自考现代英语语法学习笔记绪论 4页

第一章绪论thestructureofEnglishsentence1.0introduction--ThegrammaruniteshierarchyHigherATextconsistsofoneormoresentences.ASentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAClauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAPhraseconsistsofoneormorewordsAWordsconsistsofoneormoreMorphemeLower定义1AMorpheme1.1Morphemes词素词素是语言中最小的不可再分的单位，词素是抽象的，他通过词素式morph表现出来，有变体形式，称为词素变体allomorph。可单独使用的词素称为自由词素freemorpheme,只能依附其他词素使用的称为粘附词素boundmorpheme.一般来说，自由词素表现意义，粘附词素只表现附加意义或者语法上的特征。Morphemes词素Theminimalunitsofgrammaticalanalysis,alsothesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Can’tbefurtherdividedintosmallersegments.e.g.“un””able””mention””s”Morph形素词素的语音或者拼写法的体现。TheconcreterealizationofaMorpheme.Allomorph词素变体Aphonetically,lexicallyorgrammaticallyconditionedmemberofasetofmorphsrepresentingaparticularmorpheme.e.g.“knife””knives”FreeMorpheme自由词素Amorphemethatcanoccurinisolation.e.g.“boy””girl””go””do””mention””self”BoundMorpheme粘附词素Amorphemethatcanonlyoccurinconjunctionwithatleastoneothermorpheme.e.g.“sinboys””-edinworked””-ingindoing”1.2Words1.2.1WordsClassOpenClass开放性词多，旧词消亡新词产生。ClosedClass关闭性词数目少相对稳定MarginalClass边缘Nouns名词;Verb动词;Adjective形容词;Adverb副词Determiner限定词;Pronouns代词;Preposition介词;Conjunction连词;Auxiliary助动词;Numerals数词（不可添加新形式但无限）Interjections感叹词 1.2.2wordformation构词法a.Affixation词缀法List具体见书9-10页英语分前缀后缀和中缀，前缀加在词根之前，改变词义不改变词类。后缀加在词根之后，改变词类不改变词义。RootArootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.E.g.“force”inenforce;“touch”inuntouchableStemAstemhastodowithinflectionfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionaffixes(曲折词缀）havebeenremoved.e.g.“chair”inchairs,“work”inworked,“untouchable”inuntouchablesBaseAbaseisanyformtowhichanyaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.e.g.“touch”intouchable,“touchable”inuntouchable,“untouchable”inuntouchablesPrefixAttachedbeforeabase,thefunctiontendstobesemanticallyoriented,itaddsnewmeaningtoabaseSuffixesAttachedafterabase,thefunctiontendstobeclass-changing.b.Composition复合法两个或者两个以上的独立词构成一个复合词。E.g.:manservant,snowfall,deadline,spotlight,world-famous,before-tax,whenever,whereas…c.Convention转化法某个单词未经添加此罪就由一个词类转化为另一个词类。Verbstonouns:love,answer,doubt.Adj.toverbs:daily(=dailynewspaper),final(=finalexam)d.Blending拼缀法把两个词经行裁剪，掐头去尾，然后把这两个不完整的部分拼成一个词，在某些情况下只裁剪两个词中的一个词，把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词。P+PMotel(Motor+Hotel)Smog(Smoke+Fog)Brunch(Breakfast+Lunch)W+Pnewscast(News+Broadcast)Workfare(Work+Welfare)P+WMedicaid(Medical+Aid)Medicare(Medical+Care)e.Back-formation逆生法英语中有很多-or,-er结尾的名词是由动词派生而来，但也不乏通过去掉这些名词词尾派生出来的动词。e.g.Housekeep–HousekeeperBabysit–Babysitter f.Shortening缩略法把较长的多音节单词裁剪成较短的单音节单词。e.g.:Ad(Advertisement)Phone(Telephone)Lab(Laboratory)g.Acronyms首字母省略法两种发音方式，按字母发音或者按拼音方法读音。e.g.:UFO,FBI,VIP1.3Phrases定义词组是按一定的语法规则，围绕一个中心词结合起来的一组词，中心词所属的词类决定词组类别及组合方式。Aphraseconsistsofoneormorethatoneword,usuallyastringofwordsbuiltuparoundaheadword.类别：NounPhrase,VerbPhrase,AdjectivePhrase,AdverbPhrase,PrepositionalPhrase1.3.1TheNounPhrase名词词组名词词组以名词为中心词，并可能带有一个或几个修饰语。（可以是词，词组，分句，可前置后置）Myneighborisanoisyperson.(determiner+adj+headword)1.3.2TheVerbPhase动词词组以动词为中心，并可能带有助动词。没有助动词的叫简单动词词组，有助动词的叫复杂动词词组。ThesimpleVerbPhraseandComplexVerbPhraseSheboughtabookyesterday.(Simple)Ihaveneverseenhimbefore.(Complex)根据其结构和功能又可分为限定动词词组(finiteverbphrase)和非限定动词词组(non-finiteverbphrase).第一个动词为限定动词的词组叫做限定动词词组，主要特征是与主语保持数的一致并有时的标志。第一个动词为非限定动词的词组叫做非限定动词词组，即动词不定式，-ing分词，-ed分词ThefiniteVerbPhraseandThenon-finiteVerbPhraseTheheadwordorthefirstelementofafiniteverbphraseisafiniteverb,whichbearsthetensemarkerandsometimeskeepinconcordwiththesubject.EX:Shelikescoffee.Thenon-finiteVerbPhraseisaphrasewhosefirstelementisanon-finiteverbfreeoftheconstraints.Including-ing&-edparticiple.EX:Ididn"texpectyoutobehere.1.3.3TheAdjectivePhrase形容词词组以形容词为中心词，并可能带有前置或后置修饰语，前置语一般是副词，后置除福此外可以是词组或者分句。Ididn’tfindthelanguagedifficulttolearn.(headword+infinitive)1.3.4TheAdverbPhrase副词词组副词词组以副词为中心词，组合方式是修饰语加副词，有时中心词之后还可以带有后置修饰语或补足成分。 Hedoesn’tworkveryhardindeed.(adv+headword+adv)1.3.5ThePrepositionalPhrase介词词组以介词为中心词，通常为介词加名词词组组成。Therearealotofpeopleintheoffice.(headword+nounphrase)1.4Clause分句1.4.2ClausePatternsSevenClausePatterns:SV:Subject+VerbIrun.SVC:Subject+verb+ComplementIrunfast.SVO:Subject+Verb+ObjectiveIreadabookSVOO:Subject+Verb+Objective+ObjectiveIgiveherabook.SVOC:Subject+Verb+Objective+ComplementIfindthebookinteresting.SVA:Subject+Verb+AdverbialIliveinShanghaiSVOA:Subject+Verb+Objective+AdverbialIputmyclothintothecloset.1.5Sentence句子由一个或几个分句组成，有简单分句，并列分句。并列和从属分句组成的叫复杂句。既含并列又含从属的句子叫并列复杂句。SimpleSentence:Containsoneclause.CompoundSentence:Containsmoretheoneclause,theclausesrelatedtooneanotherbycoordination.并列ComplexSentence:Containsmoretheoneclause,theclausesrelatedtooneanotherbysubordination.从属