大学英语语法难点精析 23页

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  • 2022-06-17 15:17:03 发布

大学英语语法难点精析

  • 23页
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大学英语语法难点精析【语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句】定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。一般说来,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种:①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。如:Therearemanythousandsofstarsintheskythatarelikethesun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。乍一看,that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面,似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想,”不对啊,天空怎么能象太阳呢?“,原来that引导的定语从句被inthesky这个地点状语分隔开来,修饰中心词stars。②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。如:DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?你还记得吗,十年前的一天下午,我来到你家,找你借了一条钻石项链?whenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰years。tenyearsago实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时,先行词通常是句子的主语,因定语从句较长,主句谓语较短,为使句子平衡,常将定语从句移至谓语之后如:AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.明天,新(男)老师将来较你德语。【语法难点精析之besides,but,except,exeptfor,excepting,apartfrom的区别】(1)besides与except前者表示"除...以外,还有...";后者表示"从整体中除去..."这个大家都知道,就不举例子了.(2)except与exceptfora.除去的和非除去的是同类事物,用excepteg:AlltheessaysarewellwrittenexceptNelson"s.Nelson的文章(除去的)和Alltheessays(非除去的)是同类事物,所以用except.b.除去的和非除去的不是同类事物,用exceptfor,并且从语气上通常表示遗憾.eg:Hisessayiswellwrittenexceptforafewspellingmistakes.afewspellingmistakes(除去的)和Hisessay(非除去的)是不同类的事物.(3)apartfrom具有多重意义:既可表示besides,也可以表示exept或exeptfor,还可以表示without的意思eg:Apartfromthecost,itwilltakealotoftime.(=besides)Theorphanhadnoonetotakecareofhimapartfromhisuncle.(=except)Hehasdonegoodwork,apartfromafewslightfaults.(=exceptfor)Therecanbenoknowledgeapartfrompractice.实践出真知.(=without) (4)excepting=except,但一般用于句首或用于not,without,always等词之后eg:Exceptinghisbrother,theyareallright.Everyone,notexceptingmyself,mustsharetheblame.Allofus,withoutexceptingthosewhoknowmoreaboutthesubject,shouldstudy.Allmybrotherscomhereeveryday,alwaysexceptingtheyoungest.(5)but与except同义,但but多用在every,any,no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything,anywhere,nobody等词以后及all,none之后eg:ThechildrengotoschooleverydaybutSunday.Theyareallgonebutme.Youcangetthebookanywherebuthere.Thereisnoonebutme.WhobutGeorgewoulddosuchathing?【语法难点之too...to结构表示肯定含义的情况】(连载中)【too...to结构表示肯定含义的情况】我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为"太...以致于不能"eg:Heistoooldtowork.但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义:⑴当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时.eg:Englishisnottoodifficulttolearn.英语并不太难学.Heistoowisenottoseethat.他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.⑵当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容词或副词时.eg:Theyaretooanxioustoleave.他们急于离开.Heistooreadytohelpothers.他总是乐于助人.与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义.eg:I"monlytoogladtoseeyou.见到你非常高兴.Theyarebuttoopleasedtohearthenews.他们听到这个消息,非常高兴.⑶与cannot连用时.eg:Youcannotbetoocareful(=Youcanneverbecarefulenough)todoyourhomework.你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).⑷当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.eg:Therearetoomanyproblemstobesolved.有很多问题有待解决.Itistoomuchtosaythatheisafool.【语法难点精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】⑴"everyother+单数名词”意思是“每隔一。。。”如:everyotherday每隔一天everyothertree每隔一棵树 ⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”意思是“每隔。。。”(较英语数词少一个)如:everythreedays=everythirdday每隔两天(或者译为每三天)因此everytwodays=everyotherday每隔一天(或者译为每两天)⑶“everyfew+复数名词”意思是“每隔几。。。”如:everyfewdays(每隔几天)【语法难点精析之alive、live、living和lively的用法】⑴lively有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思,可以指人或物,可作定语或标语;但它没有“活着的”意思,而其他三个都有。如:Youngchildrenareusuallylively.小孩子们通常是活泼的。Hetoldaverylivelystory.他讲了一个生动的故事。⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思,与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语,且一般用于动物;alive、living不仅可作定语(alive只能置于名词后;living一般置于名词前,也可置于名词后),也可以作表语。如:Thisisalive(=living)fish.(=Thisisafishalive.)这是一条活鱼。(指动物,且作定语时,三者均可用)Who"sthegreatestmanalive(=livingman)?谁是当今最伟大的人物?(指人,不能用live)Thefishisstillalive(=living)那条鱼还活着。(指动物作表语时不能用live)。⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的,而alive指本来有死的可能,但仍活着的。而且,作主语补足语或宾语补足语时,只能用alive;作比喻义(如“活像。。。”、“活生生的”等)解时,要用living。如:Theenemyofficerwascaughtalive.(作主语补足语,不用living)那位敌方军官被活捉了。Wefoundthesnakealive.(作宾语补足语,不用living)Heisthelivingimageofhisfather.(比喻义,不用alive)他活象他父亲。⑷只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”,作主语时,视作复数。如:Thelivingaremoreimportanttousthanthedead.活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。语法难点精析之含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语】atplay在玩attheplay在看戏behindtime迟到behindthetimes落在时代后byday在白天bytheday按日计算bysea乘船bythesea在海边infrontof在...(外面的)前面inthefrontof在...(内部的前面)inchargeof 看护,负责inthechargeof由...看护,由...负责insecret秘密地(作状语)inthesecret知道内情(作表语)incourseof在...过程中(作表语后置定语)inthecourseof在...期间(作状语)inred穿着红衣服inthered负债,赤字ofage成年ofanage(岁数)同年onfire着火onthefire在考虑中onoccasion不时地;必要时ontheoccasion在那时outofquestion毫无疑问outofthequestion不可能todeath十分tothedeath到最后fiveofus我们中的五人(部分)thefiveofus我们五个人(全部)ayellowandwhitecat一只黄白相间的猫ayellowandawhitecat一只黄猫和一只白猫inafaimlyway象一家人一样inthefamilyway怀孕dieofcold冻死dieofacold感冒而死havewordswith与...争吵haveawordwith与...略谈keephouse管理家务keepthehouse守在家里takerest就寝takeareat休息一下takeplace发生taketheplaceof代替【语法难点精析之与-ly副词同义的介词短语】inangry=angrilyindespair=desparinglyinadmiration=admiringlyincommon=commonlyinfact=acruallyinfear=fearfullyinfairness=fairlyinfun=funnilyingrief=grievouslyinjoke=jokinglyinline=lineallyinmercy=mercifullyinpublic=publiclyinsilence=silentlyinspite=spitefullyinsorrow=sorrily/sorrowfullyinsurprise=surprisedlywithasmile=smilinglywithsatisfaction=satisfactorilywithattention=attentivelywithcare=carefullywithcourage =courageouslywithdifficult=difficultlywithemphasis=emphaticallywithfascination=fascinatinglywithgrace=gracefullywithjoy=joyfullywithpride=proudlywithpleasure=pleasantlywithwarmth=warmlyoutofbreath=breathlessly【语法难点精析之用todo还是ofdoing作后置定语】不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用todo,有的只可用ofdoing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:⑴will,willingness,suggestion,conclusion,decision,permission,agreement,refusal,determination,proposal,resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.如:Maryhasthewilltowinthefirstprize.(不用ofwinning)玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.Hehasdrawnaconclusiontogoabroadwithhisfamily.(不用ofwinning)他已作出了携家去国外的决定.⑵hope,risk,possibility,impossibility,probability,intention,prospect,responsiblility,aim等,一般只能用ofdoing作后置定语.如:Infact,tereisnohopeoftheirwinningthegame.事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说forthemtowin)Hewillruntheriskoflosinghislifetosavethechild.他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.⑶way,chance,need,necessity,right,freedom,power,opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用ofdoing短语作后置定语.如:Theirchancetogo(ofging)abroadwaslost.他们失去了出国的机会.Hehastherighttodo(ofdoing)that.他有权那样做.【语法难点精析之用todo还是ofdoing作后置定语】不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用todo,有的只可用ofdoing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:⑴will,willingness,suggestion,conclusion,decision,permission,agreement,refusal,determination,proposal,resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.如:Maryhasthewilltowinthefirstprize.(不用ofwinning)玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.Hehasdrawnaconclusiontogoabroadwithhisfamily.(不用ofwinning)他已作出了携家去国外的决定.⑵hope,risk,possibility,impossibility,probability,intention,prospect,responsiblility,aim等,一般只能用ofdoing作后置定语.如:Infact,tereisnohopeoftheirwinningthegame.事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说forthemtowin)Hewillruntheriskoflosinghislifetosavethechild.他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子. ⑶way,chance,need,necessity,right,freedom,power,opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用ofdoing短语作后置定语.如:Theirchancetogo(ofging)abroadwaslost.他们失去了出国的机会.Hehastherighttodo(ofdoing)that.他有权那样做.虚拟语气的重点是:1.一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。2.虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。3.主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况,从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。4.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。   上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在,尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目,而在阅读理解里,我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助,了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的,哪些是真实的,这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:过去式(be动词用were)。B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:would,could,might+动词原形。C.wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时,宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为:had+动词过去分词或could,would+have+动词过去分词。Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath;IwishIhadnotgonetoit.---“IletJoeborrowourradiofortheafternoon.”---“That’sallright,butIwishhewouldbuyoneofhisown.”Iwishthatheweren’tsolazy.(2)hadhoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形,表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。Hisfatherhadhopedthathissonwouldgotobusinesswithhim,buthissonbecameanartistlater.(3)would(had)rather,wouldassoon,wouldsooner和wouldprefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况,表示希望或婉转的责备。例如:I’dratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。Iwouldpreferhedidn’tstaytheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。(4)It’s(high,about)timethat句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式,即动词要用过去式。It’stimethatsomethingwasdoneaboutthetrafficproblemdowntown.Itishightimethatwe  putanendtothisdiscussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。(5)as,或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法通常采用倒装结构:Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamivc,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.(6)由连接词incase,sothat,unless,lest,forfearthat引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟形式,即should(might,would)+动词原形,例如:Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(7)ifitwerenotfor…与现在事实相反,ifithadnotbeenfor与过去事实相反,两个都相当于butfor: Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(8)虚拟语气用于asif(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中,其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如:Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshineabove.她常常发出发自内心的微笑,而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样,常常流露出来。Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他们交谈着,就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起来好像要哭了。(9)其它各种句型,asthough,suppose,hadrather,supposing,ifonly等等IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.  二、特殊形式的虚拟语气虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式,其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。A、用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中,这类动词有:ask要求          advise建议            arrange安排        beg请求    command命令      decide决定            demand要求        desire渴望determine决定      insist坚持            intend打算          maintain坚持主张move建议,动员  propose提议          object反对          order命令prefer建议        require需要          request要求        resolve下决心recommend推荐    suggest建议          stipulate约定,规定  urge强调,促进vote公认,提议    decree颁布(法令)    pray请求注意:这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以接doing或者todo…来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。Sheadvisedthatweshouldkeepthegatelocked.(书面体)Sheadvisedustokeepthegatelocked.(口语)Sheadvisedkeepingthegatelocked.(较随便)B、用于Itis+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中,这类形容词或分词有:advisable合理的      decided决定的      crucial关键的    appropriate恰当的determined决定的    commanded命令的  arranged安排的  essential紧要的,基本的complied遵照        anxious焦急的      imperative迫切的important重要的desirable合意的      better较好的,更好  insistent坚持的      desired想要asked请求          keen渴望的        incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的natural自然的        insisted坚持        necessary必要的    suggested建议urgent紧迫的        ordered命令        shocked震惊的      vital极其重要的possible可能的      strange奇怪的      preferable(好一点)proposed提议requested要求的      required要求的      recommended推荐    resolved决定的probable(可能的)  pity可惜,憾事      shame遗憾注意:这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以for…todo…来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。Itisessentialthatheshouldbepreparedforthis.Itisessentialforhimtobepreparedforthis.C.用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中,这类名词常见的有:advice忠告        decision决定        demand要求      desire要求、愿望insistence坚持      motion提议        necessity必要性  order命令preference偏爱    proposal提议        pray恳求        recommendation推荐request要求        requirement要求    resolution决心    suggestion劝告、忠告例如:Thisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivitiesbemadepartoftheirschoollife.这是他们的决议:要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。Themotionthattheremarkofthelastspeakerbeexpungedfromtherecord.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。三、混合虚拟语气    有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间,这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说,在这种情况下,主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同,所以我们又可以错综时间条件句,在这种虚拟情况,动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用,在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语:时间状语。绝大多数情况下,从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语,这是我解题的关键。Ifyou      thatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn’tbesosleepy.A.haven’twatched    B.didn’twatch    C.hadn’twatched    D.wouldn’thavewatched                答案选C。Manydeadwouldnowbealiveiftheyhavenotattemptedtoreturnforsomething.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.   混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句,这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同,而重要是事实和假设的混合。Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.该句前半部分是假设虚拟,而后半部分是事实的陈述。Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.   该句前半句用的是假设虚拟,后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟(如果你去并且解释的话),但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气,因为“父母病了”是客观事实,故不需要用虚拟形式hadbeen。四、含蓄虚拟条件句   含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有:(1)介词或介词短语,如butfor,butthat,without,incaseof,undermorefavorablecondition等。           theleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.=Iftherehadn’tbeentheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.A.Inspiteof      B.Butfor      C.Becauseof      D.Asfor      答案选B。Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.(2)连词,如:sothat,unless,incase,supposing,lest,provided(倘若……),forfearthat(唯恐),inorderthat,onconditionthat,ifonly(要是……就好了)等。Shelistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.=ifshelistenedcarefully,shemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.IfonlyIhadmoremoney,Icouldbuyacar. (注:lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形,但可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如:   Theforeignteacherspokeslowlyincasewemisunderstoodhim.这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。Caremustbetakeninusingthismethodlestoverflowshouldoccur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎,以免会发生溢流现象。(3)通过上下文及内在含义,句中往往有but,otherwise,unfortunately等类似转折词。Ithoughtthechildren          whenwereturnedhome,buttheywerestillawake.A.weresleeping    B.wouldbesleeping    C.hadbeensleeping      D.wouldsleep选择B。(4)形容词及其比较级Amorecarefulpersonwouldnothavemadesomanymistakes.Alessconscientiousmanwouldn’thavetriedsohardtogetthisjobdone.(5)分词短语Havingknownintime,wemighthavepreventedtheaccident.Borntendaysearlier,theboycouldhaveseenhislatefather.(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。IintendedIshouldcallonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.TohearhimspeakFrench,youwouldtakehimforanEnglishman.Shewouldbestupidnottoaccepthisinvitation.Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.(7)名词短语和名词+and结构Ajudiciousmanwouldnothavecommittedsuicide. Adiligentstudentwouldhaveworkedharder.(8)独立主格结构Allthingsconsidered,thepricewouldbereasonable.(9)定语从句Anyonewhohadbeeninyourpositionwouldhavedonethesame.Anation,whichstoppedworking,wouldbedeadinafortnight.(10)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气:Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(11)动词原形表示虚拟动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟,最常见于正式文体中,动词原形一般用在条件从句中,有时倒装置于句首,同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。Godblessyou!Allmagnetsbehavethesame,betheylargeorsmall.She’llbesixteenyearsodd,comMay.(comeMay=whenMaycome).Ifthatbeso,weshalltakeactionatonce. 强化训练:虚拟语气1.Wereitnotforthesnowyweather,we        allright.A.wouldbe    B.wouldhavebeen    C.were    D.maybe    2.morecareful,hisshipwouldnothavesunk.A.Ifthecaptainwere      B.HadthecaptainbeenC.Shouldthecaptainbe    D.Ifthecaptainwouldhavebeen3.Ifhe        metomorrow,Iwouldlethimknow.A.shouldcall    B.shouldnothavebeenableC.werenotable    D.arenotable4.Ifyouaskedyourfatheryou        permission.A.mayget    B.mightget    C.shouldhavecalled    D.maybeget5.        today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.Wouldheleave    B.Washeleaving    C.Werehetoleave    D.Ifheleaves6.______Iyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty.A.Was    B.Hadbeen    C.Willbe    D.Were7.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,______allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.A.couldlose      B.wouldhavelost      C.mightlose    D.oughttohavelost8.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,he      ourchairmannow.A.musthavebeen    B.wouldhavebeen    C.were      D.wouldbe9.Ifyou        JerryBrownuntilrecently,you’dthinkthephotographontherightwasstrange.A.shouldn’tcontact    B.didn’tcontact    C.weren’ttocontact    D.hadn’tcontacted10.      he  EnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSundayA.Inspiteof      B.Butfor      C.Becauseof      D.Asfor11.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI        youradviceA.follow    B.wouldfollow    C.hadfollowed    D.havefollowed12.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,he        ourchairmannow.A.musthavebeen    B.wouldhavebeen    C.were    D.hadn’tcontacted13.Ifthehorsewontoday,it        thirtyracesinfiveyears.A.wouldhavewon    B.won    C.musthavewon    D.didhavewon14.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,_______asuddenloud  noise.A.beingthere    B.shouldtherebe      C.therewas    D.therehavingbeen  15.Theboarddeemediturgentthatthesefiles        rightaway.A.hadtobeprinted      B.shouldhavebeenprintedC.mustbeprinted        D.shouldbeprinted16.JeanWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatit      inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.A.istobeanalyzed    B.hasbeenanalyzed    C.beanalyzed        D.shouldhavebeenanalyzed17.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI______           fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.A.were    B.hadbeen    C.havebeen    D.was18.IapologizeifI        you,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.A.offend    B.hadoffended    C.shouldhaveoffended    D.mighthaveoffended19.Ifyouhadn’ttakensuchalongtimetogetdressed,we’d        therebynow.A.be    B.circles    C.iscircling    D.becircling20.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,soitseemsasifthesun________roundtheearth.A.werecircling    B.circles    C.iscircling    D.becircling21.IwishthatI______withyoulastnight.A.went    B.havegone    C.couldgo    D.couldhavegone    22.IwishI        withher.A.wouldbe    B.am    C.was    D.were23.IwishthatI        theconcertlastnight.A.could    B.haveattended    C.couldhaveattended    D.attended24.Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath.IwishI        toit.A.hadnotgone    B.havenotgone    C.didnotgo    D.cannothavegone25.“Iwishyou        metoputthesethingsaway,”hesaid.A.willhelp    B.help    C.arehelping    D.wouldhelp26.IftheWatergateIncident        Nixonwouldnothaveresignedfromthepresidency.A.didnotoccur    B.hadnotoccurred    C.wasnotoccurring    D.becircling27.Ihadn’texpectedJamestoapologizebutIhadhoped        .A.himcallingme  B.thathewouldcallme    C.himtocallme    D.thathecallme28.Georgewouldcertainlyhaveattendedtheproceedings          .A.ifhedidn’tgetaflattire        B.iftheflattirehadn’thappenedC.hadhenothadaflattire        D.hadthetirenotflatteneditself29.Theteachersuggestedthatherstudents        experienceswithESP.A.writeacompositionontheir            B.towritecompositionabouttheC.wrotesomecompositionsofhisorher    D.hadwrittenanycompositionsforhis30.HespeaksChineseasfluentlyasifhe______aChinese.A.were    B.hadbeen    C.is    D.hasbeen31.Asusual,heputonashowasthoughhistrip        agreatsuccess.A.hadbeen    B.hasbeen      C.were    D.was32.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughhe        awayforages.A.hasbeen    B.was    C.is    D.hadbeen33.Johnissostronglybuiltthathelooksasifhe        aselephant.A.lifts    B.islifting    C.lifted    D.couldlift34.Hedescribedthetownasifhe        ithimself.A.hadseen    B.hasseen    C.saw    D.sees35.Atthatthoughtheshookhimself,asthoughhe        fromanevildream.A.woke    B.wakes    C.wouldwake    D.hadwoke36.Mostinsuranceagentswouldratheryou        anythingaboutcollectingclaimsuntil  theyinvestigatethesituation.A.do    B.don’t    C.didn’t    D.didn’tdo37.Althoughmostadoptedpersonswanttherighttoknowwhotheirnaturalparentsare,somewhohavefoundthemwishthatthey      theexperienceofmeeting.A.hadn’t    B.didn’thavehad    C.hadn’thad    D.hadn’thave38.ItisimportantthattheTOEFLoffice        yourregistration.A.willconfirm    B.confirm      C.confirms      D.mustconfirm39.Withoutelectroniccomputers,muchoftoday’sadvancedtechnology        .A.willnothavebeenachieved    B.havenotbeenachievedC.wouldnothavebeenachieved    D.hadnotbeenachieved40.Hetoldhertoreturnthebookintimesothatothers        achancetoreadit.A.mayhave    B.willhave      C.wouldhave    D.mighthave41.Itistimethatthegovernment        measurestoprotecttherarebirdsandanimals.A.takes    B.took    C.hastaken    D.taking42.Somepeoplearetooparticularaboutschoolrecords,insistingthateveryapplicant          ______alldiplomasfromelementaryschooltouniversity.  A.has    B.willhave    C.shouldhave    D.musthave43.Hewasverybusyyesterday,otherwisehe        tothemeeting. A.wouldcome      B.came      C.wouldhavecome    D.hadcome44.Imustsayhereadsverywell,andIshouldn’tbesurprisedifhe        actingforalivingoneday.A.hadtakenup    B.takesup    C.havetakenup    D.wouldhavetakenup45.IfIhadseenthemovie,I        youallaboutitnow.A.wouldtell    B.willtell    C.havetold    D.wouldhavetold46.Ihadn’texpectedHenrytoapologizebutIhadhoped        .A.himtcallmeup            B.himcallingmeup    C.thathewouldcallmeup      D.thathewillcallme47.IhadhopedthatJohn______ayearinAfrica,buthestayedthereonlyforthreemonths.A.spends    B.spent    C.wouldspend    D.willspend48.IhadhopedthatJennifer        adoctor,butshewasn’tgoodenoughatscience.A.willbecome    B.became    C.wouldbecome    D.becomes49.I’dratheryou        anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.A.do    B.didn’tdo    C.don’t    D.didn’t    50.I’djustassoon_______rudelytoher.A.thatyouwon’tspeak    B.younotspeaking    C.younotspeak          D.youdidn’tspeak51.It’shightimethey        thisroad.A.mend    B.mended    C.musthavemended    D.willmend52.It’sabouttimepeople______noticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar.A.take    B.took    C.havetaken    D.willtake53.Everybodyhasarrived.It’stimewe        theclass.A.shallstart    B.wouldstart    C.hadstarted    D.start54.        theEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.A.Inspiteof      B.Butfor    C.Becauseof    D.Asfor    55.Mary        myletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.A.hasreceived              B.oughttohavereceived    C.couldn’thavereceived      D.shouldn’thavereceived    56.Johndidnotfeelwellyesterday;otherwisehe_______toseehisclassmatesoff.A.came  B.wouldcome  C.wouldhavecome  D.shouldbecoming  57.He’sworkinghardforfearthathe        .A.shouldfallbehind    B.fellbehind    C.mayfallbehind    D.wouldfallbehind58.Withoutthedreamsoftheyouth,thisinventionmight        foracentury.A.havebeenpostponed    B.hasbeenpostponedC.postpone              D.bepostponed59.Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwives______inthehome.A.worked    B.wouldwork    C.work    D.wereworking    60.Forachildtogiveuphislessmatureideaforamorematureone,itrequiresthatthechild       psychologicallyreadyforthenewidea.A.is      B.were    C.be    D.wouldbe    61.Tom’sfather,aswellashismother,        inNewYorkforafewdaysmore.A.askhimtostay    B.askhetostay    C.askshestays    D.askshestay62.Youradvicethat______tillnextweekisreasonable.A.shewaits    B.shewait    C.waitshe    D.shewaited63.Theboarddeemediturgentthatthesefiles      rightaway.A.hadtobeprinted    B.shouldhavebeenprintedC.mustbeprinted      D.shouldbeprinted64.Itwasessentialthatwe        leasebeforetheendofthemonth.A.sing    B.singed    C.hadsigned    D.weresigning                  65.Itisappropriatethatsometime______thoroughstudyoftheresultsoftheApollomission.A.devotesto    B.devotedto    C.isdevotedto    D.bedevotedto答案与详解1.A.条件句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟。2.B.条件句表示与过去事实的虚拟。3.A.条件句表示与未来事实的虚拟。4.B.条件句表示与未来事实的相反。5.C.条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。 6.D.条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。7.B.这个句子中含有一个省略if,把助动词提前到主语they之前的虚拟条件句,该条件句表示对过去情况的假设,而主句中bythetimetheywerefinished表明主句也应该是对过去发生的情况的假设,因而应该选(B)wouldhavelost为正确答案。8.(D)这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if,把助词had提前到主语前面,表示对过去情况的假设,而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设,所以应选would(should,could,might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有(D)是正确表达形式,故为正确答案。9.(D)untilrecently,因此(D)是正确答案,而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设,该句是一个混合虚拟条件句。10.(B)假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句表示,而是隐含在一个由介词如butfor、butthat、without,由连词but、副词otherwise、比较级、形容词、独立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示对过去情况的假设,但事实上由于英语考试而没有去成,即若不是因为英语考试,我本可以去听音乐会,所以应选Butfor为正确答案。11.(C)题目中的第一句话表示的是现在真实的情况,而第二句话中所要表达的是应该做但事实上没有做的事,这种情况导致第一句话中真实情况的发生,故Ifonly条件句假设的是过去一种情况,因此应该用had+过去分词,所以正确答案是(C)。12.D.注意主句now表示现在的时间状语,所以主句是对现在虚拟,从句是对过去虚拟。13.A.从句对过去的虚拟。14.B.从句表示虚拟,而主句是事实。15.(D)it是形式宾语,urgent是宾语补足语,that引导的从句是真正的宾语从句,该从句的内容被认为是urgent(急迫的),这样从句的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气形式,即should(可以省略)+动词原形。因此,本题正确答案是(D)。16.(C)在表示要求、愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义的名词同位语从句中,从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气形式,即should(可以省略)+动词原形。17.(D)本道题目的前半句话是对过去情况的一种假设,但事实上并没有发生,而事实上没有发生的真实原因是句子的后半部分由but引导的转折句所表述的真实。因而but所引导的句子中应该用表示志过去事实相符合的表陈述的时态,即一般过去时。18.(B)此题要求在if从句中选择适当的动词形式,以主句中的动词apologize(抱歉)来看,if从句中表达的内容应该是过去做的事,因此可以排除(A),因为(A)是现在时。(C)中should+have+过去分词结构表示本来应该做却没有做的事,在此不合题意。(D)选项中的might+have+过去分词表示对过去发生的事情很不肯定的猜测,它表达的内容还不能成为事实,所以藉此道歉真是不知从何说起,因此此处也不合题意。(B)hadoffended表示当时已经发生了的动作。这是复杂条件句:apologize是现在,而条件句是表示对过去假设的条件句。19.(A)该句也是一个复杂条件句(或称作混合虚拟条件句)。条件句表示对过去情况的假设,而主句表示对现在情况的假设,但事实上却与此相反,所以正确答案应该是(A)。20.(A)asif引导的从句要求用虚拟语气,表示同时或将来的情况,动词要用过去式(be动词用were)或would(could等)+动词原形,本句话中指的是当时的情况,所以要用过去式,故(A)是正确答案。21.D.22.D.23.C.24.A.25.D.26.(B)hadnotoccurred表示对过去的虚拟,条件句中要用过去完成式,主句中要用should(would,could,might)+动词原形的过去分词。27.(B)hadhoped是常见的要求其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气的句型,虚拟语气would+动词原形。28.(C)表示对过去情况的假设,主句动词形式为would(should,could,might)+have+过去分词,条件句为过去完成式,if可以省略,但要把had提前主语前面。(B),(D)的表达不符合英语表达习惯,所以(C)是正确答案。29.(A)suggest后面的从句要用虚拟语气形式,其形式为should(可以省略)+动词原形。 30.A.表示与现在相反的虚拟。31.A.asthough引导的与过去相反的虚拟。32.D.felt是过去式,所以该句是由asthough引导的与过去相反的虚拟。33.D.asif引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟。34.A.asif引导的与过去相反的虚拟。35.C.36.(D)wouldrather后接从句要求用虚拟语气,形式为过去式,表示对现在或将来的假设,或为过去完成式表示对过去的情况的假设。37.(C)who引导的定语从句中的现在完成时表示动作业已发生,所以主句中表示的虚拟是针对已经发生了的行为,所以应该用过去完成式表示对过去的虚拟。38.(B)39.(C)这是一人含蓄虚拟条件句,通过介词短语without,表示潜在的一种假设,而主句中的情况也早已经发生,所以是对过去情况的一种假设,因此用wouldnothavebeenachieved这一形式。40.(D)连sothat引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气,表示一种假设,形式为might+动词原形。41.(B)Itistimethat是一种要求从句用虚拟语气的常见句型。虚拟语气形式为动词的过去式。42.(C)43.(C)otherwise用来表示一种含蓄的虚拟假设,因为是对过去(yesterday)的情况的假设,所以应该用wouldhavecome形式。44.(B)所给的四个选项中没有一个表示对未来的情况的虚拟的形式should+动词原形,或是weretodo,因此可以断定if引导的条件句在这里最真实的条件句,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,故(B)是正确答案。45.(A)这是一个混合虚拟语气的句子,if条件句表示的是对过去情况的假设,而主句是对现在(now)的情况的假设,故用wouldtell形式。46.C.47.C.48.C.49.B.wouldrather引导的虚拟语气其谓语用过去式。50.D.wouldassoon引导的虚拟语气,其谓语动词也用过去式.51.B.52.B.53.B.54.B.55.C.注意单词otherwise引导虚拟语气。56.C.同上。57.A.注意词组forfearthat58.A.注意without59.C.60.C.61.D.62.B.63.D.64.A.65.D.非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。   1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别   (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。   Smokingisprohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)    Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)   (2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。       不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。   Climbingmountainsisinteresting.爬山很有趣。(经验)   Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) (3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。   Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.     2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别   (1)不定式作表语   1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。   Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither.--次做两件事等于未做。   WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.我的建议是立刻开始干。   2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。   Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。   Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.工作就是为了生活。   3)如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。   Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。   ThefunctionofLouisSullivan’sarchitecturewastoprovidelargeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant.   (2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。Ourworkisservingthepeople.我们的工作是为人民服务。Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.他的爱好是集邮。 (注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled,fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.   HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected. (3)分词作表语   分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebodyisinterestedin...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth.isinteresting.这类词常见的有: interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。 Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。 Theargumentisveryconvincing.他的论点很令人信服。 Theywereveryexcitedatthenews.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。  3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语   attempt企图        enable能够            neglect忽视   afford负担得起      demand要求            long渴望   arrange安排        destine注定          mean意欲,打算   begin开始          expect期望            omit忽略,漏   appear似乎,显得    determine决定        manage设法   cease停止          hate憎恨,厌恶        pretend假装   ask问              dread害怕            need需要   agree同意          desire愿望            love爱   swear宣誓          volunteer志愿        wish希望   bear承受            endeavor努力          offer提供   beg请求            fail不能              plan计划   bother扰乱;烦恼    forget忘记            prefer喜欢,宁愿   care关心,喜欢      happen碰巧            prepare准备   decide决定          learn学习            regret抱歉,遗憾   choose选择          hesitate犹豫          profess表明   claim要求          hope希望              promise承诺,允许   start开始          undertake承接        want想要   consent同意,赞同  intend想要            refuse拒绝   decide决定          learn学习            vow起   contrive设法,图谋  incline有…倾向      propose提议  seek找,寻觅        try试图               2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式   ask要求,邀请      get请,得到          prompt促使   allow允许          forbid禁止          prefer喜欢,宁愿   announce宣布        force强迫            press迫使   bride收买          inspire鼓舞          request请求   assist协助          hate憎恶            pronounce断定,表示   advise劝告          exhort告诫,勉励    pray请求       authorize授权,委托help帮助            recommend劝告,推荐   bear容忍            implore恳求          remind提醒   beg请求            induce引诱          report报告   compel强迫          invite吸引,邀请,  summon传唤   command命令        intend想要,企图    show  显示   drive驱赶          mean意欲,打算      train训练   cause引起          instruct指示        require要求   deserve应受        leave使,让          tell告诉   direct指导          like喜欢            tempt劝诱   entitle有资格      order命令            warn告诫   enable使能够        need需要            urge激励,力说   encourage鼓励      oblige不得不        want想要   condemn指责,谴责  lead引起,使得      teach教   entreat恳求        permit允许          wish希望 (2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 acknowledge承认,自认  cease停止        mention说到,讲到admit承认            tolerate忍受      dislike不喜欢,讨厌advocate:提倡,主张    complete完成      dread可怕appreciate感激,欣赏  confess坦白      endure忍受avoid避免              contemplate细想    enjoy享有,喜爱bear忍受              defer拖延          envy嫉妒 can’thelp不禁        delay延迟          escape逃跑,逃避can’tstand受不了      deny否认          excuse借口consider考虑          detest嫌恶        fancy幻想,爱好favor造成,偏爱        mind介意          repent悔悟figure描绘,计算      miss错过            resent怨恨finish完成,结束不得  pardon原谅,饶恕    resist抵抗,阻止forgive原谅            permit允许          resume恢复imagine设想            postpone延迟,延期  risk冒险involve卷入,包含      practise实行,实践  suggest建议hate讨厌              prevent阻止          save营救,储蓄keep保持              quit放弃停止        stand坚持,忍受loathe非常讨厌,厌恶  recall回想          例如:Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1)forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)2)stoptodo停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事3)remembertodo记住去做某事(未做) rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾 regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5)trytodo努力、企图做某事 trydoing试验、试一试某种办法6)meantodo打算,有意要… meandoing意味着7)goontodo继而(去做另外一件事情) goondoing继续(原先没有做完的事情)8)proposetodo打算(要做某事) proposingdoing建议(做某事)9)like/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为;+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念  (注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如:   Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow.10)need,want,deserve+动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。   Don’tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?   Youmustremembertoleavetomorrow.你可要记着是明天动身。   Idon’tregrettellingherwhatIthought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)   Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法。(未做但要做)     Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。   Let’strydoingtheworksomeotherway.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。   Ididn’tmeantohurtyourfeeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。Thisillnesswillmean(your)goingtohospital.得了这种病(你)就要进医院。4.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1)不定式作定语 1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系   Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。   ThetraintoarrivewasfromLondon.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。 2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系   Gethimsomethingtoeat.给他拿点儿东西吃。   Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.早上他有很多工作要做。  3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。   Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一支笔写字。       Thereisnothingtoworryabout.没有什么值得发愁的。   4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:   ability能力,本领  drive赶,驾驶          movement运动,活动   ambition抱负,野心  effort努力,尝试        need需要,需求   campaign战役,运动  failure失败,不及格    opportunity机会   chance机会          force力,压力,要点    promise许诺,希望   courage勇气        intention意向,意图    reason理由,原因   decision决定        method方法,方式        light光,光线,亮光       determination决心,决定  motive动机,目的  struggle奋斗,努力,   tendency倾向,趋势      wish希望,愿望,祝愿   5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,second,last,only和nota,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。6)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot等习惯上用不定式做定语。 Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。    7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如:tendtodo---tendencytodo;decidetodo=decisiontodo;becurioustodo=curiositytodo   Hiswishtobuyacarcametrue.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。   Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus.   他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。   Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.   他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语   分词作定语时有下面几个特点:   1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。   2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。   Herushedintotheburninghouse.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。   Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。   Theroomfacingsouthisourclassroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。   Haveyougotyourwatchrepaired?你拿到那个修好的表了吗?   Heisanadvancedteacher.他是个先进教师。3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,frown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-traveled,newly-arrived,recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:DoyouwanttoseethedoctortobesentforfromBeijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?Doyouwanttoseethedoctorworkingonthecasereportintheoffice?你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?5.不定式和分词作状语的区别(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。   现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。Hewentoutshuttingthedoorbehindhim.他出去后将门随手关上。Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。 2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。Facedwithdifficulties,wemusttrytoovercomethem.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别  1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。   Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)   Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。   Readingattentively,heforgotthetimeforlunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)   Readingcarefully,hefoundsomethinghehadnotknownbefore.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)   Readingcarefully,you"lllearnsomethingnew.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)   Hisfamilywastoopoortosupporthim.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)   Theboyisnottallenoughtoreachthebookshelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)Wearegladtohearthenews.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的: a:not/nevertoo…to,  too…notto  ,but/onlytoo…to,  tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义 b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。 c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。6.非谓语动词常考的其它结构    (1)疑问词+不定式结构   疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:   Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)   Idon’tknowwhattodo.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)   Thedifficultywashowtocrosstheriver.困难在于如何过河。(表语)Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)(注)A.有时疑问词前可用介词,如:   Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit.我不知道如何做此事。   B.动词know后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how,what)+不定式:Whilestillayoungboy,Tomknewtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有…,只能…”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)。 Whenthestreetsarefullofmeltingsnow,youcannothelpbutgettingyourshoeswet.(3)不带to的不定式1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:feel  觉得  observe注意到,看到  overhear听到watch注视    listento听          perceive察觉,感知notice注意  see看见              lookat看    hear听 Onseeingtheyoungchildfellintothelake,Ericsprangtohisfeet,andwentontherescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make,let,have等。如:   Lethimdoit.让他做吧。   IwouldhaveyouknowthatIamill.我想要你知道我病了。 (注):   ①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:    Hewasseentocome.   Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.     ②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:   Hewassurprisedtofindthesheep(to)breakfenceatthisseason.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。 3)在donothing/anything/everythingbut(except)结构中。例如:   LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。     但是,如果谓语动词不是“donothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。   Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。(4)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式。例如:   Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone.我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。   (注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:   Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.他那样做是明智的。2)动名词的逻辑主语为;①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词’s+动名词。例如:   Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem.他坚持要我和他们一起去。   Hedislikeshiswife’sworkinglate.他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。3)某些形容词,如:careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有:absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kindthoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等   Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.你帮助我太好了。   间或也可用for+theretobe表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是tobe)。It’sagreatpityfortheretobemuchtroubleinthecompany.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。7.非谓语动词中的有关句型(1)动名词作主语的句型 1)Doing...+v.Readingisanart.阅读是门艺术。Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。 2)Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore...)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.哭没有用。Itisnogoodobjecting.反对也没有用。Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.打篮球很有趣。Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain.设法解释是浪费时间。 3)Itis+useless(nice,good,interesting,expensive等形容词)+doingsth.   Itisuselessspeaking.光说没用。   Itisniceseeingyouagain.真高兴又遇到了你。   ItisgoodPlayingchessaftersupper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。   Itisexpensiverunningthiscar.开这种小车是浪费。 4)Thereisno+doing...(thereisno表“不可能”)   Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.说出他要干什么是不可能的。   Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。 5)Thereisnouse(good/point/sense/harm)+doingsth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)   Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.牛奶洒了,哭也无用。 6)havedifficulty/trouble/problem+(in)+doing   have作有解时,后接情感名词(in可省略),再接动名词。这类词还有trouble,fun,ahardtime,agoodtime.     例如:Wehaddifficulty(in)carryingouttheplan.我们执行计划有困难。 7)feellike+名词  感觉像动名词“想要”=wouldliketo+原形动词   Ifeellikeanewbornbaby.我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。   Doyoufeellikegoingtoamovie?你想看电影吗?   Idon"tfeellikestudyingtonight.今晚我不想读书。     8)spend/wastetimedoingsth.Theyspentalottime(in)makingpreparations.他们花了许多时间作准备。  9)在require后只能用动名词,不能用不定式,尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.这个问题需要仔细研究。 10)cannothelpdoingsth.忍不住(做什么) Icannothelplaughing,onceIseejohninthatbigtrouser.   (2)有关分词句型   1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see,hear,feel,smell,listen(to),notice,observe,smell,watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构,这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等),也可以是代词宾格(him,us等)。例如:   Shesmeltsomethingburningandsawsmokerising.她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。   Iwatchedthemrehearsingtheplay.我看他们排演戏。   Icouldfeelthewindblowingonmyface.我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。   2)表示“致使”等意义的动词,如:catch,find,leave,give,have,get,set后也可跟上述(1)的结构,有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如:       Icaughtthemstealingmyapples.我抓住他们偷我的苹果。   Ifshecatchesmereadingherdiary,she"llbefurious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记,她会愤怒的。   Wefoundhimwaitingtoreceiveus.我们发现他正等着接待我们。   3)go+现在分词表示“从事…”之意,这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如:jogging慢跑,fishing钓鱼,dancing跳舞,skating溜冰,bowling打保龄球,shopping购物,sightseeing游览,camping露营。I’llgocampingtomorrow.我明天去露营。I’llgoshopping.我去商店。   Wouldyouliketogoskatingwithme?你想和我去溜冰吗?   4)bebusy+v-ing(现在分词)忙着做…   Iambusywritingmythesis.我正忙着写论文。   Hisassistantisbusy(in)correctingpapers.他的助教忙于批阅考卷。   或者bebusywith+n.忙着做某事。   Heisbusywithhiswork.他忙着工作。   5)Whatdoyousayto+ing分词?(……怎么样?)Whatdoyousaytojoiningusfordinner?和我们一起进餐,你看怎么样?(3)有关动词不定式句型   下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法,只能用不定式形式。cannothelpbutdo,  cannotbutdo,  cannotchoosebutdo,  candonothingbutdo,  havenochoice/alternativetodoWhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.(4)therebe的非谓语形式   therebe非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。(其中作宾语和状语在1991年和1994年测试过,定语见1996年题10。)   Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(作宾语如1991年题30)   1)作动词宾语时,通常用theretobe结构,而不用therebeing。能这样用的及物动词为:expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等,如:       Wedon"twanttheretobeanycomradeslaggingbehind,我们不希望有任何同志掉队。   Theyhatetheretobelongqueueseverywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。   Wehavenoobjectiontotherebeingameetinghere.我们并不反对在这里开会。   Itisn"tenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim"scaroutquitesafely.(作状语)   2)作状语多用therebeing结构,但若置于介词之后,for用theretobe整个介词短语作程度状语,其它多半用therebeing。   Therebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodobymyself.由于附近没有人,我只得独自干了。(原因状语)    It’stooearlyfortheretobeanybodyup.太早了,还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)   Therehavingbeennorainforalongtime,thegroundwasverydry.因为好长时间没下雨了,地面非常干燥。(原因状语)   3)作主语时两种结构都可以,但如是用for引导则要用theretobe。Itisnotuncommonfortheretobeproblemsofcommunicationbetweenoldandyoung.老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。  Therebeingakindergartenoncampusisagreatconveniencetofemaleteachers.幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。   4)作定语。Therebe结构作定语时,定语从句中谓语为therebe,there之前的关系代词常常省略。如:   Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoNanking.这是到南京的最快一班车。   ImustmakefulluseofthetimethereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。目标测试1.______inthematriculationforpostgraduateinashorttimeisreallyahardnut.A.Tomakehighscores    B.MakinghighscoresC.Tomakelowgoal      D.Makinglowgoal  2.Ifound________toanswerallthequestionswithinthetimegiven.A.nopossibility    B.therewasimpossibilityC.impossible        D.itimpossible  3.Thestudentsexpectedthere_____morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.A.is    B.being    C.havebeen    D.tobe    4.You’regoingtoEnglandnextyear.Youshouldnowpractise______      Englishasmuchaspossible.A.speak  B.tospeak  C.speaking    D.  Speakabout  5.Ifwedon’tstartoutnow,wemustrisk______thetrain.A.miss    Bmissing    C.beingmissed  Dtomiss  6.Theflexibilityoffilmallowstheartist_______unstrainedimaginationtotheanimationofcartooncharacters.A.tobring    B.brining    C.isbrought    D.brings7.Althoughthelecturehadalreadybeenonforfiveminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachair____.A.tosit    B.fortositon    C.tositon    D.forsitting8.Surelyherdaughterwouldmakeanevenbiggereffort______her?A.please    B.pleased    C.toplease    D.havingpleased9.Lotsofemptybootswerefoundundertheoldman’sbed.Hemusthavedonenothingbut______.A.drink  B.todrink  C.drinking  D.drunk  10.Thelocalhealthorganizationisreported___twenty-fiveyearsagewhenDr.Adudonbecameitsfirstpresident.A.tobesetup        B.beingsetup  C.tohavebeensetup  D.havingbeensetup  11.Iheardhim__thedoorA.locking  B.tolock  C.lock  D.beinglocking  12.Hedoesnothingbut___A.complaining  B.tocomplaining  C.complain  D.tocomplain13.Thestudentsexpectedthere___morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexam.A.is    B.being  Chavebeen  D.tobe  14.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper___inbroaddaylight  yesterday.A.toberobbed          B.robbed  C.tohavebeenrobbed    D.havingbeenrobbed  15.Iappreciated______theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.A.havingbeengiven  B.havingbeen  C.tohavebeengiven  D.tohavegiven  16.Thereisnopoint___further. A.argue  B.toargue  C.arguing  D.beingarguing17.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalways___withotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.A.combined  B.havingcombinedC.combine  D.beingcombined18.Theystopped___,butnowI’mgettinginterested.A.listening  B.tolisten    C.listen    D.havinglistening19.Iamsorrytohearthatyouresorted___A.tocheat  B.tocheating  C.cheating  D.cheat20.Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,___insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.A.beingconsidered  B.considering.C.tobeconsidered  D.havingconsidered    21.___oftheburdenofice,theballoonclimberupanddriftedtotheSouth.A.Tobefree  B.Freeing  C.Tofree    D.Freed22.___exceptions,therulemaystand.A.Allowfor  B.AllowingforC.Toallow  D.Toallowfor23.Allflights___becauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.A.werecanceled    B.hadbeencanceled  C.havingcanceled  D.havingbeencanceled  24.Johnpaintedhersittinginachairwithherhands___A.folding  B.tohavefolded    C.tofold    D.  folded  25.It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechanges___placeinourever-changingworld.A.taking    B.totake  C.  take  D.taken26.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime__thelastbus.A.tohavecaught  B.tocatch  C.catching  D.  havingcaught  27.Ihavegotaloafofbread;nowI’mlookingforaknife____.A.tocutitwith  B.tocutwithit  C.withittocut  D.ittocutwith28.ThefunctionofLouisSullivan’sarchitecturewas___largeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior.A.toprovide  B.providing  Chavingproviding  Dprovide  29.Hisvictoryinthefinalwasnomore____thanIhadexpected.A.convincing  B.convinced  C.toconvince  D.beingconvincing30.Irecommendyou  ___whathesays.A.do  B.doing  C.todo  D.todoing    31.Howabout____there?A.togo  B.go  C.going  D.togoing      32.Heisan  ___teacher.A.advancing  B.advanced  Cbeingadvancing  Dadvance33.ThePortuguesegiveagreatdealofcredittoonemanforhavingpromotedseatravel,thatman___princeHenrythenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury.A.was    B.being  C.is    D.havingbeen  34.Ihavenoideaof___it.A.todo    B.howtodo    C.whattodo  D.todoing35.Onseeingtheyoungchild___intothelake,Johnsprangtohisfeet,andwenttotherescue.A.fell  B.fall  C.falling  Dtofall  36Wedon’twant____any  comradeslaggingbehind.A.therebeing  B.theretobeing  C.theretobe  D.thereis37.Imustmakefulluseofthetime___lefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.A.therebeing  B.thereis  C.thereare  D.theretobe38.Itisnotuncommonfor____problemsofcommunicationbetweenoldandyoung.A.theretobe  B.  therebeing  Ctheretobeing  D.therebe  39.Revolutionmeans  ___theproductiveforces.A.toliberate.  B.tohaveliberated  C.liberating    D.havingbeingliberated40.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,each____onemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.make        B.made      C.istomake    D.making   标准答案:1-5  ADDCD    6-10  ACCAC    11-15CCDCA  16-20CDBBA  21-25DBDDA    26-30BAAAC    31-35CBBBB  36-40CBACD