张道真实用英语语法课件chapter 24 28页

Chapter24Word-order NaturalorderandinvertedorderA.NaturalorderMainorder:Subject+Predicatea.Mostofthedeclarativesentencesusethenaturalordere.g.Wemustpreventthepollutionoftheenvironment.(S+P+O)Wearetakingmeasurestoimproveourenvironment.(S+P+O+A)b.Afewinterrogativesentencesusenaturalordere.g.Whatcausedhisillness?Howmanystudentsareleavingschoolthisyear? Naturalorderandinvertedorderc.Whensomedeclarativesentenceschangeintointerrogativesentences,naturalordercanalsobeusedtoshowone’sexpectationsorsurprise,suspicion,etc.e.g.Youworkhere?Sheisnotbackyet?Youknownothingaboutit?d.Exclamatorysentencesusuallyusethenaturalordere.g.Whatnonsenseyoutalk!Howgracefullytheydanced! NaturalorderandinvertedorderB.Invertedordera.Maintypes1)FullinversionWhenthewholepredicatewasmovedbeforethesubject,itiscalledthefullinversion.e.g.Downfellhalfadozenapples.Therecomesthebus.2)PartialinversionWhenthepredicatewasonlymovedpartlybeforethesubject,itiscalledthepartialinversion.e.g.Howareyoudoing?Whydidn’tyoucome? Naturalorderandinvertedorderb.Mostoftheinterrogativesentencesusetheinvertedordere.g.AreyougoinghomeforChristmas?Howmuchdoyouneed?Arewegoingtomeethereorattheairport?It’saniceday,isn’tit? CommoninvertedsentencesA.Invertedsentencepatternsa.Introducedby“there”e.g.There’sanoutdoorconcerttonightinthepark.In1859therecameawarbetweenthetwocountries.b.Introducedby“there,here,now,then,etc.e.g.There’sthebell.Nowcomesyourturn.c.Introducedby“so,neither,nor”e.g.He’sateacherandsoishiswife.Idon’teatmeatandneitherdoesTom. CommoninvertedsentencesB.Invertedorderinadverbialclausesa.When“if”isomittedintheadverbialclauses(were,had,should),theclauseshoulduseinvertedorder,i.e.put“were,had,should”beforethesubjecte.g.Weren’titfortheirassistance,wewouldn’tbeabletodosowell.ShouldMarycall,saythatI’llbebackinanhour.WereITom,Iwouldrefuse.b.Invertedorderinsomeadverbialclausesofconcessione.g.Cleverthoughhewas,hecouldn’tconcealhiseagernessforpraise.TryasIwould,Icouldn’tmakeherchangehermind. CommoninvertedsentencesC.Someinvertedsentencesintroducedbyadverbsoradverbiala.Whensomenegativewordsareputatthebeginningofthesentences,thepartialinvertedordershouldbeused.e.g.Neverwouldheknowwhatshehadsuffered.Littledoeshecarewhetherweliveordie.Scarcelywassheoutofsightwhenhecame.b.Whensuchadverbsasoften,well,bitterly,gladly,brightly,etc.putatthebeginningofthesentence,thepartialinvertedordershouldalsobeused.e.g.Oftenwouldsheweepwhenalone.WelldoIrememberthedayswhenwewereatschooltogether. TheUseofInvertedSentencesA.Fullinversiona.当副词here,there,in,out,up,down,away,back,now,then,ahead等位于句首,当谓语动词是be,come,go,follow,run等表示位置移动的动词，而且主语又是名词时,需要把谓语动词放主语之前，即全部倒装。e.g.Therecomestherestoftheparty.Thencomesthedayofhisexamination.Herecomesabus.*此类倒装不用进行时态；若主语是代词时，不用倒装。e.g.Herehegoes. TheUseofInvertedSentencesb.充当地点状语的介词短语放句首，用全部倒装。e.g.Inalecturehallofauniversitysitsaprofessor.c.表示愿望的感叹句。e.g.Mayourcountrybecomerichandstrong!Longliveworldpeace!B.Partialinversiona.具有否定意义的副词放句首：not,never,seldom,hardly,rarely,little,scarely,few…e.g.NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion. TheUseofInvertedSentencesb.含有否定意义的连词放句首:notonly…butalso..,neither…nor..,nosooner…than..,scarely…than..,hardly…when..,notuntil...e.g.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.*当Notuntil引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。notonly,nosooner,hardly,scarely要倒,but(also),than,when后面的句子不倒.Neither…nor…两部分都倒装。如果置于句首的Notonly…butalso仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。e.g.Notonlydidheworkfaster,butalsoheworkedbetter.Hardlyhadhearrivedwhenshestartedcomplaining.NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic. TheUseofInvertedSentencesc.含有否定意义的介词放句首：bynomeans,innotime,innocase,onnoaccount,undernocircumstances...e.g.Onnoaccountmustwegiveupthisattempt.Undernocircumstancesmustwerelaxourvigilance.Atnopointsouthoftheriverdidtheenemyadvancemorethanamile.d.Only+adverbial放在句首，用部分倒装e.g.Onlyinthiswaycanourhonourbesaved!e.表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事半功倍有下列：肯定:so+助动词(动/情态)+主语*主语与上文一致否定:neither(nor)+助动(动/情态)+主语 TheUseofInvertedSentencese.g.“I’vebeentoNewYork.”“SohaveI.”“Ihaven’tseenthatfilm.”“Neither(nor)haveI.”f.so..that..,such..that..的句子结构中，若so,such和与其所修饰的词置于句首，实行部分倒装。e.g.Sosuddenwastheattack(that)wehadnotimetoescape.Suchwashisstrengththathecouldbendironbars.g.若if引导的虚拟条件句中有were,had,should时，可将if省略，把were,had,should放主语之前。 TheUseofInvertedSentencese.g.Hadwegotthereearlier,wewouldhavecaughtthetrain.Hadheknownthat,hewouldhavetoldyou.C.as作“尽管／虽然”，引导让步状语从句，由于语法需要，把表语／状语／动词提于句首．e.g.Tryashemight,hecouldn’topenthebox.Talentedasheis,heisnotyetreadytoturnprofessional. ThepositionofobjectA.Thecommonpositiona.Afterthepredicatee.g.TheyaretouringEurope.Hewrotehisfirstnovelat17.b.Whentheobjectismodifiedbyinterrogativewords,theobjectisusuallyputbeforethesubjecte.g.Whoareyoutalkingto?Whatshesaidimpressedmedeeply.c.Whentherearetwoobjects,theindirectobjectisusuallyputbeforethedirectobjecte.g.Showusyourpapers.Shesentmeabirthdaycard. ThepositionofobjectB.Theconditionsofobjectforwarda.Whentheobjectisemphasized,sometimesitshouldbeputforwarde.g.ThisIhopeyou’llkeepinmind.ThesetwolettersI’dliketosendbyordinarymail,andthisonebyregisteredmail.b.Whensomeobjectclausesareemphasized,theycanalsobeinverted.e.g.Whathehasonceheard,heneverforgets.ThatsheisagoodgirlIknow. ThepositionofobjectC.Otherconditionsa.Whentheobjectistoolong,theadverbialisusuallyputbeforetheobjecttobalancethestructuree.g.Theseprogrammesdomuchtobringhometopeopletheseriousrisksofsmoking.Sheannouncedatthemeetingthatshewasgoingtoresign.b.Sometimesthecomplementcanputbeforetheobjecte.g.Manypeopleconsiderimpossiblewhatreallyispossible.c.Thepositionofphraseverbs“transitiveverb+adverb”e.g.Putonyourcoat.Putit(yourcoat)on.Writedownyournameshere.Writeeverything(it)downhere. ThepositionofattributeA.Thecommonpositiona.Theattributeisusuallyputbeforethemodifiedworde.g.financialproblemspeacefulconstructiondevelopingcountrieslivingconditionsThesituationhereishighlyexplosive.Imetyoursisteronmywayhome.b.Thefollowingattributesareusuallyputafterthemodifiedword1)Attributiveclausese.g.Thenoisehemadewokeeverybodyup.Shegavemethisjumper,whichshehadknittedherself. Thepositionofattribute2)Prepositionalphrasee.g.Shelookedtobeayoungwomanoftwenty.Hewashiredtoillustrateabookonthebirdsoftheworld.3)Participialphrasesandinfinitivephrasese.g.Peoplewaitingforthebusoftenshelterinmydoorway.Theyneedagardentoplayin.4)Otherphrasese.g.Soldiersnormallytimiddon’tfightwell.Shehasdoneaplay,atonceeducationalandwitty. ThepositionofattributeB.Thesituationsofcuttingoffattributeandthemodifiedworda.Sometimestheattributeiscutofffromitsmodifiedworde.g.Whatdoyouhavetosayinthisregard?Isawsomethinginthepaperwhichmightinterestyou.b.Whenanounhastwoattributes,oneofthemhastobedeparted.e.g.ThisisthebookIboughtaboutspaceflight.HaveyougotanynovelsbyTolstoyinEnglishtranslation? ThepositionofattributeC.Theorderofattribute(P570)a.Severalattributesall,both+articles/pronouns+attribute+noune.g.alltheChinesestudentsboththeirformerroommatesaninterestingdetectivestoryb.Someattributescanbeputbeforethearticlese.g.suchanicepersonsoshortatimehalfanhourquitethefashion Thepositionofattributec.Severaladjectivesarticles+quality+size,age,etc.+color+nation,etc.+noune.g.ayoungKoreandancerallthebeautifulsmallgreenjadefiguresacalmblueseaournumeroussplendidtouristattractions ThepositionofadverbialA.Thecommonpositiona.Usuallyputafterthepredicatee.g.Theyworkenergetically.Shewentstraighthome.b.Ifthereisanobject,theadverbialshouldbeputaftertheobjecte.g.Shewelcomeduswarmly.Hedeniedtheaccusationhotly.c.Adverbialcanbeputbeforethepastparticipleinthepassivestructuree.g.Hewasrightlypunished.Theboywasseriouslyinjured. Thepositionofadverbiald.Whenthereareseveraladverbialsoftimeorplace,thesmalleroneisusuallyputbeforethebiggerone.e.g.Hewasbornat9:30onThursdayMay5th1998.Shelivesat109CorkStreet,Monrovia,California.B.Thesituationofputtingadverbialatthebeginninga.Foremphasise.g.Inunionthereisstrength.OnhisreturnfromEurope,hesettoworkinearnest.b.Interrogativeadverbsandadverbialscontaininginterrogativewordsareputatthebeginningofthesentence Thepositionofadverbiale.g.HowdidyouenjoyyourSpringFestival?Forwhatpurposedidyouinvitemetocomehere?c.Sentenceadverbialisusuallyputatthebeginningofthesentencee.g.Quitehonesty,sheisn’tthesortofpersonwe’relookingfor.Inconclusion,I’dliketosayhowmuchI’veenjoyedstayinghere.d.Adverbialhavingacloserelationshipwiththecontextshouldbeputatthebeginninge.g.Itdoesn’tseemuglytome;onthecontrary,Ithinkit’sratherbeautiful.ThetrafficwasveryheavyandasaresultIarrivedlate. ThepositionofadverbialC.Adverbialbetweensubjectandpredicatea.Adverbialparenthesizedbetweensubjectandpredicateorbeforethemainverborpredicativee.g.Shequicklyfinishedtheletter.Lesterimmediatelyapprovedofthis.I’veonlyrecentlybeguntolearnFrench.b.Adverbialformedbyphrasesorwordgroupse.g.This,inbrief,istheofficialviewofthetradeunions.Tom,horrifiedatwhathehaddone,couldnotsayanything. ThepositionofadverbialD.Thepositionofadverbialclausesa.Mostoftheadverbialclausesareputafterthemainclausee.g.Lannywasworriedbecausehehadn’thadanyletterfromDiana.We’llgoonwiththework,whetherwecanfindthenecessarytools.b.Sometimescanbeputbeforethemainclausee.g.Asshesang,tearsrandownhercheeks.Whetherwegoorwhetherwestay,theresultisthesame.c.Insomecases,theadverbialcausescanbeparenthesizedbetweenthesubjectandpredicatee.g.Suchthings,whetheryoulikeitornot,dohappenfromtimetotime. AssignmentReviewchapter24Previewchapter25Exercises