00831英语语法简答题 7页

LExplainthesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredictiveandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliarywithexamples.Thesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredictiveandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliaryisclearinthefollowingtwosentences:1)Hecan"thavebeenthereyesterday.2)Hecouldn"tbethereyesterday.Thetwosentencesrevealtwoquitedifferentusesofthemodalauxiliary.Thefirstsentence,wherethepredictivecan"trelatestoimpossibilityandthemainverbismarkedforpasttimereference,referstothespeaker^presentdenialofpossibilityofapastevent.Inthesecond,themodalauxiliaryitself,innon-predictiveuse,ismarkedforpasttense,referringtolackofabilityinthepast.2>Whafsthefunctionofrelativepronoun?Therelativepronounservesasa"link"betweentherelativeclauseanditsantecedent.Itperformstwofunctions:showingconcordwithitsantecedentandindicatingitsfunctionwithintherelativeclause・3>Iftenseisrelatedtotime,whatisaspectrelatedto?Whentensepointstothetemporallocationofaneventorastateofaffairs,aspect"reflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwithrespecttotime^.4.Apartfromqueryingthetruthofastatement,whatotherpotentialfunctionscanaNoquestionperform?Theymayberegardedasthespeaker"sinvitationsorsuggestions,madeinatentativewayastheyoftenare,ratherthanhisnegativeassumptions.Theyarelikeimperatives.Forexample:Won?tyoucomein?Won5tyousitdown?Theycanalsobelikeexclamations:Isn"titlovely?Aren"tyousilly?5・Listthetypesofantecedents.Theantecedentisdividedintonominalantecedentandnon-nominalantecedent.Nominalantecedentsfallintodifferentsubclasses:theymaybecommonnounsorpropernouns,personalpronounsordemonstrativepronouns・Non-nominalantecedentcanbesubdividedintothreetypes:clause,verbphrase,predicativeadjective・6Explaintheconditionsinwhichweneedtousenon-assertivewordsinpositivestatementsandassertivewordsinquestion.Whenapositiveanswerisexpected,assertivewordscanbeusedinquestions,suchas:Istheresomenewsforme?Issomebodywaitingforme?Andinaffirmativesentencesinwhichthereareifclauses,putativeshould-clauses,andcomparativeclauses,non-assertivewordscanbeused,suchas:Ifanyonecallsme,itmustbeJohn・It"soddthatheshouldsayanythinglikethat.Heisbetterthananyoneelseinthisclass.16.Listthemajortypesofpostponement*Postponementisgenerallyrealizedbyactive-to-passivetransformation,byextrapositionofaclauseelement,bydiscontinuityofadjacentelements・17.What"sthemajorfunctionofpreposition?Andlistthetwotypesofpreposition.Themajorfunctionofprepositionistoconnectwordsofnounsverbsandadjectivestootherpartofthesentence.Wedivideprepositionsintotwotypes:simpleprepositionandcomplexpreposition.18.Provideexamplesofpartialinversionandcompleteinversion.Partialinversion:Undernocircumstancescanyouunderestimateyourrival・Completeinversion:Thedoorburstopenandinrushedalargeangrycrowd.19.Asafuturetimeexpression,whatspecialmeaningdoesthesimplepresentimpart?Whenthereissomethingweconceiveasunalterableandwecanbeasconfidentofasweareofthegivenfacts,weusethesimplepresenttorefertothefuturetime.Somethingthathappensoncalendarortimetablefallsintothiscategoiy・20.Whatarethethreeprincipleofconcord?Thethreecomplementaryprinciplesofconcordarethegrammaticalprinciple,thenotionalprincipleandtheprincipleofproximity・21.Whatorderdothedifferenttypesofplaceadjunctsfollowwhentheyco-occur?Whenplaceadjunctsofdifferenttypesco-occur,theyusuallyfollowthisorder:distance+direction+source+goal+position.22.Whyisthepasttenseoftenusedforpoliteness?Becausethepasttensecanmakeaquestionorastatementorasuggestionlessdirect.Itismorepolitetousethepasttenseonthepartofthespeaker.23.Dowealwaysusethesingularverbwithaclausalsubject?No.Generally,aone-clausesubjecttakesthesingularverbandatwo-clausesubject,thepluralverb・Thenotionalprincipleofconcordappliesifthecontextsuggeststhepluralityofaone-clausesubject.24.Provideexamplestoillustratethethreemajortypesofnon-finitesubordinateclause.1)Infinitiveclauses:Hedicingknowwhattodowithhisenemy.2)-ingparticipleclauses:Shekeptnoddingherheadfromtimetotimeasthoughunderstandingeverywordofhislecture・3)-edparticipleclauses:Workharduntiltoldtostop. 16.Whataresomeoftheconstraintsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjectto?Thesecondnouninthedoublegenitivealmostalwaysreferstopersons,nevertoobjects.Andthefirstnounusuallyhasindefinitereference(typicallypremodifiedbytheindefinitearticle)andthesecondnounisalwaysdefinite・17.Explaintheprincipleofproximityofconcordwithexamples*Theprincipleofproximitydenotes"agreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphraseinpreferencetoagreementwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionsassubject：Forexample:NeithermywifenorIamcomingtotheceremony.Notonlythelayersbutalsothecoachwasresponsibleforthedefeat.27>Listthetypesofsubordinateclauses*Subordinateclausesareusuallydividedintothreetypesbytheirfunction:relativeclauses,adverbialclausesandnominalclauses.Inform,subordinateclausesmayalsobedividedintofiniteclausesandverblessclauses.28.Whataregenericreferenceandspecificreference?Genericreferenceandspecificreferencearethetwousesofarticles,Genericreferenceindicatesthewholespeciesorkind,whilespecificreferenceindicatesonespecificpeopleorthing.29.Whatconcordprincipledowenormallyapplytotheexistentialsentence?Concordintheexistentialsentencenormallycomplieswiththenotionalprinciple.Theverbagreeswiththenotionalsubject.30.Whatarerestrictiveadjectivesandnon-restrictiveadjectives?Arestrictiveadjectivehelpsidentifythereferentofthenounbydescribingitsdistinctivequalities・Whereasanon-restrictiveadjectivemerelyprovidesomeadditionalinformationwhichisusuallynotessentialfortheidentificationofthereferent・31.Pointoutinstancesofthestativeanddynamicusesofprepositionswithreferencetospatialrelations.Thecarwasparkedinfrontofthebuilding・(Infrontofindicatesastaticlocation)Hejumpedintotheriver.(Intoindicatesthedirectionofamovement)32.Whataresomeofthetypicalsemanticcomponentsofthepresentprogressive?Someofthetypicalsemanticcomponentsofthepresentprogressiveare:duration,simultaneity,temporariness,incompleteness,vividness,emphasis,etc.33・Definethefiniteclausesandthenon-finiteclauses.Thefinitcclausesaretheonesthathavesubjectsandfiniteverbsaspredicates.Thenon-finitcclausesaretheonesthatleavesubjectsunsaidandverbsinnon-finiteforms.34.Whydoweneedtogobeyondthesentenceandstudythetext?Becausetoexpressaclearandcompleteideaorthought,weneedmorethanonesentence.Ttisquiterarethatweonlyuseonesentencetoexpressourideas.WhenanideaorthoughtisexpressedinmoreIhanorwsentence,wohaveatext,whichrelatessentenccstogether・Inotherwords,sontencosinatextarecoherentsothattheyhelpeachotherinexpressingacompleteidea.Thestudyofthetextistoknowhowsentencescanbejoinedtogethercoherentlysothattheycanbestexpressideas.35・Whatarethesemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffix?Thefunctionofaprefixtendstobosemanticallyoriented・Thatis,itaddsnewmoaningtoabase.Mostofprefixesdonotchangewordclasseswhileonlyafew(likea-,be-，cm/en-otc)changewordclasses・Suffixesarebasicallyclass-changingmorphemes・Theychongenounstoverbs,adjectives，orchangeadjectivestonouns,verbs,oradjectivestonouns,verbs,oradjectivestoadverbs.42.Whataretheverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswith?Whatistheirsharedsemanticfeature?Theverbswhichiransfeircdnegationoftenoccurswitharc：think,believe,suppose,imagineandexpectTheyare(heverbs thatexpress"opiniorT.36・Distinguishroot，stemandbaseasmorphologicaltenns."Root”,"stem”and“Base”mayrefertothesamethinginsomecases,buttheyaredifferent「romeachotherinthat:Arootisthatportofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved;Arootisnotfartheranalyzableinmorphologicalforms;Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved;Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded・37.Explainthedifferencesbetweenata±questionwithafinalrisingtoneandonewithafinalfallingtone.Witharisingtone,thequestionexpressthespeakeFsneutralexpectationofthehearer"sresponseandinvitesthehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.Withafallingone、thespeakerasksforthehearer"sconfirmationofthestatement.Itcanberegardedassimilartoanexclnmalion・38・WhatistheprimarvofaWH・question?TheprimaryfunctionofaWH-questionistoaskforinformationconcerningwhat,when,why、whose,whichandhow・39・・Vhatarethefourmajortypesofsentencesand\hatdiscoursefunctionsaretheynormallyassociatedwith?Thefourmajortypesofsentencesaredeclaratives,inteiTogativesimperativesandexclamatives・Thesefourtypesarerespectivelyassociatedwi【hgivinginformation,requiringinfonnation,requiringactionsandexpressing(hespeakersimpressionofsomething.40.Whatarethetwomajortypesofexclamations?ThetwomajortypesofexclamationsareWIIAT—exclamationsandIIOW-excloniQtions.Theformerisfollowedbyanounphrase；thelatterisfollowedbyanadjectiveoradverb.41•Whatarethetwomajortypesofalternativequestions?TheyarethetypeofYES-NOquestions,e.g.A:Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?B:Tea,please.AndthetypeofWH-questions,e.g・A:Whatwouldyoulike,teaofcoffee?B:Tea,please.43・Whatarethedifferencesbetweendeterminersandadjectives?Determinersandadjectivesaredifferentinfiveways:1)DeienninersusuallyprecedeadjectivesinDremodification;2)ThechoiceofdelerminersisoflcndeleiTninedbylhehendwordbulnollhalofadjeclives;3)Adjectivesdescribetheheadwordbyshowingitschanicteristics,butdeteiminersdeteirninetheheadwordbyidentifyingorquantifying;4)Adjectivescanpostmodifytheheadword、butnotdeterminers(exceptthough);5)Adjecliveshavecomparalive「orms;,infleclionalo「peiiphraslic,bulnoldelenniners(exceptfew、lillle、manyandmuch).44・Undcrwhatgeneralcircumstancesdoweprefergenitivetoof-phraseandviceversa.Whennounsrefertopeople,andtherelationbetweenthenounsisoneofdefinition,classification,etc,genitivesareprefeired.Whennounsrefertoinanimate、lifelessobjects,andtheheadwordsofnounphrasesareclassifyingadjectives,of-phrasesareclassifyingadjectives、o&phrasesarepreferred.45・Explaintherelationshipbetweentenseandtime. Timoandtonsoarcnotthesamething；timeisconcept,andtonscisagrmnniaticaldevice.Differ。nttonsoscanexpressthesameperiodoftime,suchasthepresent.46.Whatarethetypicalexpressionsofthefuturetime?Thefuturetimecanbeexpressedbywill/shalldosomething,begoingtodosomething,presentprogressive,andsimplepresent.47.Giventhepresenttimeasitsmostimportantmeaning,whatisspecialaboutthesimplepresentwhenitisusedtorefertothepastandthefuture?Whenthesimplepresentreferstothepast、itbringsthepasteventsorstatestothepresenttimeasiftheywereactuallyhappeningallhemomenlofspeech、ilisusedinnarrativewritingloachievevividness.Ilcanalsobefoundin1)Newspaperheadlines2)Photographiccaptions3)Stagedirections4)Utteranceswithverbsofcommunication(say,hear,tell,etc).Simplepresernreferringtothefinureiscommonindependentclauses.48.Whataregenericreferenceandspecificreference?Genericrefereneeandspecificreferencearethetwousesofarticles・Geneticreferenceindicatesthewholespeciesorkind,whilespecificreference,specificoneorthing.49.Provideexamplestoillustratenominal,verbalandclausalsubstitution.1)Nominalsubstitution:IknowIneedagoodcar,butIcan"taffordone.2)Verbalsubstitution:—Haveyoufinishedalltheessays?-Ihavedoneone・3)Clausalsubstitution:-Ishetherightpersonforthejob?—Isupposeso.50.Provideexamplestoillustratereferenceasrealizedbypronouns,demonstrativesandcomparison.1)Referencebypronouns:Lookattheman.Ithinkhe"sthepersonwantedbythepolice.2)Referencebydemonstratives:Theyfinallyarrivedatanagreementtostopfire.Thatagreementsavedthecountryfromwar.3)Referencebycomparison:Johnisbothstupidandlazy.Hisbrotherisnobetter.51.Whatisaunifiedtext?Theunifiedtextisonethatisnotonlystructurallywell-integratedbutalsosemanticallycoherent.52.Provideexampletoillustratenominal,verbalandcausalellipsis.1)Nominalellipsis:Whygivemetwocupsofcoffee?Ionlyaskedforone.2)Verbalellipsis:—Haveyouseenhimbefore?・-Yes,Ihave(seenhimbefore).3)Causalellipsis:—AreyouOK?—Yes(,IamOK).53.Whatkindofrelativeclausedowenormallyusetomodifyanon-nominalantecedent?Wenormallyusenon-restrictiverelativeclausetomodifyanon-nominalantecedent. 46.Listtheconditionsweneedtotakeintoconsiderationwhenwechoosearelativepronoun?Weneedtotakethreeconditionsintoconsideration.(1)therelationoftherelativeclausetoitsantecedent：restrictiveornon-restrictive;(2)thegendertypeoftheantecedent：personalornon-personal;(3)the『unctionoftherelativepronounassubject,object,orcomplement.47.Explainthedifferencebetweenadoublerelativeclauseandanembeddedrelativeclause?Doublerelativeclausecanbeeasilyconfusedwithembeddedrelativeclausebecauseoftheirseeminglyidenticalstructure.However,thereisadifferencebetweenthem.Indoublerelativeclause,therearetworelativeclauses,oneonclosingtheother,whereasinembeddedrelativeclausethereisonlyonerelativeclausewhichitselfisembeddedinaclause・Intermsofwhichthreefactorsarewordsclassified?Thethreefactorsare:theenvironmentwherewordsoccur,theirinternalstructureandtheirmeaning.Underwhatgeneralcircumstancesdoweprefergenitivetoof-phraseandviceversa?Whennounsrefertopeople,andtherelationbetweenthenounsisoneofdefinition,classification,etc,genitivesarepreferred,whennounsrefertoinanimate,lifelessobjects,andtheheadwordsofnounphrasesareclassifyingadjectives,of—phrasesarepreferred・examples:merTsclothes/theteacher"sbookthecolorofthecar/thestruggleoftheexploitedIftenseisrelatedtotime,whatisaspectrelatedto?Whentensepointstothetemporallocalionofaneventorastateofaffairs,aspect"reflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwithrespecttotime.Whatarethevoiceconstraints?Thevoiceconstraintsrefertogrammaticalconstraints,semanticconstraintsandstylisticconstraints.Whatarethethreemoodforms:Thethreemoodformsare:indicative,imperativeandsubjunctive・Whatarethetwomajorsemanticcategoriesofmodalauxiliaries?Thepredictiveandnon-predict!ve(a.1sotermed"epistemicandnonepistemic9)Whatarethethreetypesofnon-finiteverbs?Theyare:infinitive,-ingparticipleand-edparticipleThebareinfinitive?Theinfinitive,whichoccursasaverbinthebaseformwithouttoiscalledbareinfinitive.Whatareattributiveadjectivesandpredicativeadjectives? Anattributiveadjectivereferstoanadjectivethatmodifiesanounandstandseitherbeforeorafterthenouninanounphrase.Anpredicativeadjectivereferstoanadjectivethatcanmodifyanounbywayofservingasasubjectcomplementoranobjectcomplement.Whenadjectivesareusedinthedynamicsense,whataretheirsyntacticandsemanticfeatures?Whenadjectivesareusedinthedynamicsense,theirsyntacticfeaturesaretodenotesubjectivemeasurementorsuggestatemporarystate;andtheirsemanticfeaturesarethatthequalitiesdenotedbytheadjectivescanbecontrolledorrestrictedWhatarerestrictiveadjectivesandnon-restrictiveadjectives?Arestrictiveadjectivehelpsidentifythereferentofthenounbydescribingitsdistinctivequalities.Whereasanon—restrictiveadjectivemerelyprovidessomeadditionalinformeitionwhichisusuallynotessentialfortheidentificationofthereferent.Whatisthedifferencebetweencoordinationandsubordination?Coordinationistypicallyrealizedbycoordinatorswhichjoinunitsatthesame,level,whereassubordinationrealizedbysubordinators,involvesthelinkingofunitsatdifferentlevelssothattheyformahierarchy.Thedifferencebetweencoordinationandsubordinationalsoliesintheamountofimportancethespeakerwishestoattachtothejoinedconstituents.Whatarethemajortypesoffiniteandnon-finitesubordinateclauses?Themajortypesoffinitcsubordinateclausearerelativeclause,adverbialclauseandnominalclause.Themajortypesofnon—finitesubordinateclauseareinfinitiveclause,—ingparticipleclauseand—edparticipleclauseandverblessclause.Discussvariousgrammaticalformsthatdisjunctsmaytake.Themajorityofdisjunctstaketheformoftheadverbandoccurintheinitialpositionofthesentenee.However,disjunctscanalsotakeotherforms,suchasprepositionalphrase,infinitiveclause,-ingparticipleclause,-edparticipleclauseandfiniteclause・Forexample,inallfrankness,tobefrank,franklyspeaking,putfrankly,ifTcanspeakfrankly.