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英语语法基础知识
第一讲词句子成分句子一.英语句子的构成:词(短语)→句子成分(从句)→句子→段落→语篇)
二.英语词(短语)的分类A.根据词的形式、意义及其在句子中的功用将词分为若干类,叫做词类(partsofspeech)。英语的词通常分为十大类:1.名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称。2.代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词。3.形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词。4.动词(verb,缩写为v.)表示动作和状态5.副词(adverb,缩写为adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词。
6.连词(conjunction,缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词。7.介词(preposition,缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系。8.冠词(article,缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词。9.数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示“多少”和“第几”的词。10.感叹词(interjection,缩写为int.)表示感情。如:oh,aha,well,etc.
B.短语(phrase)具有一定意义,在句子里可以单独作为一个句子成分。英语短语主要有:不定式短语(infinitivephrase)如:Helikestoreadnewspaperaftersupper.动名词短语(gerundialphrase)如:Stayingindoorsalldayisunhealthy.分词短语(participialphrase)如:Isawmanypeoplewalkingalongthelake.Thebridgebuiltlastyearisnowbeingrepaired.介词短语(prepositionalphrase)如:Hecameherebybus.
1.名词(noun)定义:表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词,叫做名词。例如:babytimeairShanghai名词的分类:英语名词可以分为1)普通名词(commonnoun)普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名词。例如:studentwaterpleasuremachinehealth2)专有名词(propernoun)专有名词是个别的人、团体、地方、机构或事物的名称。其中的实词的第一个字母必须大写。例如:LeiFengChinaGuangzhoutheGreatWallPeiyingMiddleSchool
普通名词可进一步分为:1)集体名词(collectivenoun):集体名词是某一些人或物的总称。例如:classteamfamilyarmy2)物质名词(materialnoun)物质名词表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的实物。例如:waterairhiresteelgrain3)抽象名词(abstractnoun)抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。例如:happinesssadnessworkpleasure名词又可分为可数名词(countablenoun)和不可数名词(uncountablenoun):可数名词:studentscomputerstomatoespianos不可数名词:rainwaterpleasureadvice注意:glassglassespaperpapersteateasfruitfruitswaterwaters
2.代词(pronoun)定义:代词是代替名词的词。代词的分类:英语代词可以分为1)人称代词(personalpronoun)数格人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称第二人称第三人称
2.代词(pronoun)定义:代词是代替名词的词。代词的分类:英语代词可以分为1)人称代词(personalpronoun)数格人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimherittheythem
2)物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词数人称单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称
2)物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词数人称单数复数第一人称myour第二人称youryour第三人称hisheritstheir
名词性物主代词数人称单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称
名词性物主代词数人称单数复数第一人称mineours第二人称yoursyours第三人称hishersitstheirs
3)反身代词表示反射(指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身)或强调(即用来加强名词或代词的语气)的代词叫做反身代词。数人称单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称
3)反身代词表示反射(指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身)或强调(即用来加强名词或代词的语气)的代词叫做反身代词。数人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves
4)不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词叫做不定代词。somesomethingsomebodysomeoneanyanythinganybodyanyonenonothingnobodynooneeveryeverythingeverybodyeveryoneallbothneithereithernoneeachother(s)anotheronemuchmanyfewafewlittlealittle另外,英语代词还有:指示代词疑问代词关系代词相互代词
3.形容词形容词(adjective)是修饰名词表示名词属性的词,常放在它所修饰的名词之前(形容词修饰不定代词something,anything,nothing等须后置)。例如:alovelybabythebeautifulpicturemodernhistorysomethingimportantnothingwrong形容词有比较级和最高级,不用比较等级的形容词称为原级。形容词的比较级形式是:“adj.+er”或“more+adj.”。它的最高级形式是:“adj.+est”或most+adj.”例如:greatgreatergreatestbravebraverbravesthappyhappierhappiestclevercleverercleverestdifficultmoredifficultmostdifficult
注意:1)闭音节单音节词末尾只有一个辅音字母,须先双写这个辅音字母,再加-er和-est.bigbiggerbiggesthothotterhottestthinthinnerthinnest2)不规则变化:good(well)betterbestbadworseworstmany(much)moremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest
4.副词副词(adverb)修饰动词、形容词和其他副词等,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。例如:oftenquicklyfirmlyearlyhappilyhowwhenwherewhyhoweverthereforeotherwise副词也有比较级和最高级,不用比较等级的副词称为原级。副词的比较级形式和最高级形式变化与形容词完全相同adj.”例如:hardharderhardestfastfasterfastestearlyearlierearliestquicklymorequicklymostquicklybadlyworseworst
5.数词表示“多少”和“第几”的词,叫做数词(numeral)。数次可分为基数词和序数词。例如:onetwothreefourfiveninetwelvefirstsecondthirdfourthfifthninthtwelfth分数和百分数:1/3one-third2/3two-thirds90%ninetypercent35%thirty-fivepercent编号用基数词:Unit1Exercise5Room302Class7Seniorone有的也可以用序数词表示:thesecondfloor年、月、日表示法:October1,1949May18,1996
三.英语句子成分英语句子成分有主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)等。(一)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(名词)(代词)(不定式)
Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.Thereisasupermarketaroundthestreetcorner.Withthebellringing,incameourteacher.(二)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。Thesunrisesintheeast.Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Thedelegationistovisitafewwesterncountries.(动名词)(主语从句)
(三)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.Thenewexpensivebicycleismine.Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Ourteacherwassatisfiedwithmywork.Threetimessevenistwentyone?HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeoutoforder.Timeisup.Theclassisover.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(名词)(代词)(形容词)(现在分词)(过去分词短语)(数词)(不定式短语)(动名词短语)(介词短语)(副词)(表语从句)
(四)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览)yesterday. Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.Hepretendednottoseeme.Theoldwomandidn’tknowwhattodo.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Heisusedtoworkingatnight.Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)复合宾语Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.(名词)(代词)(数词)(不定式短语)(不定式短语)(动名词短语)(宾语从句)(动名词短语)
(五)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补助语,对宾语的动作、状态、身份、特征等内容进行补充说明,才能使句子的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、介词短语和从句充当。例如:Weelectedhimourmonitor.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.Letthefreshairin.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.Wesawherenteringtheroom.WhenIcamebacktomyhometown,Ifounditgreatlychanged.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(名词)(形容词)(副词)(不定式短语)(现在分词短语)(过去分词短语)(介词短语)(宾语从句)
(六)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下列词、短语、句子表示:Guilinisabeautifulcity.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.Thankyouforthehelpwhichyouhavegivenme.(形容词)(现在/过去分词)(名词)(代词)(不定式短语)(动名词)(介词短语)定语从句
(七)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Lighttravelsmostquickly.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.Givenmoretime,we’lldomuchbetter.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.状语种类:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(条件状语)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)(副词)(介词短语)(不定式短语)(现在分词短语)(过去分词短语)(状语从句)
Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)四.词类和句子成分的关系在句子里,一定的词类(短语)可以充当一定的句子成分;反过来说,一定的句子成分要由一定的词类(短语)来担任。
阅读并划分下列句子成分:1.Theteacher’sdecisionmadeJohnhappy.2.Hedidtheworkyesterday,buthedidnotfinishit.3.Thedishestastedelicious.4.Workandplayarebothnecessarytohealth.5.Thehorseisausefulanimal.6.Youmustremembertotellhimallthat.7.Ifinishedmyhomeworkjustnow.8.Awoodfirewasburningonthehearth,andadogwassleepinginfrontofit.9.Ifoundanoteonmycarthismorning.10.Thestreamwounditswayacrossthefield.
阅读下面短文并指出划线部分的句子成分:1.Manycitiesaroundtheworldtodayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandingforenvironmentfriendlyproductshavecontributedtothepollutionproblem.Oneresultisthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetalcontainersareproduced,andthesearedifficulttogetridof.
2.Inthesecondhalfofeachyear,manypowerfulstormsareborninthetropicAtlanticandCaribbeanseas.Ofthese,onlyabouthalfadozenbecomesthestrong,circlingwindsof75milesperhourormorethatarecalledhurricane,andseveralusuallymaketheirwaytothecoast.Theretheycausemillionsofdollarsofdamage,andbringdeathtolargenumbersofpeople.
语法填空:(2009年广东省高考英语试题)阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,在空格处填人一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空,并将答案填写在答题卡标号为31~40的相应位置上。Janewaswalkingroundthedepartmentstore.Sherememberedhowdifficult31__wastochooseasuitableChristmaspresentforherfather.Shewishedthathewasaseasy32_________(please)ashermother,whowasalwaysdelightedwithperfume.Besides,shoppingatthistimeoftheyearwasnot33___pleasantexperience:peoplesteppedonyourfeetor34______(push)youwiththeirelbows(肘部),hurryingaheadtogettoabargain.Janepausedinfrontofacounter35______someittopleaseapushedwhere
attractivetieswereondisplay.“Theyarerealsilk,”theassistanttriedtoattracther.“Worthdoubletheprice.”ButJaneknewfrompastexperiencethather36_______(choose)oftieshardlyeverpleasedherfather.Janestoppedwhereasmallcrowdofmenhadgathered.Shefoundsomegoodqualitypipes37__sale.Shedidnothesitateforlong:althoughherfathersmokedapipeonlyonceinawhile,sheknewthatthiswasapresentwhichwasboundtoplease38____.WhenJanegothome,withhersmallbutwell-chosenpresentinherbag,herparentswerealready39___tablehavingsupper.Hermotherwasexcited.“Yourfatherhasatlastdecidedtostopsmoking,”Jane39____________(inform).choiceonhimatwasinformed
语法填空:(2008年广东省高考英语试题)ChineseproverbsarerichandtheyarestillwidelyusedinChinesepeople’sdailylife.1________theseproverbsthereareofteninterestingstories.Forexample,theproverb,“pluckingupacrop2_______(help)itgrow”,isbasedonthefollowingstory.Itissaidthatashort-temperedmanintheSongDynasty(960-1279)wasveryanxioustohelp3____ricecropgrowupquickly.Hewasthinkingabout4_______dayandnight.Butthecropwasgrowingmuchslowerthanheexpected.Oneday,hecameupwithanidea5______hewouldpluckupallhiscropafewinches.Hedidsothenextday.Behind/Intohelphisthis/itthat
Hewasverytired6_____doingthisforawholeday,7______hefeltveryhappysincethecropdid“grow”8______(high).Hissonheardaboutthis,andwenttoseethecrop.Unfortunatelytheleavesofthecropbegantowither.Thisproverbissayingwehavetoletthingsgointheir9________(nature)course.Beingtooanxioustohelpaneventdevelopoften10_______(result)inthecontrarytoourintention.afterbuthighernaturalresults
第二讲英语基本句子句型英语简单句有五种基本句子结构形式,即:1)主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)2)主语+谓(不及物动词)(S+Vi)3)主语+谓(及物动词)+宾语(S+V+O)4)主语+谓(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)5)主语+谓(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语)(S+V+O+C)
主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)在这类结构中最常用的系动词是be,look(看起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来,感到),seem(似乎,好象),appear(显得,好象),remain(仍是),keep(保持),become(变得,成为)turn(变得,成为),get(变得),go(变得)等表示状态和变化的词。e.g.Theweatherisverycold.WebelievethatChinawillbecomestronger.Ourcityisatthecrossingofsomeimportantrailways.Hewassowornoutthathefellasleepassoonashewenttobed.翻译下列句子:1.Mrs.Li是我们的语文老师Mrs.LiisourChineseteacher.
2.秋天树叶变黄了。Inautumnleavesturnyellow.3.哪辆自行车是我的?Whichbikeismine?4.他的职责就是为人民服务。Hisdutyistoservethepeople.5.数学老师在办公室里。Themathsteacherisintheoffice.6.昨天的足球赛真是一场令人激动的比赛。Thefootballmatchheldyesterdaywasreallyexciting.7.大地覆盖者白雪。Thegroundiscoveredwithsnow.8.这就是他迟到的原因。That’swhyhewaslate.
系动词归纳:1)表特征或状态存在:beappearfeellookproveseemsmellsoundtaste2)表状态持续:continuekeepremainstay3)表状态变化:becomecomefallgetgrowgorunturn
(2)主语+谓语(不及物动词)(S+Vi)此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。1.Howtimeflies.时间飞快。2.IwillgobackhomethisSaturday.这个星期六我会回家。3.Thecarstopped.车停了。4.Herecomesthebus.公车来了。5.Didyousleepwell?昨晚睡得好吗?6.Thesunisrising.太阳正在升起。7.Theplanetookoffontime.飞机及时起飞。8.Whendidthewarbreakout?战争什么时候爆发的?9.Howdidtheaccidentcomeabout?事故是怎样发生的?
翻译下列句子:1.他每天骑自行车上学。Hegoestoschoolbybikeeveryday.2.太阳从东方升起,西方落下。Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.3.昨天夜晚那家商场发生了一场大火。Abigfirebrokeoutattheshoplastnight.4.会议已经开了近两小时。Themeetinghaslastedtwohours.
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。常用于这句型的动词有:attempt,dare,decide,desire,expect,hope,intend,learn,need,offer,pretend,promise,propose,purpose,refuse,want,wish等。1.Whoknowstheanswer?谁知道答案?2.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.他拒绝帮他们的忙。3.Heenjoysreading.他喜欢看书。4.Theyatewhatwasleftover.他们吃了剩饭。5.Hesaid“Goodmorning.”他说:“早上好!6.Iwanttohaveacupoftea.我想喝杯茶。7.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.他承认犯了错误。(3)主语+谓(及物动词+宾语)(S+V+O)
翻译下列句子:1.昨天我给我妈妈写了一封信。Yesterdayhewrotealettertohismother.2.从孩提时代我们就相互认识了。Wehaveknowneachothersincewewereboys.3.他希望中学毕业后去上大学。Hehopestogotocollegeafterhefinishesmiddleschool.4.你喜欢读中国日报吗?DoyouenjoyreadingChinaDaily?5.我真得不知道如何是好。Ireallydon’tknowwhattodo?6.你能告诉我去最近的邮局怎么走好?CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothenearestpost-office?
(4)主语+谓(及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)e.g.Shetaughtthemphysics.Acarfactorywillbringtheprovincemorejobs.翻译下列句子:1.他给我们讲了一个动人的故事。Theytoldusamovingstory.2.她父亲给她买了一件漂亮的生日礼物。Herfatherboughtherabeautifulgiftforherbirthday.3.请给我们唱支歌吧!Pleasesingusasong!4.你能帮我一把吗?Couldyougivemeahand?5.公共汽车上她把她的座位让给了一位老人。Sheofferedanoldmanherseatonthebus.
这类句子结构大部分可以和主语+谓+宾语+介词短语结构互换Shegavemeabook.Shegaveabooktome.Billofferedheracandy.Billofferedacandytoher.I’llbuyyousomeclothes.I’llbuysomeclothesforyou.I’llcutyouapieceofcake.I’llcutapieceofcakeforyou.Shekissedhergood-byeTheyfinedhim$25.
附:常用于此种句型结构的动词主要有:allowbringbuycallcausechoosecookcostdofindforbidgetgivehandleavelendlosemakeofferpasspromisereadsavesellsendsetshowsingtaketeachtellwriteetc.
(5)主语+谓(及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)e.g.Wemustkeeptheroomwarm.Thevillagersdidn’tallowthemtodothis.Iwillkeeptheboxintheshade.翻译下列句子:1.我们选他当班长。Weelectedhimourmonitor.2.假如你用煤气做饭,你应该让窗户开者。Youshouldkeepthewindowopenifyouusegasforcooking.3.她说服她的父亲把烟给戒了。Shepersuadedherfathertogiveupsmoking.
4.昨天当我路过Tom房间时,我听见他在唱歌。IheardTomsingingwhenIpassedbyhisroomyesterday.5.你在哪里理得发?Wheredidyouhaveyourhaircut?6.你能告诉我这个单词怎么读吗?CouldyoutellmehowIcanpronouncetheword?可接复合宾语的常见动词有:ask,tell,find,help,like,allow,take,make,let,haveforce,call,advise,persuade,watch,see,hear,feel,consider,choose,electetc.
判断下列各句属于哪一种基本句型:1.Didyouobservethebirdsflyingaroundthetrees?2.Thefactoryproduce1000carsaweek.3.Iwillgetsomeonetorepairtherecorderforyou.4.Yourexplanationsoundsreasonable.5.Hewrotehisfamilyaletteryesterday.6.Haveyoufixedmywatch?7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepthemomenthewenttobed.8.Wemustgetthetaskfinishedontime.9.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.10.Lastnight,theprofessorgaveusatalkonEnglishstudy.
翻译下列句子:1.你的故事听起来很有趣。2.我感到有一点累。3.我妹妹是在农村长大的。4.这家医院创建于1950年。5.他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。6.他拿出一瓶啤酒,很快将其喝光。7.顺便问一下,她把钱付给你了吗?8.下学期谁教你们生物?9.他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。10.什么促使你这样想的?
翻译下列句子:1.你的故事听起来很有趣。Yourstorysoundsveryinteresting.2.我感到有一点累。Ifeltabittired.3.我妹妹是在农村长大的。Myyoungersistergrewupinthecountry.4.这家医院创建于1950年。Thishospitalwassetupin1950.5.他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。Hebrokethetrafficrulebecausehedrovehiscartoofast.
6.他拿出一瓶啤酒,很快将其喝光。Hebroughtoutabottleofbeeranddrankitupquickly.7.顺便问一下,她把钱付给你了吗?Bytheway,hasshepaidyouthemoney?8.下学期谁教你们生物?Whowillteachyoubiologynextterm?9.他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。Healwayskeepshisbedroomclean.10.什么促使你这样想的?Whatmadeyouthinkso?
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。下面以基本句型五为例:
1.Wefoundthehallfull.我们发现礼堂坐满了。2.Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。3.Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreport.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听一个重要报告。4.WefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreportmadebyacomradefromthePeople"sDailyoncurrentaffairsinEastEurope.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。
基本句型二主+系+表此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be,look,keep,seem等属一类,表示情况;get,grow,become,turn等属另一类,表示变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.Thedinnersmellsgood.午餐的气味很好。3.Hefellinlove.他堕入了情网。4.Everythinglooksdifferent.一切看来都不同了。5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.他长得又高又壮。6.Hisfaceturnedred.他的脸红了。7.Ourwellhasgonedry.我们的井干枯了。8.Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
1)Shegavemeabook.她给了我一本书。Billofferedheracandy.比尔给了她一块糖。Heleftthemsomemoney.他给他们留下一些钱。Thebankloanedus£5,000.银行贷给我们五千英镑。2)HeorderedmeaTV-set.他给我定购了一台电视机。I’llbuyyousomeclothes.我要给你买一些衣裳。I’llcutyouapieceofcake.我要给你切一片蛋糕。Singusasong.给我们唱一支歌。3)Shekissedhergood-bye.她吻别了她的儿子。I’vecometokeepyoucompany.我来给你做伴。Theyfinedhim$25.他们罚了他25美元。
基本句型五主+谓+宾+宾补此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。1.Theyappointedhimmanager.他们任命他当经理。2.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.他们把门漆成绿色。3.Thissetthemthinking.这使得他们要细想一想。4.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.他们发现那房子无人居住。5.Whatmakeshimthinkso?他怎么会这样想?6.Wesawhimout.我们送他出去。7.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.他要我早点回来。8.Isawthemgettingonthebus.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
1、简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)构成的句子。2、并列句:由两个或两个以上等立而又相互独立的简单句构成,两个简单句由并列连词连在一起。其结构是:简单句+并列连词+简单句3、复合句:简单句中的某一个成分由一个句子来充当。第三讲英语句子的种类一、句子类型(从结构分)
一、句子类型(从目的、用途分)陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句肯定句否定句一般特殊选择反意How+adj.(+S+V)!What+n.(+S+V)!
简单句(simplesentence)只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)构成的句子。MaryopenedthedoorMaryopenedthedoorandgreetedtheguests.Thereisacomputeronthedesk.Heboughtmeapairofshoesformybirthday.Teacheradvisedmenottosmoke.Isawhimplayingbasketball.
并列句(compoundsentence):由两个或两个以上等立而又相互独立的简单句构成,两个简单句由并列连词连在一起。其结构是:简单句+并列连词+简单句IturnedontheTV.Iwatchedit.IturnedontheTVandIwatchedit.Iboughtmysisterapresent.Shedidn’tlikeit.Iboughtmysisterapresent,butshedidn’tlikeit.
1.Ihelphimandhehelpsme.2.Hefailedmanytimesbuthewasn’tdiscouraged.3.Wemusthurry,orweshallmissthetrain.4.Notonlydidhewritetousbutalsohecamehereyesterday.5.Eitherhedidn’tspeakclearlyorIdidn’thearwell.6.Heisill,sohecan’tgotoschooltoday.7.Ourclassplaywentoververywell,foralltheactorshadgoodpronunciation.8.HehasdifficultyinlearningEnglish,however,heworkshardandismakingrapidprogress.9.Iseeyourpoint;still,IthinkIamright.10.Theworkerhadhuntedforjobsfor9months,andyethecouldn’tfindanyinNewYork.
常用并列连词:平行并列连词:and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor…转折并列连词:but,however,while,yet因果并列连词:for,so选择并列连词:or,either…or…结果并列连词:so,therefore
用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句:1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.2.Thechildhidbehindhismother"sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.4.Maryisopeningthedoor.Johnisgreetingherguests.5.Doitnow.Itwillbetoolate.
复合句:主句+从句主句是一个完整的句(independentsentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用,不能独立存在.(简单句中的某一个成分由一个从句来充当。)在复合句中,主要包含以下类型从句:1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.同位语从句5.状语从句6.定语从句
指出下列划线各从句的类型:1.ShewasreadingthenewspaperwhenIcamein.2.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestofall.3.Ihopethateverythingisallright.4.Youcancampwhereyoulikethesedays.5.Weshallgototheplacewhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.6.Thiskindofplantgrowswellwhereitiswarmandwet.7.NowthatIhavetoldyoutwice,youshouldknowit.8.Hemadeawrongdecision,sothathalfhistimewaswasted.
9.Heworkshardinorderthathecanservehiscountrywell.10.Whateveryoudo,doitwell.11.WewilldowhateverisneededtoimproveourEnglish.12.Thathewasabletocomebackmadeusveryhappy.13.Whyhedidthatwasn’tquiteclear.14.Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.15.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.16.Shelookedasifshewasgoingtocry.17.IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheParty18.Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.