高考英语语法定语从句 59页

语法学习一.英语句子从结构上看有三种类型：1.简单句（SimpleSentence)2.并列句（CompoundSentence)3.复合句（ComplexSentence)——定语从句 (1)简单句的五大基本句型：主语+连系动词+表语主语＋及物动词＋宾语主语＋不及物动词＋状语主语＋及物动词＋间宾＋直宾主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾补Herfaceturnedredwithanger.Youcanconsidermysuggestion.Thiskindofclothsellswell.Hetoldmeasecret.Hefoundtheworkhalfdone. （2）并列句：由两个或两个以上等立而又相互独立的简单句构成，两个简单句由等立连词连在一起。其结构是：简单句+等立连词+简单句（3）复合句：由一个主句或几个从句构成的句子。从句只用作句子的一个成份，不能独立。根据从句在句中的作用，可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。eg:HehasstudiedEnglishforonlyoneyear,buthecanreadandwritenow.Keeponandyouwillmakeprogress. 定语：用于修饰名词或代词Pleaseshowmeanotherticket.AustraliaisanEnglish-speakingcountry.Atravellerisapersonwhothattravels.Aclockisamachinethattellspeopletime.是一个成份，由一个句子充当某个成份从句： 二.定语从句：由一个句子充当定语从句的位置：在名词或代词后先行词：被定语从句修饰的词引导词：引导定语从句的词关系代词关系副词引导词的作用：(1)引导定语从句(2)在从句中作一成份(3)代替先行词在从句中的位置 一、概念定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 二、用法1、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who(主格),whom（宾格）,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如： a)他就是我昨天见到的那个人。①Heistheman.②Isawhimyesterday.HeisthemanwhomIsawyesterday.b)你认识站在那边的那个人吗？①Doyouknowtheman?②Heisstandingoverthere.Doyouknowthemanwhoisstandingoverthere?（）（） 2）whose用来指人或物。例如：a)小明，他的父亲是工程师，是我们班级里最好的学生。（）①XiaoMingisthebeststudentinourclass.②Hisfatherisanengineer.XiaoMingwhosefatherisanengineeristhebeststudentinourclass.注意：定语从句应紧跟在先行词的后面（即定语从句所修饰的词） 3）which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：a)这是我们去年参观的工厂。（）①Thisisthefactory.②Wevisiteditlastyear.Thisisthefactorywhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.可以省略说明：关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。 b)这是去年建造的工厂。（）①Thisisthefactory.②Itwasbuiltlastyear.Thisisthefactorywhich/thatwasbuiltlastyear.不可以省略2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如：a)我仍然记得我参军的那一天。（）①Istillremembertheday.②OnthatdayIjoinedthearmy.IstillrememberthedaywhenIjoinedthearmy.或IstillrememberthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy. b)这就是我们去年住的房屋。（）①Thisisthehouse.②Welivedinitlastyear.Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.或Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.或Thisisthehousewhichwelivedinlastyear. c)你知道他迟到的原因吗？（）①Doyouknowthereason?②Hewaslateforthatreason.Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewaslate?或Doyouknowthereasonforwhichhewaslate?2）当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非就用when,where,why来引导定语从句。例如： 这是我们去年参观的地方。······①这是我们去年工作的地方。······②a)vt.vi.①Thisistheplacewhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.②Thisistheplacewhereweworkedlastyear.我仍然记得我入团的那一天。我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。b)①IstillrememberthedaywhenIjoinedtheLeague.②Istillrememberthedaythat/whichwespenttogether. 引导词关系代词关系副词在定语从句中作主语主语或宾语宾语宾语或主语定语时间地点原因状语状语状语在从句中作宾语可省去先行词为whothatwhomwhichwhose人物/人人物某人/某物的WhenWherewhy总结 作用例句作主语Wevisitedthefactorywhichthatmakestoysforchildren.Mostmanagerswhothatarepresentatthemeetingagreedtotheplan.作宾语Thestudentwhomthatwhoyouwanttoseehascome.TheletterwhichthatIreceivedyesterdaywasfrommyfather.作定语Thegirlwhosemotherisateacherworksveryhard.Theroomwhosewindowswerebrokenwasmine.作状语In1998,hereturnedtothesmalltownwherehegrewup.IstillrememberthedaywhenImethimforthefirsttime.Thereasonwhyhemissedthespeechwasthathedidn’tcatchthebus.关系代词和关系副词的作用 关系代词和关系副词如何区别？1.Thereason_______hemissedthespeechwasthatheforgotthetime.2.Thereason____________hegaveussoundedreasonable.3.I’llneverforgettheday____________wespenttogetherinParis.4.I’llremembertheday________westayedtogetheratthattime.5.Thisisthefactory____________wevisitedlastyear.6.Thisisthehouse_________Lincolnoncelived.Remember:引导词用关系代词还是用关系副词关键要看他们在从句中作什么成份而定。或者说，假如把先行词放到从句中是作主语、宾语还是状语而定。whythatwhichthatwhichwhenthatwhichwhere 3、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：I"llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例1.Isthisthemuseum_____youvisitedafewdaysago?例2.Isthismuseum_____youvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theoneBD 7.(1)Hestilllivesintheroom________windowfacestothesouth.(2)Hestilllivesintheroom_________isinthenorthofthecity.whosewhich8.(1)Iwillneverforgetthedays________westudiedtogether.(2)Iwillneverforgetthedays_________wespenttogether.whenthat9.(1)Thereason________hedidn’tcomewasthathewasill.(2)Thereason_________heexplainedisnottrue.whythat10.(1)Wewillmeetatthesameplace________wemetlastmonth.(2)Wewillmeetatthesameplace________wevisitedlastmonth.wherethat Correctthesentences:1.I’musingthepenwhichheboughtityesterday.2.Isthatfactorywhichyourfatheronceworkedin?3.ThemanwhomIspokeisfromCanada.4.July1,1999isthedaywhenwe’llneverforget.^^__(去掉)which____totheone Correctthesentences:5.IstillremembertheholidaysIstayedwiththem.6.I’mgoingtoworkinthehospitalwhereneedsme.7.Thosethathaven’tbeentotheWestLakewillgatherattheschoolgate.8.Idon’tlikethewaywhichyoutalkedtoyourfriend.inwhen____who___(that/which)^^ Correctthesentences:9.ThisisthelasttimewhenI’vegivenyoulessons.10.Soontheycametoafarmhouse,andinfrontofwhichsatasmallboy.11.Weheardthenewswhichourteamwonthegame.12.Thereasonwhichheexplaineditsoundsreasonable.____that____that____whyit____ Correctthesentences:13.Thoseatthedeskwanttobuyticketswritedownyournames.14.Thatwasthereasonbecauseshelookedold.15.MissChenistheonlyoneofthefewteacherswhogiveuswonderfulEnglishlessonsinourschool.16.Taiwan,thatweknow,belongstoChina.aswho______________giveswhy^ who,that（先行词为人）有区别吗？1.用who不用that的情况：(1)当先行词为one,ones,anyone,those时。(2)当先行词为人称代词时。HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.Thosewhohaveanydifficultywithpronunciationshouldpractisemore.2.用that不用who的情况：(1)当先行词既是人又是物。(2)当句子出现一个who等。（3）关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。Hetalkedalotaboutthethingsandpersonsthathehadrememberedthere.Whoisthemanthatspoketoyoujustnow?Maryisnolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobe. which,that(先行词为物）有区别吗？1.只用that不用which的情况：(1)先行词为much,little,few,nothing,none,anything,no,all等不定代词（2）先行词既是人又是物。（3）先行词为形容词的最高级或序数词。（4）先行词被thevery,theonly,thelast,any,every,who等修饰时。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Hespokeofthethingsandpersonsthathehadseenabroad.ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.Whothathassuchahomedoesn’tloveit?（5）关系代词在从句中作表语时Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.ThisisoneofthebestfilmsthatIhaveeverseen. 考点一：that和which以下情况，引导词用that，不用which。1.先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing。e.g.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.2.先行词被all,any,no,little,much,some,every修饰时３.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用that。e.g.Thisisthebestbook(that)I’veeverread. 考点一：that和which４.先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast修饰时，用that。.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowas(to)wait.Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.That"stheverywordthatiswronglyused.Thisisoneofthepresentsthatmyboyfriendgavemeonmybirthday. ５.先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。e.g.Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwesawthen.６、被修饰词为数词时。YesterdayIcaughttwofishandtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.７、如有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已which，另一个关系代词则宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。 ８、主句是Therebe结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词。There"sstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.９、定语从句中缺表语时，该关系代词宜用that。Heisnotthepersonthathewastenyearsago. Ex.1.Thebook____________youlenttomeisveryinteresting.2.Tomisthestudent______handwritingisthebestinourclass.3.Istheman_________talkedtoyoujustnowMrWang?4.Iliveintheroomthedoorof_____iswhite.5.I`llneverforgetthedays_____________Ispentinthecountry.6.Iwillneverthedays______Istudiedwithyou.(that/which)whosewho/thatwhich(which/that)when 8.Canyoutellmethereason______youwerelateforclassthismorning?9.Isthisthefactory__________youvisitedlastweek?10.Isthisthefactory________________youworkedlastyear?11.Isthisfactory_________youvisitedlastweek?12.Chinaisnolongerthecountry_______itusedtobe.13.All______shouldbedonehasbeendone.why(which/that)where/inwhichtheonethatthat 13.Idon`tliketheway_____________hesmiles.14.Thisisthereason_______________youexplaintome.15.Thisisthefirsttime_________IhavebeeninBeijing.16.I,________yourbestfriend,shouldhelpyou.17.Jimistheonlyoneofthestudents____________passedtheexam.(that/inwhich)(that/which)(that)whoamwhohas 只能用which的情况:2.引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时只能用which(1)Themachine,whichIhavelookedafterformanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.(2)Shefailedtheexam,whichmadeherparentsvaryangry.(3)Hesawafilm,whichwasabouttheLongMarch.(4)Myglasses,withoutwhichIwaslikeablindman,felltothegroundandbroke.1.介词前置时关系代词只能用which(先行词为物)Remember:which在这两种情况下即使在句中作宾语也不能省。 Correctthesentences:17.Itistheoneofthebestfilmsthathavebeenshownrecently.18.ThethirdplacewhichwearegoingtovisitisHangzhou.19.Whichisknowntoall,manysatellitearegoingaroundinthesky.20.Thestudentsandthingswhichyouspokeofareknowntous.that_________hasAsthat________ Correctthesentences:21.Einsteinissuchagreatscientistthatwemustlearnfrom.22.Thestudentwho’sbookIhadborroweddidn’tcometoschooltoday.23.Whoistheworkerwhotooksomepicturesofthefactory.24.ThebikebywhichItravelledwashis.as_____Whose____that___on____ 介词+关系代词先行词为人,关系代词用whom;先行词为物,关系代词用which.关系代词在介词后不能用that,关系代词也不能省。如介词放在句尾，引导词可用that或who,而且可省去。关系代词和关系副词可转换：where,when,why=介词+which1.Thisisthereason____________helefthishometown.(=why)2.I’llneverforgettheday___________westayedtogether.(=when)3.Thisisthegirl_____________Ilearnedthenews.4.Theperson___________IspokejustnowisthemanagerthatItoldyouabout.5.I’llshowyouastore__________youmaybuyallthatyouneed.(=where)6.Idon’tliketheway_________youlaughedather.(=that;)forwhichonwhichfromwhomtowhominwhichinwhich 请讨论：as,which引导非限制性定语从句有什么不同吗？1.which的先行词可以是名词，as不可。(1)Themeeting,whichwasheldinthepark,wasagreatsuccess.(2)Allthebooks,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.2.which和as都可代替整个句子的意思，但which引导的从句不放句首。(1)Cruso’sdogbecameillanddied,whichmadehimverylonely.(2)Asweexpected,ourfootballteamlostthematchagain.3.as引导的从句有(正如……),(就象……),(由……而知）等含义.1.Heisnotsuchamanasonlythinkofhimself.2.IshouldliketousethesamepenasIusedyesterday.3.Suchproblemsasareoftenmentionedshouldbesolved.4.Iwillreadasmanybooksasarerequired.5.Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift. 先行词被thesame/such/so修饰时，关系代词as引导Ihaveneverseensuchalazymanashe.Ihavethesamebookasyouboughtlastweek.Heisofaboutthesameageasyou.ThisisthesamebookasIlost.thatIlost. Asateacher,Ihavenevergivemystudentssodifficultaproblem_______theycan`tworkout.Asateacher,Ihavenevergivemystudentssuchdifficultproblems________theycan`tworkout._______theycan`tworkthemout.asasthat 基础巩固(Correctmistakes)1.Doyoulikethebikeyourfriendgaveittoyou?2.Thisistheveryplacewherewevisitedmanyyearsago.3.Therearetenstudentsareplayingbasketballontheplayground.4.EnglishisasubjectIaminterested.5.CanyoushowmethebookwhichhavebeentranslatedintoEnglishbySmith?6.ThereisnotasinglepersoninthestreetwhomIcanturnforhelp.（多词）（错用引导词）（漏引导词）（漏介词）（主谓不一致）（漏介词）that/which/◎who/thatinhasto 限制性定语从句和非限性定语从句用法与区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句“限”是先行词不可缺少的定语.如果省去，主句意思不完整或不明确；“非限”只是附加说明。AllthepeopleweretalkingaboutthewonderfulcloththeemperorhadorderedtobewovenTheysetupastateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.“限”于主句之间不能用逗号隔开；“非限”与主句之间要用逗号隔开。Sheisthenursewholooksafterthechildren.Theletterisfrommysister,whoisworkinginBeijing.“限”可以用that引导；“非限”不能用that引导ThatistheverytoolthatwearelookingforIsawagoodfilm,whichwasabouttheLongMarch“限”的关联词作宾语时可省；非限则不可Iwillneverforgettheday（that）wespenttogetherthereHisdog,whichhelikedverymuch,diedyesterday.“限”一般只修饰先行词；非限既可修饰先行词，也可是前面的整个句子或句子的一部分IhavefinishedthenovelthatyoulentmeyesterdayHesuddenlyfellill,whichpreventedhimfromgoingtoschool. 间隔性定语从句一般来说，定语从句总是紧跟着它所修饰的先行词的，但是有时候定语从句与先行词之间被其它成分分隔开来，这种定语从句叫做分（间）隔定语从句。DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedanecklaceofyours?Thebossofthecompany,whosenamewasMr.Little,toldthestory. 想一想理一理学好定语从句最关键的是什么？定语从句修饰主句中某个名词或代词，起着相当于形容词（定语）的作用，所以也叫形容词性从句。句子那个被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后。要学好定语从句，最关键要掌握以下两点：1.弄清关系代词和关系副词的区别：他们在定语从句中的作用不同。关系代词在从句中起名词的作用，在从句中担任主语，宾语，表语和宾语。关系副词在从句中起副词的作用，在从句中担任状语。2.掌握关系代词和关系副词的方法：主要看先行词（假如放到从句中）在从句中所担任的成份，所起的作用。 难点解析：关系代词作介词宾语的几种结构：1.介词+whomwhichThewomangeneralstillrememberthedayonwhichshejoinedthearmy.2.介词短语+whichwhomThefishermanlivedinasmallhouseinfrontofwhichliesawell.3.不定代词或数词+whichwhomTherearemanybookshere,noneofwhichbelongstome.Chinahasalotoffamouswriters,oneofwhomisLuxun.4.名词+ofwhichShementionedamagazine,thetitleofwhichIhaveforgotten.=shejoinedthearmyonthatday=andawellliesinfrontofit.=andnoneofthembelongstome.=andoneofthemisLuxin=andIhaveforgottenthetitleofit 做做试试：1.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof_________hadnotbeencleanedforatleastoneyear.2.Inthedarkstreet,therewasnotasingleperson___________shecouldturnforhelp.3.Chinahasalotofislands,thelargest______________isTaiwan.4.Theoldladyhadonesonandtwodaughters,________________________treatedherwell,______madeherverysad.5.Therearefortystudentsinourclass,_____________20aregirls;therestareboys.whichtowhomofwhichnoneofwhomwhichofwhom 定语从句和其它句型的转换1.定语从句和非谓语动词：(1)TherearelotsofgoodEnglishprogrammes(whichare)broadcastonTVortheradioinChina.(2)Atonetimetherewerelongqueuesofpeople(whowere)waitingoutsidetheCAAC(中国民航)offices.分析基本规律：从句是主动形式，用现在分词;从句是被动形式，用过去分词。或者看定语和被修饰词之间的关系，如果定语和被修饰词之间是主谓关系，用现在分词；如果定语和被修饰词之间是动宾关系，用过去分词。 2.定语从句和并列句1.Isawsometrees,andtheleavesofthetreeswereblackwithdisease.=Isawsometrees,theleavesof________wereblackwithdisease.2.Theprofessorisanordinary-lookinglittleman,onthenoseof__________thereisapairofglasses3.TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)finallyopeneditsdoortoChinaonNovember10,_____a15-yearwait.A.toendB.endedC.endingD.ends分析：是否有连词是区分定语从句和并列句的一个关键。whichwhomC 3.定语从句和状语从句(1)Thisissuchabigstone_______noonecanliftit.Thisissuchabigstone_______noonecanlift.(2)Pleaseputtheletterinthedrawer___________hecaneasilyfindit.(=where)Pleaseputtheletter_________hecaneasilyfindit.(3)Pleaseputtheletterinwhichhecaneasilyfindit.这句子正确吗？分析：（1）句从引导词来看，状语从句中的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分，而定语从句中的as在从句中要作一个成分（主语，宾语或表语）。thatasinwhichwhere 4.定语从句和名词性从句(1)Hedidall(that)hecouldtohelpme.(=what)(2)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(=what)(3)_______isknowntousall,theearthturnsroundthesun.Itisknowntousall_______TaiwanbelongstoChina.(4)______isknowntousallisthattheearthissmallerthanthesun.AsthatWhat 5.定语从句和强调句(1)Itisinthisroom______Ilivedlastyear.Itistheroom_______Ilivedlastyear.(2)Itwasatseveno’clock________hewenttoschoolthismorning.Itwasseveno’clock_______hewenttoschoolthismorning.分析：强调句句型：Itis/was+被强调的成份+that/who+其它部分去掉Itis/was….that/who…,句子照样成立。而定语从句的引导词在句中要作一成份。thatwherethatwhen 6.定语从句和同位语从句(1)Thenews________ourvolleyballteamwonthematchmadeusexcited.(2)Thenews__________hetoldmeyesterdayisexciting.(3)Theproblem__________weshouldanswerfortheaccidentiscleartoyou.(4)Theproblem__________heaskedmetosolveishardtosolve.分析：that引导同位语从句，在从句中不充当任成份，并且引导的句子是说明前一名词的内容,在从句中不可省去，也不可用which替代。that/which引导定语从句，在从句中充当成份，作宾语时可省去，从句起说明主句性质和特征的作用。thatthat/whichthatthat/which 定语从句几种句型归纳：1.ThisisthemostexcitingfootballmatchthatIhaveeverseen.2.Idon’tlikethewayinwhich/that/不填youlaughedatothers.3.Itisthethirdtimethatyouhavebeenlatethisweek.ItisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.4.Thereasonwhyhedidn’tattendthemeetingwasthathismotherwasseriouslyill.5.Thereasonforhisfailureisthathedidn’tworkhard. 高考题1.________isknowntoeveryone,themoontravelsroundtheroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(NMET2001)A.untilB.AsC.ThatD.What2.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_______Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.NMET2001)A.untilB.whichC.whenD.where3.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,_____,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.(NMET2000)A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what4.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,______personallyIdoubtverymuch.(NMET99)A.itB.thatC.whenD.whichAsCBD 5.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturnedtothesmalltown_______hegrewupasachild.(NMET96)A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when6.Theweatherturnedtobeverygood,________wasmorethanwecouldexpect.(NMET94)A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it7.Inthedarkstreet,therewasnotasingleperson________shecouldturnforhelp.(NMET92)A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom8.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof_______hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.(NMET90)A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.whichBBDD Fillintheblankswithwho,whom,which,whoseorthat.Aclockisamachine_________tellspeoplethetime.Anurseisaperson__________looksafterpeoplewhoareill.Thehouse_________heislookingforisveryexpensive.Heistheperson_________Imetintheparkyesterday.Sheistheengineer________workisconsideredtobethebesthere.Ihavelostthewatch_________myfathergavetometwoyearsago.Thisistheperson_______storysurprisedeverybody.Theperson_______designwerethebestwasMr.King.which/thatwhosewhosewhosewho/thatwhom/thatwhich/thatwhich/that Choosethebestanswerstothefollowingquestions.1.Thisisthemountainvillage______wevisitedtheotherday,A.whichB.inwhichC.whereD.when2.Achild______parentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.A.whichB.hisC.whoseD.with3.Doyouknowthedate_____Lincolnwasborn.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.that4.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,_____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whomB.whereC.whichD.while5.Tom’smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,but_____didn’thelp.A.heB.whichC.sheD.it6.Thegentleman______youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.whoB.aboutwhomC.whomD.withwhomACBDDB Goodbye!