中国人写的英语语法 164页

专门替中国人写的英语语法第一章　英文文法的最基本规则英文和我们中文最大的不同，是在动词，我们中文的动词很简单，没有所谓的第几人称，也没有复数和单数之分，更没有过去式或进行式，英文可不同了，凡是用动词的时候，必须注意很多很多的规则，一旦弄错了，常常是犯了大错。在这一章，我要将英文最基本的规则一一列下。这些规则都是我们中国人所常常不注意的。为了不要误导读者，凡本书内错误的句子前面都有〝*〞的符号。规则（１）：两个动词是不能联在一起用的。在中文，我们常说“我是爱你的”，翻成英文，这就变成了*Iamloveyou.滑稽的是，这句英文句子犯了大忌，因为〝am〞是动词，〝love〞也是动词，两个动词是不能联在一起用的。这句话的正确说法是：Iloveyou.或者Iaminlovewithyou.我们中国人也会说〝我喜欢看电视〞，翻成英文，这变成*Ilovewatchtelevision.这个句子也犯了同样的错。以下几个句子都是错的，因为这些句子中都有两个动词连在一起的情形：*Ihateeatfish.*Iloveplaybasketball.*Iloveswim.-164- 如果你一定要讲“我爱游泳”，怎么办呢？请看以下的规则。规则（２）：如一定要同时用两个动词，后者的前面必须加“to”或者将后者加入“ing”。“我爱游泳”，因此有两种正确的译法：Ilovetoswim.Iloveswimming.以下的句子都是正确的：Ihatetoeatfish.Ihateeatingfish.Ilovetoplaybasketball.IloveplayingbasketballIkeepgoingtochurch.规则（３）：主词如果是第三人称，现在式及单数，动词必须加s.我们中国人最不容易记得的规则，恐怕就是这一条了，以下的句子都是错的。*Hewriteverywell.*Jackloveplayingtheviolin.*Maryswimeveryday.正确的句子是：Hewritesverywell.Jacklovesplayingtheviolin.Maryswimseveryday.-164- 规则（４）：绝大多数的否定的句子，不能直接加“not”。我们中文对否定语气，规则极为简单，我们可以说“我不爱你”，但是我们不能说*Inotloveyou.我们也不能说：*Inotsawthatmovie.*Inotlikeswimming.*Henotlikesplayingviolin.我们必须用一种助动词来完成否定的句子，以下才是正确的否定句子：Idonotloveyou.Ididnotseethatmovie.Hedoesnotlikeplayingviolin.请注意，在以上的句子中，do和did都是助动词，do是现在式，did是过去式。关于现在式和过去式，究竟是怎么一回事，以后我们会解释清楚的。助动词不限于“do”和它的变型，can、will、would、shall、may、must等等都是助动词，因此，以下的英文句子又都是对的：Hecannotswim.Theywillnotgotochurchtomorrow.Maryshouldnotgototheparty.Ishallnotseeyou.Hemaynotgoouttonight.Hemustnoteatmeatanymore.-164- 规则（５）：在不定词“to”的后面，必须用原形动词英文中的动词，是会变化的，以have为例，第一人称和第三人就不同：Ihaveadog.Hehasadog.如果是过去式，动词又要变化。have的过去式是had，不论第几人称，一概都要用had。几乎每一个英文动词的过去式都有变化，以下是几个例子：现在式过去式gowentcomecameeatateplayplayedswimswam不论那一个动词，都有一个原形动词，一切都是从这个原形动词变出来的，像go、drink、have、walk、love、like等等都是原形动词。如果我们有必要要用不定词to，就必须用原形动词，例如togo、todrink、tohave，都是正确的，*towent；*todrank；*toloved等等都是错的。英文中有一个动词最为麻烦，那就是am、are、is、was、were等等，翻译成中文，这都是，而这些动词的来源都是be，所以我们说这些动词都是verbtobe。以下的句子都用上了〝be〞Iwanttobeateacher.Hewantstobeagoodfather.Theyalllovetoberich.Noonelikestobepoor.-164- 规则（６）：英文中有所谓的助动词。必须注意英文中有很多动词都是助词动，在规则（４）中，我们说在绝大多数的否定语句中，必须用助动词do或did。Do是原形动词，did和does都是do的变形。除了do是助动词以外，can、may、might、will、would、must也都是助动词。以上所提到的助动词，都有一个共同的特色，那就是这些助动词后的动词必须是原形动词，以下的句子都是正确的：Hecanswim.Hedoesnotswim.IdonotspeakEnglish.Youmustwalktoworkeveryday.Ididnotworkyesterday.Youmayleavenow.IwillgotoTaipeitomorrow.以下的句子都是错的：*Ididnotwent.*Hedoesnotgoestowork.*Youmustwalkedtowork.除了以上的助动词以外，还有一个非常特殊的助动词，那就是have，在这个助动词的后面，动词绝对不能用原形动词，以下是用这个助动词的例子：IhavebeentoEngland.Ihavesleptallday.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasachild.been、slept和studied都是过去分词（pastparticiple），以下的句子也都是现在完成式，我们后讨论完成式的时候，会将这些解释清楚的。-164- 规则（７）：英文问句要有助动词我们先看看以下的英文句子，这些都是错的：*Howmanybooksyouwrote？*Howmanysonsyouhave？正确的句子是：Whydoyoudrinksomuchwater？Howmanybooksdidyouwrite？Howmanysonsdoyouhave？绝大多数的英文问句子是一定要有助动词，以下全是正确的英文问句，你可以看出每一句的助动词吗？Doyouloveme？Didyougotoschoolyesterday？Howmanybooksdoyouhave？Howmuchmoneydoeshehave？Whydon’tyougobackhome？Doyouliketoswim？Canyouplayviolin？Willyougohometomorrow？Wouldyougivemeacall？当然啦，一旦动词是verbtobe，我们又不需要助动词了，以下都是正确的英文问句：Areyouateacher?Isheastudent?IsMr.Changyourfather?WereyourmotherandfatherinEnglandlastyear?-164- 规则（８）：特殊动词随主词的变化英文中，有些动词因主词不同而改变，verbtobe是其中之一，因此，我们必须记得以下的规则：第一人称第二人称第三人称现在式单数IamYouare（He，She，It）is复数WeareYouareTheyare过去式单数IwasYouwere（He，She，It）was复数WewereYouwereTheywereVerbtohave也有类似的变化：第一人称第二人称第三人称现在式单数IhaveYouhave（He，She，It）has复数WehaveYouhaveTheyhave过去式单数IhadYouhad（He，She，It）had复数WehadYouhadTheyhad【练习一】以下的句子都有错，请将正确的句子写出来：1.Iamlikemyparent.2.Heisloveshisteacher.3.Hekeepsswimeveryday.4.Hewantsdrinkaglassofwater.5.Helikesplayviolin.6.Jackdonotlovemathematics.7.Maryhatesinging.8.Mymothercookverygoodfood.-164- 9.Hewantmetoseehimtomorrow.10.Henotknowsmyname.11.Inotlikeyou.12.Henotlikeswimming.13.Younotwenthome.14.Inotlikeswimming.15.Iwantedtowenttomymother’shome.16.Idonotliketoswimming.17.Ididnotatedinner.18.*Iwillnotwenthome.19.Hedidnotwenthome.20.Youmayleavingnow.21.Hecanswimming.22.Hedoesnotgoestowork.第二章　现在式和现在进行式2§1现在式英文中，现在式（presenttense）好像是最容易的，其实现在式都是我们常常用错的时式。首先，我们不妨举一个例子来说明我们对现在式惯有的误解，假设我们要说〝我在吃午饭〞，这总该用现在式了吧。很多人将这句话翻成Ieatlunch.这就错了，因为〝Ieatlunch.〞的意思并不是〝我在吃午饭〞，而是〝我有吃午饭的习惯〞，意思是说，有人中午不吃午饭（可能是在减肥），我可是每天中午都会吃午饭的。-164- 〝我在吃午饭〞，应该要用现在进行式，这是我们以后会谈的。现在式不是指任何一个行为，而是一种状况。举例来说，以下几句话都应该用现在式：我是一个学生Iamastudent.他是一个老师Heisateacher.他每天游泳Heswimseveryday.汤姆勤奋工作Tomworkshard他早起Hegetsupearly.玛莉喜欢看电影Maryloveswatchingmovies.这里常常下雨Itrainsoftenhere.我每天喝一杯牛奶Idrinkaglassofmilkeveryday.我是中国人IamaChinese.他会讲英文HespeaksEnglish.他有喝茶的习惯Hedrinkstea.我骑脚踏车上学Irideabicycletoschool.他搭乘公车上班Heridesabustogotowork.我不喜欢你Idonotlikeyou.他爱他的太太Heloveshiswife.他守法Heobeysthelaw.我不喜欢莎士比亚IdonotlikeShakespeare.他不抽烟Hedoesnotsmoke.他喝酒Hedrinks.他唱歌唱得很好Hesingswell.他跳舞跳得很好Hedanceswell.他不会游泳Hecannotswim.Heisnotagoodstudent.-164- 他不是一个好学生他们都很懒Theyareallverylazy.凡是真理，自然界的现象，数学里的定理，都要用现在式：太阳从东方升起Thesunrisesintheeast.地球是圆的Theearthisround.月亮是地球的一个卫星Themoonisasatelliteoftheearth.美国是一个大的国家Americaisalargecountry.在北极的夏天，太阳永不落下ThesunneversetsattheNorthPoleinsummer.树叶吸收二氧化碳TreeleavesabsorbCO2.计算机的基本原理是布尔代数ThebasicprincipleofcomputersisBooleanalgebra二点决定一线Twopointsdefinealine.三点决定一平面Threepointsdefineaplane.三基本颜色是红、黄、蓝Threeofthebasiccolorsarered,yellowandblue.【练习二】将以下中文句子翻成英文，都用现在式。1.他是一个好学生。2.我的哥哥17岁。3.我弟弟每天游泳。4.他们都喜欢音乐。5.他们现在在日本。6.喜玛拉雅山是全世界最高的山。7.亚马孙河是全世界最长的。-164- 8.他的爸爸是位老师。9.我们都喜欢中国菜。10.他不喜欢冰淇淋。11.我爱你。12.每个人都怕蛇。13.每个人都喜欢狗。14.今天真冷。2§2现在进行式假如我们正在做一件事，是不能用现在式的，而必须用现在进行式，现在进行式的形态是：verbtobe+presentparticiple（现在分词）verbtobe大家都懂，什么叫做现在分词呢？现在分词就是：动词＋ing以下是现在分词的例子动词现在分词workworkinggogoingreadreadingrunrunningplayplayingswimswimmingsingsingingwritewritingeateatingwalkwalkingcomecominglovelovinglikeliking-164- watchwatchingsmokesmoking如果我们说Iamwatchingamovie.那是指我现在正在看电影，这和Iwatchmovies.意义上截然不同的，Iwatchmovies是说我有看电影的习惯。因此有些动词是没有现在进行式的，举例来说Iamlovingyou.是不通的，因为严格说起来，love是一种状态，而不是一个动作。现在进行式，都是指动作，很少指状态的。以下是现在进行式的例子：Iamcallingmyfather.Heisswimmingnow.Heisplayingbasketball.Theyarealleatingnow.Heiswalkinginthewoodsnow.Heisreadingadetectivenovel.Mr.Brownisdrivingtowork.Mrs.Browniscooking.Itisrainingnow.【练习三】将以下句子译成英文，都用现在进行式：1.他在看电影。2.我在游泳。3.她在和她妈妈打电话。4.他的哥哥在散步。-164- 5.我现在正在吃饭。6.我们在唱歌。7.他在弹钢琴。8.他在看一本小说。9.我在写一封信。10.他在跑步。【练习四】将下列句子译成英文，有的用现在式，有的用现在进行式：1.我爱你。2.我正在吃饭。3.他不是一个学生。4.我是一个老师。5.他正在唱歌。6.他在游泳。7.他喜欢游泳。8.他会唱歌。9.他正在唱歌。10.他的爸爸是一个医生。11.他的爸爸在美国。12.我正在洗澡。13.他正在睡觉。14.你的姊姊在骑脚踏车。15.你的姊姊每天骑脚踏车上学。第三章　过去式和过去进行式3§1过去式过去式是指过去所发生的事。举例来说，假如我昨天去看了一场电影，我就可以说-164- Iwenttoseeamovieyesterday.以下全部是正确的句子：Isawyourfatherlastnight.Imetyoursonlastmonth.Iatethreeapplesthismorning.Hewenttochurchtopraylastnight.可是，我们必须非常小心，因为一不小心，我们就可能犯了大错，我们如果要向情侣表示爱情，当然说Iloveyou.如果我们说Ilovedyou.事情就可能闹大了，因为这表示我过去曾经爱过你，可是现在已经不爱了。〝Ilovedyou〞等于是〝Ilovedyoubefore.ButIdonotloveyounow.〞假如我们看过一个小男孩然后我们说Hewasagoodboy.那就是说他现在已不是一个好男孩了，变成了一个不乖的孩子，或者他已经死了。英文里的过去式常常是侦探用来破案的线索。有一次，有一个母亲，向警察报案，说她的女儿失踪了，她在记者面前，声泪俱下地说Shewassuchanicegirl.警察马上觉得这位母亲有问题，因为她不该用过去式的，用了过去式，表示女儿已经死了，可是母亲不是说她失踪了吗？为什么她用过去式，极有可能因为她知道她女儿已经死了，才脱口而出，用了过去式。警察因此怀疑母亲本人就是凶手，事实也果真如此：这位母亲打自己的女儿，出手太重，将女儿打死了，谎报女儿失踪，她用了过去式，使警察知道她有问题。整个案子的侦破，就在于过去式。-164- 我们因此不能轻易用过去式，但我们也千万要注意，该用过去式的时候，一定要用过去式，以下句子都是错的：*Igotoschoolyesterday.*Iseeamovielastnight.*Mymothercomestoseemelastmonth.*Ieatthreeapplesthismorning.*Heishappyyesterday.以上句子的正确写法是：Iwenttoschoolyesterday.Isawamovielastnight.Mymothercametoseemelastmonth.Iatethreeapplesthismorning.Hewashappyyesterday.【练习五】将以下中文句子翻成英文，全部用过去式：1.我昨天参加了一个舞会。2.他的哥哥昨天打电话给我。3.我去年到美国去。4.昨夜我遇到你的姊姊。5.我写了一封信给你。6.我今晨吃了一个蛋。7.他昨夜整夜跳舞。8.我们昨天跑了五千公尺。9.他昨夜非常疲倦。10.他昨夜去台北探访他的爸爸。【练习六】将下列的句子译成英文句子，有的用现在式，有的用过去式：-164- 1.他是一个强壮的男孩。2.他昨天生病了。3.他每天吃一个苹果。4.他昨天吃了三个苹果。5.我喜欢看电影。6.我是个快乐的人。7.昨天我看了两场电影。8.他昨天寄了一封信给你。9.他常常抽烟。10.我每天读圣经。11.他昨天没有念圣经。12.他昨天没有游泳。【练习七】将以下句子译成英文，用现在式，现在进行式或过去式：1.他在打篮球。2.他喜欢打篮球。3.他昨天打篮球。4.他每天骑脚踏车上学。5.他昨天骑脚踏车到乡下去。6.我喜欢唱歌。7.他正在唱歌。8.你的爸爸昨天来看我。9.他的哥哥每天步行二公里。10.他的弟弟是个好孩子。11.他去年非常虚弱。12.他正在打电话。13.他每天都努力工作（workhard）。14.你的弟弟喜欢游泳。15.他过去是个好学生。-164- 3§2过去进行式过去进行式和现在进行式有点类似，只是verbtobe要用过去式的。可是有一点不同，过去进行式，很少单独用的，而常和另一句子一齐用。举例来说以下的中文句子：我昨天去看你的时候，你正在打篮球，如译成中文，就是YouwereplayingbasketballwhenIwenttoseeyouyesterday.以下是典型的过去进行式用法Iwastakingabathwhenyoucalled.IwaswatchingTVwhenyoucametoseeme.Theyweredancingwhentheteachercamein.Theyweresinginginthestationwhenthetrainarrived.Mr.Brownwascleaninghishousewhenhissoncamehome.总而言之，过去进行式通常牵涉到几件事，这两件事同时发生，其中一件事用过去式，另一件事用过去进行式【练习八】将以下句子译成英文，其中一部份使用过去进行式：1.他昨天到学校去的时候，天在下雨。2.当火车停下的时候，他在看报（readnewspaper）。3.当火车进站的时候，他们在唱歌。4.我昨天去他家的时候，他在和他爸爸打电话。5.昨天晚上八点钟，我在家看电视。6.当我爸爸昨晚打电话给我的时候，我正在刷牙（brushmyteeth）。7.当我昨晚打电话给他时，他在游泳。-164- 8.当这猫走进来的时候，那只狗在睡觉。9.当他弟弟回家的时候，他在拉小提琴。10.当我爸爸回家的时候，我妈妈在烧饭。【练习九】填充1.I________（be）aChristian.2.He________（be）aCatholicwhenhewasachild.3.I________（go）toseemymotheryesterday.4.I________（like）toplaypiano.5.He________（eat）now.6.It________（rain）now.7.He________（walk）toschooleveryday.8.He________（walk）now.9.He________（be）agoodboy.10.He________（swim）whenIcalledhim.11.He________（go）toseehismotheryesterday.12.I________（take）abathwhenmymothercalledme.13.I________（like）toswim.14.I________（like）toswimwhenIwasyoung.Now,Idon’tbecauseIamtooold.15.It________（rain）now.16.It________（rain）whenIdrovetoworkyesterday.17.It________（rain）lastnight.18.It________（rain）veryoftenhere.19.He________（read）abookwhenIwenttoseehimyesterday.20.I________（be）astudentwhenIwasyoung.NowIamateacher.-164- 【练习十】改正以下句子的错误1.TheyaredrivingwhenIwenttoseethemyesterday.2.ItrainedhereveryofteninTaipei.3.Hegiveshisbooktohisbrotherlastmonth.4.Hegotoworkeverymorning.5.Helikestotoldstories.6.Iliketowenttochurch.7.Thesunsetsnow.8.Theyareplaythepianonow.9.Iamloveyou.10.Hewereagoodstudentbefore.11.HegoestochurchlastSunday.12.Itrainslastnight.13.Iamplayingwhenyoucalled.14.ItisrainingwhenIdrovetoworklastnight.15.Hedonotknowme.16.Iwereswimmingwhenmymothercame.17.Theyissingingnow.18.Hedonotliketoswim.19.Healwayswearablackcoat.20.HeiswatchTVnow.第四章　完成式（PerfectTense）4§1现在完成式（PresentPerfectTense）完成式的形式是verbtohave+pastparticiple，每一个动词，都有过去式和过去分词，以下就是一些例子：原式过去式-164- 过去分词（pastparticiple）gowentgonecomecamecomeseesawseendodiddonewatchwatchedwatchedgetgotgotten（或got）havehadhaduseusedusedbuyboughtboughtlistenlistenedlisteneddrawdrewdrawnpaintpaintedpaintedleaveleftleftarrivearrivedarriveddancedanceddancedkillkilledkilledwritewrotewrittenrunranrunswimswamswumsnowsnowedsnowedeatateeatenlovelovedlovedflyflewflownspreadspreadspreadhithithitdrinkdrankdrunktaketooktakengrowgrewgrownsellsoldsold-164- rideroderiddenstealstolestolenbreakbrokebrokenwalkwalkedwalkedreadreadreadsingsangsungworkworkedworked以下的句子都是用了现在完成式：Ihavereadthisbook.Ihaveseenthemovie.Ihavelivedheresince1973.IhavestudiedEnglishforalongtime.Hehaswashedhishands.Hehasleft.Hehasalreadycompletedthereport.Thestormhasarrived.Ihavetakenthejob.Ihavewrittentheletters.Ihavenotseenhimsince1975.Ihaveneverseenthismanbefore.什么情况之下要用现在完成式呢？1.首先假设我们有一件事，发生在过去，而一直延续到现在，就要用现在完成式，这种句子后面常有since或for。以下是这种情形的例子：（1）自从1963年，我一直在念英文。IhavestudiedEnglishsince1963.（2）自从1975年以后，我就住在这里。Ihavelivedheresince1975.-164- （3）自从我是一个小孩子，我就喜欢摇滚乐。IhavelovedrockandrollmusicsinceIwasachild.（4）自从去年，我就从来没有见过他。Sincelastyear,Ihaveneverseenhim.（5）自从1950年以后，他就一直在此工作。Hehasworkedheresince1950.（6）我认识他已经很久了。Ihaveknownhimforalongtime.（7）他练习网球已经四年了。Hehasalreadypracticedtennisfor（thepast）fouryears.（8）我穿这件夹克很久了。Ihavewornthisjacketforaverylongtime.（9）我开这辆汽车很久了。Ihavedriventhiscarforalongtime.（10）好久没有下雨了。Ithasnotrainedforalongtime.1.使用现在完成式的另一情况是强调已经完成的事，比方说，你说〝我已经写了那封信〞，就可以用现在完成式，或者，你说〝他已经完成了工作〞。以下是这类的例子：（1）我已经写了这封信。Ihavealreadywrittentheletter.（2）他已经完成了工作。Hehasalreadycompletedthework.（3）我已经测试了这个程序。Ihavealreadytestedtheprogram.-164- （4）我已经收到了你的信。Ihavealreadyreceivedyourletter.（5）他已搬到了一个较大的房子。Hehasalreadymovedtoabiggerhouse.（6）虽然他很年轻，但他已写了三本小说。Althoughheisyoung,hehasalreadywrittenthreenovels.（7）我打了二次电话给他，他都没有回答。Icalledhimtwice,hehasneveranswered.1.现在完成式用来表示一种经验，举例来说，〝我曾经到过美国〞、〝我曾见过李总统〞、〝我有生以来没有跳过舞〞，这些都应该用现在完成式，例如：（1）我曾经到过美国。IhavebeentoAmerica.（2）我曾见过李总统。IhaveseenPresidentLee.（3）我有生以来没有跳过舞。Ihaveneverdancedinmylife.（4）我看过〝双城记〞。IhavereadTheTaleofTwoCities.（5）他曾吃过这种冰淇淋。Hehastastedthiskindoficecream.（6）我未曾见过雪。Ihaveneverseensnow.（7）你曾见过雪吗？Haveyoueverseensnow?（8）你登过玉山吗？HaveyoueverclimbedJadeMountain？-164- 1.现在完成式可以用来表示一件过去常发生的事：（1）今年我国已有二次台风。Wehavealreadyhadtwotyphoonssofarthisyear.（2）他今年已发表了三篇论文。Hehasalreadypublishedthreepapersthisyear.（3）过去一年，我看了三次〝铁达尼号〞。Inthepastyear,IhaveseenTheTitanicthreetimes.对读者而言，最重要的是〝现在完成式〞和〝过去式〞不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中讲一件过去发生的事，而且指定特定的时间，就一定要用〝过去式〞，而不能用〝现在完成式〞。比方说，〝我曾经看过「铁达尼号」〞，可以用现在完成式，因为这句话没有指明任何特定的时间，假如说，〝我昨天晚上去看「铁达尼号」〞，就一定用过去式，读者不妨看看以下的比较：（a）IwenttoAmericalastyear.IhavebeentoAmerica.（b）IsawTheTitaniclastyear.IhaveseenTheTitanictwice.（c）Ifinishedmyhomeworklatelastnight.Ihavefinallyfinishedmyhomework.（d）IstudiedEnglishwhenIwasasmallchild.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwasachild.（e）Iwenttochurchyesterday.Ihaveneverbeentochurch.以下的句子是错的，请特别注意：*（1）Ihaveseenthemovielastyear.*（2）IhaveneverbeentoAmericalastyear.*（3）Hehasneverfinishedhisworklastnight.-164- 现在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用，以下都是这类的例子：（1）Ihavealreadyhaddinner.（2）Sincethissummerbegan,wehavealreadyhadtwostorms.（3）Ithasnotrainedforalongtime.（4）Ihavenevertalkedtothismanbefore.（5）Ihavenevermetyourfather.（6）HaveyoueverbeentoAmerica?（7）Hehasalreadywonthreeawards.（8）IhavestayedheresinceJune.Never和ever也常是我们弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般说来，never有否定的意思，ever则只有在问句中才会出现。【练习十一】将以下句子译成英文，全部用现在完成式：1.自从1980年，我就每天早上游泳。2.我已收到了你的信。3.我从未去过美国。4.从他是一个小孩开始，他就是一个基督徒（Christian）。5.我见过你的祖父。6.你的弟弟一直住在这里。7.他学钢琴已经很久了。8.我已写了三封信给他，他都没有回。9.过去三年我都在开这部车。10.自从1975年以来，他一直是一位老师。11.他教英文很久了。12.我曾经看过乱世佳人（GonewiththeWind）。-164- 13.我已吃过饭了。14.今年我去过海滩三次。15.我终其一生都爱你的。【练习十二】将以下句子译成英文，有的用过去式，有的用现在完成式1.昨天我去看〝乱世佳人〞（GonewiththeWind）。2.我从未看过〝乱世佳人〞。3.去年，我住在美国。4.自从1985年，我就一直住在美国。5.他从未去过英国。6.他已经完成了报告。7.我昨天晚上完成了报告。8.昨夜，我见到了你的父亲。9.我已经见过你的父亲好几次了。10.我终生都住在台中。【练习十三】填充1.I________（become）aChristianwhenIwasachild.2.I________（be）aChristianallmylife.3.He________（live）heresince1939.4.Stopeatingnow.You________（eat）toomuch.5.It________（rain）lastnight.6.Johnisawriter.He________（written）thirteennovels.7.Lastnight,I________（see）yourfatherforthefirsttimeinmylife.8.I________（talk）tomyfatherlastnight.-164- 9.Since1961,I________（be）ateacher.Beforethat,I________（be）astudent.10.I________（read）manynovelswrittenbyCharlesDickens.4§2现在完成进行式（PresentPerfectProgressiveTense）在上一节，我们知道，如果有一个行动，从过去发生后，就一直延续到现在，我们可以用现在完成式。举例来说，以下的例子都应该用现在完成式：（1）自从1974年，我就在学校学英文。Since1974,IhavestudiedEnglishatschool.（2）自从我大学毕业以后，我就在这里工作。SinceIgraduatedfromcollege,Ihaveworkedhere.以第一句话为例，假如我们要强调我一直在练习游泳，而且没有间断，我们可以用现在完成进行式（presentperfectprogressivetense）。所谓现在完成进行式，形式：verbtohave+been+presentparticipleverbtohave是为了完成式，been和presentparticiple都是为了进行式。以下是现在完成进行式的例子：IhavebeenstudyingEnglishsince1974.IhavebeenworkingheresinceIgraduatedfromcollege.IhavebeenlivingheresinceIwasachild.Hehasbeenactinglikeafoollately.（他最近一直在做傻事）Theyhavebeendancingsinceseveno’clock.-164- Ithasbeensnowingsinceyesterday.Ihavebeentakingmusiclessonssincelastyear.Hehasbeendrinkingheavilysincelastyear.（他去年起，就一直在酗酒）【练习十四】将以下的句子译成英文，全部用现在完成进行式：1.自从我们是小孩子起，我们就一直努力工作。2.从去年起，他就在念英文。3.从昨天起，就一直在下雨。4.从五时起，他就在做功课（dohomework）。5.从三岁起，我就一直住在台中。4§3过去完成进行式（PastPerfectProgressiveTense）过去完成式的形式：had+pastparticiple过去完成式是不能单独用的。我们用的时候，必须有另一个事件。也就是说，假如我们有两件事A和B，两件事都发生在过去，但A发生在B以前，A应该用过去完成式，B则用过去式。以下是几个例子：（1）他到台湾以前，曾学过中文。HehadstudiedChinesebeforehecametoTaiwan.（2）他念大学以前，曾前工作过。Hehadworkedbeforehedecidedtogotocollege.（3）我写这篇有关爱尔兰的小说以前，曾去过爱尔兰。IhadbeentoIrelandbeforeIwrotethisbookaboutIreland"speople.（4）我在上大学以前，已经学过微积分。IhadstudiedcalculusbeforeIgotintocollege.（5）周一以前，已经下过雪了。IthadalreadysnowedbeforeMonday.-164- 如果我们要强调较早发生事件的连续性，我们可以用过去完成进行式。过去完成进行式和现在进行式惟一不同的地方是verbtohave的地方一定要用had。以下是一些过去完成进行式的例子：1.IhadbeenwatchingTVbeforeyoucalledme.2.IhadbeenworkinghardinacompanyformanyyearsbeforeIwenttocollege.3.Hehadbeenstudyingbeforehewenttoclass.4.Hehadbeendrivingalldaybeforehewenttosleep.【练习十五】将以下中文句子译成英文，每一句都要用过去式和过去完成式：1.我十四岁以前，就曾见过你的母亲。2.我1974年以前，曾去过美国。3.六年前，他曾念过圣经（theBible）。4.我念大学以前，曾经是个工程师（engineer）。5.你来以前，我曾打电话给你。6.在我昨天晚上吃饭以前，曾和李先生见过面。7.在他辞职（resign）以前，他是个好校长（president）。8.在他去世（die），他是个好医生。9.在他到教堂以前，他一直在练习唱歌。10.在今天早上八时以前，天一直在下雨。【练习十六】将以下的中文句子译成英文，选适宜的时态。1.他昨天去看你的时候，你在唱歌。-164- 2.他从前是个好孩子。3.他们都喜欢打篮球。4.我们正在看电视。5.你在台湾住了很久了。6.我已经看完了这本书。7.他们一直都住在这里。8.我来以前，曾去过教堂。9.他喜欢看日出。10.他喜欢游泳。11.他自从六岁起，就一直在学钢琴（piano）。12.他过去是个强壮的孩子。13.在他生病以前，他曾是个非常健康（healthy）的人。14.当火车进站时，人们在跳舞。15.在战争爆发（breakout）以前，他曾是个音乐家（musician）。16.我曾见过你。17.我去年见过你。18.我已经将信写好了。19.自从1974年以来，我就是一个军人（soldier）。20.我读了很多英文书。【练习十七】将正确的动词填入以下各句的空白：（有的地方可能有多种答案）1.He________(love)hiscountry.2.He________(love)hiscountry,butnowhedoesnot.3.I________(be)ateachersince1975.4.I________(be)ateacherbeforeIwenttocollege.5.I________(read)ShakespeareeversinceIwasalittlegirl.-164- 6.WhenIwenttoseeheryesterday,she________(watch)TV.7.I________(see)yourfatherbeforeIsawyou.8.He________(read)manydetectivestories.9.He________(go)tochurcheverySunday.10.It________(be)acolddayyesterday.11.It________(rain)forthelasttwodays.12.I________(eat)toomuch.Iamfullnow.13.You________(be)anursebeforethewarbrokeout.14.I________(have)never________(see)youinmylife.15.He________(be)ateachersince1980.16.It________(be)goodtoeatvegetableseveryday.17.It________(be)sonicetomeetyoulastnight.18.She________(be)suchanicegirlbeforeshedied.19.Peter________(go)toAmericamanytimes.20.He________(work)hardsincelastyear.He________(hope)tosucceedinthecollegeentranceexaminationthistime.第五章未来式5§1未来式的基本规则如果我们在句子中，有需要提到未来的事情，就可以使用未来式，举例来说，以下的句子都用未来式。IwillgotoAmericatomorrow.Hewilldancetonight.Peterwillfinishhisworknextmonth.-164- 如果不用〝will〞，我们可以用〝verbtobe+goingto+verb〞，如果我们如此做，以上的三个句子就变成了以下的句子IamgoingtogotoAmericatomorrow.Heisgoingtodancetonight.Peterisgoingtofinishhisworknextmonth.以下是一些未来式的例子：1.Iwillcallyoutonight.Iamgoingtocallyoutonight.2.HewillgraduatenextJune.HeisgoingtograduatenextJune.3.Mr.LeewillteachusEnglishsoon.Mr.LeeisgoingtoteachusEnglishsoon.4.Hewillhelpyou.Heisgoingtohelpyou.5.Thewarwillbreakoutsoon.Thewarisgoingtobreakoutsoon.6.Itwillraintonight.Itisgoingtoraintonight.有一个规则必须注意，就是will是一个助动词，现在式第三人称单数的主词，仍不用在will后面加s。不仅如此，will后面的动词必须用成原式，如果用verbtobe+goingto+verb这里面的verb也必须用原式。因为这里面的to式infinitive，infinitive里面永远要用原型动词。以下例子都是错的1.*Hewillsgotoschool.2.*Hewillgoestoschool.3.*Theywillwenttoworktomorrow.-164- 4.*Tomisgoingtosawmetonight.5.*Peterisgoingtoworkingnextmonth.未来式常和别的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子1.Whenyoucometomorrow,IwillalreadybeinTaipei.2.AfterIgraduate,IamgoingtobeagooddoctorinAfrica.3.BeforeIleavetomorrow,Iwillfinishmywork.4.Afterthewarisover,everyonewillbehappy.5.Iwillgotoaconcertaftermyclassesareover.6.IwilleatlunchassoonasIhavetime.但千万不可写出以下错误的句子：*Whenyouwillcometomorrow,IwillalreadybeinTaipei.*Afterthewarwillbeover,everyonewillbehappy.*IwilleatlunchassoonasIwillhavetime.【练习十八】将以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用will或tobegoingto：1.我明天要上教堂（gotochurch）。2.他下周一要和我见面。3.他明天要整理这个房间（cleanthisroom）。4.我明天吃晚饭后要去台北。5.我明天晚上回家以后，就打电话给你。6.我毕业以后会去念法律。7.明天你走以后，我要看电视.。8.明天我会去台南。9.今天晚上我要写一封信给你。10.今晚，我要等我的哥哥。-164- 【练习十九】填充：1.I________(be)inAmericanextyear,afterI________(graduate).2.I________(explain)thistoyoutonightafterI________(read)thereport.3.I________(see)youtonight.4.Assoonasyou________(come)toseeme,I________(give)youmybook.5.Whenyou________(arrive)inNewYorktomorrow,Tom________(be)intheairporttomeetyou.6.I________(go)tochurchaftertherainstops.7.I________(watch)thenewTVprogramafteryou________(leave).8.Whenyou________(get)heretomorrow,everyone________(wait)foryou.9.I________(get)ajobassoonasIgetoutofcollege.10.He________(have)dinnerverylatetomorrow.11.I________(quit)mypresentjob,afterI________(find)abetterone.5§2未来式的变形未来式可以和进行式合起来用，以下是未来进行式的例子IwillbewatchingTVtomorrowateight.Hewillbeeatingabigdinnerafterhegetsoutofthehospital.Iwillbestudyingmathematicsathomewhenyoucome.Twodayslater,Iwillbedrivinganewcar.-164- 未来式可以和完成式合在一起用，而成为未来完成式，这种句子都是在于强调未来要完成的事。举例来说，”我明天六点以前，我会完成这工作了”，就可以用未来完成式：Iwillhavefinishedthisworkbysixo’clocktomorrow.以下是一些未来完成式的例子Bythetimehearrivesatthestation,thetrainwillhaveleft.Wewillhavehadthreemeetingsbeforesixo’clocktonight.Hewillhavewrittensixnovelsnextsummer.【练习二十】填充：（用未来进行式或未来完成式）1.I________(watch)thebaseballgametomorrownight.2.He________(finish)thereportwhenyouarriveathishome.3.I________(wash)mycartonightwhenmymothercomes.4.They________(play)theirviolinswhentheclockstrikestwelve.5.He________(complete)writingthisprogrambeforeteno’clocktonight.6.He________(be)thepresidentforthreeyearsnextMay.7.I________(wash)mycarwhenyoucometonight.8.I________(read)thisreportbeforesixo’clocktomorrowevening.9.Peter________(dance)inthestreetsifMr.Robertsoniselectedpresident.-164- 10.I________(drive)fourhundredmilestomorrow.【练习二十一】将以下中文句子译成英文1.彼得生于1965年，他从小就喜欢音乐，自从1975年起，他就一直在练习小提琴。现在他是一个很好的小提琴家。2.我的哥哥明天会来看我，他来的时候，我会在家里看电视。我喜欢看有关医院的节目。3.在我小的时候我常常喜欢打篮球，现在我不打篮球了，因为我曾有一次车祸（caraccident）。4.我现在在打电话给我的母亲，我的母亲现在88岁，他在台北已经住了60年。5.在我去美国以前，我曾经去过英国，当我在英国的时候，我碰见了一个美丽的女孩子，他后来成为我的太太。【练习二十二】填充1.I________(watching)TVnow.I________(watch)TVeveryday.2.He________(have)abigdinnerbeforewearrivedlastnight.It________(be)agoodmeal.Heseldom________(eat)somuch.3.He________(work)onthisnovelforaverylongtime.Bythetimehe________(finish)it,he________(written)sixnovels.-164- 4.I________(be)toAmericaseveraltimes.I________(go)toAmericaagainnextyear.5.I________(live)inTaipeiwhenIwasachild.WhenIwassixyearsold,I________(move)toTaiwanand________(live)thereeversince.6.He________(be)anhonestpersonallhislife.Thatiswhysomanypeople________(like)him.7.It________(be)mybirthdaytomorrow.YetI________(have)atestthedayaftertomorrow.SoI________(study)inthelibrarytomorrownight.8.He________(be)astrongkidwhenhewasyoung.Nowalthoughhe________(be)seventyyearsold,he________(be)stillquitehealthy.9.I________(have)thiscarfornineyears.I________(sell)itand________(buy)anewonenextyear.10.He________(take)abatheverymorning.Today,sincehe________(get)upverylate,he________(go)toschooldirectlywithouttakingabath.第六章　否定句子(NegativeSentences)6§1否定句的基本规则在任何语言，我们都有必要造出〝否定〞的句子，在中文，写出否定句子并非难事，在英文，无论任何否定句子，都必须遵行一些规定，以下是否定句子的例子肯定句子否定句子Ilikemusic.Idon’tlikemusic.Helovesswimming.Hedoesnotloveswimming.-164- Theyhavecometowork.Theyhavenotcometowork.Marywenttoseeamovieyesterday.Marydidnotgotoseeamovieyesterday.Johnisagoodboy.Johnisnotagoodboy.IwillgotoNewYorktomorrow.IwillnotgotoNewYorktomorrow.Hecansing.Hecannotsing.Youmaygonow.Youmaynotgonow.Heshouldsleepearly.Heshouldnotsleepearly.Itisrainingnow.Itisnotrainingnow.Itrainsveryoftenhere.Itdoesnotrainveryoftenhere.Hehasalotofmoney.Hedoesnothavealotofmoney.Itisexcitingtoseethisgame.Itisnotexcitingtoseethisgame.Heaskedmethreequestions.Hedidnotaskmethreequestions.从以上的例子来看，我们可以归纳出以下的规则：1.Verbtobe后面可以直接加not。例如：Heisnotagoodteacher.Marywasnotveryhappywhenshewasyoung.Theyarenotstrongboys.Peterisnotcoming.Johnisnotgoingtowork.2.助动词后面可以直接加not。例如：Hehasnotwrittenanyletter.Theywillnotcome.-164- Hecannotswim.Theyshouldnotcryveryoften.Tomhadnoteatenanythingbeforeyoucame.Hemaynevereatcakesinthefuture.Johnhasnotlivedhere.1.一般句子的动词必须加入do或他的变形。Hedoesnotsmoke.Hedidnotgo.Idonotlovesports.Youdonotliketoeatfish.Theydonotswimverywell.Wedidnotseethatmovie.在英文中，我们可以用haveto来代替must，以下是haveto的例子：HehastogotoChicagotomorrow.（他明天应该去芝加哥）Theyhadtobuythreeticketstogototheconcert.（他们必须买三张票去听音乐会）Ihavetoworkveryhard.（我必须努力工作）含有haveto的句子，如要改成否定句子，必须在haveto前面加do或它的变形，请看以下的例子：肯定句子否定句子Hehastoeatalotoffood.Hedoesnothavetoeatalotoffood.Hehadtoleave.Hedidnothavetoleave.IhavetowritethatIdonothavetowritethat-164- letter.letter.【练习二十三】将以下的肯定句子改成否定句子：1.Isawyourbrotherlastnight.2.Ilikeapples.3.Sheisabeautifulgirl.4.Theycanplayviolinverywell.5.Mr.Changmustanswerthefollowingquestions.6.Hewenttoseehisbrotherlastnight.7.Hecouldsingmanysongs.8.Hewillbuythiscar.9.Itrainedheavilylastnight.10.Ihavelivedhereforthreeyears.11.Hehastoseehismother.12.Hehadtostayhereyesterday.6§2No,Never和Any的用法要达成否定的意思,有时我们也可以用no和never这些字，no必须跟一个名词，请看下面的例子：1.Isawnostudentshere.2.Therearenolakesinthiscountry.3.Ihavenomoney.4.Ihadnochoice.5.Hehasnofriends.以上这些例子也可以用not来表示否定的意思，如果用not，则以上的句子应该照下面的方式写；1.Ididnotseeanystudenthere.2.Wecannotfindanylakeinthiscountry.3.Idonothaveanymoney.-164- 4.Ididnothaveanychoice.5.Hedoesnothaveanyfriends.除以上not之外，never也可以表达否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，请注意never常用在完成式的句子里：Ihavenevergonethere.Hehasneverwrittenanysong.Theyhaveneverwashedtheirclothes.【练习二十四】用no，not和never填空在以下的句子里:1.Ihave________money.2.Aselfishpersondoes________haveanyfriends.3.manisentirelyalone.4.oneislivinghere.Wecan________getintothishouse.5.asinglepersonlovesme.6.onelovesme.7.ThepersonwhomIsawdid________come.8.Idid________gotoworkyesterday.9.Ihad________worktodoyesterday.10.Ican________findanyoneinthishall.11.Ihave________gonetoAmerica.12.Hehas________writtentome.第七章问句(Questions)7§1　答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的问题有些问题，答案只有〝Yes〞或〝No〞，以下是一些例子。原来句子问句Iamaboy.AmIaboy?-164- Hehasacar.Doeshehaveacar?Igavehimthreebooks.DidIgivehimthreebooks?Hecannotwork.Canhework?Hehasnotseenme.Hasheseenme?Theylikeyournovel.DoTheylikeyournovel?Thesunsetsinthewest.Doesthesunsetinthewest?Theyaregoodteachers.Aretheygoodteachers?Hewillnotgotoaconcerttonight.Willhegotoaconcerttonight?Heisgoingtoswim.Ishegoingtoswim?Theymusteatvegetables.Musttheyeatvegetables?Theyhavetogo.Dotheyhavetogo?Iwalkedtwokilometersyesterday.DidIwalktwokilometersyesterday?Itisrainingnow.Isitrainingnow?根据以上的例子，我们可以归纳乘以下的规则：(1)凡动词是verbtobe的，变成问句时，动词移到主词前面去。例子：原来句子问句Youareagirl.Areyouagirl?Hewasateacher.Washeateacher?Theywereallold.Weretheyallold?Thissongisbeautiful.Isthissongbeautiful?Peterisagoodstudent.IsPeteragoodstudent?(2)动词不是verbtobe，也没有助动词，改成问句时，必须加助动词do或他的变形，这个助动词必须在主词的前面。例子：原来句子问句-164- Ilikemusic.DoIlikemusic?Helikessports.Doeshelikesports?PeterwenttoAmerica.DidPetergotoAmerica?Heatethreeappleslastnight.Didheeatthreeappleslastnight?Hermothercallshereveryweek.Doeshermothercallhereveryweek?(3)句子中间如已有助动词，改成问句时，只要将助动词移到主动词前面即可。例子：原来句子问句Hedidnoteat.Didheeat?HehasgonetoAmerica.HashegonetoAmerica?Shecandance.Canshedance?Iwillseeyoutonight.WillIseeyoutonight?TheyaregoingtoWashington.AretheygoingtoWashington?我们的问句中，当然也可已有否定的意义，比方说，我们可以问：你不喜欢音乐吗？他不是你的弟弟吗？你从未见过他？英文句子也可以如此，例如：Don’tyoulikemusic?Doesn’theplaypiano?Aren’tyouhisbrother?Isn’theagoodstudent?Didn’thegotoschool?-164- Hasn’thelivedhere?Won’theleavetomorrow?注意，这时not通常和动词连在一起了。有一件事，是我们中国人必须注意的，假如有人问你：你不喜欢音乐吗？而你本人的确也不喜欢音乐，你会回答说：是，我不喜欢音乐。也就是说，我们中国人的回答是顺着问句的。问句说你不喜欢，我们同意他的说法，所以前面加一个〝是〞。假设我喜欢音乐，我会回答说：不，我喜欢音乐。可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，与问句的问法无关，而对应了回答的事实。举例来说，我们的问句也许是：Don’tyoulikemusic?你如不喜欢音乐就回答说：No,Idon’tlikemusic.你如喜欢音乐，就回答说：Yes,Ilikemusic.再举一例，有人问：Isn’theChinese?他是中国人就回答：Yes,heis.他如不是，就回答：No,heisn’t.反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事实对应，而与如何问无关。【练习二十五】将以下句子翻译成英文问句：1.你喜欢他吗？-164- 2.他是美国人吗？3.你昨天有没有去教堂？4.他曾经到过日本吗？5.你要去台北吗？6.他不喜欢体育吗？7.你从未去过日本吗？8.他有一个妹妹吗？9.他们都是学生吗？10.你的哥哥昨天见过我爸爸吗？7§2回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的问句问句的答案当然不一定只是yes或no，以下的问句都是例子：Wheredidyoubuythisbook?Wheredidyouseehim?HowdoyoulikeAmerica?Whomdoyoulike?Whichcakedoyouwant?Whosebookisthis?Whatkindofmethodisthis?Whichcountrywereyoubornin?Whichdoyouwant,anappleoranorange?Whomdoyoulikemost,yourbrotheroryoursister?Wheredidyougolastnight?Whendidyoumeetyourfather?Whendidyoureadthisbook?Whomdidyougivethisbookto?以上的问句中都有助动词，但以下的问句中，助动词是不存在的：Whogaveyouthiscar?-164- Whowrotethisletter?Whotookmypenaway?Whowantstogowithme?Whocansingthissong?【练习二十六】将以下的中文问句翻译成英文问句：1.你在哪里买这本书的？2.他什么时候到美国去的？3.他爸爸的名字是什么？4.这是谁的书？5.你从哪里来的？6.你要哪一本书？7.这个孩子是谁？8.他最喜欢谁？9.他叫什么名字？10.你昨天到哪里去了？11.这是谁的狗？【练习二十七】填空1.didyougolastnight?2.bookdoyoulike?3.isyourbrother?4.ishisname?5.wrotethisletter?6.didyougivethisbookto?7.gaveyouthisbook?8.caristhis?9.dogisthis?10.moviedidyousee?11.canspeakEnglish?-164- 12.didyouspeakto?13.kindofcaristhis?14.fruitdoyoulikemost?15.doesnotswim?第八章被动语气(PassiveVoice)8§1及物动词和不及物动词任何一个英文句子必定有一个动词，请先注意以下例句的动词1.Hewasateacherbefore.2.Hewenttoschoolyesterday.3.Hehitadog.4.Isawyouyesterday.5.Hewalkstoschooleveryday.6.Hesentthisbooktome.7.Theyaregoodstudents.8.Hewrotetwonovels.9.Theyatealloftheapples.10.Heswimseverymorning.在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的动词都是及物动词（transitiveverbs）。这些动词后面都跟着一个名词，而这个名词是动词的受词（object），其它句子的动词，都是不及物动词，因为他们都没有任何受词。我们将以上句子中，主词、及物动词和受词的关系分析如下：句子主词及物动词受词Hehitadog.HehitdogIsawyouyesterday.Isawyou-164- Hesenthisbooktome.HesenthisbookHewrotetwonovels.HewrotetwonovelsTheyatealloftheapples.Theyatealloftheapples一旦动词是及物动词，我们就可以将这个句子由原来的主动语气（activevoice）改成被动语气（passivevoice）。但我们也要警告读者，不要轻易用被动语气，因为有时被动语气的句子是不自然的。8§2没有助动词的被动语气在这以前，我们的句子都是主动语气，这种句子的基本形式如下：主词＋动词＋受词所谓的被动语气，乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说，主动语气中，我们说〝我看到一些狗〞，在被动语气中，我们说〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，将主动语气改成被动语气，必须做以下的动作：（1）原有受词变成名词（2）动词变成verbtobe＋过去分词（pastparticiple）（3）原有主词变成在动词后面，但前面加by。举例来说，主动语气的句子可以是Isawacat.被动语气就成了Acatwasseenbyme.最重要的是，verbtobe的时式必须和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，动词是过去式，所以verbto-164- be也是过去式。除此以外，verbtobe也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子：Isawtwocats.改成被动语气以后，句子是：Twocatswereseenbyme.以下是主动改被动的例子，最重要的是注意verbtobe的形式：主动语气（activevoice）被动语气（passivevoice）Mr.Joneshitthedog.ThedogwashitbyMr.Jones.Mybrothersawyouyesterday.Youwereseenbymybrotheryesterday.Hesentthebooktome.Thebookwassenttomebyhim.Dickenswrotethosetwonovels.ThosetwonovelswerewrittenbyDickens.Theyatealloftheapples.Alloftheappleswereeatenbythem.Janewrotethatsong.ThatsongwaswrittenbyJane.Mymotherlovesme.Iamlovedbymymother.【练习二十八】将以下的句子由主动语气改成被动：1.Hesawthatmovielastnight.2.Hewrotethatlettertome.3.HeteachesthoseEnglishclasses.4.Godlovesyou.5.Theyboughttwohouses.6.Ipaintedthisroom.7.Hegrowsthoseroses.8.Hehelpshisstudents.9.Isoldthehouse.-164- 10.Myuncleboughtthiscar.【练习二十九】将以下的句子由被动语气改成主动语气：1.Thepolicemanwasseenbyme.2.Thosetwobookswerewrittenbyme.3.Thesesentenceswerecorrectedbymyteacher.4.Hewashitbyacar.5.Hisdoorwaslockedbyme.6.Hishousewasbuiltbymyfather.7.Hisboatwasgiventomebymyfather.8.Thisbirdisrarelyseenbypeoplehere.9.Heislikedbyeveryone.10.Theyweregiventendollarsbytheirfriends.11.Thispicturewastakenbyhim.12.Toomuchwinewasdrunkbytheyoungmen.13.IwastaughtbyMr.Wang.14.Hewashelpedbyhisfather.15.Theywereservedbythatwaiter.16.Hisfoodwaspreparedbymymother.17.Histoywasmadebymysister.18.ThebookwasreturnedtomebyJim.19.Thatsongwaswrittenbymybrother.20.Iwasinvitedbyhimtoaparty.8§3有助动词肯定句子的被动语气在上一节，我们所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中没有助动词，可是有些肯定句子还是有助动词的，以下是一些例子：主动语气被动语气Iamwritingthisletter.Theletterisbeing-164- 现在进形式writtenbyme.现在完程序Ihavewrittentheletter.Theletterhasbeenwrittenbyme.过去进形式Iwaswritingtheletterwhenyoucame.Theletterwasbeingwrittenbymewhenyoucame.过去完程序Ihadwrittentheletterbeforeyoucame.Theletterhadbeenwrittenbymebeforeyoucame.未来式Iwillwritetheletter.Theletterwillbewrittenbyme.未来完成式Iwillhavewrittenthisletter.Thisletterwillhavebeenwrittenbyme.未来式Iamgoingtoseeyou.Youaregoingtobeseenbyme.以下是更多的例子：主动语气被动语气Ihaveseenhim.Hehasbeenseenbyme.Heisgoingtohelpyou.Youaregoingtobehelpedbyhim.HewillteachEnglish.Englishwillbetaughtbyhim.Hehashelpedmeallmylife.Ihavebeenhelpedbyhimallmylife.Hehadcalledmebeforeyoucame.Ihadbeencalledbyhimbeforeyoucame.Hewascallinghismotherwhenwewentthere.Hismotherwasbeingcalledbyhimwhenwewentthere.-164- 助动词不一定和时式有关，can、should、hasto等等都是助动词，这些助动词在改成被动语气的时后，都应维持原状，只需加入verbtobe和过去分词即可。以下是一些例子：主动语气被动语气Icanplaythepiano.Thepianocanbeplayedbyme.Imayusethisroom.Thisroommaybeusedbyme.Hemustgivethebooktome.Thebookmustbegiventomebyhim.Youshouldhelphim.Heshouldbehelpedbyyou.Youhavetowritethisletter.Thisletterhastobewrittenbyyou.Heoughttowritethisreport.Thisreportoughttobewrittenbyhim.【练习三十】将以下的句子改成被动语气：1.Hehaswrittenthreenovels.2.Hewillwritethatletter.3.Theywillsingthesesongstomorrow.4.Hewillgivethespeech.5.Theyarepaintingthehouse.6.Ihavegivenhimthreebooks.7.Icandothisjob.8.Hehadtoldmethatstorybeforewewentthere.-164- 9.Teachersshouldhelpthestudents.10.Heiswritingthereportnow.11.Thestudentsmustreadthisbook.12.Ihavetogivethislettertomymothertonight.13.Allcitizensoughttoobeythelaw.14.Hehaseatenallofthecakes.15.Thereportersweretakingpictureswhenthestormstarted.16.Hehadfinishedtheworkbeforefiveo"clocklastnight.17.Peterwillwritethatletter.18.Johnhasreceivedmyletter.19.Millionsofpeoplesawthemovie“Gonewiththewind”.20.Hehasprovedthattheorem.【练习三十一】将以下句子改成主动语气：1.TwobookshavebeenwrittenbyJoseph.2.FootballisbeingplayedbyJohn.3.Heshouldbegiventhatlecturebyhisfather.4.Thatreportwillbewrittenbyhim.5.TheletterhasbeenreceivedbytheKing.6.Thismovieshouldbeseenbyeveryone.7.Thisbookoughttobereadbyeverystudent.8.Theyarebeinghelpedbyme.9.Themovieisgoingtobeseenbyallofus.10.Thiscakecanbeeatenbykids.-164- 8§4否定句子的被动语气将一个否定句子或一个问句改成被动语气，其步骤如下：（1）将此句子改成肯定句子（2）将此肯定句子改成被动语气（3）将此被动语气的句子改成否定句子现在举一个否定的例子：Ididnottakethispicture.对应的肯定句子是：Itookthispicture.改成被动语气：Thispicturewastakenbyme.再改成否定句子：Thispicturewasnottakenbyme.下面的例子都是用来解释如何将一个否定句子改成被动语气：1.Theydidnotlikethemusic.(a).Theylikedthemusic.(b).Themusicwaslikedbythem.(c).Themusicwasnotlikedbythem.2.Ihavenotwrittenthatletter.(a).Ihavewrittenthatletter.(b).Thatletterhasbeenwrittenbyme.(c).Thatletterhasnotbeenwrittenbyme.3.Youcannoteatthatcake.(a).Youcaneatthatcake.(b).Thatcakecanbeeatenbyyou.(c).Thatcakecannotbeeatenbyyou.4.Hedoesnotplaymusic.-164- (a).Heplaysthatkindofmusic.(b).Thatkindofmusicisplayedbyhim.(c).Thatkindofmusicisnotplayedbyhim.5.Iamnotgoingtoseeyou.(a).Iamgoingtoseeyou.(b).Youaregoingtobeseenbyme.(c).Youarenotgoingtobeseenbyme.6.Theywillnotseethatmovie.(a).Theywillseethatmovie.(b).Thatmoviewillbeseenbythem.(c).Thatmoviewillnotbeseenbythem.7.Theydidnothelpme.(a).Theyhelpedme.(b).Iwashelpedbythem.(c).Iwasnothelpedbythem.8.Ididnottellthatstory.(a).Itoldthatstory.(b).Thatstorywastoldbyme.(c).Thatstorywasnottoldbyme.在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个否定句子的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的：主动语气被动语气Theydonotenjoysuchmusic.Suchmusicisnotenjoyedbythem.Hedidnottellthatstory.Thatstorywasnottoldbyhim.Theyhavenotwrittenthatstory.Thatstoryhasnotbeentoldbythem.Peterisgoingtoseeme.Iamnotgoingtobeseenby-164- Peter.Hewillnothelpme.Iwillnotbehelpedbyhim.Johnwillnoteatthatcake.ThatcakewillnotbeeatenbyJohn.Icannotdrinkthatwine.Thatwinecannotbedrunkbyme.【练习三十二】将以下的否定句子改成被动语气：1.Thefarmersheredonotgrowapples.2.Hedidnotmeetmelastnight.3.Ihavenotwrittenthatletter.4.Johnisnotgoingtoseethatmovie.5.Ididnotwatchthatmovie.6.HedoesnotspeakEnglish.7.HewillnotspeakEnglish.8.Youshouldnoteatthatcake.9.Mymotherdoesnoteatthatkindoffish.10.Johnhasnotwrittenthatreport.【练习三十三】将以下句子改成主动语气：1.Thebookwasnotwrittenbyhim.2.Iamnotgoingtobehelpedbyyou.3.ThatbookhasnotbeenreceivedbyJohn.4.Thatsongisnotlikedbycollegestudents.5.JohnisnotlovedbyMary.6.Iwillnotbemetbymystudenttomorrow.7.Meatisnoteatenbyvegetarians.8.Thedoorwasnotopenedbyme.9.Thattendollarswerenotpaidbyme.-164- 10.Thecarwasnotboughtbyme.8§5问句的被动语气将问句改成被动语气，步骤类似上一节的步骤，我们先将问句变成肯定句子，然后将这个定句子变成被动语气，最后在将这个被动语气的句子变回，成为问句。例如：Doyoungkidsenjoyclassicalmusic?先改成肯定句子Youngkidsenjoyclassicalmusic.再改成被动语气Musicisenjoyedbyyoungkids.最后改成问句Ismusicenjoyedbyyoungkids?为了使读者熟悉这些步骤，我们在下面举了很多的例子：1.Didyoueatthatcake?(a).Youatethatcake.(b).Thatcakewaseatenbyyou.(c).Wasthatcakeeatenbyyou?2.DofarmersinTaiwangrowapples?(a)FarmersinTaiwangrowapples.(b)ApplesaregrownbyfarmersinTaiwan.(c)AreapplesgrownbyfarmersinTaiwan?3.Haveyoufinishedthereport?(a)Youhavefinishedthereport.(b)Thereporthasbeenfinishedbyyou.(c)________Hasthereportbeenfinishedbyyou?4.Whendidyouwritethatletter?(a)Youwrotethatletter.(b)Thatletterwaswrittenbyyou.-164- (c)________Whenwastheletterwrittenbyyou?5.Haveyouseenthatmovie?(a)Youhaveseenthatmovie.(b)Thatmoviehasbeenseenbyyou.(c)________Hasthemoviebeenseenbyyou?6.WhendidStevensonwritethatnovel?(a)Stevensonwrotethatnovel.(b)ThatnovelwaswrittenbyStevenson.(c)________WhenwasthatnovelwrittenbyStevenson?8.Ishepaintinghisroom?(a)Heispaintinghisroom.(b)Hisroomisbeingpaintedbyhim.(c)________Ishisroombeingpaintedbyhim?在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个问句的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的：主动语气被动语气Doeshehelphisstudents?Arehisstudentshelpedbyhim?Didhetellthatstory?Wasthatstorytoldbyhim?Hasshewrittenthatstory?Hasthatstorybeenwrittenbyher?WhomisPetergoingtovisit?WhoisgoingtobevisitedbyPeter?Whendidyoureadthatbook?Whenwasthatbookwrittenbyyou?Doesheenjoythatsong?Isthatsongenjoyedhim?Whydohisfriendsavoidhim?Whyisheavoidedbyhisfriends?-164- Whomdidyousee?Whowasseenbyyou?Hashereadthatreport?Hasthatreportbeenreadbyhim?Ishewritingthatletter?Isthatletterbeingwrittenbyhim?【练习三十四】将以下句子改成被动语气：1.Ishewritingabook?2.Didhewritethatbook?3.Didyousignthatletter?4.Wheredidyouseethatmovie?5.Whendidyouseethatmovie?6.Hashefinishedthatjob?7.Didmothergiveyouthegift?8.Didyourmothervisityoulastnight?9.Dotheygrowroses?10.DotheyspeakEnglish?11.Didyouplaythatgameoftennis?12.WillyouteachEnglish?【练习三十五】将以下句子改成主动语气：1.Wasthecakeeatenbyyou?2.Ishelikedbyallofus?3.IsthatkindofmusiclovedbyeveryoneinJapan?4.Isfisheatenbyoldpeople?5.Areroseslovedbymostwomen?6.Washecalledbyyou?7.IssoccerplayedbyJohn?-164- 8.WhenwasthismusicwrittenbyMozart?9.Whenwasheseenbyyou?10.Weretheyseenbyyoulastnight?【练习三十六】将适宜的动词填入1.I________(send)twolettersyesterday.________(do)you________(receive)them?Everyletter________(write)byme.Please________(write)backtomesoon.2.I________(invite)toadancingpartylastweek.Themusic________(be)sonoisy.I________(leave)thepartyasearlyasI________(can).3.Didyou________(write)thatreport?Yes,it________(write)byme.4.He________(notlike)musicwhenhewasachild.Afterhe________(get)intocollege,he________(teach)byagoodmusicprofessor.Now,he________(enjoy)musicverymuchand________(listen)toclassicalmusiceverymorning.5.I________(buy)aredcaryesterday.It________(make)inJapan.Itwill__________(deliver)tometomorrow.6.I________(notgo)toschoolyesterdaybecausemybicycle________(steal).I________(buy)anewbikeyesterday.7.Where________(do)yougolastnight?I________(can)not________(find)you.You________(see)bynoone.8.A:________(do)he________(smoke)?B:No,he________(donot).Smokinghasnever________(try)byhim.-164- 9.Wasthebook________(write)byhim?10.I________(buy)threebookslately.One________(write)byGrahamGreene.I________(finish)readingit.There________(be)manyinterestingstoriesinit.【练习三十七】改错：1.________*ThisisabookwhichwrotebyDickens.2.________*Arethemusicenjoyedbythoseelderlypeople?3.________*Whenareyouvisitedbyyourfatheryesterday?4.________*ThisbookwrittenbyJohn.5.________*Heisinvitedtocometomyhomebymyfatheryesterday.6.________*Thishouseisbuiltin1913.7.________*Thisletterwaswrotebyhim.8.________*Thisletterhasneverfinished.9.________*Wasyougivenabook?10.*Ihavenevercalledbymyfather.Ialwayscallhimfirst.第九章动词如何转换成名词动名词（Gerund）和不定词（Infinitive）9§1问题的来源对我们说中文的人而言，一个字究竟是动词，还是名词，其实是很少人知道的，对一般人而言，〝唱歌〞是动词，但是如果我们说，〝唱歌是有益的〞，我们又发现〝唱歌〞其实也是名词。〝我爱唱歌〞，这句话中，〝唱歌〞也是名词。-164- 英文就不同了，英文里很少有一个字，又是动词，又是名词的，sing是动词，绝不能当名词用。怪不得有很多中国人会说*Singisgoodforyou.或者是*Ilikesing.既然sing是动词，也没有一个〝sing〞的名词，怎么办呢？英文解套的办法很有趣，他们用动名词（gerund）和不定词（infinitive）来将一个动词改成一个名词。9§2动名词（Gerund）所谓动名词，乃是将一个动词，字尾加上ing，一夜之间，这个动词就可以当作名词用了。请看以下的例子：Ilikesinging.Playingbasketballisgoodforyou.Doyouenjoylisteningtoclassicalmusic?Istravelingaroundtheworldmeaningfultoyou?StudyingEnglishisnotdifficult.我们不妨将动名词的用法分一下类：1.动名词可用作主词，如Playingtennisisenjoyedbymanypeople.Takingdrugsisavoidedbymostpeople.Beingkindtoothersisimportantforeveryone.Respectingyourparentsshowsgoodcharacter.2.动名词可以用作动词的受词，如IenjoystudyingEnglish.Hedoesnotmindwalkinglongdistances.Ihaveneverenjoyedbeingaloneinmylife.Helovesswimming.3.动名词可以用作介系词（preposition）的受词，英文里有很多介系词，at,in,about,of,-164- on等等都是介系词，介系词后面必定跟一个名词，也是它的受词，举例来说onthetableinmyhomeaboutHitlerofmylifeonthisisland各位一定注意到，每一个介系词后面都有一个名词，作为它的受词。动名词是可以作为介系词的受词的，如：Thisbookisabouttraveling.Heisresponsibleforcleaningthekitchen.Mybrotheriscapableofwritingprograms.Youjustkeepongoingstraight.在下面，我们要给各位更多有关gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一个句子中，那个动名词是作什么用的。Insteadofswimming,hewalkseverymorning.Helikeswalkinginthewoods.Areyouinterestedinplayingtennis?Lovingistobekindtoothers.Readingisimportanttostudents.Inadditiontotraveling,healsolikesreadingnovels.Youwillbehappybyhelpingothers.Heisworriedaboutbeinglate.Ifinishedwritingthereportyesterday.Theythankedmeforlendingthemmoney.Hehasneverfinishedwritingthenovel.SheisinchangeofteachingEnglishinourschool.Myfatherobjectedtomygoingtothesummercamp.-164- Pleasestopjokingaboutmybrother.Ilookforwardtoseeingyou.Hehasneverenjoyedtraveling.Shewasexcitedaboutgoingabroad.Iconsidergamblingabadthingtodo.Ihaveneverdreamedofflyinganairplane.Hesuggestedtalkingtoourteacher.Ibelieveindoingsomekindofexerciseeveryday.Playingthepianoisnofunatall.Nancyisaccustomedtosleepinglate.Areyoutiredofdrivingforsolong?Youshouldforgiveothersfordoingwrongthings.Heinsistsongettingupearlyeverymorning.Thankyouforparticipatinginmyconcert.Heisusedtostudyingalone.TheyarenotusedtospeakingEnglish.Heisaccustomedtobeingpolitetoothers.Iobjecttoseeingdirtymovies.Youshouldtakeadvantageofstudyinginsuchagoodplace.【练习三十八】改正以下的错误1.Playtennisisfun.2.Ihateswim.3.Stoptalkaboutme.4.Inadditiontoreadinterestingbooks,youshouldalsowatchTVfromtimetotime.5.Iamnotinterestedinswim.6.HetalksaboutgotoAmerica.-164- 7.Ibelieveindoexerciseeveryday.8.Thecostoftransferastudenttoanotherschoolisveryhigh.9.Pleaseforgivemeformakethismistake.10.Swimkeepsmefromgettingcold.【练习三十九】填充，每一个句子填入一个介系词和一个动名词，先举一个例子。1.Iaminterested________(listen)________tomusic.2.Pleaseforgiveme________(be)________solate.3.Inaddition________(study)________,youshouldalsohavesomeexerciseseveryday.4.Wetalked________(build)________ahousenextyear.5.Thankyou________(help)________me.6.Heisexcited________(travel)________toJapan.7.Iamlookingforward________(meet)________you.8.Heinsists________(talk)________tomepersonally.9.Ibelieve________(exercise)________everyday.10.Didyouparticipate________that(swim)________match.11.Hewasnotused________(listen)________toclassicmusic.12.Mymotherobjected________(visit)________myaunttomorrow.13.Iamnotaccustomed________(go)________tobedsolate.14.Iaminterested________(swim)________.-164- 15.Areyouresponsible________(write)________thisreport?16.Heisexcited________(see)metomorrow.17.Heislookingforward________(see)thatmovie.18.Iamnotused________(hear)________thatkindofnoise.19.Youshouldtakeadvantage________(have)________suchagoodfamily.20.Heisincharge________(send)________studentstootherschools.【练习四十】将以下中文句子译成英文句子：1.我不喜欢跳舞。2.你对游泳有兴趣吗？3.打蓝球是有趣的。4.我们昨天谈到（talkabout）教英文的事。5.我不习惯（benotusedto）抽烟。6.我反对（objectto）在公开场合哭泣（cryinpublic）。7.除了游泳以外，他还应该打棒球（用inadditionto）。8.他可以（becapableof）每天跑一公里。9.他负责（beinchargeof）找寻一个好的地方。10.我已习惯了（beaccustomedto）早起。9§3不定词（Infinitives）不定词＝to＋动词的原式。例如togo,tolove,toeat等等，都是不定词，不定词和动名词的用法相似，以下全是用不定词用作名词的例子：Toloveistoforgive.Toforgiveyourenemieswillmakeyouhappy.Iliketoeatchicken.-164- Iaskedmybrothertocomehere.Hecontinuedtoread.也许读者发现了不定词和动名词不同的地方：不定词不能用在介系词的后面，以下的句子都是错的：*Iaminterestedintoplaypiano.*Heisworriedabouttogoabroad.*Iaminchargeoftopreparefortheparty.如何将不定词用成名词呢？1.不定词可以用作主词：如Toplaytennisisgreatfun.Toplaysafeinthestockmarketisnecessary.Tobekindtoothersisimportantforeveryone.Torespectyourparentsshowsgoodcharacter.2.不家词可以用成很多动词的受词：Iliketoswim.Helovestolistentojokes.Mybrotherseemstobedifferent.Iagreetolendhimmoney.Doyouliketosing?3.不定词可以跟在代名词的后面，形式如下：动词（verb）＋代名词（pronoun）＋不定词（infinitive）例如：Itoldhimtoworkhard.Iaskedmybrothertocomebackhome.Heexpectshisfriendstohelphim.Myteachertoldmetowaitforhim.Iinvitedmysistertogotoseeamovie.4.不定词常用在上述句子的被动语气中，例如：Hewastoldtoworkhard.Mybrotherwasaskedtocomebackhome.-164- Hisfriendisexpectedtohelpme.Iwastoldbymyteachertowait.Mysisterwasinvitedtogotoseeamovie.以下是更多的不定词例子：Togiveismoremeaningfulthantoreceive.Ilovetoswimincoldweather.Heagreedtolistentomystory.Hedecidedtogoanyway.Itoldhimtobuymybook.Iinvitedhimtocometomyhouse.Iaskedhimtocookformetonight.Studentsareaskedtoworkhard.Heneedstoworkhard.Iwantyoutosendthislettertomyfather.Herequireseverystudenttoreadonenoveleveryweek.Everystudentisrequiredtoreadonenoveleveryweek.读者一定会问，是不是动名词可以和不定词互调，答案是否定的，有些动词后面可以跟动名词和不定词，但也有些动词，后面只能跟动名词，有些动词后面只能跟不定词。有些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定词：love,like,hate,start,begin,以下的动词，后面只能跟动名词：EnjoyIenjoyeatinggoodfood.AppreciateIappreciateyourbeingkindtoothers.AvoidYoushouldavoidmakingmistakes.keeponKeeponworkinghard.keepKeepsinging.considerHeconsideredleavinghome.finishHefinishedwritingthisbook.-164- suggestMayIsuggestdrinkingacupofcoffee?discussWediscussedtravelingtoNewZealand.以下的动词正好相反，只能跟不定词agreeIagreetosignthisletter.planHeplanstogoaway.wantTheywanttorentacar.decideHedecidedtoworkhard.seemHeseemstobeveryhappy.appearHeappearstobeverysad.一个字非常特殊，必须讨论一下，那就是stop：stopsmoking指不再抽烟了stoptosmoke指停下来，开始抽烟9§4动名词和不定词的被动和否定形式将动词改成名词的时候，也可以有被动语气和否定语气，以下是一些例子：Everyonelikestobeloved.Thiscupneedstobewashed.Beingtrustedisimportant.Itoldhimnottoleavethishouse.Heaskedmenottocry.Iwastoldnottofallasleepinclass.TobegivenagoodgiftonChristmasEvemakesmehappy.Beinginvitedtothatpartyisagreathonortome.【练习四十一】将下面的空格填入动名词或不定词-164- 1.Ienjoy________(listen)torockandrollmusic.2.Iaskedhim________(go)away.3.Hewasasked________(leave).4.Isuggest________(have)somefun.5.Heseems________(be)akindperson.6.Youappear________(be)quitetired.7.Itoldhim________(have)acupofwine.8.Iinvitedhim________(come)over.9.Everyoneofyouisrequired________(work)hard.10.Doyoulike________(swim)?11.Iorderedhim________(read)mybook.12.Iwasexpected________(write)alettertoyou.13.Heaskedme________(read)thislettertohim.14.Pleasekeep________(talk)tome.15.Stop________(drive)sofast.Itisdangeroustodrivetoofast.16.Ihate________(smoke).17.________(pass)thetestisimportant.18.________(work)hardisthekeytosuccess.19.Mywifeaskedmeto________(bring)someflowershome.20.Heavoided________(tell)lies.【练习四十二】将以下中文句子译成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。1.我请（invite）他到我家来。2.我教（teach）他游泳。3.被人爱令人快乐。4.我讨厌（hate）抽烟。-164- 5.我们应该避免（avoid）饮烟。6.不要再（stop）抽烟了。7.每个人都期待（expect）他写一本好书。8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。9§5不定词的简式不定词中一定要有to，但在有几个动词的后面，to又要省掉，最著名的是let，我们绝不可以说*Ilethimtoleave.而一定要说Ilethimleave.我们也不能说*Imadehimtoworkhard.（我使他努力工作）而一定要说Imadehimworkhard.以下的动词后面，不定词的后面都要省掉to。动词例句letMymotherletmewatchTVtonight.makeHemakeshisstudentsrespectteachers.haveHehadhissonscleantheirrooms.seeIsawhimrunaway.hearIheardthebirdssing.watchIwatchedthekidsplay.noticeInoticedhercry.-164- 因为在这些动词的后面，本来应该用不定词，仅仅是to被省掉了，因此我们在这些动词的后面仍然要用原式，以下的句子都是错的：*Hemadehissonranawayfromhome.*Isawhimwalkedaway..*Ihaveneverheardhimsanganysong.Help这一个动词非常特别，它后面的不定词中的to可省略也可不省，以下的句子都是对的：Ihelpedhimwashhiscar.Ihelpedhimtowashhiscar.【练习四十三】以下的句子都有错，请改正：1.*Heletshissontodrivehiscar.2.*Hemademefelthappy.3.*Imademyfriendtodiscusshisproblemwithme.4.*Ihadmysontogetupearlyeverymorning.5.*Ihelpedmyfatherpaintedhishouse.6.*Ihadmybrothertocarrythisheavyluggageforme.7.*IhadMarytomarryme.8.*Thissongmakeseveryonetocry.9.*IhelpedNancyworkedhard.10.*Hemadeustobelievehim.11.*Isawhimtoplay.12.*IheardMarysangseveralsongs.13.*Iwatchedhertoswim.14.*Isawthebirdstoflyaway.-164- 第十章如何将动词改成形容词我们中文里，一个字有时是动词，有时却又可以用作形容词，最著名的例子是〝微笑老萧〞（萧万长院长的外号）〝微笑〞应该是动词，可是在这里，显然〝微笑〞是形容词。〝哭泣〞通常是动词，可是我们也可以说〝哭泣的孩子〞。也难怪我们常见到以下错误的英文句子：*asmileface*arunboy需知smile和cry都是动词，是不能当作形容词来用的。可是，更糟糕的是以下句子：〝住在台湾的人很有钱〞，我们很多人会说*________PeopleliveinTaiwanarerich.以上的话为什么错呢？因为People是主词，are是动词，liveinTaiwan形容people，可是live是一个动词，不能用作形容词的。怎么办呢？我们可以将一个动词用成一个形容词，我们的做法是利用分词（participle）和不定词（infinitive），而分词有两种：现在分词（presentparticiple）和过去分词（pastparticiple），我们在下一节，先谈现在分词的用法。10§1现在分词（presentparticiple）作为形容词任何一个动词，都有一个现在分词（presentparticiple），现在分词的形式是在动词后面加上ing，如：laughingcryingwalkingswimmingrunning以下的例子中，现在分词都是形容词-164- acryingbabyasmilinggirlanexcitingstoryrunningwaterarunningboyarisingstar现在分词不一定放在名词的前面，在以下的句子中，现在分词都在名词的后面apersonwalkinginthewoodstheyoungmanrunningveryfastpeoplelivinginTaiwanthepersondrivingthatredcarthesingersingingthenationalanthem（国歌）theboysplayinginthefieldstheyoungboyswimminginthepool以下句子中的现在分词，都被用作形容词。Wehaveacryingbabyhere.Seeingisbelieving.（believing是形容词，seeing是名词）Lovingisforgiving.Healwayswearsasmilingface.Runningwaterisimportantformankind.Lookattherisingsun.Thepersonswimminginthatcoldriverisquitestrong.Theyoungmandrivingtheredcarisrich.Thoseboysplayingbasketballarehappy.Thismovieisexciting.Thisnewsisveryupsetting.Thisstoryistroubling.Theyoungboyswimminginthepoolismybrother.-164- PeoplelivingintheUnitedStatesconsumemoreenergythanotherpeople.ThepersonpaintingthehousethereisfromMexico.Shehasalovinghusband.Heisarisingstar.【练习四十四】将以下的中文句子译成英文，每句都要用现在分词1.这是一本有趣的故事。2.这门课很无聊（boring）。3.看那只在唱歌的鸟。4.那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。5.住在乡下的人通常很健康。6.我不认识那位骑脚车的男孩子。7.那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的儿子。8.那位在问问题的学生非常聪明。9.你见过那位打篮球的男孩子吗？10.那位垂死（dying）的病人是我的老师。10§2过去分词（pastparticiple）作为形容词在完成式中，我们要用过去分词，过去分词也可以作为形容词，以下是一些例子：abrokenwindow（破碎的窗）afallenangel（堕落的天使）afallenstar（已经不走红的明星）adepressedperson（一个沮丧的人）amuchappreciatedaction（为人很欣赏的动作）究竟过去分词和现在分词何不同呢？过去分词多半有动被和已经完成的意思-164- 。最好的例子是：开发中家叫做adevelopingcountry，已开发国家就叫做adevelopedcountry。以下的例子可以解释过去分词和现在分词的不同：1.(a)这本书很有趣。Thisbookisinteresting.(b)我对这本书很有兴趣。Iaminterestedinthisbook.2.(a)这是一部令人沮丧的电影。Thisisadepressingmovie.(b)我看了这部电影以后，感到非常沮丧。Ifeltverymuchdepressedafterseeingthatmovie.3.(a)结果令人失望。Theresultisfrustrating.(b)他因这个结果而非常失望。Hewasfrustratedbecauseoftheresult.4.(a)这个消息真令人难过。Thisnewsisreallyupsetting.(b)他们都很难过。Theyareallupset.5.(a)约翰的进步令人鼓舞。John’sprogressisencouraging.(b)我因约翰的进步而感到鼓舞。IamencouragedbyJohn’sprogress.6.(a)水在烧。Thewaterisboiling.(b)这是烧开的水。Thisisboiledwater.7.(a)这个消息出人意外。Thisnewsissurprising.(b)我对这个消息感到意外。-164- Iwassurprisedbythenews.8.(a)他的谈话令人困惑。Hiswordsareconfusing.(b)他是一个充满困惑的人。Heisaconfusedperson.记住，以下的句子都是错的：*Hisstatementsareconfusedtome.*Iaminterestinginmusic.*Heisaninterestedperson.*Thisisindeedasurprisednews.*Thisnewsisencouraged.正确的句子应该是：Hisstatementsareconfusing.Iaminterestedinmusic.Heisaninterestingperson.Thisisindeedasurprisingnews.Thisnewsisencouraging.以下是含有过去分词的句子，每一个过去分词都用作形容词：Americaisadevelopedcountry.Ifoundthatdogkilledinacaraccident.Thefrustratedstudentneedshelp.Iwantthereportcompletedbeforemidnight.Heistotallydepressed.Theyareallfrustrated.ThecardrivenbythatyoungmanisaCadillac.Thisbook,readbyalmosteveryone,waswrittenbyCharlesDickens.Thisisstillanunrealizeddream.Areyouinterestedinmusic?-164- Iamreallysurprisedtomeetyou.Iwasexcitedbyhisarrival.ThegirldressedinwhiteisfromJapan.Adepressedpersonneedslovefromothers.MillionsgotkilledintheSecondWorldWar.Heisatroubledchildwhoneedsadvice.Ihaveabrokenleg.Brokenglassisallovertheplace.千万注意，我们不可以轻易乱用过去分词，以下的句子都是错的：*Heissuffered.*ThisarticlewillbeappearedinthenextissueofScience.正确的说法是：Hesuffers.ThisarticlewillappearinthenextissueofScience.【练习四十五】将以下的中文句子译成英文：1.我对音乐有兴趣。2.这部人人都看过的电影是在好莱坞制作的。3.他来自一个破碎的家庭。4.这个国家的法律已经崩溃（breakdown）了。5.我因这个消息而感到兴奋。6.我们应该帮助那位沮丧的学生。7.三个人死于（getkilled）这场车祸。8.这是一个充满了困惑的学生。9.他是一个很有趣的人。【练习四十六】填空，全部用现在分词或过去分词：-164- 1.Heistotally________(confuse).2.Iam________(interest)inseeingthatmovie.3.Thismovieisreally________(excite).4.Thatisa________(break)promise.5.Hehasa________(break)arm.6.Theirmarriagewas________(break)up.7.Justiceisstillnota________(realize)dream.8.Heisa________(depress)person.9.Thebicycle________(ride)bytheyoungkidismine.10.Idonotliketoseeanyperson________(injure).11.Iwasverymuch________(surprise)tohearthatnews.12.Hisstatementsare________(encourage).13.Theman________(talk)aboutHitlerisaprofessor.14.Theman________(pilot)theairplaneisquiteyoung.15.Thecompany________(manage)byMr.Leeisgettingbetterandbetter.16.PoorJohnnowhasa________(break)heart.17.Thereareboysandgirls________(dance)inthegarden.18.The________(steal)jackethasbeenfound.19.Theboy________(laugh)thereisnotmyson.20.Hehasa________(smile)face.21.Thisisindeedvery________(excite).22.Thissong,________(hear)byalmosteveryone,waswrittenbyme.23.Idon"tlikethesong________(write)bytheBeatles.24.Sheisa________(care)woman.-164- 10§3不定词（Infinitives）作为形容词和副词不定词可以用作名词，也可以用作形容词，以下都是不定词用作形容词的例子，要注意的是不定词不会放在名词的前面：Youdon"thavetherighttotalksoloudly.Heistoblame.Toseeistobelieve.（Tosee是名词，tobelieve是形容词）Myjobistoteachpoorkidstolearn.Weallhavethedutytoserveourcountry.Hehasatalenttosing.Idon"thavetimetoplay.Heisapersontobelikedbyusall.Thisisabooktobereadbyallstudents.Hehasnomoneytospend.Thisisnotagoodplaceforkidstogrowupin.Thislawistoprotectinnocentcitizens.Iamgladtoseeyou.Heisreadytostartawar.Heisrichenoughtobuytheentirebuilding.Theyareafraidtodie.Hehasnorighttokillanyone.Johnistooweaktodothisjob.Mymotheristoooldtodriveacar.Itiseasytofallbehindinschool.【练习四十七】将以下句子改成英文：1.我们都有纳税的义务。2.我们都有保持缄默（remainsilent）的权利。3.他有游泳的天才。-164- 4.我已无钱可花。5.我无处可去。6.他太累了，不能开车了。（too…..to…..）7.我很高兴看到你。8.他够聪明，可以进入大学。（enough…..to…..）9.我的工作是教小孩英文。10.我看到你，感到很意外。（surprisedto…...）11.我们有很多可谈的事。12.他没有可以交谈的朋友。第十一章词组（Phrases）和子句（Clauses）请看以下的句子，特别注意划线的字群：1.________UnderstandingEnglishiseasy.2.________Iwantyoutoworkhard.3.________Peter,whohasbeentoEngland,speaksgoodEnglish.4.________ItoldhimthatIwasgoingaway.UnderstandingEnglish和toworkhard有一共同特色，他们都没有主词，也没有动词，这种字群，叫做词组（phrase）。WhohasbeentoEngland和Iwasgoingaway中，内部都有主词和动词，这种字群，叫子句（clause）。由于我们已经对词组很熟悉，我们在这里不再讨论，而我们在这一章将多多介绍子句的用法。11§1问题型式的名词子句-164- 假如我们说〝我不知道他住在哪里〞，或者〝他究竟住在哪里仍是个谜〞，我们就可以用这种问题型式的名词子句，每一个名词子句都要用who,where,whether,which等来开始。以下是典型的例子：Idon"tknowwherehecamefrom.（我不知道他来自何处。）WhetherornotheisanAmericanisstillasecret.（他是否是个美国人仍然是个秘密。）Iwillfindoutwhereheisliving.（我要找出他住在哪里。）Icannotrememberwhetherhesmokesornot.（我不记得他是否吸烟。）Pleaseletmeknowhowoldheis.（请让我知道他多大年纪。）Kindlytellmewhatyoureallyneed.（请让我知道你需要什么。）Youhavetodecidewhichbookyouwanttobuy.（你应该决定买哪一本书。）Doyouknowwhereheisfrom?（你知道他是从哪里来的？）Doyouknowwhoheis?（你知道他是谁吗？）Pleaseaskyourbrotherwhetherheiscomingornot.（请问你的兄弟他会不会来。）Whensheiscomingremainsapuzzle.（她何时来仍然是个谜。）Idon"tknowwhatheisinterestedin.（我不知道他的兴趣何在。）Idon"tunderstandwhatheistalkingabout.（我不知道他在谈什么。）Doyouknowwhosebicyclethisis?（你知道这辆脚踏车是谁的吗？）-164- DoyouknowwhichcountryHawaiibelongsto?（你知道夏威夷属于哪一个国家吗？）Youshouldaskyourmotherwhereyouwereborn.（你应该问你的母亲你在哪里生的。）虽然每一个名词都有问题的意义，我们却不能在名词子句中用问句的型式，因为毕竟这个名词子句仅仅是一个子句而已，它的结尾并不是〝？〞。因此以下的句子都是错的：*Idon"tknowwheredidhecomefrom.*Iwillfindouthowoldishe.*Kindlytellmewhatdoyouneed.*Youhavetodecidewhichbookdoyouwanttobuy.*Whenishecomingremainsapuzzle.【练习四十八】将以下的中文句子译成英文：1.我不知道你是谁。2.请告诉我你是否是美国人。3.我不记得你是否喝咖啡。4.请问你的姊姊她去年是否去过日本。5.你知道他是谁吗？6.他从哪里来的是一个谜（puzzle）。7.我要找出他哥哥会不会游泳。8.我知道他为何如此悲伤。9.你知道玛丽什么时候来吗？10.你知道发生了什么事吗？11.我知道天空为什么是蓝的。12.请告诉我你去年去哪里工作的。13.你知道他在谈什么吗？14.我不懂他的问题是什么。-164- 【练习四十九】改错：1.Pleasetellmewhyishesosad.2.Idonotknowwhereisshefrom.3.Pleasetellmehowmanypeoplearethereinthishouse.4.Letmeknowhowoldareyou.5.IsheaJapaneseisamystery.6.DoyouknowwhoisthepresidentoftheUnitedStates?7.MayIaskyouwhichkindofcoffeedoyoulike?8.IcannotrememberhowoldamI?9.Whatishetalkingaboutisuncleartome.10.Doyouknowwhyishecoming?【练习五十】选择适当的代名词，如whether,which,what,who,how,when,why等填入下面句子的空格（有时会有多种正确的填法）：1.Idon"tknow________bookyoubought.2.Doyouknow________heisfrom?3.Pleaseaskhim________hedrinksteaornot.4.________heisthinkingaboutiswellknowntoallofus.5.Letmeguess________oldyouare.6.MayIask________youaresosad?7.Idon"tknow________heis.8.Doyouknow________housethisis?9.Thisisnot________Iwant.10.Idon"tcare________youwanttosay.-164- 11§2以that开始的名词子句现在我们先试着翻译以下的句子：地球是圆的是众所周知的事。一种直接了当的翻译是：*Theearthisroundisknowntoeveryone.遗憾的是，以上的句子是不对，我们必须加一个that到名词子句里去，以下的翻译是正确的：Thattheearthisroundisknowntoeveryone.我们再来翻译一个中文句子：我要求他一定要用功念书。直接了当的翻译可能像下面的：*Idemandhemustworkhard.这是错的，我们应该加一个that在这个名词子句的前面。以下的翻译才是正确的：Idemandthathemustworkhard.虽然我们常看到这种that被省略的情形，我们仍希望大家知道，为保险起见，最好不要省掉that。以下是一些例子：Thatthesunrisesfromthewestiswrong.（太阳从西方升起是错的）ThatalotofJewswerekilledduringtheSecondWorldWarisnowahistoricalfact.（大批犹太人在第二次大战中被杀是历史上的事实）Ididn"tknowthatheissuchadiligentstudent.（我不知道他是如此勤快的学生）Idemandthatyougoaway.（我要求你离开）Isuggestthatyougoswimmingeverymorning.（我建议你每天早上游泳）-164- Thatweshouldallrespectourparentsshouldbetaughttoourkids.（我们该教孩子们尊敬父母）Idon"tthinkthatheisagoodathlete.（我不认为他是一个好运动员）Doyouthinkthatsheisagoodactress?（你认为她是一个好的演员吗？）ThathecanspeakgoodEnglishhelpshim.（他能说很好的文，这点对他很有帮助）Iproposethatwegetmarried.（我建议我们结婚）Letusalwaysrememberthattherearealotofpoorpeopleintheworld.（我们永远记住世界上有很多穷人）Neverforgetthatweshouldalwaysloveoneanother.（不要忘记我们应该互相友爱）IamsurprisedtofindoutthatheisaCatholic.（我很惊讶地发现他是个天主教徒）Thatwelostthegamemadeallofusfrustrated.（我们输了，这件事令我们大感沮丧）IcanhardlybelievethathisEnglishissogood.（我不能相信他的英文如此之好）【练习五十一】请将that加到以下句子去：1.*Itoldyouyoumustleave.2.*Iamgladyouareherenow.3.*HeisanAmericanisunknowntous.4.*CanyouimagineheisChinese?5.*DoyouthinkheisaChinese?-164- 6.*HitlerwasdefeatedintheSecondWorldWarisanimportanteventinthehistoryofmankind.7.*Idonotthinkheisabadstudent.8.*IamsurprisedtoknowsheisfromJapan.9.*Itishardtoimaginehedoesnothaveahighschooldiploma.10.*Doyoubelieveheisinnocent?11.*Idemandmystudentstheyworkhard.12.*Thesunrisesintheeastisafact.【练习五十二】将以下句子翻译成英文：（用that）1.我不相信他是我的哥哥。2.我劝（advice）他到美国去。3.你相信地球是圆的吗？4.我告诉他他一定要读这本书。5.我忘记了你是个小孩。6.你能相信我会讲英文（speakEnglish）吗？7.他没有来令我生气（makemeangry）。8.我认为他是个好人。9.不要忘记世界上有很多穷人。10.我知道他教英文。11.我从不知道他如此聪明。12.我知道他不能来。13.我希望他能来。14.你相不相信他在台湾长大的？15.我无法决定他该不该念大学。16.你告诉我他去年到美国了。17.这位老师不知道我的爸爸也是老师。18.我要问他明天会不会来我家。-164- 19.你知道这火车到台北吗？20.请告诉我你会不会说英文。11§3形容词子句（AdjectiveClauses）在上二节，子句都是用作名词的。在这一节，我们要介绍一种新的子句，那就是形容词子句。请看以的中文句子：位在那房子里的人是我的哥哥。我们不能直接了当地将以上的句子译成：*Thepersonliveinthathouseismybrother第一种办法是将liveinthehouse改成livinginthehouse，也就是说，我们可以将那个中文句子译成下列的形式：Thepersonlivinginthehouseismybrother.以上的句子中，livinginthehouse是一个词组，我们可以将这个词组改成子句。因此，以下的翻译是正确的：Thepersonwholivesinthehouseismybrother.在以上的句子中，wholivesinthehouse是一个子句，因为它有主词，也有动词。他的作用是形容Theperson，所以是一个形容词子句。由于形容词子句永远都是在形容一个名词，因此我们在这个子句中必需有一个代名词（pronoun），像who,when,where,whom等。以下是一些形容词子句的例子，读者应该弄清楚每一个形容词子句所形容的名词。Thepeoplewholiveinthecountryareoftenveryhealthy.（住在乡下的人常常很健康）Doyoulikepeoplewhoalwaystalkaboutthemselves.（你喜欢那些永远讲他自己的人吗？）-164- Thehousewhichweboughtlastyearislocatedbesidealake.（我们去年买的房子座落在湖边）Imetyourunclewhohasaredcar.（我遇见了你的有红色汽车的叔叔）Doyouknowtheauthorwhowrotethisnovel?（你知道写这本书的作者吗？）IhavebeentothehousewhereCharlesDickenslived.（我曾去过狄更司住过的房子）Idon"tremembertheyearwhentheSecondWorldWarbrokeout.（我不记得二次世界大战哪一年爆发的）Letmeknowthedatewhenyougotmarried.（让我知道你是哪一天结婚的）IboughtthecarwhichMichaelJohnsondrove.（我下了麦克强森开的车子）ThestormwhichhitIndialastweekisverystrong.（上周袭击印度的暴风雨是很强烈的）Ithankallofyouwhohelpedme.（我要谢谢所有帮助过我的人）Thegirlwhomyoumetlastnightworksinalibrary.（你昨晚碰到的女孩子在一个图书馆里工作）Thestudentswhomyoutaughtlikeyouverymuch.（那些你教过的学生很喜欢你）IliketheprofessorwhotaughtmeEnglish.（我喜欢那位教我英文的老师）Inthiscountry,therearealotofstudentswhogotoschoolbybus.（这个国家有很多学生搭乘公车上学）-164- Haveyouheardaboutthemurdercasethatoccurredlastnight?（你有没有听到有关昨天晚上发生的谋杀案？）Thosewholoveotherswillbelovedbyothers.（爱人者人恒爱之）Heisapersonwhomeveryoneistalkingaboutthesedays.（他是大家最近在讨论的人）ThepartywhichIwenttoisinteresting.（我去参加的宴会很有趣）TheprofessorwhomIspoketoisveryfriendly.（这位我和他谈话的教授很和善）Russia,whichthisislandbelongsto,isabigcountry.（这个岛屿属于俄国，俄国是一个大的国家）请注意以上最后的四个句子，它们有一个共同的特性，那就是子句的最后一个字是一个介系词（preposition），我们先看第一个句子：Heisapersonwhomeveryoneistalkingaboutthesedays.这一句话可以分成两个句子来讲Heisaperson.Everyoneistalkingabouthimthesedays.因此我们将这两句话合并而成为Heisapersonwhomeveryoneistalkingaboutthesedays.在正式的英文中，我们必须说：Heisapersonaboutwhomeveryoneistalkingthesedays.再看下一句：ThepartyWhichIwenttoisinteresting.这句话也可以分成两句来讲：Thepartyisinteresting.-164- Iwenttotheparty.因此我们将两个句子合并为一个句子：ThepartywhichIwenttoisinteresting.正式的讲法应该是ThepartytowhichIwentisinteresting.同理，在正式英文中，其它二个名词子句中的介系词，也应该放到前面去：TheprofessortowhomIspokeisveryfriendly.Russia,towhichthisislandbelongs,isabigcountry.我们还有一点必须在此指出，请看以下错误的句子：*Ilikethebookwhichyougaveittome.以上句子中的it是多余的，因为gave的受词是which，不需要加it。以下的句子都是错的：*Heisthepersonwhomeveryoneloveshim.*Heisnotthepersonwhomyousawhim.【练习五十三】将以下句子译成英文：（用形容词子句）1.我见到那位开快车的孩子。2.我们在讨论那些有问题的学生。3.每天游泳的人一定很强壮。4.开车送我去火车站的人是我的学生。5.你所看到的女孩子是我的妹妹。6.我喜欢你所写的诗。7.你们谈到的那位教授是我的哥哥。8.你们所听到的音乐是蓝调韵律（R&B）。9.我喜欢那些有图画的书。10.我不知道林肯在哪一个城市出生的。11.我很喜欢你送我的CD。-164- 12.我昨晚看的电影很无聊（boring）。【练习五十四】改错：1.*Isawthemanwhoyoutalkedabout.2.*Heisnotthemanwhowemet.3.*Thosecryveryoftenareusuallynotliked.4.*Iliketotalktopeoplewhicharefriendly.5.*Ienjoyreadingthebookwhichyougaveittome.6.*Doyouknowthepersonwhicheveryoneknows?7.*Peterisagoodsingerpracticessingingeveryday.8.*DoyouknowPeterwhowetalkedabout?9.*DidyouseethepersonwhoIspoketo?10.*Ihaveseenthepersonwhomwetalkedabouthim.【练习五十五】将代名词如when,where,which等填入空格：1.Heistheman________isverygoodinEnglish.2.Idon"tknowtheperson________youtalkedto.3.Thisisnotthehouse________thepresidentlives.4.Idonotlikeanyone________criesfrequently.5.Didyoureadthebook________youboughtlastmonth?6.Doyouknowtheyear________theSecondWorldWarended?7.Doyouknowthatstudent________Itaught?8.Ihavenoideaabouttheperson________youaretalkingabout.9.Doyouknow________heistalkingabout?10.Doyouknow________dressitis?-164- 第十二章冠词（Articles）假设我们要翻译以下的中文句子：他是聪明的孩子也许我们会将以上的句子翻译成以下的句子：*Heiscleverbaby.这种翻译是错的，boy的前面，必须有一个冠词，英文冠词只有两个：a和the，在这个例子，我们应该加a，因此正确的翻译是：Heisacleverboy.我们现在再看以下的中文句子：他是昨天来看我的孩子。以下的翻译是错的：*Heisboywhocametoseemeyesterday.为什么错呢？仍然是在于boy前面没有冠词，这次我们必须加the，正确的翻译是：Heistheboywhocametoseemeyesterday.一般来说，英文句子的单数名词前面都会有冠词，没有冠词是例外，以下的句子都是错的：*Hesawcat.*Swimmingisgoodexercise.*Javaiscomputerlanguage.*KingofEnglanddiedlastnight.*HeisprofessorwhotaughtmeEnglish.正确的句子是：Hesawacat.Swimmingisagoodexercise.Javaisacomputerlanguage.TheKingofEnglanddiedlastnight.HeistheprofessorwhotaughtmeEnglish.-164- 我们知道大多数的名词前面要加冠词，但究竟要加a，还是the呢？我们在下一节讨论。12§1a和the之不同用法a和the最大的不同，在于a后面的名词不是指定的，而the后面的名词是有所指的。我们不妨看以下的两个句子，他们都是正确的，但意义却不同。Johnisaboy.Johnistheboy.〝Johnisaboy.〞的意思是〝约翰是一个男孩〞，而〝Johnistheboy.〞的意思就完不同了，我们一定曾经提到过某一个男孩子，而约翰就是那个男孩子。可能的情形是：Thereisaboywhoisverygoodinmathematics.Johnistheboy.我们就以〝国王〞为例，如果我们泛指一般的国王，我们可以用复数，也可以用单数，但必须用a，以下是一些例子：Kingsarealsohumanbeings.Evenakingwilldiesoonerorlater.Haveyouevermetaking?Idonotliketobeaking.Heisanordinaryperson,notaking.如果我们的国王是指某一个特定的国王，就必须用the，举一个例子；如果我们说〝国王万岁〞，我们当然是指我们的国王，因此〝国王万岁〞的翻译就是LonglivetheKing.以下的例子都是正确HerecomestheKing.TheKingisapopularpersoninourcountry.-164- EventheKingofEnglandcannotcomein.读者应该了解，同类型的句子，可以用a，也可以用the，但意义是完全不同的，请看以下的句子：Heisnotaboywhowouldcheatothers.意思是：他不是那种会欺骗别人的男孩子。再看以下的句子：Heisnottheboywhocheatedinanexaminationyesterday.他不是昨天在考试中舞弊的男孩。再看以下的句子：HeisaKing.意思是〝他是一个国王〞。如果说HeistheKing.意思就完全不同了，这句话的意思是〝他是我们国家的国王〞。请注意，世界上国王有好多个，如果我们仅仅说他是一个国王，当然没有指定哪一个国家的国王，就用aking，如果我们用theKing意思当然指我们共识中的国王。这时的King中的K必须大写，以示尊敬。我们再举一个例子：Pleaseopenawindow.是指请开一扇窗子，随便哪一扇都可以。Pleaseopenthewindow.就不同了，说这句话的人和听这句话的人一定有一个共识，〝thewindow〞一定是指某一扇特定的窗子，也许这间房子里只有一扇窗，也可能他们谈话中曾经提到某一扇窗，〝thewindow〞就是指那一扇窗。-164- 我们可以再举一个例，假如我们说，〝我们需要一场大雨〞，我们说Weneedaheavyrain.如果我们说，〝这场雨好大〞，我们说Therainisreallyheavy.有了这个基本观念以后，我们就很容易了解以下句子中，为什么要用the：Iamgoingtothetrainstation.Thepostofficeisquitenear.Whereisthelibrary?根据这种原则，当我们提到地球，月亮这种独一无二的东西，就必须用the。theearththesunthemoontheuniverse除此以外，the还有一个特殊的用途，我们可以在the的后面加一个形容词，使这两个字变成了一个名词，举例来说：therich＝富人thepoor＝穷人theweak＝弱者thedeaf＝聋人theblind＝盲人请注意，以上的名词是复数：Therichalwaysgetricher.Thepooraregettingpoorer.Theblindareoftenverysensitivetosounds.以下是一些用a和the的例子，读者应设法了解句子中为何有时用a，有时用the。-164- Heisastudent.Heisthestudentwhocanswimverywell.Iliketobeateacher.HeistheteacherwhotaughtmeEnglish.ThepresidentoftheUnitedStatesinanimportantpersonintheworld.Ihaveasonandadaughter.Ihavetwosons.Thisisthesonwhowillbeadoctor.Iwanttobeateacherwhoislovedbystudents.Heisnotthepersonwhomwetalkedabout.Thereisaboatintheriver.Thisistheboatwhichwecanuse.Therainisgoingtostoptomorrow.Weneedagoodrain.Theweatherisreallybad.Isthereatrainstationnearus?Whereisthestation?Doyouknowwherethepostofficeis?Thereisapostofficeinsidethatbuilding.Thelibrarylookssogood.Therichshouldpaymoretaxes.Weshouldpaymoreattentionstothepoor.Theblindcanalsostudycomputersciencenow.Theearthisround.ThesunneversetsintheBritishEmpire.Doyouthinkwecanreachthemoon?Howlargeistheuniverse?【练习五十六】将下列中文句子译成英文：-164- 1.他是一个好学生。2.他是那位老师都喜欢的学生。3.我要做总统。4.这是总统。5.请打开一扇窗。6.中华民国的总统将于明年访问美国。7.我要做一个好的工程师。8.他是那位我们常常谈到的老师。9.Java是一个新的计算器语言。10.我有一只狗。11.他是获大奖的教授。12.火车站在哪里？13.请告诉我邮局的地址。14.这里有邮局吗？15.富人常住在城里。16.盲人可以用计算机。17.太阳在东边升起。18.宇宙是非常大的。19.为什么我们白天不能看到月亮？20.总统几岁？【练习五十七】将适当的冠词填入下列的空白：1.Heis________studentwhowenttoseeyou.2.Thereis________riverinthisarea.3.Idon"twanttobe________teacher.4.Hewantstobecome________doctor.5.Noonewantstobe________beggar.6.Pleaseopen________doorwhichopenstothehall.7.UNIXis________computeroperatingsystem.-164- 8.WINDOWis________onlyoperatingsysteminvestedbyMicrosoft.9.Ihave________dogandtwocats.10.Sheis________teacherwhogotmanyprizes.11.________earthisnotflat.12.Isthere________hotelaroundhere?13.Whereis________trainstation.14.Ireallylike________library.15.Pleasegiveme________glassofwater.16.________windisgettingstrongerandstronger.17.Heis________friendofmine.18.Itishardfor________poortogotocolleges.19.Heis________swimmerwhoswamacrosstheEnglishChannel.20.________weatherisgettingcolderandcolder.21.Thisis________bookwhichIboughtyesterday.22.Idon"tliketobe________professor.23.Iamgoingtotake________vacationnextmonth.24.Johnwillbecome________basketballplayer.25.Iride________bicycletoworkeverymorning.12§2a和an的用法在英文里，a有时必须用an代替，凡是一个字一开始的发音是元音的话，那么前面就不能用a，而必须用an。例子：anappleanansweranegganeyeanisland-164- anideaanoldladyanoddcaseanumbrella请注意，用an与否并不是完全和字母有关，而是和发音有关。举例来说，u虽然是一个元音字母，但是我们却说aunit，而不能用*anunit，因为unit的一开始发音并非元音。其它类似的例子有：ausefulcarauniversityauniformaone-sidedopinion反过来说，有些字并不以元音开始，但是却必须用an，因为这些字的第一音节是元音发音，例子：anhonestpersonanhour【练习五十八】填入a或an1.Heis________EnglishProfessor.2.Thisis________easyjob.3.Heisjust________ordinaryperson.4.________friendinneedis________friendindeed.5.Giveme________hint.6.Ihave________Americanfriend.7.Iwillbecome________engineer.8.Ishe________honestboy?9.________hourlater,hewentaway.10.Isthis________universitylibrary?-164- 12§3冠词使用时的例外在以上的两节，我们好像说冠词的使用是有一定规则的，其实不然，例外也不少。在很多情形之下，冠词是要省略的，更麻烦的是，连省略冠词的规则都有例外，应该省的却又不省了。第一个有关冠词的特殊用法是这样的，假设我们要说〝男生通常不喜欢弹钢琴〞，我们不能说Boydoesnotliketoplaythepiano.而要说Boysdonotliketoplaythepiano.这时，Boys的前面，是没有冠词的，理由很简单，我们不能加a，因为boys是复数，我们也不能加the，因为boys并没有指定哪一个男孩，也没有指定哪一种男孩。类似的例子有：Girlsaremorediligentthanboys.Whenspringcomes,flowersstarttobloom.Dogsareoftenclosetotheirmasters.Catsareoftenquitelazy.Meneatmorethanwomen.Professorsareallverysmart.第二个规则有关所谓不可数名词，很多名词是可以数的如：acup,twocupsaboy,threeboysateacherastudentaboatanairplaneaglassofwateracupoftea-164- 可是很多名词是不可数的，以下这些名词都是抽象的，因此不可数timelovehatredpainjoysadnesskindnesswisdomhopepatience这些抽象名词的前面是不要加冠词的，例子如下：Timeflies.（时间过得很快）Wecannotlivewithoutlove.Lettherebenohatred.Wemustbeabletoendurepain.Lovingotherscreatesjoy.Thereissadnessinhisvoice.Canyoufeelhiskindness?Hehaswisdom.Thereishopeamongus.Iamlosingpatience.以上的例子，乃是泛指的事物，如果特定的抽象名词，仍要加冠词。例如：Thisisthetimetocry.Doyoufeelthepain?Thereisahatredtowardswasinoursociety.Everyonecanfeelthejoyofbeingloved.-164- Wejustcannotavoidthesadnessoflosingsomelovedones.Hedoeshavethepatiencetolistentolongtalks.Itisavirtuenottosteal.还有一些不可数的名词，是所谓的物质名词，像waterfireairmetalteacoffeebreadbutter如果这些物质名词泛指一般的东西，前面是不要加冠词的，例如Drinkingwaterisimportant.Don"tplaywithfire.Weneedairtobreath.Thereismetalinthisdevice.Idon"tdrinktea.Ilikecoffee.Fatherbringsbreadandbutterhomeeveryday.一旦物质名词指特定的东西，前面就要加冠词，例如：Thewaterinthiscityispolluted.Therewasafirenearourhomelastnight.Theairinthistownisgettingworseandworse.Copperisametal.TheteafromIndiaisverypopularinEngland.专有名词，一般说来都不要加冠词的：MaryisfromCanada.-164- Johngotmarriedlastmonth.Taiwanisanisland.EnglandisinEurope.Franceisanicecountrytovisit.Russiaisalargecountry.ParkStreetisthemainstreetinthiscity.GotoTaipeifirst.SunMoonLakeisabeautifullake.Januaryisoftenverycoldhere.Sundayisadayforresting.Springisthebestseason.Mt.EverestisinEurope.PresidentKennedydiedwhenhewasyoung.KingGeorgewasconsideredamadking.QueenElizabethvisitedAustraliarecently.可惜的是，英文中专有名词仍有要加the的，我们将试着将这些例外写成规则，但这种规则一定挂一漏万，读者如要知道何种情况要加冠词，何种情况不加冠词，惟一的办法是多读英文的文章，慢慢地就会了解什么情形该用冠词，什么情形不用冠词。哪些专门名词前面仍要加冠词the呢？(1)河流，海洋，沙漠，海峡，海湾等等专有名词的前面都要加the。theHudsonRiver（赫德森河）theRhineRiver（莱茵河）theYellowRiver（黄河）theRiverThames（泰唔士河）theAmazonRiver（亚马孙河）thePacificOcean（太平洋）-164- theRedSea（红海）theMediterraneanSea（地中海）theBalticSea（波罗的海）theAtlanticOcean（大西洋）theSaharaDesert（撒哈拉大沙漠）theGobiDesert（戈壁大沙漠）theTaiwanStraits（台湾海峡）theEnglishChannel（英吉利海峡）theManilaBay（马尼拉海湾）theBayofTokyo（东京湾）thePersianGulf（波斯湾）(2)国家的名词中如有of时，要加thetheUnitedStatesofAmericatheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublicstheRepublicofChina(3)非常言式的名称，也要加thetheWorldBank（世界银行）theUnitedNations（联合国）theRedCross（红十字会）theCatholicChurch（天主教会）(4)帝国，朝代，时代等等专有名词的前面，要加thetheBritishEmpire（大英帝国）theＯttomanEmpire（奥图门帝国）theUnitedKingdom（联合王国）theByzantineEra（拜占庭时代）theChinDynasty（秦朝）theVictoriaEra（维多利亚时代）theHanoverDynasty（汉诺威王朝）TheRenaissanceEra（文艺复兴时代）theDarkAges（黑暗时代）-164- (5)如果提到〝全体〞，就要加thetheWangs（王家）theKennedys（肯尼迪家族）请注意，Wang和Kennedy都是姓，如果要指全家人，必须在姓氏的后面加s，前面加the。theChinese（中国人）theAmericans（美国人）theAfricans（非洲人）我们说过，一般的专有名词是不要加冠词的，但是有很多其它的名词前面也不要加冠词，以下是一些规则：(1)学科一概不加冠词Idonotlikemathematics.Hehatesgeometry.Sheteachesushistory.(2)三餐一概不加冠词Didyouhavelunch.Missingbreakfastisbadforyourhealth.Wehavehaddinneralready.千万记住，如果我们的名词指定某一个特定的时候，就仍要加冠词，以下是一些例子：IhadahappyChristmaslunchwithmyfamily.Thedinneryoutreatedmelastnightwasreallygood.Didyouhaveabigbreakfast?(3)假如我们说〝上学〞，〝去教堂〞等等，都不要加冠词，例如Iwenttochurchyesterday.HegoestochurcheverySunday.Sheisgoingtocollegethissummer.Didyougotoschoollastweek?-164- 但是如果我们说的是指定的教堂，学校等等，仍要加冠词，例如：IwenttothechurchatthecornerofParkStreetyesterday.ThechurchwhichIwenttowhenIwasyoungisstillthere.Ididnotgotothecollegewhichmyfatherwentto.(4)语言不要加冠词Englishiseasytolearn.TherearealsogrammaticalrulesinChinese.CanyouspeechJapanese?但是，我们必须注意语言有另一种表示的方法，例如：TheEnglishlanguageiseasytolearn.TherearegrammaticalrulesintheChineselanguage.(5)运动一概前面不加冠词Doyouplaytennis?Icannotplaybasketball.Ireallylovesoccer.(6)动名词前面不加冠词，例如Swimmingisgoodforyou.Ilikeplayingtennis.Doyouenjoyplayingpiano?【练习五十九】以下的句子都有冠词用法的错误，请改正这些错误：1.TheGirlsareoftengoodinlearninglanguages.2.Thedogsalwayschasethecats.3.Doyouhavethetime?4.Ihavenothadawaterfortwohours.5.Thereisnolifewithoutthepain.6.Theloveisthemostimportantthinginone"slife.7.Hehasthewisdom.-164- 8.Iamlosingthepatience.9.Thisisnottimetocry.10.Painduetolosingalovedoneishardtoendure.11.Joybeingafatherisreallygreat.12.Beinghonestisvirtue.13.Speakingthetruthisgoodpolicy.14.Canyoufeelsadnessofhis?15.Weneedtheairtolive.16.Idonotdrinkthecoffee.Idrinkthetea.17.WeChineseeatthericeeveryday.18.Waterinthisareaisveryclean.19.Therewasfireinthenextstreetlastnight.20.Firelastnightkilledthreekids.21.CoffeewhichyouaredrinkingisfromSouthAmerica.22.MaryisfromtheCanada.23.TheChinaisalargecountry.24.RepublicofChinawasFoundedin1911.25.WhereistheEngland?26.IstheRussianinEurope.27.ThePresidentLincolnisagreatperson.28.TheKingGeorgewasamadking.29.YellowRiverisalongriver.30.HaveyoubeentoGobiDesert?31.ManilaBayisverybeautiful.32.ItishardtocrossAtlanticOceanbyasmallboat.33.CanyouswimacrossEnglishChannel?34.UnitedStatesofAmericaisalargecountry.35.UnitedNationsandRedCrossoftenworktogether.36.WhendidOttomanEmpireend?37.BritishEmpirewaslargebefore.-164- 38.CatholicChurchisoneoftheoldestorganizationsintheworld.39.ThiscupwasmadeinMingDynasty.40.Renaissanceisaveryimportanteraformankind.41.WeshouldnotgobacktoDarkAges.42.Wangsdidnotinvitemetotheirhouse.43.IdonotlikeKennedys.44.Chinesepaygreatattentiontoeducation.45.Idonotlikethephysics.46.Areyouinterestedinthechemistry?47.Didyouhavethelunch?48.Letushavethedinnertogether.49.Ialwayshaveabreakfastwithmyfamily.50.Ihadbigdinnerlastnight.51.Dinnermymothercookedformewasdelicious.52.IgotothechurcheverySunday.53.Hedoesnotliketogototheschool.54.Didyouseebeautifulchurchinthenextstreet?55.TheEnglishissohardforme.56.DoyouspeaktheEnglish?57.Doyouplaythetennis?58.Theswimmingisgoodforyou.59.Ilikethewalkinginthewoods.60.Ipracticethebaseballeveryweek.【练习六十】在以下的空白处加入冠词，如不需要冠词，就让它空白：1.________boysusuallydonotliketositstillforlong.2.Ilovetohave________cupofcoffee.3.Thereis________lovebetweenus.-164- 4.Canyoufeel________lovefromyoumother?5.________joyforhavinganewbabyisreallygreat.6.Doyouhave________timeforawalk?7.Wecannotlivewithout________love.8.Ihavenotdrunk________wineforalongtime.9.Doyouhave________wisdomtodistinguishbadpersonsfromgoodpersons?10.Thisis________gooddinner.11.Ididnothave________dinner.12.________joybeing________motherisgreat.13.________Runningis________goodpractice.14.________sadnessduetothedeathofhismotherreallyhurtshim.15.Weneed________watertolive.16.Wecannotlivewithout________air.17.Idonotdrink________coffee.18.________firewithoccurredlastnightdestroyedmyhouse.19.________coffeewhichyouaredrinkingisverylight.20.________RepublicofChinaisinAsia.21.Whereis________Russia?22.Is________FranceinAfrica?23.________PresidentKennedywaslikedbymostAmericanbeforebedied.24.________AmazonRiverisalongone.25.Haveyoueverbeento________Tokyo?26.Haveyoueverbeento________TokyoBay?27.Therearemorethanonehundredcountriesin________UnitedNations.28.Thisis________MingDynastyporcalain.-164- 29.________Wangsinvitedustoadinnerparty.30.Idonotlike________mathematics.31.________springisapleasantseason.32.Ihad________pleasanteveningwithmyfriends.33.________breakfastwhichIhadthismorningwastoolightforme.34.Itisnoteasytostudy________English.35.Ididplay________basketballyesterday.36.________swimmingisagoodexercise.37.Thereshouldbe________chickenineverypot.38.Itis________goodideatoeatlightly.【练习六十一】将以下的句子译成成英文：1.狗会叫（bark）。2.猫会抓老鼠。3.有时候（sometimes），痛苦是好的。4.我不喝茶。5.感觉到被爱是很重要的。6.说实话令人快乐。7.我们需要爱。8.他是一个中国人。9.中国人喜欢喝茶。10.昨夜，城里有一场火。11.约翰来自美国。12.法国在哪里？13.我喜欢林肯总统。14.黄河不是黄的。15.红十字会已经有一百年了（onehundredyearsold）。-164- 16.明朝是一个重要的朝代。17.你喜爱数学吗？18.我今天早上没有吃早饭。19.我已吃过午饭。20.我昨天没有去教堂。21.我今年秋天要上大学。22.游泳使我强壮。第十三章形容词的比较级如果我们要翻译〝他比较老〞，我们不能说*Heismoreold.而一定要说Heisolder.为什么呢？这是因为英文里面的形容词有所谓的比较级规则。在下一节，我们讲一些最基本的规则。13§1最基本的规则首先，我们要说明英文形容词有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级，最基本的规则是根据音节的多少来分的。一般来说，单音节的形容词在字后面加er，就变成了比较级，加est就变成了最高级，而双音节，或双音节以上的形容词，比较级是在字前面加more，最高级则是在字前面加most，举例来说，old,smart,strong,weak,high,low等等都是单音节的形容词，他们的变化如下：原级比较级最高级oldolderoldestsmartsmartersmarteststrongstrongerstrongestweakweakerweakesthighhigherhighest-164- lowlowerlowest以上的形容词，都是单音节的，以下的例子都有关双音节的形容词：原级比较级最高级difficultmoredifficultmostdifficultdeliciousmoredeliciousmostdeliciousbeautifulmorebeautifulmostbeautifulcorrectmorecorrectmostcorrectstupidmorestupidmoststupidsignificantmoresignificantmostsignificant有一个规则必须注意，我们不能将more和er混在一齐用，以下的例子都是错的：*HeismoreolderthanI.*Heismoretallerthanhisbrother.正确的句子是：HeisolderthanI.Heistallerthanhisbrother.【练习六十二】写出以下形容词的比较级：1.small2.slow3.intelligent4.expensive5.tall6.short7.important8.cheap-164- 9.famous10.cold11.fast12.careful13.colorful14.long15.dark16.bright13§2特殊的比较级规则在上一节，我们说明了最基本的规则，那就是单音节形容词加er或est，双音节的形容词前面加more或most。但以下就是这些基本规则的例外。(1)单音节形容词的字是e，就直接加r或st：原级比较级最高级largelargerlargestlatelaterlatestnicenicernicestwisewiserwisest(2)形容词的字尾是y，而前一个子母是一个子音，则除掉y，加上ier，或iest：原级比较级最高级luckyluckierluckiesthappyhappierhappiestprettyprettierprettiestdrydrierdriesteasyeasiereasiest(3)单音节形容词的字尾是子音，前一音是一个元音，则字尾必须重复一次，再加er或est：原级比较级最高级-164- fatfatterfattesthothotterhottestwetwetterwettestbigbiggerbiggest(4)完全不规则的变化：英文中，有几个特殊的字，他们的比较级完全没有规则，以下是一些例子，读者必须记住：原级比较级最高级goodwellbetterbestbadworseworstmanymuchmoremost【练习六十三】写下以下形容词的比较级：1.cute2.wide3.early4.happy5.heavy6.thin7.easy8.hot9.wise10.large11.good12.bad13.many-164- 13§3比较形的用法大多数比较级句子里会有than，以下是一些例子：Iamolderthanhe.HisEnglishisbetterthanmine.SanFranciscoismorebeautifulthanNewYork.Hiscarischeaperthanyourcar.Heisthemostdiligentstudentinhisclass.Ilikeapplesmorethanoranges.Hehasmoremoneythanhisbrother.Heisstrongerthanhisbrother.必须注意的是以下的句子是错的：*Iamolderthanhim.*Sheissmarterthanme.为什么错了呢？因为原来句子应该是：Iamolderthanhe(is).SheismoresmartthanI(am).习惯上的is和am都省略掉的，由以上的解释可以看出，than后面的句词应该是主词，而非受词。以下的错误，也请特别注意：*Myheadislargerthanyour.正确的句子是：Myheadislargerthanyourhead.或者Myheadislargerthanyours.请看以下几个错误的句子：*Myhouseislargerthanyour.*ThetemperatureofthiscityishigherthanSanFrancisco.*TheheightofHimalayasisgreaterthanMt.Fuji.*Mybicycleisolderthanhis.正确的句子应该是：Myhouseislargerthanyourhouse.-164- 或者Myhouseislargerthanyours.ThetemperatureofthiscityishigherthanthetemperatureofSanFrancisco.或者TheTemperatureofthiscityishigherthanthatofSanFrancisco.TheheightofHimalayasisgreaterthantheheightofMt.Fuji.或者TheheightofHimalayasisgreaterthanthatofMt.Fuji.请注意以下的例子，句子中没有than，但仍有比较级：Amongalltheteacherswhohavetaughtme,heisthebest.ThisisthebestmovieIhaveeverseen.ThisfoodistheworstonewhichIhaveevereaten.Johnisthestrongerone.Dowehaveabetterchoice?Maryisthemorediligentone.Heistheolderofthetwo.Heisoneofthebestmovieactors.Thisareaisoneofthehottestareasintheworld.HeisoneofthefastestswimmersofAmerica.ThisisabookwhichIlikemost.【练习六十四】改错：1.*HeismoreoldthanI.2.*Sheisyoungerthanme.3.*Thisuniversityismorelargerthanthatuniversity.4.*Heismoreolderthanmybrother.5.*Hishouseisolderthanmy.-164- 6.*ThesizeofthiscityislargerthanSanFrancisco.7.*Sheistallerthanhim.8.*Theheightofthisboyisgreaterthanhisbrother.9.*Heisthemostgoodstudentinmyclass.10.*Heisthemorebadone.【练习六十五】将下列句子译成英文句子：1.你比他强壮。2.他的英文比我的好。3.他比他的弟弟更富有。4.他是世界上最富有的人。5.这支笔比你的贵得多。6.喜马拉雅山是世界上最高的山。7.亚马孙河是世界上最长的河。8.他比他的爸爸高。9.他是班上最好的学生。10.在我遇到的人中，他是最高的。【练习六十六】填充：1.Heis________（old）thanJohn.2.Thisproblemisoneofthe________（difficult）problemsthatIhaveeverseen.3.Thisisoneofthe________（good）moviesthatIhaveeverseen.4.Dowehavea________（good）choice?5.Thisplaceis________（hot）thanSanFrancisco.6.Heis________（famous）thanhissister.7.Sheisgetting________（bad）now.-164- 8.Heisfeeling________（well）now.9.Hehas________（much）moneythanhisfather.10.Maryisoneof________（beautiful）studentinherclass.11.Heis________（happy）thanbefore.12.Peterisgetting________（thin）.13.Thissummeris________（hot）thanlastsummer.14.Youhavea________（bright）futurenow.15.Hehas________（many）studentsthanI.16.Ifeelmuch________（well）now.17.Ｈeis________（careful）thanyou.18.Timeis________（important）thanmoney.第十四章总复习的例子在这一章，我们将给很多简短的文章，每一段文章的后面，我们都会有详细的解释，相信这些解释将有助于读者对于文法的了解。（１）DearMother:IarrivedattheTaipeiTrainStationaroundoneo"clockintheafternoonyesterday.Myfriend,Mr.Chen,greetedmeinthestation.Wetookataxitogodirectlytotheuniversityandcheckedintothedormitory.Thedormitoryisaveryoldone.IwilllivewiththreeotherboysandImettwoofthemalready.BothofthemarefromTaichungandtheyarebothquitefriendly.-164- Wewenttothedormitorycafeteriafordinner.Thefoodisnotthatgood.DearMother,Imissyouandespeciallythefoodyoucookedforme.Yourson这封信很简单，所叙述的事情不是用简单的现在式，就是简单的过去式，当然也有一次用了未来式。绝大多数的句子都用了简单的过去式，因为这些句子都是叙述过去所发生的事，用现在式的有以下几句：Thedormitoryisaveryoldone.BothofthemarefromTaichung.Thefoodisnotthatgood.Imissyouandthefoodyoucookedforme.为什么这几句话要用现在式呢？道理很简单，这几句话描写的是一些状态，而并非过去发生的事。〝Thedormitoryisaveryoldone.〞〝BothofthemarefromTaichung.〞〝Thefoodisnotthatgood.〞〝Imissyouandthefoodyoucookedforme.〞等四个句子都是目前存在的事实，所以要用现在式。现在我们不妨看一下冠词的情形，我们可以看到很多地方都用了the，如：theTaipeiTrainStationtheafternoonthestationtheuniversitythedormitorycafeterviathedormitorythefoodthefoodyoucookedforme-164- 各位读者一定可以注意到在the后面的名词都有所指，举例来说，theuniversity指那所作者要去念的大学，他的妈妈知道他所说的是那一所大学。Thedormitory指那间他已搬进去住的宿舍。凡是有所指的名词前面，原则上都应该加the。哪里用了〝a〞呢？注意，我们用了两次ataxiaveryoldone读者应该不难看出为什么这里我们不能用the，而一定要用a。（２）Mary:"Hello,thisisMary.Whoiscalling?"John:"Hi,thisisJohn.Howareyou?"Mary:"Iamdoingfine.Infact,Iamstudyingforthefinalexaminationnow."John:"Oh,Iamsorry.Whenwilltheexambeover?"Mary:"ThisFriday."John:"Then,canwehavedinnerFridayevening?"Mary:"OK,wherearewegoingtoeat?"John:"HowabouttheChineserestaurantcalledFourSeasons?"Mary:"Thatisallrightwithme.Whendowemeet?"John:"Howaboutsixo"clock?"Mary:"That"sit.SeeyouFridayeveningat6o"clockattheFourSeasons."这一篇短文主要的目的在于介绍所谓现在进行式。Whoiscalling.Iamdoingfine.Iamstudyingforthefinalexaminationnow.都是标准的现在进行式，事实上，也必须用现在进行式。-164- （３）IhavebeeninterestedinmusiceversinceIwasasmallchild.WhenIwassevenyearsold,mymothergavemeaviolinasabirthdaypresent.Ihavebeentakingviolinlessonseversince.IamsomuchinterestedinmusicthatIfinallydecidedtogotomusicschool.Thiswasaharddecisionforme.Iconsultedwithmyparents.Bothofthemencouragedmetogoahead.Yesterday,IwasacceptedbyoneofthebestmusicschoolsinTaiwan.Iamreallyhappyaboutthis.这一段话中，我们开始用现在完成式，比方说第一句话就是IhavebeeninterestedinmusiceversinceIwasasmallchild.为什么要用现在完成式呢？道理很简单，这句话里面有有〝eversince〞这个词，凡是有了这个词句，我们就一定要用现在完成式了。另外一句用了现在完成进行式的句子是：Ihavebeentakingviolinlessonseversince.读者不妨去看看第四章，就知道为什么这里要用现在完成进行式了。凡是〝自从〞某某日开始，而就一直在做的事情，就应该用现在完成式，或者现在完成进行式。这一段文章里面，我们还用了被动语气。IwasacceptedbyoneofthebestmusicschoolsinTaiwan.各位读者不妨注意，这被动语气的用法是很正当而且适宜的，如用主动这句话变成了Oneofthebestmusicschoolsacceptedme.这样反而并不太能表达原意。-164- （４）BeforeIgotintocollege,IhadbeentotheUnitedStatesandlivedthereforoneyear.ThisiswhyIcouldspeakEnglishbetterthanaveragestudents.AsIstudiedasacollegestudent,HitlerwassecretlypreparingfortheSecondWorldWar.ThewareruptedfinallywhenIwasasenior.Iwasforcedtoquitschoolandwasdraftedintothearmy.Iluckilysurvivedthewarandcamebacktoresumemystudyingafterthewarwasover.SinceIhadgonetothewar,Iwasmorematurethanmostoftheotherstudents.Evennow,Icanstillremembermydaysasacollegestudentaswellasasoldier.这篇文章介绍了如何使用过去完成式，第一句话就用了过去完成式，因为有两件事，一件是〝进大学〞，另一件是〝去过美国〞，由于在进大学以前去美国，所以〝去美国〞就用了过去完成式。请注意第二段的第一句：AsIstudiedasacollegestudent,HitlerwassecretlypreparingfortheSecondWorldWar.这一次，我们用了过去进行式，因为有两件事，〝在学校念书〞是一件事，〝希特勒在准备发动第二次世界大战〞是另一件事，其中有一件可以用过去完成式。同理，在第二段话的最后一句话中，〝曾经去打过仗〞用了过去完成式。这段文章中，有一句话用了被动语气，读者不妨看这句话〝Iwasforcedtoquitschool.〞，其实我们在这种情形之下，我们必须用被动语气，当然也可以用主动语气，不过那并不太自然。-164- 也请读者注意这段文章的最后一句话仍一定要用现在式。（５）Ihavebeeninterestedinreadingnovelsforalongtime.AmongallofthenovelsthatIhaveread,Ilikedetectivenovelsthemost.Amongalldetectivenovels,IespeciallylikethosewrittenbyAgathaChriste.Lastyear,Istartedreadinganotherkindofnovels,namelysciencefictions.Ifoundoutthatsomesciencefictionwritersarequitephilosophical.Unfortunately,therearenottoomanyofthem.IalwayshaveadreamthatonedayIwillbegoodinwritingnovels.Doyouthinkthatmydreamsmaycometrue?这段文章中，我们介绍了动名词的用法，第一句话的reading就是动名词，除此以外，我们还有两处用了动名词：startedreading和goodinwriting。读者也应该了解为什么第一句话要用现在完成进行式，在第二句话里面，当我们形容novels，我们也用了现在完成式。请读者注意第一段的最后一句话，thosewrittenbyAgathaChriste。在这里，written是一个过去分词用作了形容词，形容novels，我们也可以说thosewhichwerewrittenbyAgathaChriste.顺便讲一下，AgathaChriste是一位非常著名的侦探小说作者。也请大家注意，我们只能说interestedinreading，而不能说interestinginreading。（６）-164- Tomorrow,therewillbeadancingpartyinouruniversity.Sincewearefreshmenandmostofushaveneverbeentoalargedancingparty,wearenaturallyverymuchexcited.ImustsaythatIamnotthatexcited.Althoughdancingisinteresting,Ioftenthinkthatthemusicistooloud.Besides,asabystander,Ioftenfindthewaythattheyoungpeopledancethesedaysissofunny.Whentheydance,theyoftenremindmeofmonkeys.Well,Imustadmitthatplayingbasketballismoreinterestingtome.But,unfortunately,Icannotplaybasketballtomorrowbecausethecourtswillbeusedforthedancingparty.这一段话主要的目的是介绍现分词和过去分词用成形容词的做法。第一个现在分词是dancing，dancing在这里形容party。我们在这里看到有些时候，我们应该用现在分词，有时要用过去分词。请看以下的句子：Wearenaturallyverymuchexcited.在这里，我们一定要用excited，绝对不能用*Wearenaturallyveryexciting.下一句Althoughdancingisinteresting,在这里，我们必须用interesting，而不能用interested。也就是说，我们不能说*Althoughdancingisinterested.（７）Weprobablyallbelievethatweshouldloveothersandforgivethosewhodobadthingstous.Unfortunatelyitisoftenhardforustopracticewhatwebelievein.Forexample,ifsomeonereallyhurtsusbadly,wejustdonot-164- knowwhatweshoulddo.Shouldwetakesomekindofactiontohurtthepersonwhohurtus,orshouldweforgivehim?Thetruthisthatwemaystillseekjustice.Itisrightifwewantacriminaltogotojailforhiscrime.Yet,weshouldneverhavehatredinourhearts.这篇文章的目的在介绍〝子句〞的用法，请注意这篇文章内的很多子句，举例来说thatweshouldloveothersandforgivethosewhodobadthings.就是一个子句，这个子句是believe的受词，有趣的是，这个子句内部又有一个子句，那就是whodobadthingstodo.这个子句是形容those的。以下是这一段文章的全部子句：thatweshouldloveothersandforgivethosewhodobadthingstouswhatwebelieveinwhatweshoulddothatwemaystillseekjustice练习题答案[练习一]1.Ilovemyparents.2.Heloveshisteacher.3.Hekeepsswimmingeveryday.4.Hewantstodrinkaglassofwater.5.Helikesplayingtheviolin.6.Jackdoesnotlikemathematics.7.Maryhatessinging.8.Mymothercooksverygoodfood.-164- 9.Hewantsmetoseehimtomorrow.10.Hedoesnotknowmyname.11.Idonotlikeyou.12.Hedoesnotlikeswimming.13.Youdidnotgohome.14.Idonotlikeswimming.15.Iwantedtogotomymother"shome.16.Idonotlikeswimming.17.Ididnoteatdinner.18.Iwillnotgohome.19.Hedidnotgohome.20.Youmayleavenow.21.Hecanswim.22.Hedoesnotgotowork.[练习二]1.He.isagoodstudent.2.Myelderbrotherisseventeenyearsold.3.Myyoungerbrotherswimseveryday.4.,"Allofthemlikemusic.5.TheyareinJapannow.6.JadeMountainisaveryhighmountain.7.TheAmazonRiverisalongriver.8.Hisfatherisateacher.9.AllofuslikeChinesefood.10.Hedoesn"tlikeicecream.11.Iloveyou.12.Everyonelisafraidofsnakes.)13.Everyonelikesdogs.14.Itisverycoldtoday.[练习三]1.Heiswatchingamovie.2.Iamswimming.-164- 3.Sheismakingaphonecalltohermother.4.Hisbrotheristakingawalk.5.Iameatingnow.6.Wearesinging.7.Heisplayingthepiano.8.Heisreadinganovel.9.Iamwritingaletter.10.Heisrunning.[练习四]1.Iloveyou.2.Iameatingdinner/lunchnow.3.Heisnotastudent.4.Iamateacher.5.Iamsinging.6.Heisswimmingnow.7.Helikesswimming.8.Hecansing.9.Heissingingnow.10.Hisfatherisadoctor.11.HisfatherisintheU.S.A.12.Iamtakingabath.13.Heissleepingnow.14.Yoursisterisridingherbicyclenow.15.Yoursistergoestoschoolbybicycle.[练习五]1.Iattendedapartyyesterday.2.Hi"selderbrothercalledmeyesterday.3.IwenttoAmericalastyear.4.Imetyoursisterlastnight.5.Iwrotealettertoyou.6.Iateaneggthismorning.7.Lastnight,hedancedallnight.-164- 8.Weranfivethousandmetersyesterday.9.Hewasverytiredlastnight.10.HevisitedhisfatherinTaipeilastnight.[练习六]1.Heisastrongboy.2.Hewassickyesterday.3.Heeatsanappleeveryday.4.Heatethreeapplesyesterday.5.1liketowatchmovies.6.Iamahappyman.7.Iwatchedtwomoviesyesterday.8.Ilesentalettertoyouyesterday.9.Hesmokesveryoften.10.IreadtheBibleeveryday.11.HedidnotreadtheBibleyesterday.12.Hedidnotswimyesterday..[练习七]1.Heisplayingbasketballnow.2.Helikesplayingbasketball.3.Heplayedbasketballyesterday.4.Hegoestoschoolbybicycleeveryday.5.Hewenttothecountrybybicycleyesterday.6.Ilikesinging.7.Heissingingnow.8.Yourfathercametoseemeyesterday.9.Hisolderbrotherwalkstwokilometers.everyday.10.Hisyoungerbrotherisagoodboy.11.Hewasveryweaklastyear.12.Heismakingaphonecallnow.13.Heworkshardeveryday.14.Youryoungerbrotherlikesswimming.-164- 15.Hewasagoodstudentbefore.[练习八]1.Itwasrainingwhenhewenttoschoolyesterday.2.Hewasreadinganewspaperwhenthetrainstopped.3.Theyweresingingwhenthetrainarrivedinthestation.4.HewascallinghisfatherwhenIwenttohishouse.5.IwaswatchingTVwhentheclockstruckeightlastnight.6.Iwasbrushinmyteethwhenmyfathercalledme.7.HewasswimmingwhenIcalledhim.8.Thatdogwassleepingwhenthecatcamein.9.Hewasplayingtheviolinwhenhisyoungerbrothercamehome.10.Mymotherwascookingdinnerwhenmyfathercamehome.[练习九]1.IamaChristian.2.HewasaCatholicwhenhewasachild.3.Iwenttoseemymotheryesterday.4.Iliketoplaythepiano.5.Heiseatingnow.6.Helikestoeaticecream.7.Hewalkstoschooleveryday.8.Heiswalkingnow.9.Heisagoodboy.10.HewasswimmingwhenIcalledhim.11.Hewenttoseehismotheryesterday.12.Iwastakingabathwhenmymothercalledme.13.Iliketoswim.14.IlikedtoswimwhenIwasyoung.Now,Idon"tbecauseIamtooold.15.Itisraipingnow.-164- 16.ItwasrainingwhenIdrovetoworkyesterday.17.Itrainedlastnight.18.Itrainsveryoftenhere.19.HewasreadingabookwhenIwenttoseehimyesterday.20.IwasastudentwhenIwasyoung.NowIamateacher.[练习十]1.TheyweredrivingwhenIwenttoseethemyesterday.2.ItrainsveryofteninTaipei.3.Hegavehisbooktohisbrotherlastmonth.4.Hegoestoworkeverymorning.5.Helikestotellstories.6.Iliketogotochurch.7.Thesunissettingnow.8.Theyarcplayingthepianonow.9.Iloveyou.10.Hewasagoodstudentbefore.11.HewenttochurchlastSunday.12.Itrainedlastnight.13.Iwasplayingwhenyoucalled."14.ItwasrainingwhenIdrovetoworklastnight.15.Hedoesnotknowme.16.Iwasswimmingwhenmymothercame.17.Theyaresingingnow.18.Hedoesnotliketoswim.19.Healwayswearsablackcoat.20.HeiswatchingTVnow.[练习十一]1.Ihaveswumeverymorningsince1980.2.Ihavereceivedyourletter.3.IhaveneverbeentoAmerica.-164- 4.HehasbeenaChristiansincehewasachild.5.Ihaveseenyourgrandfather.6.Yourbrotherhasalwayslivedhere.7.Hehasbeenlearningtoplaythepianoforalongtime.8.Ihavealreadywrittenthreeletters,buthedidn"treply.9.Forthepastthreeyears,Ihavedriventhiscar.10.Hehasbeenateachersince1975.11.HehastaughtEnglishforalongtime.12.IhaveseenGonewiththeWind.13.Ihaveeaten.14.Ihavebeentothebeachthreetimesthisyear.15.Ihavelovedyouallmylife.[练习十二]1.IwenttoseeGonewiththeWindyesterday.2.IhaveneverseenGonewiththeWind.3.IlivedinAmericalastyear.4.IhavelivedinAmericasince1985.5.HehasneverbeentoEngland.6.Hehasfinishedthereport.7.Ifinishedthereportlastnight.8.Isawyourfatherlastnight.9.Ihaveseenyourfathersomanytimesalready.10.IhavelivedinTai-Chungallmylife.[练习十三]1.IhadbecomeaChristianalreadywhenIwasachild.2.IhavebeenaChristianallmylife.3.Hehaslivedheresince1939.4.Stopeatingnow.Youhaveeatentoomuch.5.Itrainedlastnight.6.Johnisawriter.Hehaswrittenthirteennovels.•-164- 7.Lastnight,Isawyourfatherforthefirsttimeinmylife.8.Italkedtomyfatherlastnight.9.Since1961,Ihavebeenateacher.Beforethat,Iwasastudent.10.IhavereadmanynovelswrittenbyCharlesDickens.[练习十四]1.Wehavebeenworkinghardsincewewerellittlekids.;2.Sincelastyear,hehasbeenstudyingEnglish.3.Ithasbeenrainingsinceyesterday.4.Sincefiveo"clock,hehasbeendoinghishomework.5.IhavebeenlivinginTaichungsinceIwasthreeyearsold.[练习十五]1.IhadmetyourmotherbeforeIwasfourteenyearsold.2.IhadbeentoAmericabefore1974.3.HehadreadtheBiblesixyearsago.4.Ihadbeenanengineerbefore1studiedintheuniversity.5.Ihadcalledyoubeforeyoucame.6.IhadmetMr.LeebeforeIhaddinnerwithhimlastnight.7.Hehadbeenagoodpresidentbeforeheresigned.8.Hehadbeenagooddoctorbeforehedied.9.Hehadbeenpracticedsingingbeforehestartedgoingtothechurch.10.Ithadbeenrainingbeforeeighto"clockthismorning.[练习十六]1.Youweresingingwhenhewenttoseeyouyesterday.-164- 2.Hehadbeenagoodboy.3.Allofthemliketoplaybasketball.4.WearewatchingTVnow.5.YouhavelivedinTaiwanforalongtime.6.Ihavealreadyreadoverthisbook.7.Theyhavelivedhereallthetime.8.Ihadgonetochurchbeforecominghere.9.Helikestowatchthesunrise.10.Helikesswimming.11.Hehasbeenlearningtoplaythepianosincehewassixyearsold.12.Heusedtobeastrongboy.13.Hehadbeenaveryhealthymanbeforehegotsick.14.Peopleweredancingwhenthetrainarrivedatthestation.15.Hehadbeenamusicianbeforethewarbrokeout.16.Ihaveseenyoubefore.17.Isawyoulastyear.18.Ihavealreadywrittentheletter.19.Since1974,Ihavebeenasoldier.20.IhavereadmanyEnglishbooks.[练习十七]1.Heloveshiscountry.2.Helovedhiscountry,butnowhedoesnot.3.Ihavebeenateachersince1975.4.IhadbeenateacherbeforeIwenttocollege.5.IhavebeenreadingShakespeareeversinceIwasalittlegirl.6.WhenIwenttoseeheryesterday,shewaswatchingTV.7.IhadseenyourfatherbeforeIsawyou.8.Hehasreadmanydetectivestories.9.HegoestochurcheverySunday.-164- 10.Itwasacolddayyesterday.11.Ithasbeenrainingforthelasttwodays.12.Ihaveeatentoomuch.Iamfullnow.13.Shehadbeenanursebeforethewarbrokeout.14.Ihave•neverseenyouinmylife.15.Hehasbeenateachersince1980.16.Itisgoodtocatvegetableseveryday.17.Itwassonicetomeetyoulastnight.18.Shehadbeensuchanicegirlbeforeshedied.19.PeterhasgonetoAmericamanytimes.20.Hehasbeenworkinghardsincelastyear.Hehopestosucceedinthecollegeentranceexaminationthistime.[练习十八]1.Iwillgotochurchtomorrow.2.HewillmeetmenextMonday.3.Hewillcleanthisroomtomorrow.4.IwillgotoTaipeiafterdinnertomorrow.5.IwillcallyoutomorrownightafterIgohome.6.IwillmajorinlawafterIgraduate.7.IwillwatchTVtomorrowafteryouleave.8.IwillgotoTainantomorrow.9.Iwillwritealettertoyoutonight.10.Iwillwaitformybrothertonight.[练习十九]1.IamgoingtobeinAmericanextyearafterIgraduate.2.IwillexplainthistoyoutonightafterIreadthereport.3.Iwillseeyoutonight.4.Assoonasyoucomeseeme,Iwillgiveyoumybook.5.WhenyouarriveinNewYorktomorrow,Tomwill-164- beintheairporttomeetyou.6.Iwillgotochurchaftertherainslops.7.IwillwatchthenewTVprogramafteryouleave..8.Whenyougetheretomorrow,everyonewillbewaitingforyou.9.IwillgetajobassoonasIgetoutofcollege.10.Hewillhavedinnerverylatetomorrow.11.Iwillquitmypresentjob,afterIfindabetterone.[练习二十]1.Iwillbewatchingthebaseballgametomorrownight.2.Hewillhavefinishedthereportwhenyouarriveathishome.3.Iwillhavewashedmycartonightwhenmymothercomes.4.Theywillbeplayingtheirviolinswhentheclockstrikestwelve.5.Hewillhavecompletedwritingthisprogrambeforeteno"clocktonight.6.HewillhavebeenthepresidentforthreeyearsnextMay.7.Iwillhaverepairedmycarwhenyoucometonight.8.Iwillhavereadthisreportbeforesixo"clocktomorrowevening.9.PeoplewillbedancinginthestreetsifMr.RobertsoniselectedPresident.10.Iwillhavedrivenfourhundredmilestomorrow.[练习二十一]1.Pertersonwasbornin1965.Helikedmusicwhenhe-164- wasachild.Since1975,hehasbeenlearningtoplaytheviolin.Now,heisaverygoodviolinist.2.IwillbewatchingTVathomewhenmyelderbrothervisitsmetomorrow.Iliketowatchprogramsabouthospitals.3.IlikedtoplaybasketballwhenIwasachild.Now,1don"tbecauseIhadacaraccident.4.Iamcallingmymother,whoiseighty-eightyearsoldandhaslivedinTaipeiforsixtyyears.5.IhadbeentoEnglandbeforeIwenttoAmerica.WhenIwasinEngland,Imetabeautifulgirlandshehasbecomemywife,[练习二十二]1.IamwatchingTVnow.IwatchTVeveryday.2.Hehadhadabigdinnerbeforewearrivedlastnight.Itwasagoodmeal.Heseldomatesomuch.3.Hehasbeenworkingonthisnovelforaverylongtime.Bythetimehefinishesit,hewillhavewrittensixnovels.4.IhavebeentoAmericaseveraltimes.IwillgotoAmericaagainnextyear.5.IlivedinTaipeiwhenIwasachild.WhenIwassixyearsold,ImovedtoTaiwanandhavelivedthereeversince.6.Itismybirthdaytomorrow.YetIhaveatestthedayaftertomorrow.SoIwillstudyinthelibrarytomorrownight.7.Hehadbeenastrongkidbeforehebecameanathleteincollege.Nowalthoughheisseventyyearsold,heisstillquitehealthy.8..Hetakesabatheverymorning.Today,sincehe-164- gotupverylate,hewenttoschooldirectlywithouttakingabath.[练习二十三]1.Ididn"tseeyourbrotherlastnight.2.Idon"tlikeapples.3.Sheisnotabeautifulgirl.4.Theycannotplayviolinverywell.5.Mr.Changmustnotanswerthefollowingquestions.Mr.Changdoesnothavetoanswerthefollowingquestions.6.Hedidn"tgotoseehisbrotherlastnight.7.Hecouldn"tsingmanysongs.8.Hewillnotbuythiscar.9.Itdidn"trainheavilylastnight.10.Ihavenotlivedhereforthreeyears.11.Hedoesn"thavetoseehismother.12.Hedidn"thavetostayhereyesterday.[练习二十四]1.Ihavenomoney."2.Aselfishpersondoesnothaveanyfriends.,3.Nomanisentirelyalone.4.Nooneislivinghere.Wecannotgetintothishouse.5.Notasinglepersonlovesme.6.Noonelovesme.7.ThepersonwhomIsawdidnotcome.8.Ididnotgotoworkyesterday.9.Ihadnoworktodoyesterday.10.Icannotfindanyoneinthishall.11.IhaveneveIgonetoAmerica.-164- 12.Hehasneverwrittentome.[练习二十五]1.Doyoulikehim?2.IsheanAmerican?3.Didyougotochurchyesterday?4.HashebeentoJapan?5.DoyouwanttogotoTaipei?6.Doesn"thelikesports?7.Haven"tyoubeentoJapan?8.Doeshehaveasister?9.Aretheystudents?10.Didyourbrotherseemyfatheryesterday?[练习二十六]1.Wheredidyoubuythisbook?2.WhendidhegotoAmerica?3.Whatishisfather"sname?4.Whosebookisthis?5.Whereareyoufrom?6.Whichbookdoyouwant?7.Whoisthiskid?8.Whomdoeshelikemost?9.Whatishisname?10.Wheredidyougoyesterday?11.Whosedogisthis?[练习二十七]1.Wheredidyougolastnight?2.Whichbookdoyoulike?3.Whoisyourbrother?4.Whatishisname?5.Whowrotethisletter?6.Whomdidyougivethisbookto?-164- 7.Whogaveyouthisbook?8.Whosecaristhis?9.Whosedogisthis?10.Whichmoviedidyousee?11.WhocanspeakEnglish?12.Whomdidyouspeakto?13.Whatkindofcaristhis?14.Whichfruitdoyoulikemost?15.Whodoesnotswim?[练习二十八]1.Thatmoviewasseenbyhimlastnight.2.Thatletterwaswrittentomebyhim.3.ThoseEnglishclassesaretaughtbyhim.4.YouarelovedbyGod.5.Twohouseswereboughtbythem.6.Thisroomwaspaintedbyme.7.Thoserosesaregrownbyhim.8.Hisstudentsarehelpedbyhim.9.Thehousewassoldbyme.10.Thiscarwasboughtbymyuncle.[练习二十九]1.Isawthepoliceman.2.Iwrotethosetwobooks.3.Myteachercorrectedthesesentences,.4.Acarhithim.5.Ilockedhisdoor.6.Myfatherbuilthishouse.7.Myfathergavehisboattome.8.Peoplehererarelyseethisbird.Peoplerarelyseethisbirdhere.9.Everyonelikeshim.10.Theirfriendsgavethemtendollars.-164- 11.Hetookthispicture.12.Theyoungmendranktoomuchwine.13.Mr.Wangtaughtme.14.Hisfatherhelpedhim.15.Thatwaiterservedthem.16."Mymotherpreparedhisfood.17.Mysistermadehistoy.18.Jimreturnedthebooktome.19.Mybrotherwrotethatsong.20.Heinvitedmetoaparty.[练习三十]1.Threenovelshavebeenwrittenbyhim.2.Thatletterwillbewrittenbyhim.3.Thesesongswillbesungbythemtomorrow.4.Thespeechwillbegivenbyhim.5.Thehouseisbeingpaintedbythem.6.Threebookshavebeengiventohimbyme.7.Thisjobcanbedonebyme.8.Thatstoryhadbeentoldtomebyhimbeforewewentthere.9.Thestudentsshouldbehelpedbytheteachers.10.Thereportisbeingwrittenbyhimnow.11.Thisbookmustbereadbythestudents.12.Thisletterhastobegiventomymotherbymetonight.13.Thelawoughttobeobeyedbyallcitizens.14.Allofthecakeshavebeeneatenbyhim.15.Pictureswerebeingtakenbythereporterswhenthestormstarted.16.Theworkhadbeenfinishedbyhimbeforefiveo"clocklastnight.17.ThatletterwillbewrittenbyPeter.18.MyletterhasbeenreceivedbyJohn.-164- 19.ThemovieGonewiththeWindwasseenbymillionsofpeople20.Thattheoremhasbeenprovedbyhim.[练习三十一]1.Josephhaswrittentwobooks.2.Manystudentsarechoosingfootball.3.Hisfathershouldgivehimthatlecture.4.Hewillwritethatreport.5.TheKinghasreceivedtheletter.6.Everyoneshouldseethismovie.7.Everystudentoughttoreadthisbook.8.Iamhelpingthem.9.Allofusaregoingtosecthemovie.10.Kidscaneatthiscake.[练习三十二]1.Applesarcnotgrownbythefarmershere.2.1wasnotmetbyhimlastnight.3.Thatletterhasnotbeenwrittenbyme.4.ThatmovieisnotgoingtobeseenbyJohn.5.Thatmoviewasnotfilmedbymc.6.Englishisnotspokenbyhim.7.Englishwillnotbespokenbyhim.8.Thatcakeshouldnotbeeatenbyyou.9.Thatkindoffishisnoteatenbymymother.10.ThatreporthasnotbeenwrittenbyJohn.[练习三十三]1.Hedidnotwritethebook.2.Youarcnotgoingtohelpme.3.Johnhasnotreceivedthatbook.4.Collegestudentsdonotlikethatsong.-164- 5.MarydoesnotloveJohn.6.Mystudentswillnotmeetmetomorrow.7.Vegetariansdonotcatmeat.8.Ididnotopenthedoor.9.Ididnotpaythosetendollars.10.Ididnotbuythecar,[练习三十四]1.Isabookbeingwrittenbyhim?2.Wasthatbookwrittenbyhim?3.Wasthatlettersignedbyyou?4.Wherewasthatmovieseenbyyou?5.Whenwasthatmovieseenbyyou?6.Hasthatjobbeenfinishedbyhim?7.Wereyougiventhegiftbymother?8.Wereyouvisitedbyyourmotherlastnight?9.Arerosesgrownbythem?10.IsEnglishspokenbythem?11.Wasthatgameoftenniswonbyyou?12.WillEnglishbetaughtbyyou?[练习三十五]1.Didyoucatthecake?2.Doallofuslikehim?3.DoeseveryoneinJapanlovethatkindofmusic?4.Dooldpeoplecatfish?5.Domostwomenloveroses?6.Didyoucallhim?7.DoesJohnplaysoccer?8.WhendidMozartwritethismusic?9.Whendidyouseehim?10.Didyouseethemlastnight?-164- [练习三十六]1.Isenttwolettersyesterday.Didyoureceivethem?Everyletterwaswrittenbyme.Pleasewritebacktomesoon.2.Iwasinvitedtoadancingpartylastweek.Themusicwassonoisy.IleftthepartyasearlyasIcould3.Didyouwritethatreport?Yes,itwaswrittenbyme.4.Hedidnotlikemusicwhenhewasachild.Afterhegotintocollege,hewastaughtbyagoodmusicprofessor.Now,heenjoysmusicverymuchandlistenstoclassicalmusiceverymorning.5.Iboughtaredcaryesterday.ItwasmadeinJapan.Itwillbedeliveredtometomorrow.6.Ididnotgotoschoolyesterdaybecausemybicyclewasstolen.Iboughtanewbikeyesterday.7.Wheredid(do)yougolastnight?Icould(can)notfind(find)you.Youwereseen(sec)bynoone.8.A:Docs.hesmoke?B:No,hedoesnot.Smokinghasneverbeentriedbyhim.9.Wasthebookwrittenbyhim?10.Iboughtthreebookslately.OnewaswrittenbyGrahamGreene.Ifinishedreadingit.Therearemanyinterestingstoriesinit.[练习三十七]1.ThisisabookwhichwaswrittenbyDickens.2.Isthemusicenjoyedbythoseelderlypeople?3.Whenwereyouvisitedbyyourfatheryesterday?4.ThisbookwaswrittenbyJohn.-164- 5.Hewasinvitedtocometomyhomebymyfatheryesterday.6.Thishousewasbuiltin1913.7.Thisletterwaswrittenbyhim.8.Thisletterhasneverbeenfinished.9.Wereyougivenabook?10.Ihaveneverbeencalledbymyfather.Ialwayscallhimfirst.[练习三十八]1.Playingtennisisfun.2.Ihateswimming.3.Stoptalkingaboutme.4.Inadditiontoreadinginterestingbooks,youshouldalsowatchTVfromtimetotime.5.1amnotinterestedinswimming.6.HetalksaboutgoingtoAmerica.7.Ibelieveindoingexerciseeveryday.8.Thecostoftransferringastudenttoanotherschoolisveryhigh.9.Pleaseforgivemeformakingthismistake.10.Swimmingkeepsmefromgettingcold.[练习三十九]1.Pleaseforgivemeforbeingsolate.2.Inadditiontostudying,youshouldalsohavesomeexerciseeveryday.3.Wetalkedaboutbuildingahousenextyear.4.Thankyouforhelpingme.5.HeisexcitedabouttravelingtoJapan.6.Iamlookingforwardtomeetingyou.7.Heinsistsontalkingtomepersonally.8.Ibelieveinexercisingeveryday.9.Didyouparticipateinthatswimming-164- match.10.Hewasnotusedtolisteningtoclassicalmusic.11.Mymotherobjectedtovisitingmyaunttomorrow.12.Iamnotaccustomedtogoingtobedsolate.13.Iaminterestedinswimming.14.Areyouresponsibleforwritingthisreport?15.Heisexcitedaboutseeingmetomorrow.16.Heislookingforwardtoseeingthatmovie.17.Iamnotusedtohearingthatkindofnoise.18.Youshouldtakeadvantageofhavingsuchagoodfamily.19.Heisinchargeofsendingstudentstootherschools.[练习四十]1.Idonotlikedancing.2.Arcyouinterestedinswimming?3.Playingbasketballisinteresting.4.WetalkedaboutteachingEnglishyesterday.5.Iamnotusedtosmoking.6.Iobjecttocryinginpublic.7.Inadditiontoswimming,heshouldplaybaseball.8.Heiscapableofrunningonekilometereveryday.9.Heisinchargeoffindingagoodplace.10.Iamaccustomedtogettingupearly.[练习四十一]1.Ienjoylisteningtorockandrollmusic.2.1askedhimtogoaway.3.Hewasaskedtoleave.4.Isuggesthavingsomefun.-164- 5.Heseemstobeakindperson.6.Youappeartobe(be)quitetired.7.Itoldhimtohaveacupofwine.8.Iinvitedhimtocomeover.9.Everyoneofyouisrequiredtoworkhard.10.Doyoulikeswimming?11.Iorderedhimtoreadmybook.12.Iwasexpectedtowritealettertoyou.13.Heaskedmetoreadthislettertohim.14.Pleasekeeptalking(talk)tome.15.Stopdrivingsofast.Itisdangeroustodrivetoofast.16.1hatesmoking.17.Passing(pass)thetestisimportant.18.Workinghardisthekeytosuccess.19.Mywifeaskedmetobringsomeflowershome.20.Heavoidedtellinglies.[练习四十二]1.Iinvitedhimtocometomyhouse.2.Iteachhimswimming.3.Tobelovedmakespeoplehappy.4.Ihatesmoking.5.Weshouldavoidsmoking.6.Stopsmoking.7.Everyoneexpectshimtowriteagoodbook.8.IrequiredhimtostudyEnglisheveryday.[练习四十三]1.Heletshissondrivehiscar.2.Hemademefeelhappy.3.Imademyfrienddiscusshisproblemwithme.4.Ihadmysongetupearlyeverymorning.-164- 5.Ihelpedmyfatherpainthishouse.6.Ihadmybrothercarrythisheavyluggageforme.7.IhadMarymarryme.8.Thissongmakeseveryonecry.9.IhelpedNancyworkhard.10.Hemadeusbelievehim.11.Isawhimplay.12.IheardMarysingseveralsongs.13.Iwatchedherswim.14.Isawthebirdsflyaway.[练习四十四]1.Thisisaninterestingstorybook.2.Theclassisveryboring.3.Lookatthatsingingbird.4.Thatsmilingmanismybrother.5.Peoplelivinginthecountryareusuallyveryhealthy.6.Idonotknowthatboyridingabicycle.7.Thekideatingicecreamismyson.8.Thestudentaskingquestionsisprettyclever.9.Haveyoumettheboyplayingbasketball?10.Thatdyingpatientismyteacher.[练习四十五]1.Iaminterestedinmusic.2.ThemovieseenbyeveryonewasproducedinHollywood.3.Hecamefromabrokenfamily.4.Thelawofthiscountryhasbrokendown.5.Iamexcitedaboutthisnews.6.Weshouldhelpthatdepressedstudent.7.Threepeoplegotkilledinthistrafficaccident.8.Thisisaconfusedstudent.9.Heisaninterestingperson.-164- [练习四十六]1.Heistotallyconfused.2.Iaminterestedinseeingthatmovie.3.Thismovieisreallyexciting.4.Thatisabrokenpromise.5.Hehasabrokenarm.6.Theirmarriagewasbrokenup.7.Justiceisstillnotarealizeddream.8.lieisadepressedperson.9.Thebicycleriddenbytheyoungkidismine.10.Idonotliketoseeanypersoninjured.11.Iwasverymuchsurprisedtohearthatnews.12.Hisstatementsareencouraging.13.ThemantalkingaboutHitlerisaprofessor.14.Themanpilotingtheairplaneisquiteyoung.15.ThecompanymanagedbyMr.Leeisgettingbetterandbetter.16.PoorJohnnowhasabrokenheart.17.Thereareboysandgirlsdancinginthegarden.18.Thestolenjackethasbeenfound.19.Theboylaughingthereisnotmyson.20.Hehasasmilingface.21.Thisisindeedveryexciting.22.Thissong,heardbyalmosteveryone,waswrittenbyme.23.Idon"tlikethesongwrittenbytheBeatles.24.Sheisacaringwoman.[练习四十七]1.Weallhavethedutytopaytaxes.2.Wehavetherighttoremainsilent.3.Hehasthetalenttoswim.4.Ihavenomoneylefttospend.5.Ihavenoplacetogo.-164- 6.Heistootiredtodrive.7.Iamgladtosecyou.8.Heissmartenoughtogetintocollege.9.MyjobistoteachkidsEnglish.10.Iwassurprisedtoseeyou.11.Wehavelotsofthingstotalkabout.12.Hehasnofriendstotalkto.[练习四十八]1.Idonotknowwhoyouare.2.PleasetellmewhetheryouareanAmericanornot3.Idonotrememberwhetheryoudrinkcoffeeornot.4.PleaseaskyoursisterifshewenttoJapanlastyear.5.Doyouknowwhoheis?6.Whereheisfromremainsapuzzle.7.wanttofindoutwhetherhisbrothercanswimornot."8.Iknowwhyheissosad.9.DoyouknowwhenMarywillcome?10.Doyouknowwhathappened?11.Iknowwhytheskyisblue.12.Pleasetellmewhereyouworkedlastyear.13.Doyouknowwhatheistalkingabout?14.Idonotunderstandwhathisproblemis.[练习四十九]1.Pleasetellmewhyheissosad.2.Idonotknowwheresheisfrom.3.Pleasetellmchowmanypeoplethereareinthishouse.4.Letmeknowhowoldyouare.5.WhetherheisJapaneseornotisamystery.6.DoyouknowwhothepresidentoftheUnitedStatesis?7.MayIaskyouwhichkindofcoffeeyoulike?8.icannotrememberhowoldIam.9.Whatheistalkingaboutisuncleartome.-164- 10.Doyouknowwhyheiscoming?[练习五十]1.Idon"tknowwhichbookyoubought.2.Doyouknowwhereheisfrom?3.Pleaseaskhimwhetherhedrinksteaornot.4.Whatheisthinkingaboutiswellknowntoallofus.5.Letmeguesshowoldyouarc.6.MayIaskwhyyouaresosad?7.Idon"tknowwhoheis.8.Doyouknowwhosehousethisis?9.Thisisnotwhat1want.10.Idon"tcarewhoyouare.[练习五十一]1.Itoldyouthatyoumustleave.2.Iamgladthatyouareherenow.3.ThatheisanAmericanisunknowntous.4.CanyouimaginethatheisChinese?5.DoyouthinkthatheisChinese?6.ThatHitlerwasdefeatedintheSecondWorldWarisanimportanteventinthehistoryofmankind.7.Idonotthinkthatheisabadstudent.8.IamsurprisedtoknowthatsheisfromJapan.9.Itishardtoimaginethathedoesnothaveahighschooldiploma.10.Doyoubelievethatheisinnocent?11.Idemandthatmystudentsworkhard.12.Thatthesunrisesintheeastisafact.[练习五十二]1.Idonotbelievethatheismybrother.2.IadvisedhimthatheshouldgotoAmerica.-164- 3.Doyoubelievethattheearthisround?4.Itoldhimthathemustreadthisbook.5.Iforgotthatyouareakid.6.CanyoubelievethatIcanspeakEnglish?7.Thathedidnotshowupmakesmeangry.8.1thinkthatheisagoodman.9.Donotforgetthattherearealotofpoorpeopleintheworld.10.IknowthatheteachesEnglish.11.Ineverknewthatheissosmart.12.Iknowthathecannotcomeover.13.Ihopethathecancome.14.CanyoubelievethathegrewupinTaiwan?15.Icannotdecidewhetherheshouldgotocollegeornot.16.YoutoldmethathewenttoAmericalastyear.17.Thisteacherdidnotknowthatmyfatherisalsoateacher.18.I"dliketoaskhimwhetherhewillcometomyhousetomorrow.19.DoyouknowwhetherthistraingoestoTaipeiornot?20.PleasetellmewhetheryoucanspeakEnglishornot.[练习五十三]1.Isawthatkidwhowasdrivingfast.2.Wearcdiscussingthosestudentswhohaveproblems.3.Thosewhoswimeverydaymustbeverystrong.4.Thepersonwhotook/drovemetotheRailwayStationismystudent.5.Thegirlwhomyoumetismysister.6.Ilikethepoemwhichyouwrote.7.Theprofessorwhomyouweretalkingaboutismyelderbrother.8.ThemusicthatyouheardisR&B.9.Ilikethosebookswhichhavepicturesinthem.-164- 10.Idon"tknowinwhichcityLincolnwasborn.11.IliketheCDthatyougavemeverymuch.12.ThemoviethatIsawlastnightwasveryboring.[练习五十四]1.Isawthemanwhomyoutalkedabout.2.Heisnotthemanwhomwemet.3.Thosewhocryveryoftenareusuallynotliked.4.Iliketotalktopeoplewhoarefriendly.5.Ienjoyreadingthebookwhichyougavetome.6.Doyouknowthepersonwhomeveryoneknows?7.Peterisagoodsingerwhopracticessingingeveryday.8.DoyouknowthePeterwhomwetalkedabout?9.DidyouseethepersonwhomIspoketo?10.Ihaveseenthepersonwhomwetalkedabout.[练习五十五]1.HeisthemanwhoisverygoodatEnglish.2.Idon"tknowthepersonwhomyoutalkedto.3.Thisisnotthehousewherethepresidentlives.4.Idonotlikeanyonewhocriesfrequently.5.Didyoureadthebook,whichyouboughtlastmonth?6.DoyouknowtheyearwhentheSecondWorldWarended?7.DoyouknowthatstudentwhomItaught?8.Ihavenoideaaboutthepersonwhomyouaretalkingabout.9.Doyouknowwhomheistalkingabout?10.Doyouknowwhosedressitis?[练习五十六]1.Heisagoodstudent.-164- 2.Heisthestudentwhomeveryteacherlikes.3.Iwanttobethepresident.4.ThisisthePresident.5.Pleaseopenawindow.6.ThePresidentoftheRepublicofChinawillvisittheU.S.A.nextyear.7.Iwanttobeagoodengineer.8.Heistheteacherwhomweoftentalkabout.9.Javaisanewcomputerlanguage.10.Ihaveadog.11.Heistheprofessorwhogota/thebigaward.12.Whereisthetrainstation?13.Pleasetellmetheaddressofthepostoffice.14.1sthereapostofficehere?15.Thesunrisesintheeast.16.Theuniverseisverylarge.17.Whycan"twesecthemooninthedaytime?18.HowoldisthePresident?[练习五十七]1.Heisthestudentwhowenttoseeyou.2.Thereis_a_riverinthisarea.3.Idon"twanttobeateacher.4.Hewantstobecomeadoctor.5.Noonewantstobeabeggar.6.Pleaseopenthedoorwhichopenstothehall.7.UNIXis_a_computeroperatingsystem.8.WINDOWSistheonlyoperatingsysteminvestedinbyMicrosoft.9.Ihave_adogandtwocats.10.Isshetheteacherwhomwetalkedaboutyesterday?11Theearthisnotflat.12.Isthere_ahotelaroundhere?13.Whereisthetrainstation.14.Ireallylikethelibrary.15.Pleasegivemeaglassofwater.-164- 16.Thewindisgettingstrongerandstronger.17.Heisafriendofmine.18.Itishardforthepoortogotocollege.19.HeistheswimmerwhoswamacrosstheEnglishChannel.20.Theweatherisgettingcolderandcolder.21.ThisisthebookwhichIboughtyesterday.22.Idon"twanttobe_a_professor.23.Iamgoingtotake_a_vacationnextmonth24.Johnwillbecomeabasketballplayer.25.Iride_a_bicycletoworkeverymorning.[练习五十八]1.MeisanEnglishProfessor.2.Thisisaneasyjob.3.Heisjustanordinaryperson.4.Afriendinneedis_a_friendindeed.5.Giveme_a_hint.6.IhaveanAmericanfriend.7.Iwillbecomeanengineer.8.Isheanhonestboy?9.Anhourlater,hewentaway.10.Whereistheuniversitylibrary?11.Isthereauniversitylibraryhere?[练习五十九]1.Girlsareusuallygoodatlearninglanguages.2.Dogsalwayschasecats.3.Ihavenothadwaterfortwohours.4.Thereisnolifewithoutpain.5.Loveisthemostimportantthinginone"slife.6.Hehaswisdom.7.Iamlosingpatience.8.Thisisnotthetimetocry.-164- 9.Thepainduetolosingalovedoneishardtoendure.10.Thejoyofbeingafatherisreallygreat.11.Beinghonestisavirtue.12.Weneedairtolive.13.Idonotdrinkcoffee.Idrinktea.14.WeChineseeatriceeveryday.15.Thewaterinthisareaisveryclean.16.Therewasafireinthenextstreetlastnight.17.Thefirelastnightkilledthreekids.18.ThecoffeewhichyouaredrinkingisfromSouthAmerica.19.MaryisfromCanada.20.Chinaisalargecountry.21.TheRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1911.22.WhereisEngland?23.IsRussiainEurope?24.PresidentLincolnwasagreatperson.25.KingGeorgewasamadking.26.TheYellowRiverisalongriver.27.HaveyoubeentotheGobiDesert?28.TheManilaBayisverybeautiful.29.ItishardtocrosstheAtlanticOceanbyasmallboat.30.CanyouswimacrosstheEnglishChannel?31.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaisalargecountry.32.TheUnitedNationsandtheRedCrossoftenwork.together.33.WhendidtheOttomanEmpireend?34.TheBritishEmpirewaslargebefore.35.TheCatholicChurchisoneoftheoldestorganizationsintheworld.36.ThiscupwasmadeintheMingDynasty.37.TheEuropeanRenaissancewasaveryimportanteraforthemankind.38.WeshouldnotgobacktotheDarkAges.-164- 39.TheWangsdidnotinvitemetotheirhouse.40.IdonotliketheKennedys.41.TheChinesepaygreatattentiontoeducation.42.Idonotlikephysics.43.Areyouinterestedinchemistry?44.Didyouhavelunch?45.Letushavedinnertogether.46.Ialwayshavebreakfastwithmyfamily.47.Ihadabigdinnerlastnight.48.Thedinnermymothercookedformewasdelicious.49.IgotochurcheverySunday.50.Hedoesnotliketogotoschool.51.Didyouseethebeautifulchurchinthenextstreet52.Englishissohardforme.53.DoyouspeakEnglish?54.Doyouplaytennis?55.Swimmingisgoodforyou.[练习六十]1.Boysusuallydonotliketositstillforlong.2.Iwouldlovetohavea.cupofcoffee.3.Thereislovebetweenus.4.Canyoufeeltheloveofyourmother?5.Thejoyofhavinganewbabyisreallygreat.6.Wecannotlivewithoutlove.7.Ihavenotdrunkwineforalongtime.8.Doyouhavethewisdomtodistinguishbadpersonsfromgoodones?9.Thisis_a_gooddinner.10.Ididnothavedinner.11.Thejoyofbeingamotherisgreat.12.Runningis_a_goodexercise.13.Thesadnessduetothedeathofhismotherreallyhurtshim.14.Weneedwatertolive.-164- 15.Wecannotlivewithoutair.16.Idonotdrinkcoffee.17.Thefirethatoccurredlastnightdestroyedmyhouse.18.Thecoffeewhichyouaredrinkingisverylight.19.TheRepublicofChinaisinAsia.20.WhereisRussia?21.IsFranceinAfrica?22.PresidentKennedywaslikedbymostAmericansbeforebedied.23.TheAmazonRiverisalongone.24.HaveyoueverbeentoTokyo?25.HaveyoueverbeentotheTokyoBay?26.TherearemorethanonehundredcountriesintheUnitedNations.27.ThisisaMingDynastyporcelain.28.TheWangsinvitedustoadinnerparty.29.1donotlikemathematics.30.Springisapleasantseason.31.Ihadapleasanteveningwithmyfriends.32.Thebreakfastwhich1hadthismorningwastoolightforme.33.ItisnoteasytostudyEnglish.34.Ididplaybasketballyesterday.35.Swimmingisgoodexercise.36.Thereshouldbeachickenineverypot.[练习六十一]1.Dogscanbark.2.Catscancatchmice.3.Sometimes,sufferingisgood.4.1don"tdrinktea.5.Thefeelingofbeinglovedisveryimportant.6.Speakingthetruthmakesonehappy.-164- 7.Weneedlove.8.HeisaChinese.9.TheChineselovedrinkingtea.10.Lastnight,therewasafireinthecity.11.JohnisfromAmerica.12.WhereisFrance?13.IlikePresidentLincoln.14.TheYellowRiverisnotyellow.15.TheRedCrossisonehundredyearsold.16.TheMingDynastywasanimportantera.17.Doyoulikemathematics?18.Ididnoteatbreakfastthismorning.19.Ihavealreadyhadlunch.20.Ididnotgotochurchyesterday.21.Iwillgotocollegethisfall.22.Swimmingmakesmestrong.[练习六十二]1.smaller2.slower3.moreintelligent4.moreexpensive5.taller6.shorter7.moreimportant8.cheaper9.morefamous10.colder11.faster12.,morecareful13.morecolorful14.longer15.darker16.brighter-164- [练习六十三]1.cuter2.wider3.earlier4.happier5.heavier6.thinner7.easier8.hotter9.wiser10.larger11.better12.worse13.more[练习六十四]1.HeisolderthanI.2.SheisyoungerthanI.3.Thisuniversityislargerthanthatuniversity.4.Heisolderthanmybrother.5.Hishouseisolderthanmine.6.ThesizeofthiscityislargerthanthatofSanFrancisco.7.Sheistallerthanhe.8.Theheightofthisboyisgreaterthanthatofhisbrother.9.Heisthebeststudentinmyclass.10.Heistheworseone.[练习六十五]1.Youarestrongerthanhe.2.HisEnglishisbetterthanmine.3.Heisricherthanhisbrother.4.Heistherichestpersonintheworld.5.Thispenismoreexpensivethanyours.6.Heisthetallestmanonearth.-164- 7.TheAmazonRiveristhelongestriverintheworld.8.Heistallerthanhisfather.9.Heisthebeststudentinhisclass.10.AmongthepersonswhomIhavemet,heisthetallest.[练习六十六]1.HeisolderthanJohn.2.ThisproblemisoneofthemostdifficultproblemsthatIhaveeverseen.3.ThisisoneofthebestmoviesthatIhaveeverseen.4.Dowehaveabetterchoice?5.ThisplaceishotterthanSanFrancisco.6.Heismorefamousthanhissister.7.Sheisgettingworsenow.8.Heisfeelingbetternow.9.Hehasmoremoneythanhisfather.10.Maryisoneofthemostbeautifulstudentsinherclass.11.Heishappierthanbefore.12.Peterisgettingthinner13.Thissummerishotterthanlastsummer.14.Youhaveabrighterfuturenow.15.HehasmorestudentsthanL16.Ifeelmuchbetternow.17.Heismorecarefulthanyou.18.Timeismoreimportantthanmoney.[练习六十七]1.Manypeopleliketodrinkwine.2.Helovesyou.3.Hewantstogotoschool.4.Doyoulikeswimming?5.Itoldhimtocomebacksoon.-164- 6.Iaskedmybrothertoeatanappleeveryday.7.Myschoolclassmatesliketogettogether.8.Mygovernmentwishestoestablishapeacefulsociety.9.Tomneverworkshard.10.Hedoesnottellthetruth.11.Iwillnotgototheconcert.12.Ilikedtoswim.13.ItisimportanttogotochurcheverySunday.14Iwaswithmybrotherwhenyoucalled.15.Myfriendsarefriendlytome.16.ThegovernmentsofAsiahavenochoice17.Hiswishtosucceedinmanythingsisnotrealistic.18.Mywishtovisitmanycountriesisfinallyfulfilled.19.Iamapersonwhoeatsanappleeveryday.20.Heisnotagoodstudent.21.Manypeopleareexcitedbythenews.22.Thefutureisbright.23.Thiswascausedbythewar.24.Howcanweobtainlastingpeace?25.Howcanwesucceed?26.Goodcitizenslovetheircountry.27.IneverwatchTV.28.Hehaspublishedmanybookssince1989.29.IhavelivedheresinceIwastenyearsold.30.Hewasintheuniversitywhenthewarbrokeout.31.ManyJewishpeoplewerekilledduringtheSecondWorldWar.32.IhavebeenaCatholicsince1939.33.Manypeopleareleavingthatcountrybecauseofthepoverty.34.HewaswritingaletterwhenIvisitedhimyesterday.35.Hewashappywhenhewasinformedofthegoodnews.36.Hehaswrittenmanynovels.-164- 37.Ihavefinallyfinishedtheletter.38.Heisnotlovedbyanyone.39.Wineismanufacturedhere.40.Hiseffortiswellappreciated.41.Ilikeplayingbasketball.42.WeshouldpayattentiontowritinggoodEnglishsentences.43.Insteadofplayingguitar,heplaysviolin.44.Thisisalosingteam.45.Hehasasmilingface.46.Whydidhecrysoloudly?47.Hedoesnotlikehisbrother.48.HedoesnotspeakEnglish.49.Amongallofyourstudents,whomdoyoulikemost?50.Heislovedbyeveryone.51.Thisproblemistransformedintoanotherproblem.52.Thislineisconnectedtothecentraloffice.53.Thebookswillbemailedtoyou.54.Heisthemanwhostolemycar.55.Peteristheboywhorunsveryfast.56.Ididnotknowthatthewarbrokeoutsosoon.57.Theboyswhostudyhardwilleasilysucceed.58.Therearcalotofpeoplewhousecomputersnow.59.Iwillletyoudrivemynewcar.60.Hemakeseveryonelaugh.61.Iheardhimsing.62.Heismakinghissongoabroad.63.Iwillneverlethimcheat.64.Hismothermakeshimgetupearlyinthemorning.65.Heisexcitedaboutthenews.66.Heisnotinterestedinsports.67.Thisisnotinterestingtome.68.Hisworkiswellappreciatedbyallofus.69.Iamdisappointed.70.PresidentLeewillappearsoon.-164- 71.Itwillneverhappen.72.Heisthemostfrustratedperson.73.Heislivinginpoverty.74.Thereisnopossibilityofwar.75.Everyoneknowswhoheis.76.Doyouknowwhyheissohappy?77.ItishardtoexplainwhyJohnfailed.78.Heisthecleverestpersononearth.79.Ishegettingbigger?80.Thisisthetallerbuilding.-164-