiesttime　　B.amorehappiertime　C.muchhappiesttime　D.　amuchhappiertime答案：D。4.11many,old和far1）如果后接名词时，muchmore+不可数名词，manymore+可数名词复数。　　　2）old有两种比较级和最高级形式:older/oldest和elder/eldest。elder，eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如：　　　Myelderbrotherisanengineer.我哥哥是个工程师。　　　Maryistheeldestofthethreesisters.玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。3）far有两种比较级，farther，further。一般father表示距离，further表示进一步。例如：　Ihavenothingfurthertosay.我没什么要说了。4.12the+最高级+比较范围1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。例如：TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。例如：　　Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.这是个很重要的问题。　　注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。　　　（错）　Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers.　　　（对）　Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers.2）下列词可修饰最高级，byfar,far,much,mostly,almost。例如：　　　Thishatisnearly/almostthebiggest.这帽子差不多是最大的了。注意：　a.very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。　　　　Thisistheverybest.　　　　Thisismuchthebest.　b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如：　　　　Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.非洲是第二大洲。 3）最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如：　　Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.马克是班上最聪明的。　　Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentsinhisclass.4）"否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+so…as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如：　　Nothingissoeasyasthis.没比这更简单的了。　　=Nothingiseasierthanthis.　　=Thisistheeasiestthing.4.13和more有关的词组，1）themore…themore…　越……就越……。例如：　Theharderyouwork，thegreaterprogressyou"llmake.越努力，进步越大。2）moreBthanA=lessAthanB与其说A不如说B。例如：　Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。3）nomore…than…与……一样……，不比……多。例如：　TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。　　noless…than…　与……一样……。例如：　　Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.他和你一样勤勉。4）morethan　不只是，非常。例如：　　Sheismorethankindtousall.她对我们非常热心。典型例题1）TheweatherinChinaisdifferentfrom____.　A.inAmerica　B.oneinAmerica　C.America　D.thatinAmerica答案：D.本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。2）Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced，thefactoryproduced___tractorsin1988astheyearbefore.A.astwicemany　　B.asmanytwice　　C.twiceasmany　D.twicemanyas　答案C.此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。表示倍数用"倍数+as+形容词原形+as+比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。　4.14形容词和副词练习1.Themodernmachineproved______inheartsurgery. a.highvaluableb.highlyvaluablec.valuablehighd.valuablehighly2.Mr.Johnsonandhis______daughterdonotalwaysunderstandeachother.a.olderb.theoldestc.eldestd.theeldest3.They______thoughtthatthetruthwouldbefinallydiscovered.a.littleb.notc.smalld.bit4.Theyhardlybelievethattheapartmentwhichcoststhem$4,000is______.a.sosmallb.suchlittlec.solittled.suchsmall5.Ifaclaimiskept______,itismorelikelytoberecognized.a.liveb.livedc.alived.living6.Onhiswaytoschoolhemet______,sohesenthimtohospital.a.veryillmanb.muchsickmanc.seriousillmand.verysickman7.Shewasoperatedamonthagobutnowshewas______.a.verygoodb.verywellc.healthyd.goodconditioned8.WhatIwoulddoistogo______.a.reallyquietlysomewhereb.somewherequietlyreallyc.reallyquietsomewhered.somewherereallyquiet9.Thechairmanasked______towritetheirquestionsonapieceofpaperandsendthemtothefront.a.thepresentmembersb.thememberspresentlyc.thememberspresentd.thepresentlymembers10.Thepricewasveryreasonable;Iwouldgladlyhavepaid______heasked.a.threetimesmuchasb.threetimesasmanyasc.asthreetimesmuchasd.threetimesasmuchas11.Thetrousersare______,butTomdoesnotcareabit.a.tooalittlesmallb.alittletoosmallc.atoolittlesmalld.asmalltoolittle12.Sheworeadresstothepartythatwasfarmoreattractivethan______.a.othergirlsb.thatofothergirlsc.theothergirlsd.thoseofothergirls13.hecanplaytennisbetterthan______intheclass.a.anyboysb.anyotherboyc.anyboyd.anyother14.Kasiaistakingher______touroftheshopsinsearchofbargains.a.dailyb.dayc.daytimed.night15.______thechildexpresseshisinterestinanactivity,thestrongeritwillbecome.a.Themorefrequentb.Thefrequenterc.Themorefrequentlyd.thefrequentlier16.We’dbetterwait_______,PeterandTomwillcomeverysoon.a.alittlelongerb.morelongerc.longd.aslonger17.althoughthemedicinetastes______,itseemstohelpmycondition. a.badb.badlyc.toomuchbadd.toobadly18.Whenshegotherfirstmonthsalary,Dianaboughtherself______dress.a.acotton,blue…expensiveb.anexpensive…blue,cottonc.ablue,expensive…cottond.acotton,expensive…blue19.Thedoctorshavetried______tosavethelifeofthewoundedsoldier.a.everythingpossiblehumanlyb.humanlyeverythingpossiblec.everythinghumanlypossibled.humanlypossibleeverything20.IwasworriedverymuchbecauseI’llmissmyflightifthebusarrives______.a.latelyb.latec.latterd.morelater21.Thenoiseoutsidewas______hisspeechwashardlyaudible.a.tooirritatingthatb.soirritatingsoc.soirritatingthatd.soirritatingenoughthat22.Thehardertheshrubistogrow,______.a.themorehigherpriceitb.thehigherpriceitisc.thehigherthepriceisd.thehigheristheprice23.ThephotographsofMarstakenbysatelliteare______takenfromtheearth.a.clearestthanthoseb.clearerthanthatc.muchclearthanthosed.muchclearerthanthose24.______anywhereintheUnitedStatescostslessthanadollarwhenyoudialityourself.a.Three-minutecallb.Athree-minutescallc.Athree-minutecalld.Athree-minutes-call25.Wearrived______ProfessorBakerhadalreadycalledtheroll.a.solatelythatb.aslatethatc.solaterthatd.solatethat26.Itis______thatIwouldliketogotothebeach.a.soniceweatherb.suchniceweatherc.soniceaweatherd.suchaniceweather27.Herlittlecarisn’t______toseatmorethantwopeoplecomfortably.a.bigenoughb.enoughbigc.sobigenoughd.bigasenough28.Hisscoreontheexamwas______toqualifyhimforagraduateprogram.a.toogoodb.wellenoughc.ashighasd.goodenough29.Theplaneisscheduledtoarrive______becauseofbadweather.a.latelyb.latec.laterd.latest30.Thereare______thatIcan’tfinishthem.a.solongassignmentsb.suchlongassignmentsc.longassignmentsd.soverylongassignments31.Batsfindtheirwaybysqueaking______andguidingthemselvesbyechoes.a.veryfastb.veryfastlyc.muchfasterd.mostfastly 32.Yourapplicationwillbeconsidered______yourfileiscompleted.a.asquicklyasb.assoonasc.asfastasd.asearlyas33.Thisdressisprettier,butitcosts______thatone.a.twicemorethanb.twiceasmuchasc.asmuchtwiceasd.twicesomuchas34.Anewshoppingcenteronthenorthsidewillhave______.a.fivehundredmorethanshopsb.asmorethanfivehundredshopsc.fivehundredshopsmorethand.morethanfivehundredshops35.Themoreyoustudyduringthesemester,______youhavetostudytheweekbeforeexams.a.thelessb.thelesserc.lessd.thelittle36.Toansweraccuratelyismoreimportantthan______.a.aquickfinishb.tofinishquicklyc.finishingquicklyd.youfinishquickly37.Whenabodyenterstheearth’satmosphere,ittravels______.a.inarapidmannerb.fastlyc.withgreatspeedd.veryrapidly38.Thesalaryofataxidriverismuchhigher_______.a.incomparisonwiththesalaryofateacherb.thanateacherc.thanthatofateacherd.tocompareasateacher39.Frostoccursinvalleysandonlowgrounds______onadjacenthills.a.morefrequentlyasb.asfrequentlythanc.morefrequentlythand.frequentlythan40.Shecanspeak_______infrontofMack,butshecan’teat______inhisrestaurant.a.free,freeb.free,freelyc.freely,freed.freely,freely41.Youwillhavetopractice______timesbeforeyoucandoit.a.maymoreb.moreseveralc.moreoftend.moremany42.IhavebeengoingtoShanghai______thanIusedto.a.lesserb.lessc.fewerd.lessoften43.TuitionatAmericanuniversityruns______onethousanddollarsasemester.a.sohighasb.ashightoc.ashighasd.ashigherthan44.Ienjoytheconcertlastnight;theyplayed______beautifulmusic.a.suchb.suchac.sod.soa45.Severalday______,Isawthemanagainonthestreet.a.lateb.laterc.latterd.last46.Whenelectricitywasfirstinvented,peoplerefusedtobelievesuchathing______.a.impossibleb.possiblyc.possibled.impossibly47.Thereasonwhysomanypeoplesitbeforethetelevisiontonightisthattherewill bea______show.a.livingb.livec.alived.lived48.Whenthethreeboysmetoneanother,theyfoundtheylookedverymuch______.Thentheyknewtheyweretriplet.a.likeb.alikec.likelyd.liked49.Thedoctorassuredthepatientthattherewas______withher,butshecouldnothelpworrying.a.seriouslywrongnothingb.nothingseriouswrongc.nothingseriouslywrongd.seriousnothingwrong50.IfyouliveinWuhanonedayandinShenyangthenext,you______thechangeintemperature.a.arecertainlytofeelb.certainlyfeelc.aretofeelcertainlyd.arecertaintofeel51.Asasafetyprecaution,alldriverscarryonlyenoughmoneytomakechangefor______.a.abilloften-dollarb.aten-dollarsbillc.aten-dollarbilld.atens-dollarbill52.WhenIspentholidaysEurope,Ibought_____vases.a.twolovelybigoldGermanb.twolovelyoldbigGermanc.twoGermanbigoldlovelyd.lovelybigtwooldGerman53.Everyonewillagreethatfoodinthesouthisasgoodas______inthecountry.a.otherregionb.anyotherregionc.thatofanyregiond.thatofanyotherregion54.Starsaresofarawaythattheyare______spotsoflightwhenseenfromtheearth.a.nothingmoreasb.anythingmorethanc.morethand.nothingmorethan55.Whatdeeplyimpressedhiswasthatmagnificent______.a.eight-century-oldb.eight-centuriesc.old-eight-centuriesd.eight-century’s-old56._______focusonculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternsocieties.a.Thebelowtextanddialoguesb.Belowthetextanddialoguesc.Thetextanddialoguesbelowd.Textanddialoguesthebelow57.Peoplewillbeabletoflyfromoneplanettoanotherin______.a.littlenastyarrow-shapedtubesb.nastylittlearrow-shapedtubesc.arrow-shapedlittlenastytubesd.arrow-shapedlittlenastytubes58.Beginninginthelate19thcentury,the_______riseintheproductivityofEnglandwasjust______lessthanGermanyandtheU.S.a.year…slightlyb.yearly…slightc.yearly…slightlyd.year…slightly59.InSpain,officialsestimatethat______75percentofthecurrentviolentcrimeis drugrelated.a.muchasb.asmuchasc.asmanyasd.asgreat60.Youshouldspend______inthestudyofthevarioussensesandusesofthecommonwords.a.muchtimeasyoucanb.astimemuchasyoucanc.timeasmanyasyoucand.asmuchtimeasyoucan61.ProfessorChenaskedustowrite______essayonindividualdifferencesinsecondlanguagelearning.a.anomorethantwo-thousand-wordb.alesstwo-thousand-wordsc.alessthantwo-thousands-wordsd.anomoretwothanthousandword62.Hervoiceis______.a.loudb.aloudc.loudlyd.loudness63.Thatsomanyadvanceshavebeenmadein______isthemostvalidargumentforretainingtheresearchunit.a.suchshorttimeb.soashorttimec.suchashorttimed.suchshortatime64.______curriculumincludesallexperienceswhichthestudentsmayhavewithintheenvironmentoftheschool.a.Broadspeakingb.Speakingbroadlyc.Broadlyspeakingd.Broadly65.Sincetaxifareinthecitymayrun______twentydollars,Isuggestthatyoutakeabus.a.ashighasb.asexpensiveasc.sohighthatd.soexpensiveas66.Ifnegotiationsforthenewtradeagreementstake______,criticalfoodshortageswilldevelopinseveralcountries.a.toomuchlongerb.muchtoolongc.thelongestd.thelonger67.Ifhehadfollowedthedirectionscarefullyintakingthemedicine,hewouldhavefeltbetter______.a.muchquickerb.morequickc.muchquicklyd.morequickly68.SincehespenthischildhoodinFrance,JackisabletoconverseinFrench______.a.rathergoodb.quitebetterc.fairlymored.ratherwell69.OfthetwocarsthattheSmithshave,thePlymouthis,withoutanyquestion,______.a.thecheapesttorunb.thecheapertorunc.cheaperd.morecheaper70.With______threeinchesofrainfallinginasix-monthperiod,thefarmersfounditnecessarytoirrigatethelanda.lessthanb.littlethanc.fewerthand.lessfewthan71.Onasmallmarbletableinthecenterofherboudoirstands______vase. a.alittleexquisiteantiquebrownChineseporcelainb.anexquisitelittleantiquebrownChineseporcelainc.anantiquelittleexquisitebrownChineseporcelaind.aChineseantiquelittleexpensivebrownporcelain72.“WhenisTomgoingtoleave?”“Heisgoingtoleave______thisweek.”a.sometimesb.sometimec.sometimed.somewhat73.ThelibrarianinsiststhatDanatake______booksfromlibrarybeforeshereturnsthedictionarysheborrowedlastmonth.a.nob.manyc.notmanyd.nomore74.Thefacilitiesoftheolderhospitalare______thenewhospital.a.asgoodorbetterthanb.asgoodasorbetterasc.asgoodasorbetterthand.asgoodasorbetterthanthoseof75.______ironhasrelativelyfeweconomicaluses.a.Chemicalpureb.Chemicallypurec.Purechemicald.Purelychemical76.Iwalked8milestoday.IneverguessedthatIcouldwalk______far.a.muchb.thatc.suchd.as77.They_____toourproposal.a.havenotstillrespondedb.havenotrespondedstillc.havestillnotrespondedd.stillhavenotresponded78.Truehibernationtakesplaceonlyamong______animals.a.whosebloodiswarmb.bloodwormc.warm-bloodedd.theyhavewarmblood79.Heworks______.a.loneb.lonelyc.aloned.lonesome80.A_____roadgoes______fromourcollegetothecenter.a.straight…straightb.straightly…straightlyc.straight…straightlyd.straightly…straight5.动词1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2）根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词。例如：　　Wearehavingameeting.　我们正在开会。（have是实义动词。）　　HehasgonetoNewYork.　他已去纽约。（have是助动词。） 3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：　Shecandanceandsing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）　ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）4）动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词、非限定动词例如：　Shesingsverywell.她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）　ShewantstolearnEnglishwell.她想学好英语。（tolearn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）　说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式、动名词、分词。5）根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：　TheEnglishlanguagecontainsmanyphrasalverbsandverbalphrases.英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）　Studentsshouldlearntolookupnewwordsindictionaries.学生们学会查字典。（lookup是短语动词。）　Theyoungoughttotakecareoftheold.年轻人应照料老人。（takecareof是动词短语。）6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。5.1系动词　系动词亦称联系动词（LinkVerb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：　　Hefellillyesterday.　他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）　　Hefellofftheladder.　他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：Heisateacher.　他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand。例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.　他开会时总保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery.　此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look。例如：Helookstired.　他看起来很累。Heseems（tobe）verysad.　他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste。例如：　Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.　这种布手感很软。　Thisflowersmellsverysweet.这朵花闻起来很香。　5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run。例如：　　Hebecamemadafterthat.　自那之后，他疯了。　　Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.　她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"证实"，"变成"之意。例如：　　Therumorprovedfalse.　这谣言证实有假。　　Thesearchproveddifficult.　搜查证实很难。　　Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.　他的计划终于成功了。（turnout表终止性结果）5.2助动词1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：　　Hedoesn"tlikeEnglish.　他不喜欢英语。（doesn"t是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：　a.表示时态。例如：　　　Heissinging.　他在唱歌。　　　Hehasgotmarried.　他已结婚。　b.表示语态。例如：　　　HewassenttoEngland.　他被派往英国。　c.构成疑问句。例如： 　　　Doyoulikecollegelife?　你喜欢大学生活吗？　　　DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?　你来这儿之前学过英语吗？　d.与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：　　　Idon"tlikehim.　我不喜欢他。　e.加强语气。例如：　　　Docometothepartytomorrowevening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。　　　Hedidknowthat.　他的确知道那件事。3）最常用的助动词有：be,have,do,shall,will,should,would等。5.3助动词be的用法1）be+现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：Theyarehavingameeting.　他们正在开会。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.英语现在越来越重要。2）　be+过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom..　窗户是汤姆打碎的。Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.　世界各地都教英语。3）be+动词不定式，可表示下列内容：　a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：　　HeistogotoNewYorknextweek..　他下周要去纽约。　　Wearetoteachthefreshmen.　我们要教新生。　　说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。　b.表示命令。例如：　　Youaretoexplainthis.　对此你要做出解释。　　Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon.　要他今天下午来办公室。　c.　征求意见。例如：　　HowamItoanswerhim?　我该怎样答复他？　　Whoistogothere?　谁该去那儿呢？　d.表示相约、商定。例如：　　Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning.　我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。5.4助动词have的用法1）have+过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：　　HehasleftforLondon.　他已去了伦敦。　　Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork.　上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 　　2）have+been+现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：　IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。　3）have+been+过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：　EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.中国教英语已经多年。　5.5助动词do的用法1）构成一般疑问句。例如：　DoyouwanttopasstheCET?　你想通过大学英语测试吗？　DidyoustudyGerman?　你们学过德语吗？2）do+not构成否定句。例如：　Idonotwanttobecriticized.　我不想挨批评。　Hedoesn"tliketostudy.　他不想学习。　Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish.　过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3）构成否定祈使句。例如：　Don"tgothere.　不要去那里。　Don"tbesoabsent-minded.　不要这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：　Docometomybirthdayparty.　一定来参加我的生日宴会。　Ididgothere.　我确实去那儿了。　Idomissyou.　我确实想你。5）用于倒装句。例如：　NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.　我从未听说过这样的事情。　OnlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportanceofEnglish.进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等。6）用作代动词。例如：　----DoyoulikeBeijing?　--你喜欢北京吗？　----Yes,Ido.　--是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替likeBeijing.）　Heknowshowtodriveacar,doesn"the?他知道如何开车，对吧？5.6助动词shall和will的用法　shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：　　　IshallstudyharderatEnglish.　我将更加努力地学习英语。　　　HewillgotoShanghai.　　他要去上海。 说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:　Heshallcome.　他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）　Hewillcome.　他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）5.7助动词should,would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：　ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。　比较："WhatshallIdonextweek?"Iasked."我下周干什么？"我问道。　可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：　　Hesaidhewouldcome.　他说他要来。比较："Iwillgo,"hesaid.他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了Hesaidhewouldcome。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。5.8短语动词　　动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：　　Turnofftheradio.　把收音机关上。（turnoff是短语动词）　　短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：1）动词+副词，如：blackout；2）动词+介词，如：lookinto；3）动词+副词+介词，如：lookforwardto。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。5.9非谓语动词　　在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。1）不定式时态\语态主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone 2）动名词时态\语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone3）分词时态\语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定形式：not+不定式，　not+动名词，　not+现在分词5.10助动词练习1.Ifitisfinetomorrow,we______afootballmatch.a.haveb.willhavec.hasd.shallhas2.Whenhewasatschool,he______earlyandtakeawalkbeforebreakfast.a.willriseb.shallriseb.shouldrisewouldrise3.Inthepast30yearsChina______greatadvancesinthesocialistrevolutionandsocialistconstruction.a.hasmadeb.havemadec.hadmaded.havingmade4.I______gotobeduntilI______finishedmywork.a.don’t/hadb.didn’t/havec.didn’t/hadd.don’t/have5.______youthinkhe______backbydinnertime?a.Do/havecomeb.Did/willhavecomec.Does/willcomed.Do/willhavecome6.Hesaidthathedroppedhisbagwhenhe______forthebus.a.wasruningb.wasrunningc.wererunningd.isrunning7.Nosooner______hearrivedhomethanhe______tostartonanotherjourney.a.has/wasaskedb.have/wereaskedc.had/isaskedd.had/wasasked8.“______yougivemearoomforthenight?”Iaskedonarrivingatthehotel.a.Shouldb.Canc.Mightd.May9.Therearenineofthem,so______getintothecaratthesametime.a.theymaynotatallb.alltheymaynotc.theycan’talld.alltheycan’t10.“Wedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday.”“He______it.”a.mustn’tattendb.cannothaveattendedc.wouldhavenotattendedd.needn’thaveattended11.“Yourealizethatyouweredrivingat100mph,don’tyou?”“No,officer.I______.Thiscarcan’tdomorethan80.”a.didn’tneedtobeb.maynothavebeenc.couldn’thavebeend.needn’thavebeen 12.hewasagoodrunnersohe______escapefromthepolice.a.mightb.succeededtoc.wouldd.wasableto13.Ifthey______,ourplanwillfallflat.a..areco-operatingb.hadnotco-operatedc.won’tco-operated.didn’tco-operate14.Ihoped______myletter.a.hertoanswerb.thatshewouldanswerc.thatsheanswersd.heranswering15.He______liveinthecountrythaninthecity.a.prefersb.likestoc.hadbetterd.wouldrather16.______toseeafilmwithustoday?a.Didyoulikeb.Wouldyoulikec.Willyouliked.Haveyouliked17.I’msorry,butIhadnoalternative.Isimply______whatIdid.a.mustdob.hadtodoc.oughttohavedoned.havetodo18.“Timeisrunningout,______?”a.hadn’twebettergotstartb.hadn’twebettergetstartb.hadn’twebettergetstartedd.hadn’twebetternotstarted19.Noone______thattohisface.a.daressayb.daressayingc.daresayd.daretosay20.Thestudentsintheclassroom______nottomakesomuchnoise.a.needb.oughtc.mustd.dare21.You______lastweekifyouwerereallyseriousaboutyourwork.a.oughttocomeb.oughttobecomingc.oughthavecomed.oughttohavecome22.Theelephantsought______hoursagobythekeepers.a.tobefedb.tofeedc.tobeingfedd.tohavebeenfed23.“Iwonderwhythey’relate.”“They______thetrain.”a.canhavemissedb.couldmissc.mayhavemissedd.mightmiss24.“Tomgraduatedfromcollegeataveryyoungage.”“He______havebeenanoutstandingstudent.”a.mustb.couldc.shouldd.might25.You______theexaminationagainsinceyouhadalreadypassedit.a.needn’thavetakenb.didn’tneedtotakec.needn’ttaked.mustn’ttake26.Heisreallyincompetent!Theletter______yesterday.a.shouldbefinishedtypingb.mustbefinishedtypingb.musthavefinishedtypingc.shouldhavebeenfinishedtyping27.Theboytoldhisfatherthathewouldrather______anastronaut.a.becomeb.tobecomec.becomingd.became28.Whenwereachedthestation,thetrainhadstillnotarrived;sowe______. a.needednottohurryb.needn’thavehurriedc.neednottohavehurriedd.didn’tneedtohurry29.Sinceyourroommateisvisitingherfamilythisweekend,_____youliketohavedinnerwithustonight?a.willb.won’tc.wouldn’td.do30.Hewasafraidwhathehaddone______adisastrouseffectonhiscareer.a.mighthaveb.couldbec.havebeend.shallbe31.He______hardlysayanythingmore,sinceyouknowaboutit.a.don’tneedtob.needn’tc.needsd.need32.You______thelookonhisfacewhenhewontheprize.a.wouldhaveseenb.shouldhaveseenc.mustseed.canbeseeing33.Somepeoplethinkthestockmarketwillcrash,but______.a.Iwonderifithappensb.Idoubtifitwillhappenc.Iamafraiditwouldn’thappend.Idoubtifitdoeshappen34.“WhateverhashappenedtoGeorge?”“Idon’tknow.He______lost.”a.canhavegotb.mayhavegotc.mightgetd.couldget35.Hehasnoideawhatthebookisabout.He______readthebook.a.couldn’tb.couldn’thavec.mightn’thaved.shouldn’thave36.NewstudiesshowthattwoofSaturn’srings______longerthanthe4.5billionyearssincethebirthoftheSolarSystem.a.couldhavelastedb.shouldhavelastedc.wouldhavelastedd.mustbelasting37.Takethetelescopewithyouincaseyou______itinyourexpedition.a.willneedb.wouldneedc.shouldneedd.couldneed38.Needhecomeatonce?Yes,he______.a.mustb.mustnotc.needd.may39.Pleaseanswerthephone.It______bebyyourfather.Ifitis,wouldyoutellthatIwanttoseehim?a.willb.shouldc.wouldd.could40.We’llnevergiveinwhateverthey______sayordo.a.mayb.willc.shalld.should41.Withallthisworkonhand,he______tothecinemalastnight.a.mustn’tgob.wouldn’tgoc.oughtn’tgod.shouldn’thavegone42.Everyone______thecakebecausetherewasn’tevenasmallpieceleft.a.mustlikeb.musthavelikedc.musthavebeenlikingd.hadliked43.IwishtorecollectwhereImether,______?a.wouldIb.mayIc.maynotId.canI 44.I______thinkhewill______daretherisk.a.not/..b.do/notc.../notd.don’t/..45.Ifreadingistoaccomplishanythingmorethanpassingtime,it______beactive.a.maynotb.mustc.mightd.isnot46.You______yourseatstodayifyouwanttogotothegame.a.hadbettertoreserveb.hadbetterreservec.hadtobetterreserved.hadtoreservebetter47.I______theoperationunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.a.wouldrathernothaveb.wouldnotratherhadb.ratherwouldnothaved.rathernotwouldhave48.Manyscientists______theirowneyesandearsthanthetheoriesoftheancients.a.wouldrathertobelieveb.wouldratherbelievec.ratherwouldbelieved.willratherbelieve49.TotravelfromEnglandtoScotlandyou______apassport.a.haven’tgotb.mustn’thavec.needn’td.don’tneed50.Oneofthestatements______tobeuntrue.a.isturnedoutb.hasturnedoutc.havebeenturnedoutd.haveturnedout51.Idon’tknowwhetheritwillrainornot,butifit______rain,Ishallstayathome.a.willb.didc.doesd.shall52.“You’dlikesometea,______?”a.wouldn’tyoub.shouldn’tyouc.hadn’tyoud.didn’tyou53.“Maywetakethebooksout?”a.No,youmaynotb.No,youcannotc.No,youcan’td.Pleasedon’t54.“Iwouldhavecomesooner,butI______thatyouwerewaiting.”a.didn’tknowb.hasn’tknownc.hadn’tknowd.haven’tknown55.Ifyoudon’twantto,you______togettherewithus.a.mustn’tb.can’tc.don’thaved.havenot56.IwouldgotovisitthembutI______thinktheyareanxioustoseeme.a.haven’tb.don’tc.doesn’td.didn’t57.Whateveryoucando,______.a.Icandosoaswellb.Icandothisaswellb.Icandoitaswelld.Icandoaswell58._____-IrealizedtheconsequencesIwouldneverhavecontemplatedgettinginvolved.a.Hadb.Havec.Havingd.Has59.“PerhapssheisworkingforJohn.”“Yes,she______forhim.” a.needhavebeenworkingb.maybeworkingb.oughthavebeenworkingd.oughtbeworking60.“IknowshewasinbecauseIheardherradio,butshedidn’topenthedoor.”“She______thebell.”a.maynotbehearingb.maynothaveheardb.mustnothaveheardd.mustnotbehearing61.“Hewassmoking.”“Thenhe______.”a.oughttohavebeennotsmokingb.oughttohavenotbeensmokingb.oughtnottohavebeensmokingd.oughttonothavebeensmoking62.You______outyesterdaywithoutacoat.Nowonderyoucaughtcold.a.oughtn’thavegoneb.shouldn’thavegonec.mustn’thavegoned.can’thavegone63.“Paulwasridingabicyclealongthemotorwaywhenhewashitbythetrailerofalorry.”“He_____abicyclealongthemotorway;bicyclesarenotallowed.”a.shouldn’thavebeenridingb.couldn’thavebeenridingc.oughtn’thavebeenridingd.can’thavebeenriding64.Iamlistening.Butyou______.a.needbelisteningb.shouldbelisteningc.needhavebeenlisteningd.oughtbelistening65.He______withuslastnight.a.wouldhavelikedtogob.shouldliketobegoingb.shouldbelikedtogod.wouldliketogo66.I______hisfacewhenheopenedtheletter.a.shouldlikeyoutoseeb.wouldhavelikedyoutobeseenb.shouldlikeyoutohaveseend.wouldlikeyoutosee67.Yousayyou______doit,butIsayyou______doit.a.oughtnot/couldb.willnot/shallc.couldnot/needd.shallnot/ought68.We______putthemeetingoffforaweek.a.canaswellb.willaswellc.shallaswelld.mayaswell69.______windyourwatcheveryday?a.Doyouneedb.Mustyouhavetoc.Haveyoutod.Doyouhaveto70.______givehimachancetotry?a.Oughtn’ttoweb.Oughtn’twetoc.Oughttowenotd.Oughtn’twe71.“Didyoublamehimforhismistakes?”“______”a.I’drathernotdob.I’dnotratherdoc.I’dbetternotdod.I’drathernotdoing72.Youhadbetter______yourhaircut. a.hadb.havec.togetd.tohave73.Mysisterdidn’tgotothepartylastnightbecauseshe______thebabyforherfrienduntil9:30.a.musthavelookedafterb.wouldhavetolookafterb.hadtolookafterd.shouldhavelookedafter74.Maryisverylate,she______.a.maymisshertrainb.mayhavemissedhertrainc.mustmisshertraind.couldmisshertrain75.Nomatterwhatyoumaysay,he______tohisownviews.a.wouldalwaysstickb.willalwaysstickc.shouldalwaysstickd.mustalwaysstickto76.It’swonderfulthatyou______haveachievedsomuchintheseyears.a.mayb.canc.shouldd.would77.Thestudentsaskedwhetherhe______takethebooksoutofthereading-room.a.couldb.mightc.shouldd.would78.He______stillbethinkingaboutthequestionyouraised.a.mayb.mightc.mustd.should79.I’dbegladifyou______givemeanaccountofthefact.a.shallb.shouldc.wouldd.may80.He______accomplishthetaskintime.a.didb.hasc.isd.do6.动名词动名词是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示（以及物动词write为例），不及物动词没有语态的变化。时态/语态主动被动一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten6.1动名词作主语、宾语和表语1）作主语。例如：　　FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.南方与北方开战了。　2）作宾语　　a.有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：admit承认appreciate感激avoid避免complete完成consider认为delay耽误 deny否认detest讨厌endure忍受enjoy喜欢escape逃脱fancy想象finish完成imagine想象mind介意miss想念postpone推迟practice训练recall回忆resent讨厌resume继续resist抵抗risk冒险suggest建议face面对include包括stand忍受understand理解forgive宽恕keep继续例如：Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle,please?你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗　Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissedbeingcaught.这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。　　　　　b.有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：admittoprefer…tobeusedtoleadtodevoteoneselftoobjecttosticktonogoodnousebefondoflookforwardtobeproudofbebusycan"thelpbetiredofbecapableofbeafraidofthinkofburstoutkeeponinsistoncountonsetaboutputoffbegoodattakeupgiveupbesuccessfulin3）作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如：Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。比较：Sheiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.4）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：awritingdesk=adeskforwriting写字台aswimmingpool=apoolswimming游泳池有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：boilingpoint=atemperaturepointatwhichsomethingbeginstoboil沸点awalkingtractor=atractorwhichadrivercanoperatewhileheorsheiswalkingbehindit手扶拖拉机6.2worth的用法worth,worthy,worthwhile都是形容词，意为"值得"。1.worth：beworth+n.　当名词为金钱时，表示"……值得……"常见的有It’sworthwhiletodo./It’sworth（someone’s）whiledoing　beworthdoingsth.　"……某事值得被做"　　Thequestionisnotworthdiscussingagainandagain.这问题不值得反复讨论。2.worthy：beworthyof+n.　当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"　beworthytobedone"某事值得被做"　　Thequestionisnotworthytobediscussedagainandagain.3.worthwhile：beworthwhiletodosth　"值得做某事" 　　Itisworthwhiletoaskhimtojointheclub.值得邀请他加入俱乐部。典型例题Itisnot____todiscussthequestionagainandagain.A.worth　B.worthy　C.worthwhile　D.worthwhile答案C.由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组beworthwhiletodosth.。选C。6.3动名词不定式、分词练习1.Iwas______worklastweek,butIchangedmymind.a.tostartb.tohavestartedc.tobestartingd.tohavebeenstarting2.Iintended______thematterwithyou,butIhadsomeguestshen.a.discussb.discussingc.havingdiscussedd.tohavediscussed3.Don’tletmecatchyou______.a.dothatagainb.todothatagainc.doingthatagaind.donethatagain4.Therearemanykindsofmetals______.a.eachhasitsspecialpropertiesb.onehasitsspecialpropertiesb.eachhavingitsspecialpropertiesd.havingitsspecialproperties5.It’spay-day,andthey’rewaiting______.a.forpayingb.tobepaidc.tobepayingd.tohavepaid6._______trouble,I’mgoingtoforgetthewholeaffair.a.Thenrathercauseb.Rathercausingc.Ratherthancaused.Ratherthancaused7.Thebrillianceofhissatireswas______makeevenhisvictimslaugh.a.soastob.suchastoc.sothatd.suchthat8.Childrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclined______highlevelsofself-confidence.a.possessb.havepossessedc.topossessd.possessing9.Theworkeris______inrepairingthemachinetonoticemycoming.a.toobusyb.enoughbusyc.busytood.busyenough10.“Whatdidyoudointhegarden?”“Iwatchedmyfather______hismotorbike.”a.torepairb.repairedc.repairingd.repairs11.Wemusthaveanengineer______theworkersbuildthehouse.a.toseeb.seec.seeingd.seen12.Inductionmeans______ageneralconclusionfromspecialfacts.a.tocometob.tocomingc.comingtod.came13.I’mnotgoingtoasktheteacherwhyhegavemethatgrade;Iintend_______. a.toletrestthematterb.themattertobeletrestingc.lettingthemattertorestd.toletthematterrest14.Ihavetried_______worryingaboutit.a.tostopconsciouslyb.toconsciouslystopc.toconsciousstoppingd.tostoppingconsciously15.“Doyouwanttogiveatalkonthatsubject?”“Iprefer______.”a.notwantb.notwantingc.tonotgivingd.notto16.I_______thetruthofyourremarks,althoughtheygoagainstmyinterests.a.cannotbutadmitb.cannothelpbuttoadmitc.cannotbutadmittingd.cannothelpbutadmitting17.Sincesheisangry,we______.a.hadbetterleavingheraloneb.shouldleaveheralonec.mightaswellleaveheraloned.hadratherleaveheralone18.Idon’tallow______inmyofficeandIdon’tallowmyfamily______atall.a.tosmoke…smokingb.smoking…tosmokec.tosmoke…tosmoked.smoking…smoking19.Youshouldremember______fromthepointwhenyouarewritingacomposition.a.don’twanderb.nottowanderc.nowanderingd.notwander20.Graceadvisedustowithdraw______.a.soastogetnotinvolvedb.soasnottogetinvolvedc.sothattogetnotinvolvedd.asnottogetinvolved21.Heranallthewayuptothestation______thatthetrainhadleftfifteenminutesbefore.a.inordertofindb.soastofindc.onlytofindd.suchastofind22.Georgewenthuntingforaweekbutstillhedidn’tfindaroom______.a.toliveb.toliveinc.forlivingd.tobelivingin23.Youshouldreallyavoid______athomealoneasheisoldandill.a.yourfatherstayb.yourfathertostayc.yourfather’sstayingd.yourfatherwhostays24.Johndidn’twanttorisk______wetashehadonlyonesuit.a.gettingb.togetc.beinggotd.tobegotten25.I’mdisappointedwiththenewofficerselectedinourclub,butthereisnopoint_______aboutit.a.toworryb.inworryingc.withusworryingd.ifweworry26.Itwon’tbeanyuse______toborrowanymoremoney. a.youtotryb.ofyourtryingc.tryingyoud.yourtrying27.Thelawrequiresallcars_______forsafetyandefficiency.a.beingtestedregularlyb.toberegularlytestedc.beregularlytestedd.regularlytested28.Iremember______tothezoobymyfatherwhenIwaslittle.a.beingtakenb.takingc.havebeentakend.tohavetaken29.Icompletelyforgot______thefrontdoorlastnightandfeelfortunatethatnothingisstolen.a.lockingb.beinglockedc.tolockd.tohavelocked30.Iregret______youthatyourapplicationhasbeenrefused.a.informingb.beinginformedc.tobeinformedd.toinform31.Ididn’tmean______anything,buttheseappleslookedsogoodIcouldn’tresist______one.a.toeat…tryingb.toeat…otryingc.eating…totryd.eating…totrying32.Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelp______aboutit.a.buttothinkb.thinkingc.thinkd.tothink33.Theship,______toashapelesswreck,washardlyrecognizable.a.beingreducedb.reducingc.reducedd.havingbeenreducing34.Theyoungdoctorcouldnotsleepatnight,histhoughts______himnopeace.a.gaveb.givingc.beinggivend.togive35.Afteralongwalkonahotday,onefeels______.a.exhaustiveb.exhaustingc.exhaustd.exhausted36.Thoserelativesofhisare______.Idon’twanttohaveanydealingswiththem.a.boringpeopleb.boredpeoplec.peoplehavingboredd.peoplehavingboring37.Youmustfollowthedirectionsexactlyandifyoubecome______,youmusttakethetimetogobackagainandrereadthem.a.toconfuseb.confusingc.confused.confused38.ThereissomethingwrongwithmyTVset,Imusthaveit______.a.checkingb.checkc.tocheckd.checked39.Hewasjustabouttojumpupwhenhefeltsomething______nearhisfeet.a.tomoveb.movec.movingd.moved40.______withthecorrespondingperiodoflastyear,theoutputofchemicalfibersinthefirstquarterroseby15%.a.Comparingb.Tocomparec.Comparedd.Compare41.“Wastherallysuccessful?’ “No,becausethenumberof______wassmallerthanwehadexpected.”a.peoplewhoattendb.attendedpeoplec.peopleattendingd.attendanceofpeople42.UncleDickhasalreadyarrive.Doyouexpect______toseehim?a.Goingb.goc.togod.thatyougo43.FromtheelectricrefrigeratorDicktakesacartonofcream,anotheroffreshmilkandacanof______orangejuice.a.frozenb.frozec.freezingd.freezed44.Hefeltbadfor______achancetostudyabroad.a.havingnotgivenb.nothavinggivenc.havingnotbeengivend.nothavingbeengiven45.Insomecountriestherearealreadyanumberoffirms______computerprogramming.a.specializeinb.specializedinc.specializingind.specializesin46.Theyoungmanwhosawthecar______intotherivertelephonedthepolicestation.a.plungeb.plungedc.wasplungingd.toplunge47.Whileshewasshopping,shekept______thelisttomakesureshehadn’tforgottenanything.a.checkedb.checkingc.tocheckd.check48.You’dbetter______.a.tohaveyourshoesmendedb.tohavemendedyourshoesc.haveyourshoesmendedd.havingyourshoesmended49.Themachinesaremade______atfullspeed.a.workb.workingc.toworkd.tobeworked50.Itiscertainthatmenwillneverstop______newenergysourcestopowertheirgrowingindustry.a.findingb.tofindc.havingfoundd.found51.Itisreallyquiteextraordinarythatweshouldhavebeenatthesamecollegewithout______before.a.metb.beingmetc.havingmetd.havingbeenmet52.ProfessorSmithissaid______anotherimportantdiscoveryinchemistry.a.havingmadeb.havingbeenmadec.tohavemaded.tomake53.Withoutthesun’slight______theearth’ssurface,itwouldbesocoldthatlifecouldnotexistontheearth.a.warmsb.warmedc.warmingd.towarm 54.Therocketwillweighabout200tonswhen______.a.beingcompletedb.completedcompletingd.havebeencompleted55.Thereareplans______anumberofatomicpowerstationinthisregions.a.tobuildb.tobebuiltc.buildingd.beingbuilt56.Allofusarelookingforwardto______atriptotheMingTombs.a.makeb.makingc.tomakingd.havemade57.Ican’tunderstand______adecisionuntilitistoolate.a.himtopostponetomakeb.hispostponingtomakec.himtopostponingmakingd.hispostponingmaking58.Iwouldlike______thatIdon’thaveaveryhighopinionofyou.a.tohaveyouknowb.haveyouknowc.tohaveyourknownd.havingyouknow59.Ihadintended______himwhilehewaslivingatAberdeen.a.visitingb.visitc.tohavevisitedd.havingvisited60.Doyouconsiderbetter_______?a.notdoingitagainb.notdoitagainc.nothavingdoneitagaind.nottodoitagain61.Thefamousscientistwaseasy_______alongwith.a.togetb.forgettingc.gettingd.got62.Thestudentswillhavemorediscussionslikethisintheweeks______.a.comingb.tocomec.comed.tobecoming63.Hefeltlonelyatfirst,butafteratimehegot______aloneandevengot______it.a.usedtoliving…tolikeb.usedtolive…tolikec.usingtolive…likingd.tobeusedtoliving…liking64.Ourmasterraisedhisvoicesothatthecouldmakehimself______bythepupilsinthebackofthehall.a.hearb.heardc.hearingd.tobeheard65.Whenheawoke,hefoundhimself______inthehospitaland______byanoldwoman.a.lying…beinglookedafterb.lying…belookingafterc.lie…belookedafterd.lie…beinglookedafter66.______fromthehill-topthelakesceneryisbeyonddescription.a.Toseeb.Seeingc.Seend.Havingseen67.______inthestrangeforest,thepoorgirlsfellto______.a.Lost…cryingb.Lost…cryc.Tolost…cryd.Havingbeenlost…crying68.They’llhaveyou______ifyoudon’tpayyourtaxes. a.tobearrestedb.arrestc.arrestedd.beingarrested69.Allflights______becauseofthestorm,theydecidedtotakethetrain.a.havingcancelledb.werecancelledc.havebeencancelledd.havingbeencancelled70.AlthoughitwasverylatewhenJohnbegandoingthejob,hemanagedwithhisfriend’sassistance,______beforethebuildingwaslocked.a.tobefinishedb.beingfinishedc.finishingd.tofinish71.Despitetheearnesteffortsofvariousprivategroupsaswellasgovernmentagencies,manyoftheproblemshavenotyetbeensolved,andmuchremainsto______.a.havebeendoneb.bedonec.havedoned.do72.______thatbadweatherwasontheway,theclimbersdecidedtoputofftheirattemptonEigeruntilthefollowingweek.a.Havingtoldb.Beingtoldc.Tellingd.Havingbeentold73.MembersoftheGovernmentitselfacknowledgemanyoftheirpredictions_______wildlyover-optimistic.a.tobeb.beingc.tohavebeend.havingbeen74.Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers______amatchwithoutastandardcourt.a.objectedtohavingb.objectedtohavec.wereobjectedtohaved.wereobjectedtohaving75.Theteacherdoesn’tpermit______inclass.a.smokeb.smokingc.tosmoked.tohavesmoke76.IlikewatchingTV______tothecinema.a.morethantogob.morethangoingc.thangoingd.ratherthantogo77.Themanagerpromisedtokeepme______ofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.a.tobeinformedb.informedc.oninformingd.informing78.Mrs.Brownissupposed______forItalylastweek.a.tohaveleftb.toleavec.tobeleavingd.tohavebeenleft79.Dorothywenttoworkquietly,______toworkashardasshecould.a.hermindbeingmadeupb.withhermindmadeupc.withhermindmakingupd.hemindmakingup80.Husbandandwifewithacommondutytothecountrywillfindthemselves______closertogether.a.beendrawnb.drawnc.todrawd.drawing 81.Herewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemed______blownoffthemountain.a.tohavebeenb.thatitwasc.tobed.thatithadbeen82.______halfwaythroughtheexercise,theteacherchangedhismindandcollectedallourpapers.a.Whenonlybeingb.Whenwewereonlyc.Beingonlyd.Havingbeen83.Somepassengersarereadingthemorningpaper,othersaretalkingwithoneanother,______nervouslyforthetrain.a.towaitb.arewaitingc.waitingd.beingwaited84.There’sonethingIdislikeabouthim:hewillneveradmit______amistake.a.havingmadeb.makingc.beingmaded.havebeenmade85.Stanspenthalfayear______materialforhisnewbook.a.tocollectb.collectc.collectingd.collected86.It’snouse______menottoworry.a.youtellb.yourtellingc.foryoutohavetoldd.havingtold87.Thechairmaninsiststhattherebeameeting_______withintheshortestpossibletime.a.toholdb.tobeheldc.tohavebeenheldd.tobeholding88.Whenthefamouspianistwasachild,hewasaccustomed______forseveralhoursaday.a.topracticingb.topracticec.tobepracticingd.tohavepracticed.89.InChinahundredsofdifferentdialectsarespoken;peopleofsomevillages______themselvesunderstoodbytheinhabitantsofthenexttown.a.makingtroublehaveb.havemakingtroublec.havetroublemakingd.troublemakinghave90.It’sawonderfulplaceforanyone______inarchitecture,asyouare.a.interestingb.tobeinterestedc.beinginterestedd.interested91.Anotherfeatureworth______istheroleofinformationthroughoutafeedbackcontrolsystem..a.noticedb.noticingc.beingnoticedd.notice92.Ibelieve______verylargelyduetomistakenviewsoftheworld.a.thisunhappinessareb.tobethisunhappinessc.thisbeunhappinessd.thisunhappinesstobe93.Whentheymet,Leonardsandhisenemywerefighting______.a.killedeachotherb.tokilleachotherc.killingeachotherd.tobekilledeachother 94.Beforetheinventionofaero-planes,______intheskylikeabirdwasonlyadream.a.menflyb.toflyc.forflyingd.manflys95.Atlasttheysucceeded______thejob.a.topersuadehimtotakeb.inpersuadinghimtotakec.topersuadehimtakingd.inpersuadinghimtaking96.Allthatitdoesis______theplaceofahousewife.a.takesb.takingc.taked.beingtaken97.Helistenedtome______whatMr.Smithhadsaidthedaybefore.a.torepeatb.toberepeatedc.torepeatingd.repeat98.Hecoulddolittleexcept______.a.writingb.writec.writtend.towrite99.Theelectricshaver______beforeitcanbeused.a.needsrepairingb.requirestorepairb.shouldbeinrepaird.hastoberepairable100.______aproblemrequiringmultiplicationordivision,thecomputersolvesitbyaddingorsubtracting.a.Givingb.Havinggivenc.Beinggivend.Given101.YoucanflytoLondonthisevening______youdon’tmindchangingplanesinParis.a.providedb.exceptc.unlessd.sofaras102.Studentsfromthesouthprefer_______.a.eatricethanbreadb.eatingricethanbreadc.eatingricetoeatingbreadd.eatingricetoeatbread103.Wouldyoube______tohelpmewithmyluggage?a.enoughkindb.kindenoughc.tookindd.kindtoo104.Thefatheradvise______thesecond-handcar.a.hissontonotbuyb.hissonnottobuyc.hisson’snobuyingd.thathissonnottobuy105.“Doyouintendtocomewithus?”“Yes,______.”a.Iintendsob.Iintendthatc.Iintendtod.Iintend106.Ittakesawholeyearfortheearth______roundthesunonce.a.travelingb.totravelc.traveledd.travels107.Thefactory______nextyearwillbeoneofthelargestinthiscity. a.tobuildb.tobebuiltc.beingbuiltd.havingbeenbuilt108.Withtheguide______theway,wesetoffonfootintothedarknight.a.leadingb.ledc.leadsd.tolead109.Theygotthework______beforetherainyseasonsetin.a.todob.donec.doingd.did110.Thingsareknown______whentheyunitewiththeoxygenoftheair.a.burningb.toburnc.burnd.beingburning111.Hewasthoroughlyashamed______somuchmoneyonsuchanuglypicture.a.forspendingb.withspendingc.tohavespentd.ofhavingspent112.______oftheburdenofice,theballoonclimbedupanddriftedtotheSouth.a.Tobefreeb.Freeingc.Tofreed.Freed113.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper______inbroaddaylightyesterday.a.toberobbedb.robbedc.tohavebeenrobbedd.havingbeenrobbed114.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,______inthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.a.tobedesertedb.havingdesertedc.tohavebeendesertedd.havingbeendeserted115.“WhereshouldIsendmyapplication?”“ThePersonnelOfficeistheplace______.”a.tosentitb.sentittoc.tosendittod.forsendingit116.Thepublisherwillsendyouaspecimencopyoftheirnewbook______.a.whenitwillberequestedb.whentheyarerequestedc.whenrequestedd.whenrequestit117.Romeisthecity______.a.Irathermostliketovisitb.I’dmostliketovisitc.I’mrathertovisitmostd.I’dprefermosttovisit118.There______nofurtherbusiness,themeetingcametoastop.a.beingb.wasc.beend.hadbeen119.Pleaseremindme______someeggsforthecomingparty.a.buyb.tobuyc.ofbuyingd.forbuying120.Don’tsayanythingatthemeetingunless______.a.askingb.askedc.beingaskedd.tobeasked121.Theradioannouncedthatallflights______havebeencancelledbecauseofthefog.a.gooutb.goneoutc.goingoutd.willgoout 122.What’stheuse______extraleisuretimeifyoudon’tknowwhattodo?a.haveb.tohavec.beinghaved.ofknowing123.______mathematicalconceptsofsomestudentswasverydifficultbecausethestudentsdidnothaveamathbackground.a.Explainb.Explainingc.Haveexplainedd.Havingexplained124.AlthoughJohnwastheoldestinthefamily,healwayslethissister_____chargeofthehouse.a.totakeb.takingc.taked.taken125.Commercialbanksmakemostoftheirincomefrominterest______onloansandinvestmentinstocksandbonds.a.earnb.earnedc.toearnd.wasearned126.AmeliaEarhart,thefirstwoman______asoloflightacrosstheAtlanticOcean,wasbornin1898.a.makesb.madec.makingd.tomake127.Itisimpossiblefortheplan______.a.toputintopracticeb.nottoputintopracticec.tobeputintopracticed.tobenotputintopractice128.______iswhatshewantstoknow.a.Whotodoitb.Whomtodoitc.Whodoesitdod.Whomdoingit129.Mywifesuggested______toScotlandforaholiday,butIfavor______Walesinstead.a.togo…tovisitb.going…visitingc.togo…visitingd.going…tovisit130.Thereareseveral______leavesontheground.a.fallingb.fallenc.tofalld.fell7.动词不定式动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。常见的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。时态\语态主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing/ 7.1有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。1)有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如：affordaimagreearrangeaskdecidebothercarechoosedemanddesiredetermineelectendeavorhopefailhelplearnlong渴望meanmanageofferplanpretendrefusetendundertakeexpecthateintend例如：　Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。　　Heofferedtohelpme.他表示愿意帮助我。2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：askchooseexpecthelpbegintendlike/loveneedpreferpreparewantwish例如：　　　Iliketokeepeverythingtidy.　我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。　　　Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.　我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。　　　IwanttospeaktoTom.　我想和汤姆谈话。　　　IwantyoutospeaktoTom.　我想让你和汤姆谈话。　　3）有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如：decideknowconsiderforgetlearnremembershow,wonderfindouttellinquireexplain例如：　　Pleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan"tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。7.2不定式作补语1）有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：adviseallowcausechallengecommandcompeldrive驱使enableencourageforbidforceimpelinduceinstructinvitelike/loveorderpermitmakelethavewantgetwarnpersuaderequestsendtelltrainurge例如； Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.　父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。　　　　　　Theofficerorderedhismentofire.长官命令士兵开火。注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。2)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：considerfindbelievethinkdeclare（声称）appointguessfancy（设想）guessjudgeimagineknow例如：Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Weknowhimtobeafool.我们知道他是个笨蛋。（tobe不能省去）典型例题　　CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered　___thefirstcomputer.　A.toinvent　B.inventing　C.tohaveinvented　D.havinginvented　答案：C.一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。3)有些动词可以跟there+tobe的结构。例如：believeexpectintendlikelovemeanpreferwantwishunderstand例如：　Wedidn"texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。Youwouldn’twanttheretobeanotherwar.你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。7.3不定式作主语不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。　例如：It"ssonicetohearyourvoice.听到你的声音真高兴。It"snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。　It"sverykindofyoutohelpus.　他帮助我们，他真好。　Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.　他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用Itis…to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如：（对）Toteachistolearn. （错）Itistolearntoteach.（错）Toteachislearning.（错）Teachingistolearn.典型例题　Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto___.　　A.sit　B.siton　C.beseat　D.besaton答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。7.4It"sforsb.和It"sofsb.这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。1）forsb.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：例如：　　It"sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2）ofsb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。例如：　　It"sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。用for还是用of的另一种辨别方法：　　用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如：　　Youarenice.　（通顺，所以应用of）。　　Heishard.　（非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）7.5不定式作表语　不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：　　Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.我的工作是每天清扫房间。　　Hisdreamistobeadoctor.他的梦想是成为一名医生。7.6不定式作定语　不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：　　　Ihavealotofworktodo.　我有许多事要做。　　　Therewasnothingtobringhomethatmorning.那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。7.7不定式作状语 1）目的状语　常用结构为todo,onlytodo（仅仅为了）,inordertodo,　soastodo,　so（such）…asto…（如此…以便…）。例如：　　Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.　他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。　　Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.　我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。Iawoketofindmytruckgone.我醒来发现箱子不见了。　　Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.他搜索了房间，没发现什么。3）表原因I"mgladtoseeyou.见到你很高兴。Shewepttoseethesight.她一看到这情形就哭了。4）表示理由和条件Hemustbeafooltosayso.Youwilldowelltospeakmorecarefully.7.8用作介词的toto可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to都用作介词：admittoobjecttobeaccustomedtobeusedtosticktoturnto开始lookforwardtobedevotedtopayattentiontocontributetoapologizetodevoteoneselfto7.9省去to的动词不定式1）情态动词（除ought外）后。2）使役动词let,have,make后，感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后。注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如：　Isawhimdance.我看见他跳舞。　=Hewasseentodance.　Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.老板让他们整夜干活。　=Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.3）wouldrather，hadbetter句型后4）Why…/whyno…句型后5）help后可带to，也可不带to,helpsb（to）dosth：6）but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。比较：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.他只想出去玩。 　　Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.除了吃这药，他什么都信。7）由and,or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to可以省去：8）通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think等词后作宾补时，可以省去tobe。例如：　　　Heissupposed（tobe）nice.　他应该是个好人。典型例题1）----Iusuallygotherebytrain.　　----Whynot___byboatforachange?　　　A.totrygoing　B.　tryingtogo　C.　totryandgo　D.　trygoing　　　　答案：D.whynot后面接不带to的不定式，因此选D。2）Pauldoesn"thavetobemade___.Healwaysworkshard.　　A.learn　B.tolearn　C.learned　D.learning　答案：B.make后接不带to的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to不可省略。7.10动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。例如：　Tellhimnottoshutthewindow。让他别关窗。　ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。典型例题1）Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter___afterdrinking.　　A.nevertodrive　B.toneverdriver　C.neverdriving　D.neverdrive　　答案：A。warnsbtodosth.的否定形式为warnsbnottodosth.此处用的是否定词never.2）Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet，buthismothertoldhim____.　　A.notto　　B.nottodo　　C.notdoit　D.donotto　答案：A。notto为nottodoit的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此也B，D不对。7.11不定式的特殊句型too…to…1）too…to　太…以至于…。例如：　　Heistooexcitedtospeak.他太激动了，说不出话来。　----CanIhelpyou?需要我帮忙吗?----Well,I"mafraidtheboxistooheavyforyoutocarryit,butthankyouallthesame.　不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。 2）如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为"不太"。例如：　It"snevertoolatetomend.　改过不嫌晚。（谚语）3）当too前面有only,all,but时，意思是：非常…等于very。例如：　I"monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou.能帮助你我非常高兴。　Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.他非常想回家。7.12不定式的特殊句型soasto1）表示目的；它的否定式是soasnottodo。例如：　Tomkeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。　Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2）表示结果。例如：　Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?劳驾，现在几点了。　　　　7.13不定式的特殊句型Whynot　"Whynot+动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?""干吗不……?"。例如：　Whynottakeaholiday?干吗不去度假?　　　7.14不定式的时态和语态1）一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如　　Heseemstoknowthis.他似乎知道这事。　　Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatI"llseeyouagain.　我希望再见到你。2）完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：　I"msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。　Heseemstohavecaughtacold.他好像已经得了感冒。3）进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：　Heseemstobeeatingsomething.他好像正在吃什么东西。4）完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：　Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。7.15动名词与不定式1）动名词与不定式的区别： 　动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的　不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。3）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论。　　8.特殊词精讲8.1stopdoing/todostoptodo　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stopdoing　停止做某事。例如：　　Theystoptosmokeacigarette.　他们停下来，抽了根烟。　　Imuststopsmoking.　　　　　我必须戒烟了。典型例题　Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped___　onabigrockbythesideofthepath.　A.tohaverested　B.resting　C.torest　D.rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stoptodosth.停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stopdoingsth.不正确。8.2forgetdoing/todo　forgettodo　忘记要去做某事，forgetdoing　忘记做过某事。例如：　　Thelightintheofficeisstilon.Heforgottoturnitoff.办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）　　Heforgotturningthelightoff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）典型例题　----Thelightintheofficeisstillon.　----Oh，Iforgot___.　　　　　　　　　　　A.turningitoff　B.turnitoff　C.toturnitoff　D.havingturneditoff　答案：C。由thelightisstillon可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forgettodosth.而forgetdoingsth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。8.3rememberdoing/todo　remembertodo记得去做某事，rememberdoing　记得做过某事。例如：Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don"tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 8.4regretdoing/todoregrettodo　对将要做的事遗憾，regretdoing　对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：　　Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。　　Idon"tregrettellingherwhatIthought.　我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.---Well,nowIregret___that.A.todo　B.tobedoing　C.　tohavedone　D.　havingdone答案：D。regrethavingdonesth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regrettodosth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。8.5ceasedoing/todoceasetodo长时间，甚至永远停做某事，ceasedoing　短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：　　Thatdepartmenthasceasedtoexistforever.那个系已不复存在。　　Thegirlsceasedchattingforamomentwhentheirteacherpassedby.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。　　8.6trydoing/todo　trytodo　努力，企图做某事，trydoing　试验，试着做某事。例如：Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。　Itriedgardeningbutdidn"tsucceed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。8.7goondoing/todogoontodo　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，goondoing　继续做原来做的事。例如：　Afterhehadfinishedhismaths，hewentontodohisphysics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。　Goondoingtheotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习　8.8beafraiddoing/todobeafraidtodo　不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"，be afraidofdoing　担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。例如：Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。8.9beinteresteddoing/todo　interestedtodo　对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interestedindoing　对某种想法感兴趣，doing通常为想法。例如：Ishallbeinterestedtoknowwhathappens.我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）I"minterestedinworkinginSwitzerland.Doyouhaveanyideaaboutthat?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?（一种想法）8.10meantodoing/todo　meantodo　打算、想，meandoing　意味着。例如：　　Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。　Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.增加工资意味着增加购买力。　8.11begin（start）doing/todo　begin/starttodosth/begin/startdoingsth.1）谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：　Howoldwereyouwhenyoufirststartedplayingthepiano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴？　2）begin,start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式todo。例如：　　Iwasbeginningtogetangry。我开始生起气来。　3）在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize这类动词时，常用不定式todo。例如：　　Ibegintounderstandthetruth。我开始明白真相。　4）事物作主语时。例如：　　Thesnowbegantomelt.雪开始融化了8.12感官动词+doing/todo感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel+ do表示动作的完整性，+doing表示动作的进行性。例如：　Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调"我看见了"这个事实）　　Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题1）Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher___upfromchildhood.　　A.grow　B.grew　C.wasgrowing　D.togrow　答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用seesbdosth的句型。2）Themissingboywaslastseen___neartheriver.　　A.playing　B.tobeplaying　　C.play　　D.toplay　答案A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用seesb.doingsth句型。9.分词分词既有动词的特征，也有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do和不及物动词go为例）：dogo现在分词过去分词主动Doing/havingdone,goingdone/gone被动Beingdone/havingbeendone9.1分词作定语不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given,left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：　Wecanseetherisingsun.我们可以看到东升的旭日　Heisaretiredworker.　他是位退休的工人　Therewasagirlsittingthere.　有个女孩坐在那里　Thisisthequestiongiven.　　这是所给的问题　Thereisnothinginteresting.　没有有趣的东西 　分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.=Mostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.典型例题　1）Thefirsttextbook___forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.　A.havewritten　B.tobewritten　C.beingwritten　D.written答案D.书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句whichwaswritten　2）What"sthelanguage____inGermany?　A.speaking　　B.spoken　　C.bespoken　　D.tospeak答案B.主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language,spoken与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What"sthelanguage（whichis）spokeninGerman?9.2分词作状语分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：Notreceivinganyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。　AsIdidn"treceiveanyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.　Givenmoreattention，thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。　Ifmoreattentionwasgiven,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.典型例题　1）_____someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.A.Followed　B.Followedby　C.Beingfollowed　D.Havingbeenfollowed　答案B.Napoleon与follow之间有被动的含义。beingfollowed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。followedby（被…跟随）。本题可改为：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Withsomeofficialsfollowing,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.　2）Therewasaterriblenoise___thesuddenburstoflight.　A.followed　B.following　C.tobefollowed　D.beingfollowed　答案B.由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。　3）_______,liquidscanbechangedintogases.A.Heating　B.Tobeheated　C.Heated　D.Heat 　答案C.本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句Whenitisheated，…注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：Usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。　Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。9.3连词+分词（短语）　有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有：when，while，ifthough，after,before,as.　但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：　　Whilewaitingthere,hesawtwoprettygirlscomeoutofthebuilding.等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting和saw的主语相同）9.4分词作补语　　通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如：　Ifoundmycarmissing.　我发现我的车不见了。　"llhavemywatchrepaired.　我想把我的手表修一下。9.5分词作表语表示主语的状态等。例如：　Shelookedtiredwithcooking.　她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。　Heremainedstandingbesidethetable.　他依然站在桌旁。9.6分词作插入语　　分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：　generallyspeaking　一般说来　talkingof（speakingof）说道　strictlyspeaking严格的说　judgingfrom从…判断　allthingsconsidered从整体来看　takingallthingsintoconsideration　全面看来例如：Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.　从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。　Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。（speaking不是dogs的动作） 9.7分词的时态1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如：　Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.　听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。　Arrivingthere,theyfoundtheboydead.　一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。典型例题　　Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,___alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepare　B.preparing　C.prepared　D.waspreparing　　　答案B.此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和waspreparing。只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如：　　Whilewalkinginthegarden，hehurthisleg.在花园里散步时他伤了腿。　　分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用havingdone。　　Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentout.做完作业后，他出去了。　=Ashehadfinishedhishomework,hewentout.典型例题　　___areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.　A.Notreceiving　　B.Receivingnot　C.Nothavingreceived　D.Havingnotreceived　　　答案C.本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not+分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Becausehehadnotreceivedareply,hedecidedtowriteagain.9.8分词的语态1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如：Heisthemangivingyouthemoney.　（=whogaveyou…）他就是给你钱的那个人。Heisthemanstoppedbythecar.　　（=whowasstoppedby…）他就是那个被车拦住的人。2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，如gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned等。例如：awell-readperson.　　一个读过许多书的人　　amuch-traveledmay　一个去过许多地方的人　　aburnt-outmatch　　烧完了的火柴 10．独立主格10.1独立主格独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；名词（代词）+形容词；名词（代词）+副词；名词（代词）+不定式；名词（代词）+介词短语构成。　独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。　　2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。　　3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。　　例如：　　Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。　　Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。　　Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.　天气允许，我们明天去看你。　　Thisdone,wewenthome.工作完成后，我们才回家。　　Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier.　会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。　　Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。　　Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆　10.2with的复合结构作独立主格　　表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with+名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：　　Hestoodthere,hishandraised.=Hestoodthere,withhishandraise.他举手着站在那儿。典型例题　　Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback。A.beingtied　B.havingtied　　C.tobetied　　D.tied　　 　　答案D.with+名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　　注意:1）独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制。例如：Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。　　2）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：Helaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。典型例题：　Weather___,we"llgooutforawalk.　Apermitted　Bpermitting　Cpermits　Dforpermitting　答案B.本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为"天气允许"，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。　如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为Ifweatherpermits,we"llgooutforawalk.然后将if去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。11.动词的时态11.1一般现在时的用法1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…,sometimes,　at…,onSunday。例如：　　Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七点离开家。2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：　Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕太阳转动。　ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.上海位于中国东部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：　Pridegoesbeforeafall.　骄者必败。　注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：　Idon"twantsomuch.我不要那么多。　AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。　　　Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功课。　　第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。11.2一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。例如：　Wheredidyougojustnow?刚才你上哪儿去了？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：　WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。　　　　　3）句型：Itistimeforsb.todosth　"到……时间了"　"该……了"。例如：Itistimeforyoutogotobed.　你该睡觉了。　Itistimethatsb.didsth."时间已迟了"　"早该……了"，例如Itistimeyouwenttobed.　　　你早该睡觉了。　　would（had）rathersb.didsth.　表示"宁愿某人做某事"。例如：I"dratheryoucametomorrow.还是明天来吧。4）wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些。比较：Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.（含义：她已不在人间。）　　Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.（含义：她现在还活着）　　Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）　　Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：　　　Didyouwantanythingelse?您还要些什么吗？ 　　　Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能帮我一下。2）情态动词could,would。例如：　　　Couldyoulendmeyourbike?你的自行车，能借用一些吗？11.3usedto/beusedto　　usedto+do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：　　Motherusednottobesoforgetful.　老妈过去没那么健忘。　　Scarfusedtotakeawalk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。　　beusedto+doing：对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：　　Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.　　　　Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题　　　----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It"s69568442.　　　　　　A.didn"t　　B.couldn"t　C.don"t　D.can"t　　答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。11.4一般将来时1）　shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：　　WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？我先读哪一段呢？　　Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?今晚七点回家好吗？2）　begoingto+不定式，表示将来。　a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?明天打算作什么呢？　b.计划，安排要发生的事。例如：Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。这出戏下月开播。　c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。　3）　be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：　　WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4）　beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：　　HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他马上要去北京。 　注意：beabouttodo不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。11.5begoingto/will用于条件句时，begoingto表将来,will表意愿。例如：　　Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you"dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.　　Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.11.6beto和begoingto　　beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，begoingto表示主观的打算或计划。例如：　Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.　　明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）　I"mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）11.7一般现在时表将来1）下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：　　　Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火车明天上午六点开。　　　Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）以here,there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：　　　Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.车来了。　　　Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：　　　WhenBillcomes（不是willcome）,askhimtowaitforme.比尔来后，让他等我。　　　I"llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的宾语从句中。例如：　　　Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。　　　Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。11.8用现在进行时表示将来　下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如： 　I"mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了。　Areyoustayingheretillnextweek?你会在这儿呆到下周吗？11.9现在完成时　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has）+过去分词。11.10比较一般过去时与现在完成时1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.。　一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例如：Isawthisfilmyesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Whydidyougetupsoearly?（强调起床的动作已发生过了）Whohasn"thandedinhispaper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.（在团内的状态可延续）HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.（是团员的状态可持续）　　句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday,last,week,in1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（对）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.11.11用于现在完成时的句型1）Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.这是我第一次访问这城市。Thisisthefirsttime（that）I"veheardhimsing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意：Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisis+形容词最高级+that…结构，that从句要用现在完成时。例如：　ThisisthebestfilmthatI"ve（ever）seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。　典型例题（1）---Doyouknowourtownatall?　　---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.was　B.havebeen　C.came　D.amcoming　答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。（2）---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?　---No,it"sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,come　B.even,havecome　　C.ever,come　D.ever,havecome　答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。　注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.（对）Ihaven"treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.11.12比较since和forSince用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：　　Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.我住在这儿二十多年了。　　IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.我从出生起就住在这儿了。　　注意：并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。　　Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.（我现在已不在这里工作。）　　Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.（现在我仍在这里工作。）　　注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。　　1）（对）TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.　　2）（错）Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.　　　　显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.11.13since的四种用法　1）since+过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix）。例如： 　Ihavebeenheresince1989.1989起，我一直在这儿。　2）since+一段时间+ago。例如：　Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.我在这儿，已经有五个月了。　3）since+从句。例如：　Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.你走后，变化可大了。　Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincewewerehere.我们走后，变化可大了。　4）Itis+一段时间+since从句。例如：　ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.我考上研究生有两年了。11.14延续动词与瞬间动词1）用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：　　Hehascompletedthework.　　他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）　　I"veknownhimsincethen.　　我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2）用于till/until从句的差异　　延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……"瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：　　Hedidn"tcomebackuntilteno"clock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno"clock.　他一直睡到10点。　　　　典型例题1.Youdon"tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.　A.hadmet　B.havemet　C.met　D.meet　答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2.---I"msorrytokeepyouwaiting.　---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeen　B.hadbeen　C.was　D.willbe　答案A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。11.15过去完成时1）概念：表示过去的过去----|----------|--------|---->其构成是had+过去分词构成。那时以前　那时　现在　　　　　　2）用法　a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： 　　Shesaid（that）shehadneverbeentoParis.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。　b.状语从句　　在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：　　Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。　c.表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：　　Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn"t.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。3）　过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。例如：　HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他说过他以前学过一些英语。　Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。　Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。典型例题　　Thestudents___busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe___intheoffice.　A.hadwritten,left　B，werewriting,hasleft　C.hadwritten,hadleft　D.werewriting,hadleft　答案D."把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意：　hadhardly…when　　还没等……就……。例如：IhadhardlyopenedthedoorwhenIhehitme.我刚打开门，他就打了我。hadnosooner…than　　刚……就……。例如：Hehadnosoonerboughtthecarthanhesoldit.他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。　11.16用一般过去时代替过去完成时1）　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：　　Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。　　MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如： 　　WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3）　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：　　OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.11.17将来完成时　1）构成willhavedone　2）概念　a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。　　b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：　　　YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达上海了。　　　11.18现在进行时　现在进行时的基本用法：　a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：　　Wearewaitingforyou.我们正在等你。　b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：　　Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.　他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）　　c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：　　Theleavesareturningred.叶子在变红。　　It"sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越来越热了。　d.与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：　　Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改变主意。典型例题　Mydictionary___,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill___it.　　A.haslost,don"tfind　　B.ismissing,don"tfind　C.haslost,haven"tfound　D.ismissing,haven"tfound.　　　答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。11.19不用进行时的动词1）表示事实状态的动词，如have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include, contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue等。例如：Ihavetwobrothers.我有两兄弟。　　Thishousebelongstomysister.这房子是我姐的。　2）表示心理状态的动词，如know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate等。例如：Ineedyourhelp.我需要你的帮助。　　Helovesherverymuch.他爱她很深。　3）瞬间动词，如accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等。例如：　　Iacceptyouradvice.我接受你的劝告。　4）系动词，如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn等。例如：　　Youseemalittletired.你看上去有点累。11.20过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。3）常用的时间状语有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等。例如：　　Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.　我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。　　Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.他们离开车站时，正下着雨。　　WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.　我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。典型例题1）Mary___adresswhenshecutherfinger.　A.made　B.ismaking　C.wasmaking　D.makes　答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2）Asshe___thenewspaper,Granny___asleep.A.read；wasfalling　B.wasreading；fell　C.wasreading；wasfalling　D.read；fell　答案B.句中的as=when,while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为"在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fallsick。11.21将来进行时1）概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：　　　She"llbecomingsoon.她会很快来的。　　　I"llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.将来我一定去见他。注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说I"llbehavingatalkwithher.2）常用的时间状语有soon,tomorrow,thisevening，onSunday,bythistime，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等。例如：Bythistimetomorrow,I"llbelyingonthebeach.明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。11.22一般现在时代替一般将来时When,while,before,after,till,once,assoonas,solongas,bythetime,if,incase（that）,unless,evenif,whether,themoment,theminute,theday,theyear,immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：　HeisgoingtovisitherauntthedayhearrivesinBeijing.他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。典型例题（1）Hesaidhe________meapresentunlessI_______indoingtheexperiment.　A.hadnotgiven;hadnotsucceeded　　B.wouldnotgive;succeeded　C.willnotgive;succeed　　　　　　D.wouldnotgive;willsucceed.　答案B.在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有Hesaid，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B.此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。（2）表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。例如：　Themuseumopensattentomorrow.　博物馆明天10点开门。（实际上每天如此。）11.23一般现在时代替一般过去时1）"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：　Thenewspapersaysthatit"sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。　2）叙述往事，使其生动。例如：　Napoleon"sarmynowadvancesandthegreatbattlebegins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。11.24一般现在时代替现在完成时 1）有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等。例如：　Ihear（=haveheard）hewillgotoLondon.我听说了他将去伦敦。　Iforget（=haveforgotten）howoldheis.我忘了他多大了。2）用句型"Itis…since…"代替"Ithasbeen…since…"。例如：Itis（=hasbeen）fiveyearssincewelastmet.从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。11.25一般现在时代替现在进行时。在Herecomes…/Theregoes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：　Theregoesthebell.铃响了。11.26现在进行时代替将来时1）表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：　　Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend?和我们一起度周末好吗?　　Weareleavingsoon.　我们马上就走。2）渐变动词，如get,run,grow,become,begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：　　Heisdying.他要死了。11.27时态一致　1）如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：　Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.那时，人们不知道地球是动的。　Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。　2）宾语从句中的，助动词ought,need,must,dare的时态是不变的。例如：　HethoughtthatIneednottellyouthetruth.他认为我不必告诉你真相。11.28时态与时间状语时态时间状语一般现在时every…,sometimes,　at…,onSunday等一般过去时yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982,justnow等一般将来时next…,tomorrow,in+一段时间,before+时间点等现在完成时for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,recently等过去完成时before,by+过去的时间,until,when,after,once等过去进行时thismorning,thewholemorning,allday,yesterday,fromninetotenlast evening…when,while等将来进行时soon,tomorrow,thisevening,onSunday,bythistime,tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening11.29时态、语态练习1.“Idon’tliketotravel.”“Haveyouever_____inanairplane?”a.flyingb.flewc.flowedd.flown2.Thecenterofgravityofthehumanbody______behindhisjoint.a.locatedb.locatingc.tolocated.islocated3.“Todayisverycold,isn’tit?”“Yes,theriveris_____over.”a.freezedb.freezec.frozend.freezing4.“Whathappenedinthatnewarea?”“Newhouses______recentlyoverthere.”a.arebuiltb.buildc.havebuiltd.havebeenbuilt5.“Whendidyougotowork?”“Assoonastheycame,we______towork.”a.wentb.weregoingc.hadgoned.go6.“Didyouwaitforhimverylong?”“Yes,I______tobeduntilfiveinthemorning.”a.didgob.didn’tgoc.hadgoned.went7.Perhapsitwillbealongtime______fromabroad.a.whenTomcomesbackb.whenTomwillcomebackc.beforeTomcomesbackd.thatTomcomesback8.Tom______mathematicsthroughouthiscollegelife.a.boredb.boredwithc.wasboredd.wasboredwith9.______thatdresswhenIfirstsawyouatthestation?a.Wereyouwearingb.Haveyouwornc.Didyouweard.doyouwear10.MrWu______toworkbybuseveryday.a.hasbeentravelingb.hastraveledc.travelsd.istraveling11.Don’tdisturbhim.He______totheweatherforecast.a.listensb.isbeinglistenedc.haslistenedd.islistening12.MyEnglishteacher______mytest.a.hasnotyetgradedb.hasnotyetbeengradedc.isnotyettobegradedd.isnotyetgraded13.We______onitformanyhours,butwehavenotyetreachedanyconclusion.a.arebeingworkedb.areworkingc.havebeenworkingd.havebeenworked14.Shanghai______ontheHuangpuRiver.a.standb.standsc.isbeingstandd.hasstood15.“Tellthestudentstostopshouting.We______ouressaysnow.”a.writeb.havebeenwritingc.arewritingd.havewritten 16.“______yourbest?It’snotsatisfactory.I’mafraidyouwillhavetodoitagain.”a.Doyoutryb.Haveyoutriedc.Areyoutryingd.Haveyoubeentrying17.Chinesemarriedcouple_____redpacketstochildrenandtheunmarriedduringtheChinesenewYear.a.giveb.havebeengivingc.aregivingd.havegiven18.Myuncle,Sam,______managerofthefirm.a.hasjustmadeb.isjustbeingmadec.hasjustbeenmaded.isjustmade19.Thisisthefirsttimethestudents______toHydePark.a.havegoneb.havebeengonec.havebeengoingd.arebeinggone20.She______hermother’sworksinceshewasadmittedintohospital.a.isdoingb.hasbeendoingc.hasdoned.hasbeendone21.I______theincidentasifitwereyesterday.a.amstilltorememberb.havestillbeenrememberingc.ambeingstillrememberedd.stillremember22.I______swimmingintheriverandIalways_____toswimwhenIcan.a.amliking/havegoneb.ambeingliked/amgoingc.like/god.haveliked/havebeengoing23.Wehavesometimesaccidentsonthisline,butnoaccidents______sincelastwinter.a.occurb.haveoccurredc.havebeenoccurringd.areoccurring24.He_____onthisessayfortwentyminutesbuthe_____onlyahundredwords.a.hasbeenworking/haswrittenb.isworking/writesb.hasworked/hasbeenwritingd.works/iswriting25.Elections_______everyfouryearsandCongressmeetsonceayear.a.aretakenplaceb.aretobetakenplacec.tookplaced.takeplace26.______careless,oryouwillmakemistakes.a.Benotb.Notbec.Don’td.Don’tbe27.TheNo.8bus______toChengducollegeofGeology,andnottoSichuanUniversity.a.aregoneb.isbeinggonec.goesd.aregoing28.Oil,exportedfromIrantoEurope,_____bytankers.a.usedtobetransported/havebeenbuiltupb.usedtobeingtransported/havebuiltupc.wasusedtobetransported/hadbeenbuiltupd.wasusedtobeingtransported/willbebuiltup29.Ifit______,thematchwillbepostponed. a.hasbeenrainedb.doesrainc.rainsd.israined30.AssoonasI______thetools,Ishallbeginwiththework.a.haveb.amhavingc.havebeenhavingd.havebeenhad31.Onceyou______theknackofit,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.a.shallhaveb.hadhadc.arehavingd.have32.Everytimehe______me,heisrudetome.a.willseeb.seesc.isseeingd.isseen33.JohntoldMarythathe______whathewasdoingduringthevacation.a.wasjustaskedb.wasjustaskingc.hadjustbeenaskedd.hadjustasked34.Nowthatyou_______,whatareyougoingtodo?a.arebingreturnedb.havebeenreturningc.havebeenreturnedd.havereturned35.Istartedmyteachingcareerattheschool.Thatwasmorethantwentyyearsago,andI______thereeversince.a.wasb.hadbeenc.willbed.havebeen36.Everythingontheearth______allthetime.a.ischangingb.ischangedc.haschangedd.hasbeenchanged37.We______fineweatherforthepastfewdays.a.haveb.arehavingc.havebeenhadd.havebeenhaving38.It______everydaysofarthismonth.a.israiningb.rainsc.hasrainedd.hasbeenrained39.noonecanprovethattheearth______notround.a.isbeingb.istobec.isd.hasbeen40.“Thereshe______!Weneedn’twaitanylonger.”a.comesb.hasbeencomec.hasbeencomingd.istocome41.Thelittlegirl______bythedrug-pushertocarrydrugsintothecountry.a.wasmadeuseb.wasmadeusedc.wasmadeuseofd.wasmadeusedof42.Ishalltellyouwhathe______atthreeo’clockyesterdayafternoon.a.haddoneb.woulddoc.wasdoingd.hadbeendone43.Bytheendoflastyearthey______1,000machines.a.turnedoutb.hadturnedoutc.wouldturnoutd.hadbeenturnedout44.Hewassixty-eight.Intwoyearshe______seventy.a.wouldbeb.wasc.hadbeend.wasbeing45.Howlongago______playingfootball?a.hadyoustoppedb.wouldyoustopc.didyoustopd.wereyoustopping46.Uptillthenwe______halfthedistance.a.hadonlycoveredb.coveredc.wouldonlycoverd.wouldbeonlycovered 47.WhileI______television,thedoorbell______.a.watched/wouldringb.wouldwatch/hadrungb.waswatching/rangd.hadbeenwatched/wasringing48.They______withusforthetimebeing.a.wouldstayb.willstayc.havebeenstayingd.willbestaying49.IneverdreamedI______herediscussingstateaffairswiththeotherdeputies.a.willbesittingb.wouldbesittingc.willhavebeensittingd.wouldhavebeensitting50.Johntoldusthatbytheendoftheyearthey______togetherforthirtyyears.a.wouldhavebeenlivingb.wouldhavelivedc.wouldhavebeenlivedd.willhavebeenliving51.Thenewtypeofmachine______theyearafternext.a.isgoingtoturnoutb.isgoingtobeingturnedoutb.isgoingtohaveturnedoutd.isgoingtobeturnedout52.Largesumsofmoney______eachyearinpaintingthesteelworkofbridges,ships,andotherexposedstructures.a.havespentb.havetobespentc.havetospendd.spend53.Thepolice______inwhattheinformerreported.a.interestedb.hadinterestedc.wereinterestingd.wereinterested54.Acandidateforthepost______atthemoment.a.isinterviewingb.beinginterviewingc.interviewingd.isbeinginterviewed55.Bytheendoflastyeartherailway______.a.wasbeingcompletedb.wouldbecompletedb.hadbeencompletedd.hadcompleted56.I______tovisittheircountrybeforelong.a.havebeeninvitedb.ambeinginvitedc.hadbeeninvitedd.shallbeinvited57.Theory______withpractice.a.mustbecombiningb.mustcombinec.musthavebeencombinedd.mustbecombined58.Hesaidsuchathing______tohappen.a.oughttobenotallowedb.oughtnottobeallowingb.oughtnottohaveallowedd.oughtnottobeallowed59.Shetoldmethatherproposal______.a.neededtotakeintoconsiderationb.neededtobetakenintoconsiderationc.neededtobetakingintoconsiderationd.neededtohavetakenintoconsideration60.Theschoolauthoritiesandtheteachers______overtheadvantagesofthedemerit system.a.werealwaysarguedb.werealwaysarguingb.hadalwayshadarguedd.hadalwaysbeenargued61.Hefulfilledtheplanearlierthanhe______.a.hadexpectedb.expectingc.shouldexpectd.wouldexpect62.______whenthebellrang.a.Hardlywouldhereachschoolb.Hardlyhadhereachedschoolc.Hardlyhereachedschoold.Hardlyhewasreachingschool63.WeweredeterminednottodoitunlessJulie______it,too.a.haddoneb.wasdoingc.wasdoned.did64.Theyweresurethey______finalvictory.a.werewonb.wouldbewonc.wouldwind.hadbeenwon65.When______togiveusananswer?a.willyoubeableb.willyouhavebeenablec.willyouabled.willyouhaveabled66.We______ontheprojectbytheendofnextweek.a.shallhavefinishedtoworkb.shallfinishtoworkc.shallhavefinishedworkingd.shallfinishworking67.He______forsixyearsbythetimehetakeshisexamination.a.shallhavefinishedtoworkb.shallfinishtoworkb.shallhavefinishedworkingd.shallfinishworking68.IpromiseyouthatI______youapresentnextweek.a.willgiveb.willhavegivenc.shallgived.shallhavegiven69.Ihopethatshe______tothedemandsofthenaughtyboys.a.willnothaveagreedb.willnotbeagreedc.willnotagreed.willnothavebeenagreed70.Inthelongrunyourmoney______inbonds.a.wasmoresafelyinvestedb.ismoresafelyinvestedb.willbemoresafelyinvestedd.aremoresafelyinvested71.Mr.Wilsonaskedmeiftheseislands______toJapan.a.belongb.arebelongingc.arebelongedd.havebeenbelonged72.Beforetheendofthenineties,airpollution______aseriousproblemthatendangersthehealthofthehumanrace.a.willbebecomeb.willbecomec.willhavebecomed.willhavebeenbecome73.Thetrain______ateighttonight.a.willbestartedb.willhavestartedc.shallbestartedd.starts74.We______anEnglisheveningtonight. a.arebeinghavingb.arehavingc.willbehadd.shallbehad75.They______forBeijingforpractice.a.areleavingb.arebeingleftc.willhaveleftd.willbeleft76._____meoraren’tyou?a.Willyouhelpb.Shallyouhelpc.Areyougoingtohelpd.Willyouhavehelped77.Anewpowerstation______there.a.willbegoingtobuildb.isgoingtobebuiltc.willbegonetobuildd.isgonetobebuilt78.______ameetingthisafternoon.a.Theregoingtobeb.Therewillbegoingtobeb.Thereisgoingtobed.Therewillgoingtobe79.We______anewexperimentthisafternoon.a.shallbetoperformb.willbetoperformc.aretobeperformedd.aretoperform80.Thegovernment_____toapprovetheuseofwidespreadsurveillancewhentheJusticeDepartmenttookobjections.a.isgoingb.hadbeenc.wasaboutd.iscoming81.Yououghtto_____atestinphysicsthedaybefore,Ithink.a.havetakenb.takec.betakend.betaking82.Keplerprovedthatthesun______thecenterofthesolarsystem.a.isb.wasc.hadbeend.wouldbe83.Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthat______thisyear.a.appearsb.isappearingc.hasappearedd.haveappeared84.Myfriend______herelastweek,buthecouldn’t.a.wastohavecomeb.musthavecomec.camed.hadtocome85.Hedidnotarriveuntilthemeetingwasnearlyover,forthesimplereasonisthathe_____asleepwhilewatchingtelevision.a.hadfallenb.hasfallenc.felld.wasfalling86.Wehadhardlysatdownwhenshe______platesoffoodforus.a.broughtb.hasbroughtc.hadbroughtd.wasbringing87.Afriendofminereturnedtohishouseafteraholiday,onlytofindit______.a.bebrokenintob.wasbrokenintoc.hadbrokenintod.hadbeenbrokeninto88.“WhatwereyoudoingwhenAnnaphonedyou?”“Ihadjustfinishedmyworkand______totakeabath.”a.startingb.tostartc.havestartedd.wasstarting89.“Haveyougonetoseethedoctor?”“No,but______.” a.Igob.Iamgoingtoseec.Igotoseed.I’mgoingto90.Eachtimeyoulookatanobject,you______apicture.a.tookb.aretakingc.taked.havetaken91.Waterpipes______rustyafteraperiodofuse.a.becomeb.isbecomingc.arebecomed.werebecome92.Thisforeignscientist______inourcollegeforfifteenyearsanddoesnotwanttoleave.a.workedb.isworkingc.worksd.hasbeenworking93.______tohavedinnerwithustonight?a.Willyoulikeb.Doyoulikec.Wouldn’tyouliked.Won’tyoulike94.WhatIwasuncertainabout______whethertheycouldovercomethedifficulties.a.isb.willbec.hadbeend.was95.“Certainly,______himaboutsomethingelseinanycase,soitwon’tbeanybother.”a.I’llseeb.Iseec.Icanseed.I’llbeseeing96.Bythetimethecourseends,______alotaboutBritain.a.we’lllearntb.wearelearningc.wehavelearntd.we’llhavelearnt97.Allthemachines______bytheendofthefollowingweek.a.wererepairedb.wouldberepairedc.willhavebeenrepairedd.werebeingrepair98.Hewillcometocalloneyouthemomenthe______hiswork.a.willfinishb.finishesc.hadfinishedd.finished99.Idon’tthinkshe’llbeupset,butI’llseeherincase________.a.she’llb.sheisc.shedoesd.shewould100.“Iwishthatyoursisterwouldcometovisitme.”“Well,I’lltellherwhenI______her.”a.seeb.sawc.wellseed.wouldsee12.动词的语态语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。注意：1）感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。例如：Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.老师逼我走出教室。-->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom（bytheteacher）.　Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.我们看见他在草场踢球。 -->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground.　2）情态动词+be+过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.煤可以产生工农业需要的电。12.1let的用法　1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to的不定式。例如：Theyletthestrangego.他们放陌生人走了。--->Thestrangewasletgo.　2）当let后宾补较长时，let通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit代替。例如：Thenurseletmegotoseemyclassmateinthehospital.那护士让我去探望住院的同学。---->Iwasallowed/permittedtoseemyclassmateinthehospital.12.2短语动词的被动语态　短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：　　MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.我妹妹由奶奶照顾。　　Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.这样的事闻所未闻。12.3表示"据说"或"相信"的词组，基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等组成。例如：Itissaidthat…　　据说　　Itisreportedthat…据报道　　　Itisbelievedthat…　大家相信　　　　　Itishopedthat…　大家希望Itiswellknownthat…众所周知　　Itisthoughtthat…　大家认为Itissuggestedthat…　据建议　　　　　Itistakengrantedthat…　被视为当然　Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家决定　　Itmustberememberthat…务必记住的是12.4不用被动语态的情况1）不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear,diedisappear,end（vi.结束）, fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace等没有无被动语态。　例如：Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。　比较：rise,fall,happen是不及物动词；raise,seat是及物动词。　（错）Thepricehasbeenrisen.　（对）Thepricehasrisen.　（错）Theaccidentwashappenedlastweek.　　　　（对）Theaccidenthappenedlastweek.　（错）Thepricehasraised.　　　　　　　　　　　（对）Thepricehasbeenraised.　（错）Pleaseseat.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（对）Pleasebeseated.　　要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。　2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等。例如：Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.这把钥匙只配这把锁。　Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.你说的与我们听说的一致。　3）系动词无被动语态，如appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn等。例如：Itsoundsgood.听上去不错。　4）带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death,dream/dream，live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：Shedreamedabaddreamlastnight.她昨晚做了个恶梦。　5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：　　（对）Shelikestoswim.　　（错）Toswimislikedbyher.12.5主动形式表示被动意义　1）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：　　Thebooksellswell.　　这本书销路好。　　Thisknifecutseasily.　这刀子很好用。 　2）blame,let（出租）,remain,keep,rent,build等。例如：　　Iwastoblamefortheaccident.事故发生了，我该受指责。　　Muchworkremains.还有许多活要干。　3）在need,require,want,worth（形容词）,deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：　　Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.门该修了。　　Thisbookisworthreading.　这本书值得一读。4）特殊结构：makesb.heard/understood（使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：Explainitclearlyandmakeyourselfunderstood.解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。12.6被动形式表示主动意义，如bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated（from）,beprepared（for）,beoccupied（in）,getmarried等。例如：　　Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他毕业于一所有名的大学。　　注意：表示同某人结婚，用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.均可。例如：　　Hemarriedarichgirl.他与一个富妞结婚了。　　Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.12.7need/want/require/worth当need,want,require,beworth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：　Yourhairwantscutting.　你的头发该理了。　Thefloorrequireswashing.地板需要冲洗。典型例题　　Thelibraryneeds___,butit"llhavetowaituntilSunday.　A.cleaning　B.becleaned　C.clean　D.beingcleaned　　答案A.need（实意）+n/todo，need（情态）+do，当为被动语态时，还可need+doing.本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有tobecleaned则也为正确答案。13.句子的种类（一）按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句（DeclarativeSentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：　Lighttravelsfasterthansound.　光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）　Thefilmisratherboring.　这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句（InterrogativeSentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：　a.一般疑问句（GeneralQuestions）： 　　　Canyoufinishtheworkintime?你能按时完成工作吗？　b.特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：　　　Wheredoyoulive?　你住那儿？　c.选择疑问句（AlternativeQuestions）：　　　Doyouwantteaorcoffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？　d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：　　　Hedoesn"tknowher,doeshe?他不认识她，对不对？3）祈使句（ImperativeSentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：　　Don"tbenervous!　别紧张！4）感叹句（ExclamatorySentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：　　Whatgoodnewsitis!　多好的消息啊！（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：1）简单句（SimpleSentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.　她喜欢集邮。2）并列句（CompoundSentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：　Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。3）复合句（ComplexSentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：　Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。（三）基本句型（BasicSentencePatterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1)主+动（SV）例如：Iwork.　我工作。2）主+动+表（SVP）例如：Johnisbusy.　约翰忙。3）主+动+宾（SVO）例如：ShestudiesEnglish.　她学英语。4）主+动+宾+补（SVOC）例如：Timewouldprovemeright.时间会证明我是对的。5）主+动+间宾+直宾（SVOiOd）例如：Mymothermademeanewdress.　我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。13.1祈使句结构　祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do（但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子）。例如：　　　Takethisseat.坐这儿。 　　　Dobecareful.务必小心。　否定结构：例如：　　　Don"tmove.不准动。　　　Don"tbelate.不要迟到。2）第二种祈使句以let开头。　　Let的反意疑问句：　a.Let"s包括说话者。例如：　　　Let"shaveanothertry,shallwe/shan"twe?=Shallwehaveanothertry?我们再试一次，如何？　　b.Letus不包括说话者。例如：　　Letushaveanothertry，willyou/won"tyou?=Willyoupleaseletushaveanothertry?你让我们再试一次，好吗？　否定结构：例如：　Let"snottalkofthatmatter.不要谈这件事。　Letusnottalkofthatmatter.你不要让我们谈这件事。13.2感叹句结构　　感叹句通常有what,how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：　　掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。How+形容词+a+名词+陈述语序。例如：Howcleveraboyheis!他是多聪明的孩子！How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：Howlovelythebabyis!小毛头真可爱！What+名词+陈述语序。例如：Whatnoisetheyaremaking!他们真吵！What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：Whatacleverboyheis!他是多聪明的孩子！What+形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：Whatwonderfulideas（wehave）!我们的主意真棒！What+形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：Whatcoldweatheritis!多冷的天！Whatacleverboyheis!的省略形式为：Whatacleverboy!典型例题1）___foodyou"vecooked!A.Howanice　　B.Whatanice　　C.Hownice　D.Whatnice　答案D.由于How修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B排除。C的How+adj.后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What+adj.+n.（不可数）。 2）___terribleweatherwe"vebeenhavingthesedays!　A.What　B.Whata　　C.How　D.Howa　　答案A.weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how+adj.后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What+形容词+不可数名词。3）---_____Ihad!　　---Youreallysufferedalot.A.Whatatime　　B.Whattime　　C.Howatime　　D.howtime　答案A.　感叹句分两类：　　　　　1：What+n.+主谓部分　　　　　2：How+adj./adv./v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于WhatabadtimeIhad!这是个习惯用语。13.3强调句结构常用的强调句结构是it引导的句子，结构为Itis（was）+被强调部分+that（who）+句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语，宾语和状语。例如：　Itisfromthesunthatwegetlightandheat.我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。　ItwasnotuntilIhadreadyourletterthatIunderstoodthetruestateofaffairs.知道读了你的信，我才知道实际情形。典型例题1）Itwaslastnight___Iseethecomet.A.　thetime　B.　when　C.　that　　D.　which　答案C.强调句的结构是：It+be+强调部分+that（who））+主谓句。　强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用"who"，其余用that。再如：原句：Myfatherdidtheexperimentinthelabyesterdayevening.　　强调主语：Itwasmyfatherwhodidtheexperimentinthelabyesterdayevening.　强调宾语：Itwastheexperimentthatmyfatherdidinthelabyesterdayevening.　强调时间：Itwasyesterdayeveningthatmyfatherdidtheexperimentinthelab.（注意不用when）　强调地点：Itwasinthelabthatmyfatherdidtheexperimentyesterdayevening.2）Itistenyears___MissGreenreturnedtoCanada.A.that　B.when　C.since　D.as　答案C.考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A.that.其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉Itbe…that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉"Itis…that"，只剩下tenyearsMissGreenreturnedtoCanada.不成句。因此本句不是强调句。 13.4用助动词进行强调　　句子的强调句还可以用助动词do（did，does）强调谓语。例如：　Shedoeslikethishorse.　她的确喜欢这匹马。　Pleasedotakecareofyourself.千万保重。13.5反意疑问句1）　陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用aren"tI。例如：　　I"mastallasyoursister,aren"tI?我跟你姐一样高，对吗？2）　陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may+主语。例如：Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayI?我想与你说句话，行吗？3）　陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。例如：Someplantsneverblown（开花）,dothey?有些植物从不开花，对吗？4）　含有oughtto的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn"t/oughtn"t+主语。例如：　　Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn"the?/shouldn"the?他应该知道该做什么，对吗？5）　陈述部分有haveto+v.（hadto+v.），疑问部分常用don"t+主语（didn"t+主语）。例如：　　Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don"twe?我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿，是吗？6）　陈述部分的谓语是usedto时，疑问部分用didn"t+主语或usedn"t+主语。例如：　　Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didn"the?/usedn"the?他以前常在那儿拍照，是吗？7）　陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadn"tyou?例如：　　You"dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn"tyou?你最好自己去读，好吗？8）　陈述部分有wouldrather+v.，疑问部分多用wouldn"t+主语。例如：　　Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn"the?他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵，是吗？9）　陈述部分有You"dliketo+v.疑问部分用wouldn"t+主语。例如：　　You"dliketogowithme,wouldn"tyou?你想和我们一块去，对吗？10）陈述部分有must的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。例如：　　Hemustbeadoctor,isn"the?他肯定是医生，是吗？　　YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven"tyou?/didn"tyou? 你一定读过三年英语，对吗？　　Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn"the?他肯定是在昨天完成任务的，是吗？11）感叹句中，疑问部分用be+主语。例如：　　Whatcolors,aren"tthey?多漂亮的颜色，是吗？　12）陈述部分由neither…nor,either…or连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。NeitheryounorIamengineer,arewe?你不是工程师，我也不是，对吗？13）陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it。例如：　　Everythingisready,isn"tit?一切就绪，是吗？14）陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：　a.并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。例如：Mr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn"the?史密斯先生曾几次去过北京，按理说他现在应该在中国，是吗？　b.带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。例如：　　HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didn"the?他说他想去日本看看，他是那样说的吗？　c.陈述部分主句为第一人称，谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。例如：　　Idon"tthinkheisbright,ishe?我认为他并不聪明，是吗？　　Webelieveshecandoitbetter,can"tshe?我们相信她能做得更好，她能吗？15）陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。例如：　　Everyoneknowstheanswer,don"tthey?　（doeshe?）人人都知道答案，是这样吧？　　Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?（doeshe?）没人知道这件事，是吧？16）带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用need（dare）+主语。例如：　　Weneednotdoitagain,needwe?我们不必重做一遍，是吗？　　Hedarenotsayso,darehe?他不敢这样说，是吗？　当dare,need为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do+主语。例如：　　Shedoesn"tdaretogohomealone,doesshe?她不敢独自回家，是吗？17）省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用willyou。例如： 　　Don"tdothatagain,willyou?别再这样做，好吗？　　Gowithme,willyou/won"tyou?跟我走吧，好吗？注意：Let"s开头的祈使句，后用shallwe?　　Letus开头的祈使句，后用willyou?例如：　　Let"sgoandlistentothemusic,shallwe?一起去听音乐，好吗？　　Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou?你让我们在阅览室等你，好吗？18）陈述部分是"therebe"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。例如：　　Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn"tthere?你的表有问题，对不对？　　Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?不会有麻烦吧，是吗？19）否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。例如：　　Itisimpossible,isn"tit?这不可能，是吗？　　Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?他不会对他同学使坏，是吗？20）must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。例如：　Hemustbetherenow,isn"the?他现在肯定在那儿，是吧？　Itmustbegoingtoraintomorrow,won"tit?明天肯定要下雨，是吗？13.6反意疑问句练习1.You’dratherwatchTVthisevening,______?a.isn’titb.hadn’tyouc.wouldn’tyoud.won’tyou2.Isupposeyou’renotgoingtoday,______?a.areyoub.doyouc.don’tyoud.aren’tyou3.Iwishtoshakehandswithyou,______?a.shallb.mayIc.doId.willI4.Threehoursoughttobeenoughtime,______?a.oughtn’tthreehoursb.didn’ttheyc.shouldn’titd.shouldn’tthreehours5.Theyhavetostudyalot,______?a.don’ttheyb.haven’ttheyc.didtheyd.hadn’tthey6.Whenthecarcrashed,yourbrotherescapedbeinghurt,______?a.didn’theb.didhec.diditd.didn’tit7.I"msuredirty,______?a.amIb.isn’tIc.aren’tId.amnotI8.Youseemtobedissatisfiedwithyourpresentpost.Idon’tthinkyoujudgedyourabilityobjectivelywhenyouappliedforit,______you?a.dob.didc.don’td.didn’t 9.That’sthesortofthebookyouwant,______?a.isitd.isn’tthatc.isthatd.isn’tit10.Allthesedictionariesareagreathelptoyou,______?a.aretheyb.aren’ttheyc.areallthesedictionariesd.aren’tallthesedictionaries11.Themoviethatwesawlastweekwasquiteinteresting,______?a.wasn’titb.wasitc.didn’twed.weren’twe12.Tomhasbeenwritinglettersallafternoon,butheshouldhavefinishedthembynow,______?a.hasn’theb.hashec.shouldn’thed.didn’tyou13.DavidtoldmethatyouwouldtakeatriptoAmerica,______?a.wouldyoub.wouldn’tyouc.didyoud.didn’tyou14.Thereappearedtobenobetterway,_______?a.wasthereb.weretherec.didthered.didn’tthere15.YouhassometroublefindingwhereIlive,______?a.didn’tyoub.hadn’tyouc.doId.don’tI16.Hehashishaircuteverymonth,______?a.hasheb.hasn’thec.doeshed.doesn’the17.Yourfriendneedstocomeearlier,______?a.doesheb.doesn’thec.needhed.needn’the18.Thelittleboydarenotgotochurch,______?a.dareheb.daren’thec.doeshed.doesn’the19.Susan’dhaveworkedabroadifshe’dhadthechance,______?a.hassheb.hadn’tshec.wouldshed.wouldn’tshe20.Everyone’shavingagoodtime,______?a.isheb.isn’teveryonec.doeshed.aren’tthey21.Anyonecanjointheclub,______?a.cananyoneb.can’tanyonec.can’ttheyd.canthey22.Tellmehowtooperatetheelectroniccomputer,______?a.willyoub.shan’tyouc.doyoud.don’tyou23.MagaretscarcelycomestovisityouonChristmasDay,______?a.doesn’tsheb.doesshec.doyoud.don’tyou24.Let’slistentotheradioprogramthattheteachermentioned,______?a.doweb.don’twec.shallwed.shan’twe25.Youthinkyou’refunny,______?a.didn’tyoub.areyouc.don’tyoud.doyou 26.Janetusedtotakepartinlaborinthatvillage,______?a.usedsheb.didshec.didn’tshed.shouldshe27.Whatbeautifulweather,______?a.isitb.isn’titc.won’titd.doesn’tit28.HeoughttogotoKwangchowbyplane,______?a.shouldheb.shouldn’thec.wouldhed.wouldn’the29.Weneverdaredtoaskhimaquestion,______?a.didweb.didn’twec.daredwed.daren’twe30.Nobodywillbelievehowdifficulthisworkhasbeen______?a.willheb.won’tnobodyc.willtheyd.won’tthey31.Youmusthavemadethemistake,______?a.mustn’tyoub.haven’tyouc.didn’tyoud.hadn’tyou32.Learninghowtorepaircomputerstakesalongtime,______?a.isn’titb.aren’ttheyc.doesn’titd.don’tthey33.Jackhascoffeewithbreakfast,______?a.hasn’tJackb.hasn’thec.doesn’tJackd.doesn’the34.Theymusthavestayedathotellastnight,______?a.mustn’ttheyb.haven’ttheyc.didn’ttheyd.hadn’tthey35.Thereisn’tanythingwrongwiththeradio,______?a.isthereb.isitc.doesitd.doesthere36.Youmustbehungry,______?a.mustyoub.mustn’tyouc.areyoud.aren’tyou37.Let’sdotheexercisesbyourselves,______?a.shallweb.shan’twec.willyoud.willwe38.Herdaughterhadthecarpetsandcurtainscleaned,______?a.hadsheb.hadn’tshec.didn’tshed.didn’therdaughter39.Theteacherhadatalkwithyou,______?a.hasyoub.hadn’tshec.didshed.didn’tshe40.Something’llhavetobedoneabouttheairpollution,______?a.won’titb.willitc.hasitd.doesit　　　　　　14.倒装14.1倒装句之全部倒装　全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：　1）here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go, lie,run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：　　Thencamethechairman.那时总裁来了。　　Hereisyourletter.你的信。　2）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：　　Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。　　Aheadsatanoldwoman.前面坐着一个老妪。　注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：Herehecomes.他来了。　　　　Awaytheywent.他们走开了。14.2倒装句之部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。　1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil…等。例如：　　NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.从未见过如此糟糕的表演。　　Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。　　Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。　当Notuntil引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：　　Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.　　Themotherdidn"tleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.典型例题　　1）　Whycan"tIsmokehere?　　Atnotime___inthemeeting-roomA.issmokingpermitted　　B.　smokingispermittedC.smokingisitpermitted　D.　doessmokingpermit答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,notonly,notuntil等。本题的正常语序是Smokingispermittedinthemeeting-roomatnotime.2）Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury___whatheatis.　　A.mandidknow　B.manknow　C.didn"tmanknow　D.didmanknow　答案D.　看到Notuntil…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。　改写为正常语序为，Mandidnotknowwhatheatisuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。14.3以否定词开头作部分倒装如Notonly…butalso,Hardly/Scarcely…when,Nosooner…than等，要倒装。例如：　Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。　Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.她刚出门，就有个学生来访。　Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.她刚出门，就有个学生来访。典型例题Nosooner___thanitbegantorainheavily.A.thegamebegan　　　　　B.　hasthegamebegunC.didthegamebegin　　　D.　hadthegamebegun答案D.以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及notonly…but（also）,nosooner…than,hardly…whenscarcely…when　等等。注意：只有当Notonly…butalso连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Notonly…butalso仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic。　14.4so,neither,nor作部分倒装　用这些词表示"也"、"也不"的句子要部分倒装。例如：　　　　　　TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。　　Ifyouwon"tgo,neitherwillI.你不去，我也不去。典型例题　---DoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisbrother?　---Idon"tknow,_____.　A.nordon"tIcare　　B.nordoIcare　　C.Idon"tcareneither　　D.Idon"tcarealso答案：B.nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用don"t再次否定，Cneither用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。　 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如：　TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。　---It"sraininghard.---Soitis.雨下得真大。是呀。14.5only在句首倒装的情况。例如：　Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.只有这样，你才能学好英语。　Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.叫了三次，他才来参加会议。　如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：　Onlywhenheisseriouslyilldoesheeverstayinbed.病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。14.6as,though引导的倒装句　as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前）。但需注意：　　1）句首名词不能带任何冠词。　　2）句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：　　Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是though和yet可连用。　　14.7其他部分倒装1）so…that句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装。例如：Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.他害怕得很，动也不敢动。2）在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如：　　Mayyouallbehappy.愿你们都快乐。3）在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if省略，把were,had,should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：　WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.我是你的话，就再试一次。典型例题：1）Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury___whatheatis　　A.mandidknow　B.manknew　C.didn"tmanknow　D.didmanknow答案为D.　否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。2）NotuntilIbegantowork___howmuchtimeIhadwasted.　 A.didn"tIrealize　　B.didIrealize　　C.Ididn"trealize　D.Irealize　答案为B。3）DoyouknowTomboughtanewcar?　Idon"tknow,___.　A.nordon"tIcare　B.nordoIcare　　C.Idon"tcareneither　D.Idon"tcarealso答案为B.句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由so,neither,nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中,so用于肯定句,而neither,nor用在否定句中。14.8倒装练习1.Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdata______cometoasoundconclusion.a.canyoub.youcanc.wouldyoud.youwould2.______thatthisregionwassorichinnaturalresources.a.Littleheknewb.Littledidheknowc.Littlehedidknowd.Littlehehadknown3.Neveragain______politicalofficeafterhis1928defeatforthepresidency.a.AlfredE.Smithseriouslysoughtb.seriouslyAlfredE.Smithsoughtc.whendidAlfredE.Smithseriouslyseekd.didAlfredE.Smithseriouslyseek4.Onlyinrecentyears______beguntorealizethatwilddogs,keptwithinbounds,oftendomoregoodthanharm.a.peoplehaveb.sincepeoplehavec.havepeopled.peoplewhohave5._______,wewerenotgoingtomakeanyconcessionstohisunreasonabledemands.a.Whatmaycomeb.Comewhatmayc.Maywhatcomed.Whatcome6.NotuntilIshoutedatthetopofmyvoice______hishead.a.thatheturnedb.didheturnc.hedidn’tturnd.hehadturned7.______receivedlawdegreesastoday.a.Neversowomenhaveb.Thewomenaren’teverc.Womenwhohaveneverd.Neverhavesomanywomen8.Heatdoesnottravelbyconvectioninsolid,becausethesoliddoesnotmove,______.a.sodoesaliquidb.soaliquiddoesc.asdoesaliquidd.soisaliquid9.Onnoaccount______toanyone.a.mynamemustbementionedb.mustmynamementionc.mustmynamebementionedd.mynamemustmention10.______thattheymayeventuallyreducetheamountoflaborneededon constructionsitesby90percent.a.Suchconstructionrobotsarecleverb.Soclevertheconstructionrobotsarec.Socleveraretheconstructionrobotsd.Suchcleverconstructionrobotsare11.______dowegoforpicnics.a.Certainlyb.Sometimesc.Seldomd.Once12.______isitonlytheignorantandill-educatedpersonwhohassuchfaithinthebottleofmedicine.a.Eitherb.Oftenc.Nord.Usually13.Heranswerisnotacceptable,and______.a.neitheramIb.eitherisminec.neitherismined.mineisneither14.______,Imustdoanotherexperiment.a.Beiteversolateb.Itiseversolatec.Itbeeversolated.Solateitbeever15.Sofast______thatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.a.lighttravelb.travelsthelightc.dolighttraveld.doeslighttravel16.Asneezecannotbeperformedvoluntarily,______beeasilysuppressed.a.noritcanb.norcanitc.itcannotd.andcannotit17.______notebookandreportthatIpromisedyoulastweek.a.Hereistheb.Herearethec.Isherethed.Areherethe18.______alittlemoretimetothink,hemighthaveactedmoresensibly.a.Ifhetookb.Ifhehastakenc.hadhetakend.Shouldhetake19.Beneathourfeet______thatourlifedependsonforfoodandclothing.a.theearthlayb.theearthliesc.lietheearthd.liestheearth20._____thebeginningofthe19thcenturydidscientistsknowthatallmatterismadeupofatoms.a.Atb.Byc.Uptod.Notuntil21.Hardly______hegotoutofthecourt______thereportersraisedalotofquestionstohim.a.had…whenb.had…thanc.did…whend.has…than22.Amongthesebooks______adictionarythathisfathergavehimasabirthdaypresent.a.haveincludedb.isincludedc.hasincludedd.areincluded23.Nolongerarecontributionstocomputertechnologyconfinedtoanyonecountry;______isthismoretruethaninEurope.a.nowhereb.hardlyc.littled.seldom24.Important______hisdiscoverywas,itwasregardedasamatterofnoaccountin histime.a.tob.forc.asd.although25.Accordingtotheperiodictable,______stillsomeelementsundiscovered.a.thereseemtobeb.itseemsc.itseemstobed.hereseems26.Here______youwanttosee.a.themanagercomesb.comesthemanagerc.comesamanagerd.iscomingamanager27.Barrycanhardlydriveacar,______.a.socan’tMollyb.can’tMollyeitherc.Mollycan’ttood.neithercanMolly28._______fortheleadershipoftheParty,weshouldnothavesucceeded.a.Hadnotitbeenb.Haditnotbeenc.Therewasd.Isthere29.______noairorwater,therewouldbenolifeintheworld.a.Werethereb.Therearec.Therewasd.Isthere30.Notonly______thedatafedintoit,butitcanalsoanalyzethem.a.thecomputercanmemorizeb.canthecomputermemorizec.dothecomputermemorized.canmemorizethecomputer31.Notonce______hisviewoflife.a.didthegentlemanmentionb.thegentlemanmentionedthatc.thegentlemanmentionedd.doesgentlemanmentioned32.Bynomeans______theirownlanguagewell.a.itistruethatallEnglishpeopleknowb.isittruethatdoallEnglishpeopleknowc.itistruethatdoallEnglishpeopleknowd.isittruethatallEnglishpeopleknow33.Themoleculesofgasesmovemorefreelythan______.a.doliquidsandsolidsb.liquidsandsolidsdoc.dothoseofliquidsandsolidsd.thosedoofliquidsandsolids34.Theworld’sbirthratesareonadeclineand______arethedeathrates.a.sob.alsoc.tood.thesame35._____isthevolumeofchemicalgoods.a.Constantlygrowingtoob.Tooconstantlygrowingc.Growingconstanttod.Toogrowingconstant36.Manyatime_______mewithmyEnglishstudy.a.havehehelpedb.hashehelpedc.hehavehelpedd.didhehavehelped37.Typicalofthenewtypeofyoungpeople______,whosetashiningexampletothewholenation. a.wasLeiFengb.WereLeiFengc.LeiFengwasd.LeiFengwere38.WhatMr.Smithdidwasimportant,but______.a.moreimportantthewayofhedidthingswasb.thewayofhedidthingswasmoreimportantc.moreimportantwasthewayhedidthingsd.moreimportantthewaywerehedidthings39.Shedidn’twanttobuyit,______.a.howevergoodwasitb.howevergooditwasc.forhowgoodmightitbed.forhowgooditmightbe40.______,itisalwayspossibletofindoutitsvolume.a.Whatevertheshapeofabodymaybeb.Theshapeofabodymaybewhateverc.Maywhatevertheshapeofabodybed.Whatevermaytheshapeofabodybe41.Iwon’tpay$20forthecoat;it’snotworth______.a.allthatmuchb.thatmuchallc.thatallmuchd.muchallthat42.Hotairaccompaniedbyhighrelativehumidityfeelswarmerthan______.a.isitactuallyb.itactuallyisc.actuallyitisd.actuallyisit43.Qingdaoisusuallycoolinsummer,butNanjing______.a.israrelyb.scarcelyisc.hardlyisd.rarelyis44.David,somethingimportanthashappened.Iwishto______.a.talkitoverwithyoub.talkoveritc.talkoverd.talkyouoverit45.______,morethan200housesandbuildingsareheatedbysolarenergy,nottomentionthebigcitiesintheregion.a.Aloneinthesmalltownb.Inthesmallalonetownc.Inthesmalltownaloned.Inthealonesmalltown46.Geysersarefoundnewnearriversandlakes,wherewaterdrainsthroughthesoil______.a.surfacebelowthedeepb.deepbelowthesurfacec.thedeepbelowsurfaced.thedeepsurfacebelow47.Thewallflower______becauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstonycliffsforsupport.a.socalledisb.soiscalledc.issocalledd.calledisso48.Thehistoryofpaintingisafascinationchainofevensthatprobablybeganwith______.a.evermadetheveryfirstpictures b.theevermadeveryfirstpicturesc.theveryfirstevermadepicturesd.theveryfirstpicturesevermade49.Onthesideofthehill,thereis______whichwasoncetheentrancetoagoldmine.a.adeepholeingroundb.aholedeepingroundc.adeepholeinthegroundadeepinthegroundhole50.Willtheboywhohastakenmypenbrine______.a.backtomeb.itbacktomec.backittomed.ittomeback15.主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，　　一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：　Thereismuchwaterinthethermos.　　但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：　Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.15.1并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：　Readingandwritingareveryimportant.读写很重要。　注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：　Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。典型例题　TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor___askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.is　　B.was　C.are　D.were答案B.注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。15.2主谓一致中的靠近原则1）当therebe句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：　Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。　Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。2）当either…or…与neither…nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here,there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：　Eitheryouorsheistogo.不是你去，就是她去。　Hereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.给你笔、信封和纸。15.3谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有with,togetherwith,like,except,but,nolessthan,aswellas等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：　Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂。　HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.他和我想去划船。15.4谓语需用单数1）代词each以及由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each,every时,谓语需用单数。例如：　Eachofushasatape-recorder.我们每人都有录音机。　Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.我的表坏了。2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：　TheArabianNightisabookknowntoloversofEnglish.《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。　3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：　Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.用三个星期来做准备。　Tenyuanisenough.十元够了。15.5指代意义决定谓语的单复数1）代词what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：Allisright.　一切顺利。Allarepresent.　人都到齐了。2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience, crew,crowd,class,company,committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：　　Hisfamilyisn"tverylarge.他家成员不多。　　Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.　他家个个都是音乐爱好者。　但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：　　Arethereanypolicearound?附近有警察吗？3）有些名词，如variety,number,population,proportion,majority等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：　Anumberof+名词复数+复数动词。　Thenumberof+名词复数+单数动词。　Anumberofbookshavelentout.　ThemajorityofthestudentslikeEnglish.15.6与后接名词或代词保持一致1）用halfof,mostof,noneof,heapsof,lotsof,plentyof等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：　Mostofhismoneyisspentonbooks.他大部分的钱化在书上了。Mostofthestudentsaretakinganactivepartinsports.大部分学生积极参与体育运动。2）用aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.媒体报道了一连串的事故。Apileoflotswassetbesidethehearth.炉边有一堆木柴。3）如manya或morethanone所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由morethan…of作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：　Manyapersonhasreadthenovel.　许多人读过这本书。　Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。15.7主谓一致练习1.Eachofyou______responsiblefortheaccident.a.amb.bec.isd.are2.Eachmanandwoman______thesamerights.a.hasb.havec.hadd.ishaving3.Everymeans______triedbutwithoutmuchresult.a.hasbeenb.havebeenc.ared.is 4.There______inthisroom.a.aretoomuchfurnitureb.istoomanyfurnituresc.aretoomuchfurnituresd.istoomuchfurniture5.Themanagerorhisassistant______planningtogo.a.wereb.arec.wasd.be6.NotonlyIbutalsoDavidandIris______fondofplayingbasketball.a.amb.isc.ared.was7.NeitherTomnorhisparents______athome.a.isb.arec.hasd.was8.Eitherthedeanortheprincipal______themeeting.a.attendsb.attendc.areattendingd.haveattended9.______waswrong.a.Nottheteacherbutthestudentsb.Boththestudentsandtheteacherc.Neithertheteachernotthestudentsd.Notthestudentsbuttheteacher10.“______twentydollarsabigsumtoher?”“Isupposeso.”a.Willbeb.Isc.Ared.Were11.Threehours______enoughforustofinishthetask.a.areb.hasc.isd.were12.Mostofhissavings______intheXinHuaBank.a.hasbeenkeptb.isbeingkeptc.havekeptd.havebeenkept13.Allthatcanbedone______.a.hasdoneb.hasbeendonec.havedoned.havebeendone14.Oneorperhapsmorepages_______.a.ismissingb.hasbeenmissedc.aremissingd.wasmissing15.Morethanoneworker______dismissed.a.havebeenb.arec.hasbeend.has16.Manyastudent______theimportanceoflearningaforeignlanguage.a.haverealizedb.hasrealizec.havebeenrealizedd.hasbeenrealized17.Thegasworks______nearthecity.a.isb.arec.wered.be18.Thesurroundingsofhishouse______cleannow.a.isb.arec.wasd.were19.Thecommittee______overtheproblemamongthemselvesfortwohours.a.hasarguedb.hasbeenarguingc.havearguedd.havebeenarguing20.Thepublic______generousintheircontributionstotheearthquakevictims. a.isb.wasc.ared.hasbeen21.Cattle______onthehillside.a.grazesb.isgrazingc.wasgrazingd.weregrazing22.Herpolitics______neitherconservativenorliberal.a.isb.arec.wasd.hasbeen23.Measles______akindofinfectiousillness.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen24.ThePhilippines______tothesouth-eastofChina.a.liesb.liec.layd.lays25.Maryisoneofthegirlswho______alwaysontime.a.isb.amc.ared.was26.Tomistheonlyoneofthestallmemberswho______tobepromoted.a.isgoingb.aregoingc.hasbeengoingd.havebeengoing27.Whatcausedtheaccident______ontheroad.a.werestoneb.werestonesc.wasstoned.wasstones28.Wiskyandsoda______hisfavoritedrink.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen29.______istoattendourevening.a.boththesingerandthedancerb.Eitherthesingerordancersc.Thesingerordancersd.Thesingeranddancer30.TheSmiths______theirbreakfastwhenthemorningpostcame.a.hadb.hasbeenhavingc.arehavingd.werehaving31.Nooneexcepttwostudents______themeeting.a.hasbeenlateforb.havebeenlateforc.waslateford.werelaterfor32.Allbuthimandme______totheexhibition.a.amgoingb.isgoingc.aregoingd.wasgoing33.Interest,aswellasprospects,______importantwhenonelooksforajob.a.areb.werec.isd.was34.Thepresident,accompaniedbyhisassistants,______.a.havearrivedb.arearrivingc.hadarrivedd.hasarrived35.Anumberofcars______infrontoftheparka.isparkedb.wasparkedc.areparkedd.hasparked36.thenumberofarticlespublishedonsmoking______amazing.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen37.Themajorityofdoctors______smokingisharmfultohealth.a.arebelievedb.hadbelievedc.hasbelievedd.believe 38.Themajorityofthedamage______easytorepair.a.isb.arec.wered.be39.Four-fifthsofthecrop______.a.areruinedb.wasruinedc.wereruinedd.havebeenruined40.Three-fourthsofthebuildings______.a.wasdestroyedb.isdestroyedc.weredestroyedd.hasbeendestroyed41.Earlytobedandearlytorise______amanhealthy,happyandwise.a.makingb.tomakec.maked.makes42.Mathematics______thelanguageofscience.a.isb.hasbeenc.ared.havebeen43.Theyoung______thevitalforcesinoursociety.a.isb.hasbeenc.ared.havebeen44.Everyman,womanandchild______somehistory,enoughatleast,tosurviveintheworld.a.knowsb.knowc.isknownd.areknown45.Noneofthem______myfriends.a.isb.arec.wasd.hasbeen46.Notonlythewholenation,butthewholeEurope,indeedthewholehumansociety______toalteritsattitudetoracialproblems.a.needb.needsc.hasaneedd.haveaneed47.Gettingtootherplanetsortothemoon_____manyproblems.a.involveb.involvesc.involvingd.toinvolve48.Inthatcountry,therich______richer,thepoor,poorer.a.becomeb.hasbecomec.becomesd.isbecoming49.Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthan______becauseitisextremelydifficult.a.hasbeenputinb.havebeenputinc.beingputind.tobeputin50.Notoneinonehundredchildrenexposedtothedisease______likelytodevelopit.a.shouldbeb.mustbec.isd.are16.虚拟语气1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。　 16.1真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：句型条件从句主句一般现在时shall/will+动词原形祈使句情态动词一般现在时例如：Ifhecomes,hewillbringhisviolin.如果他来，会带小提琴来的。典型例题　Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoffifit___.　A.　willrain　B.rains　C.rained　D.israined　答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用begoingto表示将来，该用shall,will.　（错）Ifyouleavenow,youarenevergoingtoregretit.　（对）Ifyouleavenow,youwillneverregretit.2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall（will）+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。16.2非真实条件句1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。a.与现在事实相反的假设条件从句主句一般过去时（be用were）should（would）等+动词原形例如：Iftheywerehere,theywouldhelpyou.如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。含义：Theyarenothere,theycan’thelpyou.b.与过去事实相反的假设条件从句主句过去完成时should（would）等+have+过去分词例如：Ifhehadcomeyesterday,Ishould/wouldhavetoldhimaboutit.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。　　含义：Hedidnotcomeyesterday,soIdidnottellhimaboutit.c.表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想条件从句主句一般过去时should/would等+动词原形were+不定式 should+动词原形例如：Ifyousucceeded,everythingwouldbeallright.如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。　Ifyoushouldsucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifyouweretosucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.含义：Youarenotlikelytosucceed,everythingwillbewhatitisnow.　16.3混合条件句有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：　　Ifyouhadaskedhimyesterday,youwouldknowwhattodonow.如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。　（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）　　Ifithadrainedlastnight（过去）,itwouldbeverycoldtoday（现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。16.4虚拟条件句的倒装　　虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were,should,或had时,可省略if，再把were,should或had移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：　Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.=Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。　Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.=Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。　Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.=Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词"be"的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：　　IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.如果我是你，就会去找他。　　Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题　_____todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.A.IfwereI　　B.Iwere　C.WereI　D.WasI答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前,变成were,should,had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说WereInottodo,而不能说Weren"tItodo。 16.5特殊的虚拟语气词should1）在主语从句中的应用Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should加动词原形，should可省略。Itis可用的词有三类that（should）dosuggested,ordered,required,proposed,demanded,requested,insisted等important,necessary,natural,imperative,strange等apity,ashame,nowonder等2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,insist+（should）do等。例如：　Isuggestthatwe（should）holdameetingnextweek.我建议下周召开个会议。　Heinsistedthathe（should）besentthere.他要求被派到那儿去。　注意：如suggest,insist不表示"建议"或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。　判断改错：（错）Youpalefacesuggeststhatyou（should）beill.（对）Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill.　（错）Iinsistedthatyou（should）bewrong.　（对）Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：　　Myideaisthatwe（should）getmorepeopletoattendtheconference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。　　Imakeaproposalthatwe（should）holdameetingnextweek.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。16.6wish的用法1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：主句从句从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were）现在时过去时从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）过去时过去完成时将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could+动词原形 例如：IwishIwereastallasyou.　我希望和你一样高。　Hewishedhehadn"tsaidthat.他希望他没讲过那样的话。　Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。2）wishtodo；wishsb/sthtodo。例如：　Iwishtoseethemanager.=Iwanttoseethemanager.我希望见一见经理。　Iwishthemanagertobeinformedatonce.（=Iwantthemanagertobeinformedatonce.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。16.7比较ifonly与onlyif　　onlyif表示"只有"；ifonly则表示"如果……就好了"。Ifonly也可用于陈述语气。例如：　　Iwakeuponlyifthealarmclockrings.只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。　　Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung.　　　当时闹钟响就好了。　　Ifonlyhecomesearly.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。16.8Itis（high）timethat　Itis（high）timethat后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：　Itistimethatthechildrenwenttobed.孩子们该睡觉了。　Itishightimethatthechildrenshouldgotobed.16.9need"不必做"和"本不必做"　didn"tneedtodo表示过去不必做某事,事实上也没做。　needn"thavedone表示过去不必做某事,但事实上做了。例如：JohnwenttothestationwiththecartomeetMary,soshedidn"tneedtowalkbackhome.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。　JohnwenttothestationwiththecartomeetMary,sosheneedn"thavewalkedbackhome.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。（Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）典型例题　Therewasplentyoftime.She___.A.mustn"thavehurried　B.couldn"thavehurried　　C.mustnothurry　D.needn"thavehurried　答案D。needn"thavedone. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。　Mustn"thavedone用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn"thavedone,"不可能已经"。mustnotdo不可以（用于一般现在时）。16.10虚拟语气练习1.Everything______ifAlberthadn’tcalledthefirebrigade.a.willbedestroyedb.willhavebeendestroyedb.wouldbedestroyedd.wouldhavebeendestroyed2.Ifyouhadn’tgonewithTomtothepartylastnight,______.a.youwouldmeetJohnalreadyb.youwon’thavemissedJohnc.youwillhavemetJohnd.youwouldhavemetJohn3.Supposingthisship______,doyouthinktherewouldbeenoughlifejacketsforallthepassengers?a.wassinkingb.hassunkc.weretosinkd.sunk4.Theinsectswoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandheads,if______fortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.a.itisnotb.itwerenotc.wereitnotd.theywerenot5.Theteachersuggestedthateachstudent______aplanforthevacation.a.madeb.makec.makesd.willmake6.Frankly,I’dratheryou______anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.a.dob.don’tdoc.didn’tdod.willnotdo7.Afterthewayshetreatedyou,ifI______inyourplace.a.beb.amc.wasd.were8.Theideaisthatthenation______anunmannedspacecrafttoexploretheplanetfirst.a.sentb.sendsc.sendd.mustsend9.It’shightimeyou______.a.starttoworkb.wouldstarttoworkc.startedtoworkd.hadstartedtowork10.“IfIhadn’tpracticedwhenIwasyounger,”themusiciansays,“I______abletoplaysowellnow.”a.wouldn’tbeb.won’tbec.wouldn’thavebeend.couldn’thavebeen11.Itisimperativethatyou______thereinperson.a.areb.werec.bed.willbe12.Theatomicstructureis,______,aminiaturesolarsystem.a.asitwereb.asiftheywerec.asitwered.asifare13.Werequiredthatthemachineparts______castiron.a.ismadeofb.bemadefromc.bemadeofd.ismadeby 14.Themanagementurgedthatthecostofproduction______.a.tobefurtherreducedb.wasfurtherreducedb.befurtherreducedd.shouldfurtherreduced15.Thebusinessisrisky.But______wewouldberich.a.shouldwesucceedb.weshouldsucceedc.mightwesucceedd.wouldwesucceed16.Iwishourteacher______togiveanothertest.Ihaven’tgotpreparedyet.a.isn’tgoingb.weren’tgoingc.willnotgoingd.couldhavegone17.IwishI______tothemovieswithyoulastnight.a.wentb.didgoc.couldgod.couldhavegone18.I’djustassoon______rudelytoher.a.thatyouwon’tspeakb.yournotspeakingc.younotspeakd.youdidn’tspeak19.IfI______inthetwenty-firstcentury,I______myvacationinaverydifferentway.a.shouldlive…wouldspendb.willlive….shouldspendc.areliving…shouldhavespentd.willbeliving…wouldhavespent20.Itisrequiredthatthemachine______asfrequentlyasnecessary.a.beoiledb.mustbeoiledc.isoiledd.willoil21.HisEnglishteacherrecommendsthathe______aregulardegreeprogram.a.beginsb.beginc.willbegind.isbeginning22.Wepreferthattheplan______beforebeingputintoexecution.a.isfullydiscussedb.mustbefullydiscussedc.befullydiscussedd.willbefullydiscussed23.Whatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatimprovements______intheoldtypeofvacuumcleaner?a.bemadeb.willbemadec.wouldbemaded.willhavetobemade24.Thedoctor’sadviceisthatthepatient______abouthisrealphysicalcondition.a.benottoldb.notbetoldc.willnotbetoldd.mustnotbetold25.______,wecouldnothavefinishedtheworkontime.a.Iftheydonothelpusb.Wasitnotfortheirhelpc.Shouldtheyoffertohelpusd.Butfortheirhelp26.Ifwehadbeenmorecareful,we______muchbetterresultsnow.a.gotb.hadgotc.wouldbegettingd.wouldhavegot27.Henry______arichmantodayifhehadbeenmorefrugalinthepast.a.wouldbeb.isc.willbed.was28.Theythoughtitdesirablethatanarmedguard______inreadiness.a.standsb.standc.stoodd.wouldstand 29.Allsciencestudents,______,shouldhaveagoodfoundationinbasicsciences.a.whethertheyarefuturephysicistsandchemistsb.theyarefuturephysicistsofchemistsc.theyshouldbefuturephysicistsofchemistsd.betheyfuturephysicistsorchemists30.Sallycan’thavewrittentome,or______theletterbynow.a.I’llgetb.I’llhavegotc.I’dhavegotd.I’dget31.IshouldverymuchliketohavegonetothepartybutI______.a.amnotinvitedb.wasnotinvitedc.shallnotbeinvitedd.amnotbeinginvited32.ThereisageneralunderstandingamongthemembersoftheBoardofDirectorsthatchiefattention______totheundertakingthatisexpectedtobringinhighestprofit.a.isgivenb.givesc.shouldbegivend.mustbegiven33.Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial______toitsburningtemperature.a.beheatedb.isheatedc.wouldbeheatedd.toheat34.“Didyougotoseethefootballmatchyesterday?”“No.Ididn’tfeelwell,butIwouldhavegoneifI______.”a.didb.havec.wouldd.had35.Ifwehadknownthatshehadplannedtoarrivetoday,we______heratthebusstation.a.mayhavemetb.mightmeetc.maymeetd.mighthavemet36.We’resaferinatrainthanwewouldbeifwe______anyotherway.a.traveledb.hadtraveledc.traveld.havetraveled37.HetoldmehowhehadgivenmeshelterandprotectionwithoutwhichI______ofhungerandcold.a.wouldbediedb.wouldhavediedc.woulddied.willhavedied38.______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.a.Washeleavingb.Ifheisleavingc.Werehetoleaved.Ifheleaves39.Hadelectroniccomputersnotbeeninvented,manyproblemsofspaceflight______.a.couldbenotsolvedb.couldnotbesolvedb.couldnothavebeensolvedd.couldnothavesolved40.Heisapoorlylearntman.Butheactsasthoughhe______.a.isb.werec.shouldbed.seemslike41.Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit______ontheway. a.goeswrongb.gowrongc.wentwrongd.wouldgowrong42.______thefog,weshouldhavereachedourdestination.a.Becauseofb.Inspiteofc.Incaseofd.Butfor43.Theoldmanwenttoofficeonfoot,buthe______bybus.a.mighthavegoneb.oughthavegonec.couldhavegoned.shouldbegone44.Heisworkinghardforfearthathe______topasstheexam.a.failsb.mayfailc.shouldfaild.wouldfail45.Sheputonherglassesinorderthatshe_____.a.canseeb.sawc.hadseend.mightsee46.Whatever______we’llgoahead.a.hadhappenedb.willhappenc.mighthappend.maybehappened47.IfI______outofink,Imighthavefinishedwritingthepaper.a.hadn’trunb.shouldn’trunc.didn’trund.haven’trun48.Butforyouradvice,I______intotrouble.a.wouldgetb.gotc.mighthavegotd.shouldget49.______forthetrafficjam,Ishouldhavecoveredfiftymiles.a.Haditbeenb.Haditnotbeenc.Ithadnotbeend.Itnothadbeen50.Wereitnotfortheadoptionoftheopenpolicy,things______theyaretoday.a.wouldneverbeb.couldhavebeenc.wouldneverhavebeend.didn’thave51.IfonlyI______there.a.havenotbeenb.wouldnotbeenc.willnotbed.hadnotbeen52.Tomwouldbuythatbicyclebuthe______nomoney.a.hadb.hasc.hadhadd.hashad53.Ididn’tgototheparty,butIdowishI_____there.a.wasb.werec.hadbeend.went54.Itistimewe______upourresults.a.sumb.summedc.willsumd.wouldsum55.DrBethuneworkedhardasifhe______.a.neverhadfelttiredb.hadneverfelttiredc.neverfelttiredd.wastirednever56.Ienjoyedthemovieverymuch.IwishI______thebookfromwhichitwasmade.a.havereadb.shouldhavereadc.amreadingd.hadread57.Itisstrangethatsuchathing______inyourschool.a.willhappenb.happensc.shouldhappend.happened58.Ifshecouldsew,______.a.shemakeadressb.shewouldhavemadeashirtc.shewillmakeashirtd.shewouldhadmadeacoat 59.“DidyounoticeJohnwasnotatworktoday?”“No.If______working,Iwouldhavenoticedit.”a.I’dbeb.Iwasn’tc.I’dbeend.weren’t60.“Whydon’tyouexplainittoher?”“I______ittoherifIthoughtshewouldunderstand.”a.wouldexplainb.willexplainc.explaind.wouldhaveexplained61.“Yourperformancewasverygood.”“IcouldhavedonebetterifI______moretime.”a.havehadb.hadc.hadhadd.willhavehad62.“Shewouldn’tdrinkhermedicinelastnight,wouldshe?”“______.”a.No,butIwishshewouldn’tb.No,butIwishshehadb.Yes,Iwishshedrankd.yes,Iwishshecould63.Ithinkitadvisablethathe______forTokyosoon.a.willleaveb.mayleavec.leaved.leaves64.Thecommitteeaskedthatthematter______atthenextmeeting.a.wouldbediscussedb.willbediscussedc.bediscussedd.maybediscussed65.______tothedoctorrightaway,hemighthavebeenalivetoday.a.Ifhewentb.Werehegonec.shouldhehadgoned.Hadhegone66.______thework,hewoulddoitsomeotherway.a.Washegoingb.Ifhedoesc.Werehetodod.Ifheisdoing67._____,IhardlythinkIwouldhaverecognizedhim.a.Shouldhisnamenotbementionedb.Hadsomeonenotmentionedhisnamec.Ifsomeonedidnotmentionhisnamed.Ifsomeonehadmentionedhisname68.I’djustassoon______tothetheatretonight.a.notgoingb.nottogoc.notgod.thatIwon’tgo69.Atthelastcommitteemeeting,themotionthattheclub______openuntilmidnightwasdefeated.a.remainsb.remainc.remainedd.wouldremain70.Thebusinessofeachday,______sellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.a.itbeingb.beitc.wasitd.itwas17.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。17.1引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：　　连接词：that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分）　　连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which连接副词：when,where,how,why　　不可省略的连词：　　　　1.介词后的连词　　　　2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如：　　　　　Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。　　　　　Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。　比较：whether与if均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被if取代：1.whether引导主语从句并在句首2.引导表语从句3.whether从句作介词宾语4.从句后有"ornot"　　　　大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。例如：　　Itisnotimportantwhowillgo.谁去，这不重要。　　Itisstillunknownwhichteamwillwinthematch.到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。17.2名词性that-从句1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如：　主语：Thatheisstillaliveissheerluck.　他还活着全靠运气。　宾语：JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday.　约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。　表语：Thefactisthathehasnotbeenseenrecently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语：Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。　形容词宾语：Iamgladthatyouaresatisfiedwithyourjob. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。　2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。例如：　　Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.　很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。　　It"sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.　你非走不可真是件憾事。　　用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：　a.It+be+形容词+that-从句　　　Itisnecessarythat…　　　有必要……　　　Itisimportantthat…　　　重要的是……　　　Itisobviousthat…　　　　很明显……　b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句　　　Itisbelievedthat…　　　　　人们相信……　　　Itisknowntoallthat…　　　从所周知……　　　Ithasbeendecidedthat…　　已决定……　c.It+be+名词+that-从句　　　Itiscommonknowledgethat…　……是常识　　　Itisasurprisethat…　　令人惊奇的是……　　　Itisafactthat…　　　　事实是……　d.It+不及物动词+that-分句　　　Itappearsthat…　　　　　　似乎……　　　Ithappensthat…　　　　　　碰巧……　　　Itoccurredtomethat…　　我突然想起……17.3名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。例如：主语：Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.　书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：Inone"sownhomeonecandowhatonelikes.　在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：Theclubwillgivewhoeverwinsaprize.　获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。表语：MyquestioniswhowilltakeoverpresidentoftheFoundation.　我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：Shewillnamehimwhatevershewantsto.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语：　　Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.　我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：I"mnotsurewhysherefusedtheirinvitation.　我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：　Thatdependsonwhereweshallgo.那取决于我们去哪儿。2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末。例如：　Itisnotyetdecidedwhowilldothatjob.　还没决定谁做这项工作。　Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.　他们何时结婚依然不明。17.4if,whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句　　从属连词if,whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如：　主语：Whethertheplanisfeasibleremainstobeproved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。　宾语：Letusknowwhether/ifyoucanfinishthearticlebeforeFriday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。　表语：Thepointiswhetherweshouldlendhimthemoney.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。　同位语：Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.　他们调查他是否值得信赖。　形容词宾语：She"sdoubtfulwhetherweshallbeabletocome.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。　介词宾语：Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2）选择性疑问从句　选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…ornot构成。例如：　Pleasetellmewhether/iftheyareSwedishorDanish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。　Idon"tcarewhetheryouliketheplanornot.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。17.5否定转移1）将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如：　Idon"tthinkIknowyou.　我想我并不认识你。 　Idon"tbelievehewillcome.　我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如：　Ihopeyouweren"till.我想你没有生病吧。2）将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。例如：　Itdoesn"tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.看来他们不知道往哪去。　Itdoesn"tappearthatwe"llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3）有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。例如：　Idon"trememberhavingeverseensuchaman.　我记得从未见过这样一个人。（not否定动名词短语having…）　It"snotaplacewhereanyonewouldexpecttoseestrangecharactersonthestreet.在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。（anyone作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。）4）有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。例如：　Theantisnotgatheringthisforitselfalone.　（否定状语）　蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。　HewasnotreadytobelievesomethingjustbecauseAristotlesaidso.（否定because状语）他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。　Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthatman"syoungerbrothersawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.（否定状语manyweeks）　她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。18.定语从句　定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。18.1关系代词引导的定语从句　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that 　这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：　Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）　Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2）whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）。例如：　Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.　那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。　Pleasepassmethebookwhose（ofwhich）coverisgreen.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：　　Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）　　Thepackage（which/that）youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（which/that在句中作宾语）18.2关系副词引导的定语从句　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构，因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用。例如：　Thereareoccasionswhen（onwhich）onemustyield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。　Beijingistheplacewhere（inwhich）Iwasborn.　北京是我的出生地。　Isthisthereasonwhy（forwhich）herefusedouroffer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和"介+which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：　Hisfatherdiedtheyear（that/when/inwhich）hewasborn.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。　Heisunlikelytofindtheplace（that/where/inwhich）helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。18.3判断关系代词与关系副词　方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：　ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。　I"llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。　判断改错：　（错）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.　（错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.　（对）Thisisthemountainvillage（which）Ivisitedlastyear.　（对）I"llneverforgetthedays（which）Ispentinthecountryside.　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。　方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?　A.where　B.that　C.onwhich　D.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.　A.where　B.that　C.onwhich　　D.theone答案：例1D，例2A例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.　　在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。　　而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。　　关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。18.4限制性和非限制性定语从句1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：　　　Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。　　　Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。　　　Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。18.5介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。例如：　ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子。　ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.　Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？　Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?18.6as,which非限定性定语从句　　由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：　　Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。　　Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。典型例题　 1）Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.it　B.that　C.which　　D.he　答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用that修饰，而用which.，it和he都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.what　B.which　C.that　D.it　答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.that　B.which　　C.as　D.it　答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2）as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。as的用法例1.thesame…as；such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。例如：　　Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe（has）.我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。例2.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有"正如"。例如：　　Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。　　Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.　As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。18.7先行词和关系词二合一　1）Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.（Whoever可以用anyonewho代替）　2）Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.（what可以用allthat代替）18.8what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever1）what=thethingwhich；whatever=anything。例如：　　　Whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.你要的动词都送来了。 　　　Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。2）who=thepersonthat　whoever=anyonewho。例如：　　（错）Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.　　（错）Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear.　　（对）Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.王子犯法，与庶民同罪。　　（对）Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.谁抢了银行还不清楚。3）that和what　　　当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：　　Ithink（that）youwilllikethestamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。　　Whatweneedismorepractice.我们需要的是更多的实践。18.9关系代词that的用法1）不用that的情况　　a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：　　　（错）Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.　　b）介词后不能用。例如：　　　　Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我们依赖土地获得食物。　　　　Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况　　a）　在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。　　b）　在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。　　c）　先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时，只用that。　　　d）　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.　　e）　先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：　Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题。　　Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。19.状语从句19.1地点状语从句　　地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。例如： 　　WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。　　WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。19.2方式状语从句　　方式状语从句通常由as,（just）as…so…,asif,asthough引导。1）as,（just）as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just）as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体。例如：　Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。　　Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。　Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.　正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）asif,asthough　两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：　Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）　　Helooksasif（asthough）hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）　Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）　说明：asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：　Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。　Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。　Thewavesdashedontherocksasifinanger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。19.3原因状语从句比较because,since,as和for：1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。例如：　Ididn"tgo,becauseIwasafraid.我不去是因为我怕。　Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：　Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.他今天缺席，因为他病了。　Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.他一定病了，所以今天缺席。19.4目的状语从句　表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导。例如：　Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.你必须大点声，别人就能听见了。　Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat（lest）heshouldforgetit.他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。　Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。　　19.5结果状语从句　结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：　　Theboyissoyoungthathecan"tgotoschool.这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。　Heissuchayoungboythathecan"tgotoschool19.6条件状语从句　连接词主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等。if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。　unless=ifnot.　例如：　Let"sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.如果不太累，我们去散散步。　Ifyouarenottootied,let"sgooutforawalk.典型例题Youwillbelate___youleaveimmediately.　A.unless　B.until　C.if　　D.or　答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为Ifyoudongleaveimmediately,youwillbelate。B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为Youleaveimmediatelyoryouwillbelate.19.7让步状语从句1）though,although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是though 和yet可连用。例如：Althoughit"sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。　　Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.虽然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）2）as,though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如：Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。3）everif,eventhough　即使。例如：　　We"llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。4）whether…or…　不管……都。例如：　　Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.信不信由你，这确实是真的。5）　"nomatter+疑问词"或"疑问词+后缀ever"。例如：　　Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.=Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.不管发生什么，他不在意。　　　替换：nomatterwhat=whatever　　　　nomatterwho=whoever　　　　nomatterwhen=whenever　　　　nomatterwhere=wherever　　　　nomatterwhich=whichever　　　　nomatterhow=however　注意：nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。　（错）Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.　（对）Whateveryousayisofnousenow.你现在说什么也没用了。（Whateveryousay是主语从句）　　（错）Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey"regiven,　（对）Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey"regiven.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。19.8比较while,when,as1）as,when引导短暂性动作的动词。例如：　　　Justas/Justwhen/WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameuptome.我一刹车，有一个人向我走来。2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as 或while。例如：　　　Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.赶完活后，你可以休息一下。3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when或while。例如：　　　Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworse.　日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。19.9比较until和till　　此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：Isleptuntilmidnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。　　WaittillIcallyou.等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如Let"sgetinthewheatbeforethesunsets.）　否定句：Shedidn"tarriveuntil6o"clock.她直到6点才到。　Don"tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.公共汽车停稳后再下车。Ididn"tmanagetodoituntilyouhadexplainedhow.直到你教我后，我才会做。区别：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：　　Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。　　2）untilwhen疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：　---Untilwhenareyoustaying?　你呆到什么时候？---UntilnextMonday.　呆到下周一。　注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。1）Notuntil…在句首，主句用倒装。例如：　　Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.直到19世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。　　　　NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.直到工作，才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月。2）Itisnotuntil…that…。例如：ItwasnotuntilIbegantoworkthatIrealizedhowmuchtimeIhadwasted.19.10表示"一…就…"的结构　hardly/scarcely…when/before,nosooner…than　和assoonas都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如：　Ihadhardly/scarcelygothomewhenitbegantorain.刚回家，就下起雨来了。 　Ihadnosoonergothomethanitbegantorain.　AssoonasIgothome,itbegantorain.　注意：如果hardly,scarcely或nosooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。例如：　Hardly/ScarcelyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.　NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.20.连词　　连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,aswellas,both…and,notonly…butalso,either…or,neither…nor,（and）then等等。20.1并列连词与并列结构　并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。1）　and与or　判断改错：（错）Theysatdownandtalkaboutsomething.　（错）Theystartedtodanceandsang.　（错）Isawtwomensittingbehindandwhisperthere.　　（对）Theysatdownandtalkedaboutsomething.　（对）Theystartedtodanceandsing.　（对）Isawtwomensittingbehindandwhisperingthere.解析：第一句：and连接两个并列的谓语，所以talk应改为talked。　　第二句：and连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang应改为sing。　第三句：and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。注意：and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）例如：　　Makeupyourmind,andyou"llgetthechance.拿定主意，这次你会有机会的。　=Ifyoumakeupyourmind,you"llgetthechance.　　Onemoreeffort,andyou"llsucceed.再努力一下，你会成功的。　=Ifyoumakeonemoreeffort,you"llsucceed.2）both…and　两者都。例如：　Sheplays（both）thepianoandtheguitar.她弹钢琴，也弹吉他。3）　notonly…but（also）,aswellas不但…而且。例如：　　　Sheplaysnotonlythepiano,but（also）theguitar. 她不但弹钢琴，也弹吉他。　注意：notonly…butalso关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。例如　　Notonlydoeshelikereadingstories,butalsohecanevenwritesome.他不但喜欢读小说，甚至还会写。　4）　neithe…nor意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。例如：　　　Neitheryounorheistoblame.你和他都不该受指责。20.2比较and和or　1）并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。　2）但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：　　Thereisnoairorwaterinthemoon.　　Thereisnoairandnowateronthemoon.　在否定中并列结构用or连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。典型例题　---Idon"tlikechicken___fish.　　---Idon"tlikechicken,___Ilikefishverymuch.　A.and；and　B.and；but　C.or；but　D.or；and　答案C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。判断改错：（错）Wewilldiewithoutairandwater.　　（错）Wecan"tlivewithoutairorwater.　　（对）Wewilldiewithoutairorwater.　　（对）Wecan"tlivewithoutairandwater.　20.3表示选择的并列结构　1）or意思为"否则"。例如：　　Imustworkhard,orI"llfailintheexam.我要努力学习，否则考试要不及格了。　2）either…or　意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。例如：　　EitheryouorIamright.不是你对，就是我对。20.4表示转折或对比　1）but表示转折，while表示对比。例如：　　Somepeoplelovecats,whileothershatethem.有些人喜欢猫，而有些人不喜欢。 典型例题　---Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?　　---I"dliketo,___I"mtoobusy.　A.and　B.so　C.as　D.but　　　答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。　2）not…but…意思为"不是…而是…"，后面的用词要遵循一致原则。　　Theywerenotthebonesofananimal,but（thebones）ofahumanbeing.这些不是动物的骨头，而是人的。20.5表原因关系1）for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。判断改错：（错）Forheisill,heisabsenttoday.　（对）Heisabsenttoday,forheisill.2）so为连词,therefore一般为副词。例如：Hehurthisleg,sohecouldn"tplayinthegame.他的腿受伤了，不能上场。Ithink;thereforeIexist.我思故我在。20.6比较so和suchsuch是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。so+adj.　　　　　　　　　such+a（n）+n.so+adj.+a（n）+n.　　　such+n.（pl.）so+adj.+n.（pl.）　　　such+n.（pl.）　so+adj.+n.（不可数）　　such+n.（不可数）sofoolish　　　　　　　　suchafool　soniceaflower　　　　　suchaniceflowersomany/fewflowers　　　suchniceflowerssomuch/littlemoney.　　　suchrapidprogress　somanypeople　　　　　　suchalotofpeople　somany已成固定搭配，alotof虽相当于many，但alotof为名词性的，只能用such搭配。so…that与such…that之间的转换即为so与such之间的转换。20.7连词和从句练习1.I’dgetitforyou______Icouldrememberwholastborrowedthebook. a.onconditionthatb.nowthatc.exceptthatd.consideringthat2.Therobbertoldhimthathehadbetterkeepsilent______hewantedtogetintotroublea.ifb.unlessc.otherwised.whether3.Strange______hisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonforit.a.althoughb.evenifc.thatd.as4.Weareworriedaboutoursonbecausenooneisaware______hehasgone.a.theplaceb.ofwherec.abouttheplaced.where5.Theprofessorspokeinaloudvoice______everyoneofuscouldhearhim.a.suchthatb.soc.sothatd.such6.Whenhejustgotofftheplane,hegaveusagooddescriptionof______inSpain.a.whathehadseenb.thathehadseenc.whichhehadseend.hehadseenwhat7.Itisfittedwithasmalltransformer,bymeansof______thevoltageofthecurrencycanbeadjusted.a.whomb.whichc.whatd.that8.Idon’tknowwhyshe’slookingatme______sheknewme.I’veneverseenherbeforeinmylife.a.asb.althoughc.evenifd.asif9.Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisspeech______stormyapplausebrokeout.a.whenb.thenc.thand.as10.Itishardtoavoidmistakes.______youcorrectthemconscientiously,itwillbeallright.a.Inthecaseb.Aslongasc.Althoughd.Despite11.Geometry,______Iknownothing,seemsaverydullsubject.a.thatb.aboutthatc.whichd.aboutwhich12.Thehighesttemperature______inanyfurnaceonearthisabout10,000centigrade.a.wecangetb.thatwecangetitc.whichwecangetitd.whatwecanget13.Wesentthehorsestoaconsiderabledistance,______theyshoulddisturbthechildren.a.lessb.lestc.lastd.least14.Soundisconductedthroughsteelinthesamemanner______.a.asinairb.asthroughairc.asairdoesd.likeair15._____hewasputtingonhisuniform,theofficerfoundthatoneofthesleeveswastorn.a.Sinceb.Unlessc.Asd.Before 16.Thepolicefinallycaughtupwiththeman______wastheescapedprisoner.a.whotheythoughtb.whomtheythoughtc.theythoughthimd.thattheythoughthim17.______knowsthenameofthissongwillreceiveaprizefromtheradiostation.a.Whoeverb.Thosec.Whicheverpeopled.Anypeople18.______doyoubelieveisnotabouttosupportourplan?a.Whomb.Whoc.Whomeverd.Which19.Hedidn’tknowFrench,______madeitdifficultforhimtostudyatauniversityinFrance.a.thatb.asc.thisd.which20.Sheisafinesinger,______hermotherusedtobea.likeb.thatc.asd.which21.______,IrealizethatIoweadebttomyearlycountrylife.a.LoveroftownsIamb.Asloveroftownsc.LoveroftownsasamId.ThoughamItheloveroftowns22.TheriseofDavywasallthemorebrilliantin______hehadnothadmuchschooling.a.whichb.thatc.whatd.theway23.Shealwaystakescarefulnotesinclass______shemayreviewthemfromtimetotime.a.sothatb.inordertoc.becauseofd.ratherthan24.Thereasonhewaslateis______hisclockdidn’tgivethealarm.a.becauseb.duetoc.sinced.that25.______hewasinerrorwillscarcelybedisputedbyhiswarmestfriends.a.Whatb.Thatc.Whichd.Though26.Ishalldotheexercises______Ihavebeentaught.a.suchb.asc.whatd.for27.______isworthdoingatallisworthdoingwell.a.Thatb.Whateverc.Whicheverd.However28.Shewassostubbornthatsheneverlistenstotheadvice______.a.thatIgiveittoherb.whichIgivetoherc.whatIgivetoherd.Igiveittoher29.Iwassupposedtobeamathematicsmajor,butIactuallytook______coursesinphysics,ifnotmore.a.somanyb.asmanyc.agoodmanyd.suchmany30.Heatdoesnottravelbyconvectioninasolid,becausethesoliddoesnotmove, ______.a.sodoesaliquidb.soaliquiddoesc.soisaliquidd.asdoesaliquid31.Heexplainedeverythingoveragain______anyoneshouldmisunderstandher.a.sinceb.whenc.lestd.asif32.______convincinganargumentis,itneedssupportofevidence.a.Whateverb.Howeverc.Althoughd.Evenif33.Earthwormsoccur______adequatemoistureandfoodandthenecessarysoilconditionsarefound.a.andb.howeverc.butd.wherever34.______wegavehimanythingtoeat,hewouldsaveitupforhislittlebrother.a.Whenb.Thatc.Wheneverd.What35.ThereasonIplantogois______ifIdon’t.a.becauseshewillbedisappointedb.becauseshewillhaveadisappointmentc.thatshewillbedisappointedd.forwhichshewillbedisappointed36.Thegreatuseofaschooleducationisnotsomuchtoteachyouthings______toteachyoutheartoflearning.a.thanb.ratherthanc.nord.as37.Ifthedesignwaswrong,theprojectisboundtofail,______goodalltheotherideasmightbe.a.whateverb.howeverc.whatsoeverd.even38.Hegave______cametothestoreapamphletinwhichhisproductsweredescribed.a.whob.thosec.whomd.whoever39.Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunication______theadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.a.inthatb.inorderthatc.inwhichd.that40.Foxwasadvisedtogivetheassignmentto_______hebelievedhadastrongsenseofresponsibility.a.whomb.whomeverc.whoeverd.that41.Thechairmanoftheunionmadeitclearatthemeeting______hewouldnotstepdownformhispositionaschairman.a.inwhichb.wherec.becaused.that42.______Ms.Wangreachedthepost-office,shediscoveredshehadlefttheletterathome.a.Justasb.Becausec.Aslongasd.Whenas43.Thefirststepinpreparingsuchaprogramistodrawaflowchart,______are shownopposite.a.twoexamplesofitb.twoexamplesofwhichc.whosetwoexampled.whichtwoexamples44.______theworldbegan,nationshavehaddifficultyinkeepingpeacewiththeirneighbors.a.Althoughb.Whenc.Untild.Eversince45.______difficultieswemaycomeacross,wewillhelponeanothertogetoverthem.a.Whateverb.Whicheverc.Howeverd.What46.Hewenttoworksolate______themanagerhadtosendforhimagainbeforehearrived.a.asb.thatc.ford.when47.______youreturnthosebookstothelibraryimmediatelyyouwillhavetopayafine.a.Untilb.Ifc.Unlessd.Provided48.Therosemaygrowasalowbushorasatree,dependingon______.a.whatitistrimmedb.howittrimmedc.thatistrimmedd.howitistrimmed49.Groupworkisamethodofteaching______tasksandactivitiesarecarriedoutbysmallgroupsofpupils.a.whichb.thatc.forwhichd.inthat50.Einstein’stheoryofrelativityseemedhardtobelieveatthetime______.a.whenhefirstintroducedb.thathefirstintroduceditc.hefirstintroducedd.whichhefirstintroducedit51.Nowwemaybeabletosay______betweenmusicandnoiseorjustsound.a.whatisthedifferenceb.thedifferenceiswhatc.whatthedifferenceisc.thatwhatthedifference52.Contraryto______Ihadexpected,helostforasecondtime.a.thatb.whatc.whichd.who53.ProfessorSmithwassopunctual______,healwaysarrivedtoclassjustasthebellrang.a.thatthedayhediedb.untilthedayhediedc.thatuntilthedayhediedd.untilthedaywhenhedied54.______hecametoEnglandtostudy,hedidn’tknowhowtocook.a.Whenb.sincec.Untild.Unless55.AlthoughMrsmithisoneofthoseteacherswhoappeartobefriendly,______heisveryhardtodealwith. a.butb.soc.sothatd.yet56.______ababykangarooisfourmonthsolddoesitbegintoliveoutsideitsmother’spouch.a.Untilb.Notuntilc.Afterd.Onlyuntil57.Theearliestkindofdeskwasaboxthathadaslopinglid_______therewasstoragespaceforwritingmaterials.a.underthatb.underwhichc.whichd.that58.Iwon’tlendanymoneytoJoebecauseIamafraid______hewillforgettopayitback.a.ifb.whetherc.thatd.of59.______humanbeingsdependtoagreatextentonforests,everyeffortmustbemadetopreservetreesandwildlife.a.Ifb.Unlessc.Untild.Since60.______hewascaughtcheatingontheexam,Oliverhadbeenconsideredtobeanhonestboy.a.Whenb.Afterc.Althoughd.Before61.NotlongafterGalileo’stime,Newtoninventedanotherkindoftelescope______mirrorsinsteadoflenses.a.whichusedb.inwhichheusedc.thatheusedd.inthatheused62._____himasawriterIdon’tlikehimasaman.a.MuchIadmireb.MuchasIadmirec.AsmuchIadmired.AsIadmiremuch63.Ipunishthechild______heshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.a.asbebecausec.lestd.unless64.Hardlyhadthespeakerbeguntotalk______werelaughs.a.whenthereb.thantherec.thand.that65.Ajointis______permitstheforwardandbackwardmovementofadoor.a.thatb.whosec.thosed.what66.Iampleasedwithwhatyouhavetoldmeand______youhavegivenme.a.allwhatb.allthatc.whichd.allwhatever67.______hasrecentlybeendonetoimprovetheconditionsofelementaryschoolsagreatnumberofchildrenareunabletogotoschool.a.Thatb.Whatc.Inspiteofwhatd.Thoughwhat68.Nuclearweaponisconsideredthemostterribleweaponofwar______manhasinvented.a.whichb.thatc.asd.since69.______heperformedthetaskwithsuccess. a.Itwasexpectedb.Whichwasexpectedc.Aswasexpectedd.Thatwasexpected70.Thesizeoftheaudience,______Ihadexpected,waswellovertenthousand.a.whichb.thatc.asd.whom71.Noteverybodycouldbeexpectedtoknowalltheanswers,______somequestionscalledforeducatedguessesratherthangeneralknowledge.a.asb.soc.suchd.once72.______youtry,you’llneverloseyourEnglishaccent.a.Nomatterwhatb.Howhardc.Nomatterhowhardd.Whateverhard73.______thebridgewerepackedwithcarsandbuses,itcouldstillcarrytwicetheload.a.Despiteb.Providedc.Unlessd.Evenif74.Theairplanecrashedandoverahundredpassengerswerekilled,______.a.andthatshockedtheworldb.andwhichshockedtheworldc.thisfactshockedtheworldd.whichshockedtheworld75.Thetimewillsurelycome______ordinarypeoplecouldoperatecomputersaswell.a.whileb.whenc.asd.onwhich76.Thismachineisnew.______,itisinexcellentcondition.a.Furthermoreb.Howeverc.Otherwised.but77.Thisroomhadbutasinglewindow,______werekeptclosedwhenitwasnotinuse.a.whichitsshuttersb.itsshuttersofwhichc.theshuttersofwhichd.whichshutters78.Theoldmanisnocoward;______heisamanofhighspirits.a.ratherthanb.onthecontraryc.ontheotherhandd.atthesametime79.Satellitephotographscanprovideinformationon______rainarefalling.a.whichwhereandhowmuchb.whereandhowc.whereandhowd.whereandhowmuch80.Skiingisasport______goesback4,000years.a.anditsb.whosehistoryc.itshistoryd.andwhich81.Theywillbepraisedorblamed______theirworkisgoodorbad.a.accordingasb.asforc.inasmuchasd.asregards82.Thestoryofhisupbringingisshocking______.a.toallthatreaditb.toallwhoreadsitc.toallwhichreaditd.toallwhoreadit83.Youshouldgetthelicenseintwoweeks;______,you’llhavetopayafine. a.yetb.stillc.ord.consequently84.Ihadhardlyreachedtheairport______hestartedforhisdestination.a.thenb.whenc.themomentd.than85.Hehadalargecollectionofbooks,______arewritteninforeignlanguages.a.manyb.manyonesofwhichc.manyofwhichd.manyinwhich86.Thebookisforthestudents______nativelanguageisnotChinesetostudyinaChinesecollegeoruniversity.a.theirb.thatc.whosed.ofwhom87.Geologistscannotaccuratelypredict______thelivevolcanowilleruptagain.a.whenb.whichc.isthatd.andwhen88.______saidunderoathwasdisputedbyseveralotherwitness.a.Itisthemanb.Whatthemanc.Thatthemand.Themanhas89.______Iwasgoingtocollege,Iwasalsoworkingasawaitressonweekends.a.Duringthetimethatb.Atthemomentthatc.Inspiteofthefactthatd.Onthegroundthat90.itisagoodideatotakeafirst-aidkit______thereisanaccident.a.incaseb.intheeventofc.inconditiond.butthat91.Thestrengthofthenewmaterialis______itcanstandheavyloadsathightemperature.a.thatb.suchthatc.whatd.sothat92.That’sthedoctor______ontheseriouslywoundedman.a.whoheoperatedb.thatheoperatedc.whooperatedd.thatoperatedhim93._____,theproblemcanbesolvedinonly2hourswithanelectroniccomputer.a.Complicatedthoughitisb.Thoughisitcomplicatedc.Asitiscomplicatedd.Complicatedasitis94.Heburnedalltheimportantdocuments______thattheyshouldfallintotheenemy’shands.a.unlessb.sob.lestd.forfear95.HisofficeonthefortiethfloorofaskyscraperinthecenterofNewYorkCityistheworld______.a.thatheworksb.whichheworksc.heworksinc.heworks96.Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,therearenocomplicatedproblem______canbesolved.a.thatb.asc.butd.which97.______allbehaviorislearnedbehaviorisabasicassumptionofsocialscientists. a.Nearlyb.Thatnearlyc.Itisnearlyd.Whennearly98.Inthetestingperiod,thestudentsspent______muchtimeintheclassroomonmathematics______theyspentonanyothersubject.a.as,asb.as,thatc.so,thatd.such,that99.Ourconfidenceinthecurativepropertiesofthebottleofmedicineremainsthesame______.a.liketheirsb.astheyc.astheirsd.asthem100.Theaudience,______enjoyedtheperformance.a.mostofthemwerestudentsb.mostofwhomwerestudentsc.whomtheywerestudentsd.theyweremostlystudents101.______steelisstrongerthaniron,menareabletomakesteelpipeswithlargerdiameters.a.Whileb.Ifc.Unlessd.As102.Mr.Chensaidthathewouldbepunctualfortheappointment,______hewerelate?a.butwhatifb.howaboutc.sowhatd.andwhatabout103.Mrs.LeewillmoveintohernewhousenextMonday,______itwillbecompletelyfurnished.a.bywhichtimeb.bythetimec.bythattimed.bysometime104.Ihavelittledoubtabouthiscompetence;______heiswell-qualifiedforthejob.a.althoughb.becausec.moreoverd.yet105.Thequantumtheorystates______,suchaslight,isgivenoffandabsorbedintinydefiniteunitscalledquantaorprotons.a.energythatb.thatitisenergyc.itisenergyd.thatenergy106.______tospacetravelersishighaccelerationordecelerationforces.a.Dangercanbeb.Theycanbedangerousc.Whatcanbedangerousd.Whiledanger107.______thesequestionsmaysoundacademic,answerstothemcouldhaveprofoundeconomicandpoliticalsignificance.a.Sinceb.Ifc.Whiled.Lest108.Abodyweighs______fromthesurfaceoftheEarth.a.lessthefartheritgetsb.thefartheritgetsc.lessthanitgetsfartherd.lessthanit,thefartheritgets109.______itisyou’vefound,youmustgiveitbacktothepersonitbelongsto.a.Thatb.Becausec.Whateverd.However110.______isoftenthecasewithanewideamuchpreliminaryactivityand optimisticdiscussionproducenoconcreteproposals.a.Thatb.Itc.Whichd.As111.Angiospermsinhabitrelativelydiverseenvironmentsandmaybefound______higherplantscansurvive.a.thereb.whereverc.somewhered.anywhere112.Withoutfacts,wecannotformaworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledge______ourthinking.a.uponwhichtobaseb.whichtobaseuponc.whichtobebasedond.towhichtobebased113.Twelveistosix______twoistoone.a.whatb.whichc.thatd.when114.______,sheknowsFrenchwell.a.Achildassheisb.Childassheisc.Assheisachildd.Thechildassheis115.______,theycouldfindnobodyinthehouse.a.Astheywouldsearchb.Wouldastheysearchc.Searchastheywouldd.Theywouldsearchas21.情态动词21.1情态动词的语法特征　1）情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。　2）情态动词除ought和have外，后面只能接不带to的不定式。　3）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。　4）情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。　21.2比较can和beableto1）can/could表示能力；可能（过去时用could）,只用于现在式和过去式（could）。beableto可以用于各种时态。例如：　Theywillbeabletotellyouthenewssoon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。2）只用beableto的情况：　a.位于助动词后。　b.情态动词后。　c.表示过去某时刻动作时。　d.用于句首表示条件。　e.表示成功地做了某事时，用was/wereableto，不能用could。例如：HewasabletofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.=HemanagedtofleeEurope beforethewarbrokeout.他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。注意：could有时不表示时态1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。例如：　　---CouldIhavethetelevisionon?我能看电视吗？　　---Yes,youcan./No,youcan"t.可以/不可以。2）在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如：Hecouldn"tbeabadman.他不大可能是坏人。　21.3比较may和might1）表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may放在句首，表示祝愿。例如：　　　　MayGodblessyou!愿上帝保佑你！　　　　Hemightbeathome.他可能在家。注意：might表示推测时，不表示时态，只是可能性比may小。2）成语：may/mightaswell，后面接不带to的不定式，意为"不妨"。例如：　　　Ifthatisthecase,wemayaswelltry.如果情况确实如此，我们不妨试一试。典型例题　Peter___comewithustonight,butheisn"tverysureyet.　A.must　　B.may　C.can　D.will　答案B.表可能性只能用may。此句意可从后半句推出。21.4比较haveto和must1）　两词都是"必须"的意思，haveto表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。例如：Mybrotherwasveryill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.　弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。（客观上需要做这件事）　　Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）2）　haveto有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如：Hehadtolookafterhissisteryesterday.他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。3）否定结构中：don"thaveto表示"不必"，mustn"t表示"禁止"。例如：　　Youdon"thavetotellhimaboutit.　你不一定要把此事告诉他。　　Youmustn"ttellhimaboutit.　　　　你不得把这件事告诉他。21.5must表示推测 　1）must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。　2）must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must后面通常接系动词be的原形或行为动词的进行式。例如：　　　Youhaveworkedhardallday.Youmustbetired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）　　　Hemustbeworkinginhisoffice.他一定在办公室工作呢。　比较：Hemustbestayingthere.他现在肯定在那里。　　　　　　Hemuststaythere.他必须呆在那。　3）must表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must要接完成式。例如：　　Ididn"thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.　我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。　4）must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must后面要接不定式的完成进行式。例如：　　---Whydidn"tyouanswermyphonecall?为何不接我的电话？　　---Well,Imusthavebeensleeping,soIdidn"thearit.唉，肯定在睡觉，所以没有听见。　5）否定推测用can"t。例如：　　IfTomdidn"tleavehereuntilfiveo"clock,hecan"tbehomeyet.　如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。21.6表示推测的用法　can,could,may,might,must皆可表示推测，其用法如下：1）情态动词+动词原形，表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。例如：　　Idon"tknowwheresheis,shemaybeinWuhan.我不知道她在哪儿，可能在武汉。2）情态动词+动词现在进行时，表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。例如：　　Atthismoment,ourteachermustbecorrectingourexampapers.这时，想必我们老师正在批改试卷。　3）情态动词+动词完成时，表示对过去情况的推测。例如：　　Theroadiswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。　4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时，表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。例如：　　Yourmothermusthavebeenlookingforyou.你妈妈一定一直在找你。　5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can"t,couldn"t表示。例如： Mikecan"thavefoundhiscar,forhecametoworkbybusthismorning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。　　注意：could,might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can,may。21.7情态动词+have+过去分词1）may（might）have+donesth,can（could）have+donesth　表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。例如：　　Philipmay（might）havebeenhurtseriouslyinthecaraccident.菲力浦可能在车祸中受了重伤。　　Philipcan（could）havebeenhurtseriouslyinthecaraccident.2）musthave+donesth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。例如：　---Lindahasgonetowork,butherbicycleisstillhere.琳达已经去上班了，但她的单车还在这儿。　---Shemusthavegonebybus.肯定乘巴士去的。3）oughttohavedonesth,shouldhavedonesth表示本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。例如：　　Yououghtto（should）havebeenmorecarefulinthisexperiment.你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。　　Heoughtnottohavethrowntheoldclothesaway.他不该把旧衣服扔了。（事实上已扔了。）　　oughtto在语气上比should要强。4）needn"thavedonesth表示本没必要做某事，但做了。例如：Idressedverywarmlyforthetrip,butIneedn"thavedoneso.Theweatherwashot.旅行时，我衣服穿得较多，其实没有必要。那时天很热。5）wouldliketohavedonesth表示本打算做某事，但没做。例如：　　　Iwouldliketohavereadthearticle,butIwasverybusythen.我想读这篇文章，但太忙了一直没读。17.821.8should和oughtto除了上述的用法，两者还可表示"想必一定，按理应该"的意思。例如：Ioughttobeabletoliveonmysalary.靠我的薪水，想必也能维持了。Itoughttobereadynow.想必现在准备好了吧。Theyshouldbetherebynow,Ithink.现在他们该到那儿了。Thepoemsshouldbeoutinamonthatmost.诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。 21.9hadbetter表示"最好"，相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。例如：　　Itisprettycold.You"dbetterputonmycoat.天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。　　She"dbetternotplaywiththedog.她最好不要玩耍那条狗。　　hadbetterhavedonesth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。例如：　　Youhadbetterhavecomeearlier.你本该来得早一点。21.10wouldrather表示"宁愿"　wouldratherdo　wouldrathernotdo　wouldrather…than…　宁愿…而不愿。　还有wouldsooner,hadrather,hadsooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。例如：　IfIhaveachoice,Ihadsoonernotcontinuemystudiesatthisschool.如果有选择的余地，我宁可辍学离开这个学校。　Iwouldratherstayherethangohome.=Iwouldstayhereratherthangohome.我宁愿呆在这儿，而不愿回家。典型例题----Shallwegoskatingorstayathome?----Which___do?　　　　　A.doyourather　　B.wouldyourather　C.willyourather　D.shouldyourather答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，wouldrather+dosth意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句，would提前，所以选B。21.11will和would　注意：1）wouldlike；wouldliketodo=wantto想要，为固定搭配。例如：　　　Wouldyouliketogowithme?想和我一块去吗？　2）Willyou…?　Wouldyoulike…?表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some,而不是any。例如：　　Wouldyoulikesomecake?吃点蛋糕吧。　3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would,won"tyou是一种委婉语气。　　Won"tyousitdown?你不坐下吗？21.12情态动词的回答方式问句肯定回答否定回答Needyou…?Yes,Imust.No,Ineedn"t Mustyou…?No,Idon"thaveto.典型例题1）---CouldIborrowyourdictionary?　　---Yes,ofcourse,you____.　　A.might　B.will　C.can　D.should　答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中ofcourse，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和may来表达，不能用could或might。will与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you连用，用来提出劝告。2）---ShallItellJohnaboutit?　　---No,you___.I"vetoldhimalready.　　　A.needn"t　　B.wouldn"t　　C.mustn"t　　D.shouldn"t　答案A。needn"t不必，不用。wouldn"t将不,不会的。mustn"t禁止、不能。shouldn"t　不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn"t。3）---Don"tforgettocometomybirthdaypartytomorrow.　　---______.　　A.Idon"t　B.　Iwon"t　C.Ican"t　D.Ihaven"t　　答案B.will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。21.13带to的情态动词带to的情态动词有四个：oughtto,haveto,usedto,beto,如加上havegotto（=must）,beableto，为六个。它们的疑问、否定形式应予以注意：　Dotheyhavetopaytheirbillbeforetheendofthemonth?　Shedidn"tusetoplaytennisbeforeshewasfourteen.　Yououghtnottohavetoldherallaboutit.　Oughthetoseeaheartspecialistatonce.?　oughtto本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do等助动词协助。典型例题　Tomoughtnotto___meyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.　　A.havetold　B.tell　C.betelling　D.havingtold　答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词oughtto后，所以用havetold。　21.14比较need和dare　 这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。need作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时,后面的to时常可以被省略。1）实义动词：need（需要,要求）need+n./todosth2）情态动词：need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为neednot。例如：　　Needyougoyet?你要走了吗？　　Yes,Imust./No,Ineedn"t.是的，我要走了/不，不急着走。22各章练习答案22.1名词练习答案1D15B29D43D57A2D16B30B44B58C3C17B31C45A59D4C18C32C46B60B5A19C33B47D61C6C20B34C48B62B7A21C35A49C63B8D22A36C50B64D9C23D37C51C65B10D24C38B52A66C11C25A39B53D67C12A26A40C54C68D13D27C41D55A69D14B28C42A56D70A22.2介词练习答案1D19B37C55B73C91B109A2B20D38D56B74D92C110C3A21B39A57C75A93A111C4B22B40A58C76D94B112D5C23D41A59D77B95C113A6D24C42C60B78B96C114C7A25A43A61A79D97D115A8C26C44C62A80C98D116B9C27D45D63D81A99A117A10B28A46C64D82C100C118A 11D29C47D65D83D101C119B12C30B48B66C84A102D120B13C31B49C67A85D103B121A14C32C50B68A86D104C122B15D33B51D69D87C105D123C16A34C52B70A88B106C124D17B35D53C71C89A107C125D18C36B54D72B90C108D12622.3冠词练习答案1C19C37B55C2B20A38B56A3D21A39C57D4A22B40C58D5A23C41B59B6D24B42A60A7B25D43C618C26B44B629B27D45A6310C28D46C6411C29B47B6512A30A48C6613C31B49A6714D32B50D6815C33C51A6916D34C52C7017C35A53A7118A36A54B7222.4数词练习答案1C6A11C16A2D7C12B17C3D8A13D18A4D9C14D19A5B10B15A20B 22.5限定词练习答案1A19D37A2C20B38B3D21C39C4D22B40D5D23C416C24B427B25D438A26C449B27B4510B28C4611C29B4712D30D4813C31B4914A32C5015B33A5116A34D5217A35C5318C36C5422.6代词练习答案1B19A37C55A73C2C20A38D56C74C3B21D39D57B75D4D22C40D58C76A5C23B41A59D77C6A24D42C60D78B7B25C43C61B79C8C26C44D62C80D9A27B45B63A8110B28D46A64B8211C29A47C65B8312A30B48C66B8413A31B49B67D8514C32B50D68A8615A33A51B69B87 16A34B52B70D8817A35B53C71A8918C36C54C72B9022.7形容词、副词练习答案1B19C37D55A73D2C20B38C56C74D3A21C39C57B75B4A22C40C58C76B5C23D41A59B77D6D24C42D60D78C7B25D43C61A79C8D26B44A62A80A9C27A45B63C8110D28D46C64C8211B29B47B65A8312D30B48B66B8413B31A49C67D8514A32B50D68D8615C33B51C69C8716A34D52A70A8817A35A53D71B8918C36B54D72C9022.81B19C37C55C73C2D20B38A56B74B3A21D39D57D75B4C22D40A58A76C5D23C41D59B77A6B24A42B60B78B7D25B43B61C79C8B26D44D62B80A9C27A45B63A8110B28B46B64B8211C29C47A65A83 12D30A48B66C8413C31D49D67B8514B32B50B68D8615D33B51C69D8716B34B52A70B8817B35B53D71A8918C36A54A72B9022.91B19B37D55A73C91B109B127C2D20B38D56B74A92D110B128A3C21C39C57D75B93B111D129B4C22B40C58A76B94B112D130B5B23C41C59B77B95B113C6C24A42C60D78A96C114D7B25B43A61A79B97D115C8C26D44D62B80B98B116C9A27B45C63A81A99A117B10C28A46A64B82B100D118A11B29C47B65A83C101A119B12C30D48C66C84A102C120B13D31A49C67A85C103B121C14B32B50A68C86B104B122D15D33C51D69D87B105C123B16B34B52C70D88A106B124C17D35D53C71B89C107B125B18D36A54B72D90D108A126D22.101D19A37D55C73D91A2D20B38C56D74B92D3C21D39C57D75A93C4D22C40A58D76C94D5A23B41C59B77B95D6B24A42C60B78C96D7C25D43B61A79D97C 8D26D44A62B80C98B9A27C45C63D81A99B10C28A46A64C82A100A11D29C47C65A83D10112A30A48D66C84A10213C31D49B67B85A10314B32B50A68A86A10415C33C51D69C87D10516B34D52B70C88D10617A35D53D71A89D10718C36A54D72C90B10822.11反意疑问句练习答案1C19D37A2A20D38C3B21C39D4C22A40A5A23B416A24C427C25D438B26C449D27B4510B28B4611A29A4712C30C4813B31B4914D32C5015A33D5116D34C5217B35A5318A36D5422.12倒装练习答案1A19D37A2B20D38C3D21A39B 4C22B40A5B23A41A6B24C42B7D25A43D8C26B44A9C27C45C10C28B46B11C29A47C12C30B48D13C31A49C14A32D50B15D33C5116B34A5217B35A5318C36B5422.13主谓一致练习答案1C19D37D2A20C38A3A21D39B4D22B40C5C23A41D6C24A42D7B25C43C8A26A44A9D27D45B10B28A46B11C29D47B12D30D48A13B31C49A14C32C50C15C33C5116B34D5217A35C5318B36A54 22.14虚拟语气练习答案1D19A37B55B2D20A38C56D3C21B39C57C4B22C40B58B5B23B41B59C6C24A42D60A7D25D43C61C8C26C44C62B9C27A45D63C10A28B46C64C11C29D47A65D12C30C48C66C13C31B49B67B14C32C50C68C15A33A51D69B16B34D52B70B17D35D53C7118D36A54B7222.15连词和从句练习答案1A19D37B55D73D91B109C2B20C38D56B74D92C110D3D21A39A57B75B93D111B4B22B40C58C76A94D112A5C23A41D59D77C95C113A6A24D42A60D78B96C114B7B25B43B61B79D97B115C8D26B44D62B80B98A1169C27B45A63C81A99C11710B28B46B64A82A100B11811D29B47C65D83C101D11912A30D48D66B84B102A12013B31C49D67C85C103A12114B32B50B68B86C104C12215C33D51C69C87A105D12316A34C52B70C88B106C124 17A35C53C71A89A107C12518B36D54C72C90A108A126