高三英语语法复习讲座非谓语动词 10页

高三英语语法复习讲座----非谓语动词非谓语动词是指动词的三种变化形式，在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式的构成：是由“to+动词原形”构成即、todo，否定式是nottodo不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式的各种形式：主动被动一般时todotobedone进行时tobedoing完成时tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行时Tohavebeendoing不定式的作用：不定式可以做主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语。1、作主语不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：Ittookustwohourstofinishtheexam.ItisimportantforustostudyEnglishwell.ItisverykindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.注意：（1）其他系动词如look,appear等也可用于此句型。（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用Itis…to…的句型。试比较：Itistosupportmyownideatobelievehim.（错）Tobelievehimistosupportmyownidea.（对）（3）Itis+adj.of/forsb.todosth.结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of,否则用for.It’sbraveofhimtosavetheboy.可以说成，Heisbravetosavetheboy.2、作宾语（1）动词+不定式。如：Hemanagedtoescapefromthefire.Ifindithardtogetalongwithhim.（it作形式宾语）注：下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：plan,hope,wish,promise,refuse,help,decide,learn,agree,choose等（2）动词+疑问词+to,“特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：Idon’tknowwhattodonext/howtodoitnext.Ican’tdecidewhentogothere.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语。如：Ifinditnecessarytolearnaforeignlanguage.(make,feel,think,bilieve等常用于本句型)3、作宾语补足语（1）动词+宾语+不定式（todo）。如：Hewarnedmetobecareful.IwantyoutospeaktoTom.Whatmakesyouthinkso?（不带to的不定式）注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask,tell,order,want,get,wouldlike,like,advise, invite,allow,help,wish,warn,expect,prefer,encourage特别注意，在一下动词后的不定式做宾语补足语的不定式主动语态中省略to，被动语态还原toListento,hear,watch,see,lookat,notice,observe,feel,make,have,let,其中help(可省略，也可不省略)Thebossmakeshimworktenhoursaday.-------Heismadetoworktenhours.help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.Ioftenhelphim（to）cleantheroom.Ihelpedhim(to)findhisthings.（1）表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+tobe的不定式结构。如：WeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.Thebookisbelievedtobeuseful.（被动语态）(3)There+不定式。如：Wedidn’texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些动词需用as短语作补语，像regard,think,believe,take,consider。如：WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Marytookhimasherfather.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。（(3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.Ioftenhelphim（to）cleantheroom.Ihelpedhim(to)findhisthings.1、作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：Ihavealotofworktodo.（动宾关系）Heislookingforaroomtolivein.（动状关系）Heisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.（主谓关系）Hehasgotachancetogoabroad.（同位关系）注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如：Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如：Ineedapentowritewith.(Iwillwirtewiththepen)(我需要一直钢笔写字)Ihavealittlebabytolookafter.(Imustlookafterthelittlebaby)(我有一个婴儿要照看)作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如inorderto,soasto,so…asto,such…asto,….enoughto,too…to等。（1）做目的状语，to,onlyto（仅仅为了）,inorderto,soasto,so(such)….asto…（如此···以便···）如：Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。Hecametotheschooltoseehisson.（2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：Hehurriedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed.Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.（3）做原因状语。如：Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.I’mgladtoseeyou.（4）做条件状语。如：Toturntotheleft,youcouldfindapostoffice. 1、作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。如：Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.Myquestioniswhentoleave.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.Herworkistolookafterthebabies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。2.当主语是不定式时，表语不能用Ving形式，要用不定式。如：Toseeistobelieve.（眼见为实）2、独立结构。如：Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.Tomakemattersworse,itbegantorain.一、不定式的时态和语态1、不定式的时态（1）现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：Heseemstoknowthis.Ihopetoseeyouagain.（2）完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.（3）进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：Heseemstobeeatingsomething.（4）完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.2、不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：Hewasseentoenterthehall.HeaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet.二、省to的动词不定式1、情态动词（除ought外，oughtto）2、Wouldrather,hadbetter.3、感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等后作宾补，省略to.注意：在被动语态中to不能省略掉。如：Isawhimdance.Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.4、使役动词let,have,make.5、由and,or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to可以省去。如：HewantstomovetoFranceandmarrythegirl.6、Help可带to,也可不带to,helpsb.(to)dosth.7、Why…/Whynot…8、But和except前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。试比较：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.9、通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后，可以省去tobe.如：Heissupposed(tobe)nice.他应该是个好人。——Iusuallygotherebytrain.——Whynot______byboatforachange?AtotrygoingBtryingtogoCtotryandgoDtrygoing答案选D Pauldoesn’thavetobemade______.Healwaysworkshard.AlearnBtolearnClearnedDlearning答案选B四、动词不定式的否定式。如：Tellhimnottoshutthewindow.ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter______afterdrinking.AnevertodriveBtoneverdriveCneverdrivingDneverdrive答案选ATheboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.AnottoBnottodoCnotdoitDdonotdo答案选AThepatientwaswarned______foodbeforetheoperation.AtoeatnoBeatingnotCnottoeatDnoteating答案选C动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）动名词的各种形式及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时doingbeingdonedoing完成时havingdonehavingbeendonehavingdone一、动名词的作用1、作主语谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：It’snogood/usedoing···如：Seeingisbelieving.Playingwithfireisdangerous.It’snogoodwaitinghere.2、作宾语Ienjoylisteningtomusic.Heoftenpracticesplayingthepianointheevening.Heisfondofplayingbasketball.Hehasgivenupsmoking.Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle,please?(1)只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit，advise建议，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，consider考虑，delay延迟，deny否认，dislike不喜欢，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原谅、宽恕，finish完成，forgive原谅，understand理解，giveup放弃，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss错过，practise训练，putoff推迟，resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示can’thelp禁不住，can’tstand无法忍受，devoteto(to为介词)致力于···，lookforwardto期望、盼望，stickto坚持，be/getusedto习惯于，objectto反对，bebusy忙于···，feelike想要···payattentionto注意cometo谈到referto谈到，提及besurprisedat对……感到惊讶beproudof以……为骄傲succeedin在某方面成功beafraidof害怕只能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen碰巧，offer主动提出，promise答应，agree同意，refuse拒绝，decide决定，determine决定、决心，pretend假装，fail未能够，learn，wish希望，hope，expect， afford负担得起。(1)接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，can’tbear/endure无法忍受，cease停止(2)下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，goon，mean，regret，remember，stop，try,want,can’thelp等Stoptodo停下来去做stopdoing停止做Forgettodo忘记要做forgetdoing忘记做过Remembertodo记得要做rememberdoing记得做过Regrettodo遗憾要做regretdoing后悔做过Trytodo企图做，尽力做trydoing试着做Goontodo继续做（另一件事）goondoing继续做（同一件事）Meantodo打算做meandoing意味做Wanttodo想要做wantdoing需要被做Can’helptodo不能帮助做can’thelpdoing忍不住做InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_______foranotherhour.AwaitingBtowaitingCwaitDtobewaiting答案：A(3)Need,require,want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，beworth也有类似用法。如：Theflowersneedwatering/tobewatered.Theproblemisworthdiscussing.1、作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechild.2、作定语动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：awaitingroom，adivingboard，areadingroom，adininghalltherearealotofswimmingpoolsinthecity.注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰n之后。如：asleepingboy=aboywhoissleepingadevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping（2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。如：awashingmachine=amachineforwashingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimming动名词的复合结构有形容词性无助代词或人称代词的宾格、名词所有格、或普通格加动名词构成，作主语用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。Hiscomingaddstoourpleasure.一、动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：Weareinterestedinplayingchess.Hewaspraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.I’msorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如： Wemustdosomethingtopreventwaterfrombeingpolluted.Irememberhavingbeentoldastory.Hewasafraidofbeingscoldedbytheteacher.分词（分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。）现在分词的各种形式及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时doingbeingdonedoing完成时havingdonehavingbeendonehavingdone完成进行时havingbeendoinghavingbeendoing现在分词和过去分词的区别：在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。如：fallingleaves正在下落的树叶fallenleaves已经落在地上的树叶一、分词的作用1、作定语（1）单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：Thesleepingboyismyson.Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.Alostopportunityneverreturns.Heisaretiredworker.（2）分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。如：Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismyniece.Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.Thisisthequestiongiven.Thereisnothinginteresting.（3）过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：MostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientistsThefirsttextbook______forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.AhavewrittenBtobewrittenCbeingwrittenDwrittenWhat’sthelanguage______inGermany?AspeakingBspokenCbespokenDtospeakPricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.AareboughtBboughtCbeenboughtDbuying.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor______“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”AreadBreadsCtoreadDreading答案：DBBD解析：reading与pinnedtothedoor一样作message的后置定语，相当于whichread,pinned 和reading的逻辑主语都是message，它与pin是被动关系，用—ed形式，与read是主动关系，用—ing形式1、作状语现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。Notreceivinganyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.AsIdidn’treceiveanyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Ifmoreattentionwasgiven,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.(条件)Walkingalongthestreet,Iranacrossmyoldfriend.Bittenbyasnake,hewastakentohospital(原因).Thoughdefeated,hedidn’tloseheart.(让步)Helayonthegrass,lookingintothesky.(伴随)Hecamerunningtotellmethegoodnews.(方式)______someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.AFollowedBFollowedbyCBeingfollowedDHavingbeenfollowedTherewasaterriblenoise______thesuddenburstoflight.AfollowedBfollowingCtobefollowedDbeingfollowed______,liquidscanbechangedintogases.AHeatingBTobeheatedCHeatedDHeat答案：BBC注意：（1）选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：（Being）Usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。（2）分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语。When______,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.AcompletedBcompletingCbeingcompletedDtobecompleted答案：A______suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.AHavingsufferedBSufferingCTosufferDSuffered答案：A2、作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如：Thefilmistouching.Theglassisbroken.Shelookedtiredwithcooking.Heremainedstandingbesidethetable.—I’mvery______withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.—Mm,itdoeshavea______smell.Apleasant;pleasedBpleased;pleasedCpleasant;pleasantDpleased;pleasant答案：D3、作宾语补足语分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如：Ismellsomethingburning. Iheardhimsingingthesong.Iheardmynamecalled.Ican’tmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.Ifoundmycarmissing.I’llhavemywatchrepaired.我想把我的手表修一下。Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee______thenextyear.AcarryoutBcarryingoutCcarriedoutDtocarryout答案：C1、作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generallyspeaking一般说来talkingof(speakingof)说到strictlyspeaking严格地说judgingfrom从···判断allthingsconsidered从整体来看takingallthingsintoconsideration全面看来。如：Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。一、分词的时态1、与主语动词同时。如：Arrivingthere,theyfoundtheboydead.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,______alongspeechforthepresident.AtoprepareBpreparingCpreparedDwaspreparing2、先于主语动词分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用havingdone。如：Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentoutforawalk.Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewentoutforawalk.______areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.ANotreceivingBReceivingnotCNothavingreceivedDHavingnotreceived答案：BC二、分词的语态1、通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：Heisthemangivingyou/whogaveyouthebookSheisthegirlstoppedby/whowasstoppedbythecar.2、不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned等词。如：aretiredperson一个退休的人afallenball一个落下来的球aburnt-outmatch烧完了的火柴特别注意：使用分词要注意分词的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，如果主语不一致，在分词前加上名词或代词构成独立主格即名词或代词加上分词所起的作用相当于状语从句。例如，ItbeingSunday,wehavenoclasses.=AsitisSunday,wehavenoclass.We‘llhaveapartyinthegarden,weatherpermitting.课堂综合练习题：1、Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketball,______thatallchildrenlikethesethings.AthinkingBthinkCtothinkDthought2、Therehavebeenseveralnewevents______totheprogramforthe2008BeijingOlympic Games.AaddBtoaddCaddingDadded1、Ican’tstand______withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses______talkingwhilesheworks.Aworking;stoppingBtowork;stoppingCworking;tostopDtowork;tostop2、Agoodstorydoesnotnecessarilyhavetohaveahappyending,butthereadermustnotbeleft______.AunsatisfiedBunsatisfyingCtobesatisfyingDbeingsatisfied3、Nomatterhowfrequently______,theworksofBeethovenstillattractpeopleallovertheworld.AperformedBperformingCtobeperformedDbeingperformed4、______thiscake,you’llneed2eggs,175gsugarand175gflour.AHavingmadeBMakeCTomakeDMaking5、Ifyouthinkthattreatingawomanwellmeansalways______herpermissionforthings,thinkagain.AgetsBgotCtogetDgetting6、Asthetwentiethcenturycametoaclose,therawmaterialsforagreatnationalliteraturewereathand,waiting______AtouseBtobeusedCtohaveusedDtobeusing7、Ittookalongtimefortheconnectionbetweenbodytemperatureandillness______.AtomakeBtobemadeCmakingDbeingmade8、TheChineseareproudofthe29thOlympicGames______inBeijingin2008.AholdBholdingCheldDtobeheld9、______withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.AFacedBFaceCFacingDToface10、AIDSissaid______thebiggesthealthchallengetobothmenandwomeninthatareaoverthepastfewyears.AthatitisBtobeCthatithasbeenDtohavebeen11、Don’tsitthere______nothing.Comeandhelpmewiththistable.AdoBtodoCdoingDanddoing12、Facedwithabillfor$10,000,______.AJohnhastakenanextrajobBthebosshasgivenJohnanextrajobCanextrajobhasbeentakenDanextrajobhasbeengiventoJohn13、Hehurriedtothebookingofficeonly______thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.AtotellBtobetoldCtellingDtold14、Fivepeoplewonthe“China’sGreenFigure”award,atitle______toordinarypeoplefortheircontributionstoenvironmentalprotection.AbeinggivenBisgivenCgivenDwasgiven15、Policearenowsearchingforawomanwhoisreportedto______sincethefloodhitthearealastFriday.AhavebeenmissingBhavegotlostCbemissingDgetlost16、Thebirdflu______throughAsiahasjumpedfrombirdstohumansatleast20timessofar,______16.Asweeps;killedBswept;killingCsweeping;tokillDsweeping;killing17、Theman______ofshooting6schoolchildrenwascaughtbyBeijingpolice,theXinhua NewsAgencyreportedonFriday.AbeingsuspectedBsuspectingCsuspectedDtobesuspected1、Thestudentsenteredtheclassroom,smilingand______,and______downtohavetheirlessons.Atalked;satBtalking;sittingCtalking;satDtalked;sitting2、——HaveyoueverheardofanAmericanpresidentcalledChesterA.Arhur?——No,andhe’snotmentionedinmyhistorybookatall.Heseems______AtohavebeencompletelyforgottenBhavingcompletelyforgottenCtohavecompletelyforgottenDcompletelyforgetting3、WiththemagazineAnExpressWaytoEnglish______us,wewillimprovedourlanguageskillsalot.AhelpingBhelpedChashelpedDtohelp4、ItdispleasesmyparentswhenRichardandIstayoutlateatnight.Myparentsdon’tapprove______AofRichardandmestayingoutlateatnightBofmeandRichardstayingoutlateatnightCtoRichards’sandmystayingoutlateatnightDwhenRichardandmestayoutlateatnight5、Acommunicativesatellite______asmuchas3.5tonswassentupintospacelastweek.AweighingBweighedCtobeweighedDbeingweighed6、______ofstealingmoneyfromthebank,hewasquestionedbythepolice.AAccusingBAccusedCHavingaccusedDToaccuse答案：1~5ADCAA6~10CDBBD11~15ADCAB16~20CADCC21~25ADAAB高考链接,1).Filmhasamuchshorterhistory,especiallywhen_____suchartformsasmusicandpaining.（2012年全国新课标）A.havingcomparedtoB.comparingtoC.comparetoD.comparedto答案，D2)Thepartywillbeheldinthegarden,weather_____.（2012年全国新课标）A.permittingB.topermitC.permittedD.permit答案A3)Thenextthinghesawwassmoke_____frombehindthehouse.(2011年全国新课标)A.roseB.risingC.toriseD.risen答案，B4)WithFather’sDayaroundthecorner,Ihavetakensomemoneyoutofthebank____presentsformydad.(2010年全国新课标)A.buyB.tobuyC.buyingD.tohavebought答案,B