高中英语语法(全英详解) 24页

.必修一语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来usethepresentcontinuoustenseforfutureplansInEnglish,wehavelotsofwaysoftalkingaboutthefuture.Themostcommonwaysoftalkingaboutthefutureweencounteruse‘will’or‘begoingto’followedbyaninfinitive（动词原形）,andwetendtouse‘begoingto’mostoftenfortalkingaboutfutureplans.Sometimes,wealsousethepresentcontinuoustensetotalkaboutfutureplans.Ex.①wearegoingtoMexiconextSunday.②Areyoucomingtothecinema?③HeisleavingforLondonintwohours.④WearespendingnextwinterinAustralia.Onlysomeverbscanbeusedinthissituation,suchas:go,arrive,come,leave,start,stay,return,play,have,work,wear,spend,see,meet,etc.扩展：What’sthedifferencebetweenusing‘begoingto’andthepresentcontinuoustotalkaboutfutureplans?Let’slookatsomemoreexamples:“I’mgoingtoplayfootballonSaturday”Youhavemadeaplaninyourheadbutpossiblynottakenanyrealactiontoconfirmit.Also,playingfootballonSaturdayisprobablynotaregulareventforyou.“I’mplayingfootballonSaturday”Youhavemadeaplanandtakensomerealactiontoconfirmit(e.g.calledyourfriendsorbookedaplacetoplay).Inthiscase,it’slikelythatplayingfootballonSaturdaysisacommonactivityforyou.语法点二：Directspeechandindirectspeech(直接引语和间接引语)Let"sfirstdefinetheterms,thenlookathowtotalkaboutwhatsomeonesaid,andhowtoconvertspeechfromdirecttoindirectorvice-versa.YoucananswerthequestionWhatdidhesay?intwoways:byrepeatingthewordsspoken(directspeech)byreportingthewordsspoken(indirectorreportedspeech).Directspeechrepeats,orquotes,theexactwordsspoken.Whenweusedirectspeechinwriting,weplacethewordsspokenbetweenquotationmarks("")andthereisnochangeinthesewords.Reportedorindirectspeechisusuallyusedtotalkaboutthepast,sowenormallychangethetenseofthewordsspoken.Weusereportingverbslike"say","tell","ask",andwemayusetheword"that"tointroducethereportedwords.Quotationmarksarenotused.1、declarativesentence陈述句①Changeinpronoun:Thepronoun(subject)ofthereportedspeechischangedaccordingtothepronounofreportingverborobject(person)ofreportingverb(firstpartofsentence).Sometimesthepronounmaynotchange.Infollowingexamplethepronounofreportedspeechis“I”whichwillbechangedinindirectspeechintothepronoun(Subject)ofreportingverbthatis“he”.Hesaid,“Ilikeitverymuch.”→Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.②Changeintense:Ifthefirstpartofsentence(reportingverbpart)belongstopasttensethetenseofreportedspeechwillchange.Ifthefirstpartofsentence(reportingverbpart)belongstopresentor..... .futuretense,thetenseofreportedspeechwillnotchange.③Changeindemonstrativepronoun指示代词,temporaladverbial时间状语,adverbialofplace地点状语andverbs.Ps：(1)ifthedirectspeechindicatesobjectivetruth,thenthereisnochangeintensewhenit’sconvertedtoindirectspeech...... .Ex.Hesaid,“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”→Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.(2)如果在当地转述，here不必改成there，come不必改为go，如果在当天转述，yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。1、imperativesentence祈使句Imperativesentencesdonotnormallyhaveanexpressedsubject.Inordertochangeanimperativesentenceintotheindirectspeech,weuseato-infinitive.Notethatinsteadof‘said’weuseoneofthefollowingreportingverbs:Ask,Tell,Advise,command,request,order,forbid,decree,proposeetc.Iftheimperativesentenceisinnegativeform,thenadd‘not’infrontofto-infinitivewhenconvertthespeech.Ex.①Thehostesssaidtous,“Pleasesitdown.”→Thehostessaskedustositdown.②Hesaid,“Don’tmakesomuchnoise,boys.”→Hetoldtheboystonottomakesomuchnoise.2、interrogativesentence疑问句Turnwordorderininterrogativesentenceintothatindeclarativesentence,anduseafullstopintheend.Thesubject,tense,adverbialetchavetochangeaccordingly.(1)generalquestion一般疑问句Generalquestionsarechangedintotheindirectspeechbyusingtheconnectiveiforwhether.Thereportingverbsayorsaidchangestoaskorasked.Ex.Hesaid,“AreyouinterestedinEnglish?”→Heasked(me)ifIwasinterestedinEnglish.(2)specialquestionSpecialquestionsarechangedintotheindirectspeechbyusingthesameinterrogative.Ex.“Whatdoyouwant?”heaskedme.→HeaskedmewhatIwanted.语法点三：TheAttributiveClause定语从句Attributiveclauseisasentencethatisusedtomodifyanounorapronountomakeclearwhichpersonorthingwearetalkingabout.Ex.Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetable.YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.Inthetwoexamplesabove,manandeverythingarecalledantecedents先行词.WholivesnexttousandthatIdoareattributiveclauses.Whoandthatarerelativepronoun关系代词.Thewordstoconnectmainclauseandattributiveclausearedividedintotwogroups,theyarerelativepronouns,namelythat,which,who,whom,whose,andrelativeadverbs,namelywhere,when,why.Relativepronouns:Weusewhoandwhomforpeople,andwhichforthings.Weusethatforpeopleorthings...... .1.That,which,who2.WhoseWhosereplacesagenitivenoun名词所有格inanattributiveclause.Theantecedentcanbethingorperson.Ex.Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.Theroomwhosewindowfacessouthismine.3.When,where,whyFirst,whentheantecedentisaboutreason,anditactsasanadvintheattributiveclause,wewilluse“why”.Second,whentheantecedentisabouttime,anditplaystheroleofanadv,“when”willbeused.Third,whentheantecedentisaboutplace,playingtheroleofanadvofplace,wewillconsideradoptingwhere...... .必修二语法点一：（接定从讲）1.Therestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclause.限制性和非限制性(1)Restrictiveclauseslimitthepossiblemeaningofaprecedingsubject.Theyareusuallynotmarkedbypausesinspeech,andtheyarenotsetoffbycommasinwriting.Sometimestherelativepronounwhichservesasanobjectinclausecanbeomitted.Ex.Whatisthenameofthetallmanwhojustcamein?Beijingisacity(that)I’vealwayswantedtovisit.Hehasfoundthebook(that)hewaslookingfor.(2)Nonrestrictiveclausestellyousomethingaboutaprecedingsubject,buttheydonotlimit,orrestrict,themeaningofthatsubject.Theyareusuallymarkedbybriefpausesinspeechandareusuallysetoffbycommasinwriting.Relativecannotbeomitted.Ex.Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,hasaverylonghistory.YesterdayImetLiPing,whoseemedtobeverybusy.Ps:①Inrestrictiveattributiveclause,relativeadverbsbehindtimeorplacesometimescanbeomittedinspokenEnglish.Ex.Thatwastheyear(when)Ifirstwentabroad.Weneedaplace(where)wecanstayforafewdays.②Whyclausecanonlymodified‘reason’anditcanbeconvertedto‘forwhich’.InspokenEnglish,wecanalsouse‘that’orjustomittherelative.Ex.Thereason(why/forwhich/that)IboughttherosesisthatMarylikesthem.③‘How’cannotbeusedasrelativeadverbs.Weuseinwhich,that,ornorelativetomodify‘way’.Ex.Thisistheway(how)Ididit.(wrong)Thisistheway(inwhich/that)Ididit.(correct)④theattributiveclausecanalsobecalledasrelativeclause.语法点二：ThepassivevoiceWehavelearnedthepassivevoiceofthesimplepresenttenseandsimplepasttense.1.Thesimplefuturetense(useaskasanexample)Ps:affirmativeform;negativeform;interrogativeform..... .1.Thepresentperfecttense2.Thepresentcontinuoustense3.Phrasalverb短语动词Normally,onlytransitiveverbscanbeusedinpassivevoice,butwiththeadditionofprepositionoradverbtointransitiveverbs,somephrasalverbsserveastransitiveverbs,sotheyhavepassivevoicetoo.Payattention,wecan’tmissanypartofphrasalverbwhenwechangeitintopassivevoice.Atlasttheyputoutthefire.→Atlastthefirewasputout.Theywillputupanoticeonthewall.→Anoticewillbeputuponthewall.Haveyousentforadoctor?→Hasthedoctorbeensentfor?Ps:..... .必修三语法点一：modalverbs情态动词Amodalverbisatypeofverbthatisusedtoindicatemodality–thatis:likelihood,ability,permission,andobligation.Theyhavetobeusedwithinfinitive.Can-couldmay-mightshall-shouldwill-wouldhaveto-hadtomust1.Can&couldTheycanbeusedtoindicateability,permission,possibility,etc.Ps:Possibility:Weusethemodalcantomakegeneralstatementsaboutwhatispossible:Itcanbeverycoldinwinter.(=Itissometimesverycoldinwinter)Weusecouldasthepasttenseofcan:Itcouldbeverycoldinwinter.(=Sometimesitwasverycoldinwinter.)Weusecouldtoshowthatsomethingispossibleinthefuture,butnotcertain:Ifwedon’thurrywecouldbelate.(=Perhaps/Maybewewillbelate)Weusecouldhavetoshowthatsomethingis/waspossiblenoworatsometimeinthepast:It’steno’clock.Theycouldhavearrivednow.Permission:Weuse can toaskforpermissiontodosomethingorgivepermission;couldismoreformalandpolitethancan...... .1.May&mightPs:Thenegativeformsaremaynotandmightnot.Weusemay:①whenwearenotsureaboutsomething:Jackmaybecomingtoseeustomorrow.②tomakepoliterequests:MayIborrowthecartomorrow?③Whenweusemaynotforarefusalitisemphatic:Youmaynotborrowthecaruntilyoucanbemorecarefulwithit.Weusemight:①whenwearenotsureaboutsomething:Imightseeyoutomorrow.It’squitebright.Itmightnotraintoday.②Asthepasttenseofmayforrequests:Heaskedifhemightborrowthecar.③Forverypoliterequests:MightIaskyouaquestion?2.Must&haveto..... .Ps：Must①Weuse"must"toexpressastrongobligation.Whenweuse"must"thisusuallymeansthatsomepersonalcircumstancemakestheobligationnecessary(andthespeakeralmostcertainlyagreeswiththeobligation.).Itsnegativeformismustnot,butwhenweansweramustquestion,weuseneednotordon’thaveto.②Wecanuse"must"toshowthatwearecertainsomethingistrue.Wearemakingalogicaldeductionbaseduponsomeclearevidenceorreason.HavetoWecanalsouse"haveto"toexpressastrongobligation.Whenweuse"haveto"thisusuallymeansthatsomeexternalcircumstancemakestheobligationnecessary.Butmustindicatethespeaker’ssubjectiveopinion,havetoreferstoobjectiveone.1.Shall&should2.Will&would..... .1.oughtOughttoisasemi-modalverbbecauseitisinsomewayslikeamodalverbandinsomewayslikeamainverb.Forexample,unlikemodalverbs,itisfollowedbyto,butlikemodalverbs,itdoesnotchangeformforperson.Thenegativeisformedbyadding‘not’afterought(oughtnotto).语法点二：NounclausesAnounclauseisaclausethatplaystheroleofanoun.Theobjectclause,thepredicativeclause,thesubjectclause,theappositiveclause同位语从句.1.TheobjectiveclauseItisaclausethatfunctionslikeanounobject.Itbeginswithconjunctionsthat,if,whether,conjunctionalpronounwho,whose,what,whichandconjunctionaladverbswhen,where,how,why,etc...... .1.ThepredicativeclauseItisaclausethatfunctionsasthepredicative.Itbeginswithconjunctionsthat,asif,whether,conjunctionalpronounwho,what,whichandconjunctionaladverbswhen,where,how,why,etc.2.SubjectclauseItisaclausethatfunctionsasthesubject.Itbeginswithconjunctionsthat,whether,conjunctionalpronounwho,what,whichandconjunctionaladverbswhen,where,how,why,etc...... .1.TheappositiveclauseIt’saclauseservesastheappositivetoexplaintheprecedingnoun,whichusuallyarefact,idea,news,promiseetc.Itbeginswithconjunctionthat,conjunctionaladverbhow,when,where,etc.必修四语法点一：Agreementbetweensubjectandverb主语和谓语动词的一致1.Subjectsandverbsmustagreeinnumberandperson.2.Iftwosubjectsarejoinedby‘and’,theytypicallyrequireapluralverbform.3.Doyouuseasingularorpluralverbtomatchacollectivenounsuchasteamorstaff?Theansweris,itdepends.Ifthesenounsareactingasaunit,useasingularverb.Ifthesentenceindicatesmoreindividuality,useapluralverb.Myfamilyisalargeone.Thefamilyaresittingatthebreakfasttable.Thisgroupishavingameeting.Ourgrouparereadingthenewspapers.4.Whenindefinitepronounlikeanyone,anybody,anything,everyone,everything,someone,somebody,something,noone,nobody,nothing,each,theother,etcservesasthesubject,useasingularverb.Isanybodygoingtotellhimthenews?Thereisnobodyinthehouse.Everythingisready.5.Pronoun‘none’and‘neither’canuseeithersingularverborpluralverbanditdependsonspeaker’sintention.Butwhen‘none’and‘neither’standforuncountablenoun,theyareconsideredassingular;whenneitherfunctionsasanadjectivetomodifyasingularnoun,thepredicateverbshouldbesingular...... .1.Theverbinan‘or’,‘either…or’,‘neither…nor’or‘notonly…butalso’sentenceagreeswiththenounorpronounclosesttoit.EitheryouorJaneistobesenttoNewZealand.NeitherhenorIhavefinishedtheexperiment.2.Insentencesbeginningwithhereorthere,thetruesubjectfollowstheverb.Therearefourhurdlestojump.Thereisahighhurdletojump.Herearethekeys.3.Sometimesthesubjectisseparatedfromtheverbbysuchwordsaswith,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,like,except,besides,including,inadditionto,etc.Thesewordsandphrasesarenotpartofthesubject.Ignorethemanduseasingularverbwhenthesubjectissingular.Theteacherwithtwostudentswasatthemeeting.Thegirlaswellastheboyshaslearnedtodriveacar.4.Pluralnounsthatindicatestime,money,distance,weightisconsideredasawholewhentheyareusedasthenumberofaunit,sothepredicateverbshouldbesingular.Sixtyyearsisalongtime.Tendollarsisenoughforhim.Threethousandmilesisalongdistance.语法点二：theverb-ingformSubject,object,predicative,attribute,objectcomplement,adverbial..... .语法三：构词法wordformation1.Compounding合成2.Conversion转化Thecharacteristicofacertainword词性..... .1.Derivation派生Prefix前缀，suffix后缀，root词根Dis,un,in,im,non,mis,re,en,able,al,er,or,ess,less…必修五语法点一：verbsThepastparticiple..... .语法点二：inversion倒装Inversionhappenswhenwereverse(invert)thenormalwordorderofastructure,mostcommonlythesubject-verbwordorder.Forexample,astatementhasthesubject(s)beforetheverb(v).1.QuestionTomakequestionwordorder,weinvertthesubjectandtheverb,withanauxiliary(aux)ormodalverb(m)beforethesubject(s)WhatdoIneedtotakewithme?2.TherebeTherearesomeflowersonthetable.3.Directspeech,sometimes“Isitreadyyet?”askedHuXin...... .1.Inversioncanhappenafter‘there,here,out,in,up,down,away,infrontof,etc’whenitisasanadverborprepositionalphraseofplaceordirection.Itisusedforemphasis.Herecomesthebus!Here’syourcoffee.Theregoesthebell.2.Whenweuseanadverborconjunctionwithnegativemeaning(e.g.never,not,notonly,little,seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly)infrontpositionforemphasis,weinvertthesubject(s)andauxiliary(aux)/modalverb.Notonlywastherenoelectricity,butalsonowater.Neverwillheforgethisfirsttimetotakeaplace.HardlyhadIgotoutofthehousewhenitbegantorain.3.Onlyinfront.OnlythendidIbeginmywork.Onlyinthiswaycanyoulearnfromyourfriends.4.So,neither,norMysisterenjoystravelling.SodoI.Idon’tknowandnordoIcare.5.So/such…that.Soorsuchinfront.Soproudwashethatheneverlistenedtoanyadvice.Soabsorbedwasheinthenovelthathedidnotnoticehisfatheratthedoor.6.Insentencesforwish.LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!Mayyouhaveahappyholiday!7.When‘if’isomittedinasubjunctivesentence.Shouldyouneedmoreinformation,pleaseletmeknow.(=ifyoushouldneedmoreinformation,pleaseletmeknow.)HadMarkinvitedme,Iwouldhavebeengladtocome.(=IfMarkhadinvitedme,Iwouldhavebeengladtocome.)语法点三：省略Ellipsis..... .选修6语法点一：thesubjunctivemood虚拟语气Inasentence,thegrammaticalmoodconveysthespeaker’sattitudeaboutthestateofbeingofwhatthesentencedescribes.1.theindicativemood陈述语气Theindicativemoodisusedtomakefactualstatements,askquestions,orexpressopinionsasiftheywerefacts.Anyverbtensemaybedeployedintheindicativemood.2.theimperativemood祈使语气Asentenceintheimperativemoodexpressescommandsorrequests.Itindicatesthatthespeakerdesiresfortheactionexpressedinthesentencetotakeplace.Inmostimperativesentences,there’sanimpliedyou.3.thesubjunctivemood虚拟语气Thesubjunctivemoodistheverbformusedtoexpressawish,asuggestion,acommand,oraconditionthatiscontrarytofact.①‘If’inconditionalclauses..... .①Inobjectiveclause1)After‘wish’Usepasttensetoindicatetheconditionatpresent,pastperfecttensetoindicatetheconditioninthepastandwould/could/might+infinitivetoindicateconditioninfuture.Hewisheshecouldpaintaswellasaprofessionalartist.IwishIhadbeenwithyouyesterday.Wewishtherainwouldstop2)After‘wouldrather’Usepasttensetoindicatetheconditionsatpresentorinfutureandpastperfecttensetoindicateconditionsinthepast.Iwouldratheryoudidit.Iwouldratheryouhadn’ttoldmethetruth.3)After‘demand,suggest,order,propose,request,command,insist’,etc.Useshould+infinitiveorjustinfinitivetoexpresswish,suggestion,command,request,etc.Shouldcanbeomitted.JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallwatersupplies(should)beexamined.Theyrequestedthatthemeetingbepostponed.②Thesubjunctivemoodcanalsobeusedinsubject,predicate,appositiveclausesandthepredicateoftheclausesis“should+infinitive”orjustinfinitive.It’simportantthatwe(should)attendthemeeting.It’sapitythathe(should)refuseourinvitation.Myadviceisthatshewaittillnextweek.③thesubjunctivemoodcanbeusedforwish,curse,prohibition,etc.LonglivetheunityoftheChinesepeople!..... .Godblessyou!语法二：theuseof“it”1.Pronounit①Toreplacethethingsthathavebeenmentionedbefore.Mypenismissing.Ican’tfinditanywhere.②Replacedemonstrativepronounslikethisandthat.A:Whoseumbrellaisthat?B:It’sMary’s.③Usedasimpersonalpronountoindicatetime,date,place,weather,temperature,distanceetc.It’sabeautifulday.2.Introducer引导词①Usedasdummysubjecttoreplacethetruesubjectinformoftheinfinitive,verb-ingformorclauses.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.It’sdifficulttogiveupsmoking.②Usedasdummyobjecttoreplacethetrueobjectinformoftheinfinitive,verb-ingformorclauses.Ithinkitbestthatyoushoulddomoreexercise.Hefounditdifficulttodohomework.③Weuseitincleftsentences.Itemphasesthesubjectorobjectofthemainclause.Itis(was)+stressedconstituents+that(who/whom)+otherconstituents.It’shumanactivitythathascausedthisglobalwarming.ItwasJimBrownwho/whom/thatyoushouldask.选修七语法点一：verbsTheinfinitive动词不定式1.PerfectinfinitiveTo+have+pastparticiple2.PassiveinfinitiveTo+be+pastparticiple..... .1.When“to”isomittedintheinfinitiveinactivevoice,itmustre-appearinpassivevoice.Thepassive-ingform语法点二：theattributiveclauseSomeconditionsthatwhichcan’tbeusedintheattributiveclause1.Whenantecedentsareindefinitepronounslike‘all,little,much,few,everything,anything,nothing,none’,etc,therelativepronouncan’tbewhichbutthat.AllthatIwantisyourvoice.Thereisnotmuchthatcanbedone.2.Whenantecedentsaremodifiedbysuperlativeadjectives形容词最高级,therelativepronouncan’tbewhichbutthat.ThisisthefunniestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.3.Whenantecedentsaremodifiedbyordinalnumber序数词,therelativepronouncan’tbewhichbutthat.Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavemet.4.Whenantecedentsaremodifiedby‘theonly,thevery,thesame,theright’,etc,therelativepronouncan’tbewhichbutthat.AmericanaudienceswillseethesamemoviethatwasshowninAsia.5.Whenantecedentsaremodifiedby‘all,every,any,much,little,few,no’,etc,therelative..... .pronouncan’tbewhichbutthat.Allthethingsthatyoutoldmearelies.1.Whenthemainclauseisaspecialquestionthatstartswith‘which,who,what’,therelativepronouncan’tbewhichbutthat.Whoisthegirl(thatis)sittingbythelake?Whichofthosebooks(thatare)onthetablebelongtoyou?选修八语法点一：verbsTenses语法点二：theappositive同位语Anappositiveisanoun,anounphrase,oranounclausewhichsitsnexttoanothernoun(fact,idea,news,doubt,decision,possibility,assumption,question,etc)torenameitortodescribeitinanotherway.It’susuallyintroducedbythat,butsometimeswhat,why,whether,when,etcareok...... .......词性partofspeech实词notionalword虚词structuralword派生词derivative[di"rivətiv]复合词compound [ˈkɔmpaund]专有名词propernoun集体名词collectivenoun系动词linkverb助动词auxiliaryverb[ɔ:g"ziljəri]情态动词modalverb不规则动词irregularverb使役动词causativeverb感官动词verbofsenses感叹词exclamation[.eksklə"meiʃən]人称代词personalpronoun物主代词possessivepronoun反身代词reflexivepronoun[ri"fleksiv]指示代词demonstrativepronoun[di"mɔnstrətiv]不定代词indefinitepronoun名词性物主代词nominalpossessivepronoun形容词性物主代词adjectivalpossessivepronoun[.ædʒik"taivəl]不定冠词indefinitearticle基数词cardinalnumeral序数词ordinalnumeral原形baseform名词性从句nominalclause定语从句attributiveclause宾语从句objectclause主语从句subjectclause同位语从句appositiveclause时间状语从句adverbialclauseoftime地点状语从句adverbialclauseofplace方式状语从句adverbialclauseofmanner让步状语从句adverbialclauseofconcession原因状语从句adverbialclauseofcause结果状语从句adverbialclauseofresult目的状语从句adverbialclauseofpurpose条件状语从句adverbialclauseofcondition简单句simplesentence陈述句declarativesentence[di"klærətiv]一般疑问句generalquestion特殊疑问句specialquestion选择疑问句alternativequestion附加疑问句tagquestion反意疑问句disjunctivequestion[dis"dʒʌŋktiv]存在句existentialsentence[.egzis"tenʃəl]肯定句positivesentence否定句negativesentence祈使句imperativesentence省略句ellipticalsentence[i"liptikəl]..... .感叹句exclamatorysentence[ik"sklæmətəri]句子成分membersofsentences谓语predicate["predikeit]直接宾语directobject间接宾语indirectobject补语complement主补subjectcomplement宾补objectcomplement表语predicative定语attribute同位语appositive分词participle不定式infinitive[ɪnˈfɪnɪtɪv]所有格possessivecase过去将来时pastfuturetense过去将来进行时pastfuturecontinuoustense[kənˈtɪnjuəs]过去将来完成时pastfutureperfecttense一般现在时simplepresenttense一般过去时simplepasttense一般将来时simplefuturetense过去完成时pastperfecttense现在完成时presentperfecttense将来完成时futureperfecttense现在进行时presentcontinuoustense过去进行时pastcontinuoustense将来进行时futurecontinuoustense现在完成进行时presentperfectcontinuoustense过去完成进行时pastperfectcontinuoustense主动语态activevoice被动语态passivevoice虚拟语气subjunctivemood全部否定fullnegation局部否定partialnegation全部倒装fullinversion部分倒装partialinversion直接引语directspeech间接引语indirectspeech主谓一致subject-predicateagreement就近原则principleofproximity意群sensegroup语音pronunciation/speechsound连读linkingofsounds语调intonation升调risingtone降调fallingtone同义词synonym反义词antonym记叙文narrativewriting[ˈnærətiv]议论文argumentativewriting [ˌɑ:ɡjuˈmentətiv]说明文expositorywriting[ɪk"spɒzitəri]应用文practicalwriting逗号comma冒号colon[ˈkəʊlən]分号semicolon问号questionmark感叹号exclamationmark[ˌekskləˈmeɪʃn]连字号hyphen[ˈhaɪfən]引号quotationmarks音标phonetictranscription元音vowel单元音singlevowel双元音diphthong[ˈdɪfθɒŋ]辅音consonant清辅音voicelessconsonant浊辅音voicedconsonant上唇upper lip下唇lower lip齿龈alveolar ridge[ælˈviələ]舌尖 tonguetip声带vocal cords...........