ing分词英语语法详解 16页

ING分词英语语法详解1   内容提要   -ING分词也是动词的非限定性形式,由动词原形+-ING构成,在句中可以直接作主语,也可用形式主语it来代替,而把-ING分词放到后边;可以作表语;作宾语时对动词有一定的要求,有的动词只能跟接-ING分词,有的动词则既可以跟不定式也可以跟-ING分词,而且-ING分词还可作介词的宾语;在作宾语补足语时对动词也有一定的要求;作状语时,-ING分词要与其逻辑主语呼应,否则就要用独立结构;-ING分词作定语时相当于一个定语从句。跟动词不定式一样,-ING分词也有它的完成时态、被动语态和否定形式;最后我们还要了解-ING分词的逻辑主语问题。    第一节-ING分词的形式   -ING分词是指由动词原形+-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式,具体形式如下   主动形式       被动形式   一般时       doing        beingdone    完成时       havingdone        havingbeendone    就其语法功能而言,它可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。    第二节-ING分词的用法   一、作主语   1.一般形式   1)thematriculationforpostgraduateisprobablytheturningpointofmylife.   [A]Takingthepartof[B]Takingpartin[C]Totakethepartof[D]Totakethenoticein    2)ateacherisbeingpresentatthecreation,whentheclaybeginstobreathe.   [A]As[B]Tobe[C]Is[D]Being   3)bytransformingtheblametoothersisoftencalledscapegoating.   [A]Eliminateproblems[B]Theeliminatedproblems[C]Eliminatingproblems[D]Problemsareeliminated   2.有时可以用it做形式主语   It"swasteoftimearguingwiththegossipaboutit.   It"sinterestinghavingtraveledtoBeidaihethisyear.[说明:从这句中我们可以看出,这种结构通常适用于名词和形容词。但不适用于像possible,important,essential,necessary等表示性质的形容词,这些词后面一般要跟动词不定式。我们不能说It"squitenecessarytakingpartinthenegotiation.应改作It"squitenecessarytotakepartinthenegotiation.   It"sgloriousgettinginvolvedinworkingouttheplan.4)Itis____________.[A]possibledeterminingthat[B]Frenchexplorersreachedthejunctureof[C]theKansasandMissouririvers[D]intheseventeenthcentury.ING分词英语语法详解2二、作表语的-ING分词   Seeingisbelieving.   Hisaimsarelearningtwoforeignlanguagesandapplyingthetheoryhehaslearnedtopractice.   三、-ING分词作动词宾语    1.一类是动词或短语后边跟宾语的非限定性动词只能是-ING分词,如:acknowledge,admit(坦白,承认),advise,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,can"thelp,consider,contemplate(深思),delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape(躲过,避开),excuse,fancy,finish,giveup,imagine,include,keepon,justify,mean(意味着,等于),mind(在乎),miss,postpone,practise,prohibit,putoff,quit,recall,regret,resist,resume,risk(冒险干…),suggest,threaten。   5)Bytakingthebackwayheescaped.   [A]tobeseen[B]havebeenseen[C]seeing[D]beingseen   6)IcamelateandmissedJackwinning.   [A]tosee[B]seeing[C]see[D]seen   7)"Iseeourbosscomingdownthehall."   "Thenwe"dbetterquitandgetdowntobusiness."   [A]talking[B]totalk[C]fromtalking[D]havingtalk   8)Theyoungdoctorfirst[A]practisedtouse[B]theneedleson[C]hisown[D]wrist.   9)Someexpertshaveadvocatedtobring[A]thatcountryinto[B]thetalks,torevivetheintermittentdialogue[C]thatbegan[D]afterthe1967MiddleEastWar.   2.另一类动词后边作宾语的非限定性动词可以是-ING分词的动名词,也可以是动词不定式,如:attempt,begin,can"tbear,cease,continue,deserve,endure,forget,goon,hate,intend,like,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,propose,regret,remember,start,stop,try等。(动词后接-ING和不定式时在用法上的区别在下一章讲)   10)"What"swrongwithHenry?""Heneeds."    [A]cheerup[B]tobecheerup[C]cheeringup[D]tocheeredup   11)Anysuchnewswouldstarther.   [A]toworry[B]worrying[C]worry[D]worried   3.-ING分词作宾语还有下一结构,即用it代表-ING分词,而把-ING分词短语放到句子的后边去   Iconsideritworthwhilespendingtenthousandyuanonthefurniture./Marryfountitmarvelloushavingajourneywithhim.   四、-ING结构作介词的宾语   几乎所有介词,不管是单个介词还是介词词组,不管它们是谓语动词的组成部分与否,都能用-ING分词的动名词作其宾语。所以,-ING结构作介词宾语的时候很多。-ING结构一般作介词短语的宾语,主要有以下搭配关系   1.动词+介词+-ING   12)Scientistsmeasurethehardness[A]ofamaterial[B]bycomparatively[C]withatableoftenwell-known[D]metals.   13)Hermotherdidnot_____________.[A]approveofhertogo[B]tothepartywithoutdressing[C]formally[D].   14)Althoughmanywomen"scolleges[A]havebeencoeducational[B],otheruniversitiesremaincommittedtokeep[C]theirfacilitiesseparate[D].  15)Weinsistonyouleave_______________________.[A]theplacebefore[B]anyfurther[C]disturbancestakeplace[D].   2. 名词(形容词,不及物动词)+介词to(不要把它视为动词不定式的标志)。下面是大纲中所列短语中的"to"为介词:(be)contraryto(与…相反),object(objection)to(反对),withaviewto(为…起见),(be)opposedto(反对),incontrastto(与…成对比),beusedto(习惯于),beexposedto,bededicatedto(致力于),resortto(诉诸于),asto(关于),beaccustomedto(习惯于),bedevotedto(献身于),becommittedto(委身于),reactto(对…反应),withregardto(关于),lookforwardto(期待),contributeto(贡献),oweto由于,归功于等   16)Ihavenoobjectiontheeveningwiththem.   [A]tospend[B]tospending[C]tohavespent[D]tohavetospend   17)Whydoyouobjecttothedirection?    [A]following[B]follow[C]havefollow[D]havebeenfollowed   18)Mr.Brownoftenwore[A]aheavycoat[B]becausehewasnotusedtolive[C]insucha[D]coldclimate.   19)Livywasthe[A]onlygreathistorianofthetime[B],andhedevotedhisattentiontogive[C]theworldsplendid[D]pictures.   3.动词+副词+介词+-ING   Ilookforwardtohercomingsoon.   4.形容词(或具有形容词性质的-ED分词)+介词+-ING   Iamproudofhavingsuchason.    HeisgreatlyhonoredofshakinghandswiththePresident.   It"simpossibleforhimfinishingthetaskinsuchashorttime.   Heisinterestedinplayingtabletennis.   5.表示征询意见的"Howabout…?","What…about?"    Howaboutgoingthere?   Whatabouthavingaconcert?   20)Howabouttothemoviestonight?   [A]going[B]ifgo[C]togo[D]ifwego   6.前面省略了介词in的-ING惯用法   Thetwochildrenarebusydoingtheirhomework.   Mr.Smithhasdifficultyfulfillingthetask.   Thereisnousegoingoverthelessonsbeforethenightofexam.   Hehasspentalotoftimepreparingtheexamforthepostgraduate.   XiaoLilostnotimecatchingupwithhisclassmates.   Thereisnopointarguingwithhim.ING分词英语语法详解3   五、-ING结构作宾语补足语   1.表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear,feel,find,give,listento,lookat,notice,observe,see,smell,watch等词的宾语可以用-ING作宾语补语   21)"Wherearethechildren?""Isaw    intheyard."   [A]themtoplay[B]themplayed[C]themplaying[D]tothemplaying   22)ImustsayIdon"tliketohearyou   likethat.   [A]talking[B]totalk[C]havetotalk[D]talked   2.表示"致使"等意义的动词,如catch,have,get,keep,leave,set   Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingformesolong.    Whatyouhavetoldleftmethinkingthatyouexperiencedmuchwhenyou wereyoung.    3.其他动词宾语的补语   23)Theaverageage[A]oftheMediterranean[B]olivetreesgrow[C]todayistwohundredyears[D].   六、-ING结构作状语   -ING结构作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意-ING与其逻辑主语在时态、意义上的统一   1.表示时间和伴随一般放在句首,有时可放在句中   Comingintotheroom,Ifoundhimsobbing.(=WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundhimsobbing.)在这里coming这一-ING分词动作发生时,紧接着(几乎是同时)发生了谓语动作,有"一……就"的意思。   Pullinghisbodyinthecar,hedroveaway.(=Afterhepulledhisbodyinthecar,hedroveaway.)   24)Thosenaughtyboyswerecaughtflowersinthegardenagain.   [A]tosteal[B]stealing[C]havingstolen[D]stolen   25)Danielwalkedupanddown[A]ashelistened,handsbehind[B]hisback,nowandthen[C]asked[D]aquestion.   2.表示方式   Beingaclevergirl,shewassenttocollegebyherfather.(此例不可改成:Beingaclevergirl,herfathersenthertocollege.因为分词短语的逻辑主语不是"herfather",而只能是"she"。)    如果-ING分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,-ING分词前可以加when,while等连词,可放在句首或句末:Whenarrivinghome,hefoundthedooropened./Helistenedtothemusicradiowhilereading.   26),Tonyjumpedintotheriverandsavedthedrowningman.    [A]Goodswimerasheis[B]Hecanswimverywell    [C]Beingthathewasagoodswimmer[D]Beingagoodswimmer    27)thekindofmanhewas,hedidnotpaymuchattentiontoitatfirst.   [A]Tobe[B]Being[C]Havingbeen[D]Thoughtobe   28)Wasadancer[A]andbluessingerbefore[B]theageofeight[C],FlorenceMillsmadeher[D]vaudevilledebut(轻歌舞首演)in1910.   3.表示原因   NothavinghadanyletterfromTom,Marrywasworried.(=MarrywasworriedbecauseshedidnothaveanyletterfromTom.)   Havinggotaheadache,Ididn"tcometotheconcert.(=BecauseIgotaheadache,Ididn"tcometotheconcert.)    29)Mostofthepeople,,couldnotgotosleepthatnightaftertheparty.   beingsoexcited   [A]beingsoexcited[B]besoexcited[C]beingsoexciting[D]besoexciting   30)Havingthehighestmarksinhisclass,.   [A]thecollegeofferedhimascholarship[B]hewasofferedascholarshipbythecollege    [C]ascholarshipwasofferedhimbythecollege[D]acollegescholarshipwasofferedtohim     4.表示条件:一般放在句首   Knowinganythingaboutit,Iwilltellyouall.(=IfIknowanythingaboutit,Iwilltellyouall.)   Workingdiligently,youwillpasstheentranceexam.(=Ifyouworkdiligently,youwillpasstheentranceexam.)   5.表示让步:表示让步的-ING分词常常由although/though,evenif/though,unless等连词引入,一般放在句首   Havinggreatdiffcultiesinthecourseofworking,theyfinishedthetaskaheadoftime.   Buyingalotofreferencebooksfortheexam,hefailedinitbecauseofthelearningmethod.   Althoughrepeatinghiswordsmanytimes,theteachercouldnotmakehisstudentsunderstandtheconceptofphilosophy.    Evenifcomingbytaxi,Iwillarriveinatleast45minutes.    6.表示结果:置于句末,前面要加so,thereby,thus,hence等表示结果的副词   Heworkeddayandnight,makinghimselfnearsighted.   Notmakingwhathemeantmisunderstood,headjustedhistonestounderlinehismeaning.   Theworkersworked14hoursaday,thusproducingproductsthreetimesastheydidlastmonth.   Hewishedtotravelallovertheworld,therebystudyingcustomsofothercountries.    31)Thebuswasheldupbythetrafficjam,___________.   [A]thuscausingthedelay[B]sothatcausedthedelay   [C]tocausethedelay[D]causedthedelayING分词英语语法详解4   七、-ING分词作定语   -ING分词可以单独作定语,也可以构成合成词作定语,但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语,包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开),在意义上相当于一个定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)   32)JacobLawrenceexecutedmanycyclesofpaintingssignificantsocialthemes.   [A]expressed[B]expressing[C]express[D]expressionof   33)ThenameNebraskacomesfromtheOtoIndianword"nebrathka",flatwater.   [A]tomean[B]meaning[C]itmeans[D]bymeanig   34)TheproductionoftinoreintheUnitedStatesisrelativelyinsignificant,lessthanonehundredtonsannually.   [A]amountingto[B]intheamount[C]amountstoit[D]totheamountof   八、-ING的完成时、被动语态与否定形式   1.如果-ING分词表示的是一般性动作,(即不指明是现在、过去或将来)不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生,这时要用-ING的一般形式   35)Revolutionmeans theproductiveforces.   [A]toliberate[B]tohaveliberated[C]liberating[D]havingbeenliberated    36)Itisasimplematter[A]tohavefound[B]thedensityofagas[C]fromitsformula[D].   2.但如果-ING分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生,就要用"(not)having+-ED分词"表示完成时   37)bythejourney,hewenttobedimmediatelyafterhecamebackhome.   [A]Beingexhausted[B]Tohaveexhausted[C]Havingexhausted[D]Havingbeenexhausted   38)withanaccedent,hearrivedatthestationtenminuteslate.   [A]Havingmet[B]Tohavemet[C]Meeting[D]Havingbeenmet   3.当非限定性动词-ING的逻辑主语是-ING所表示的动作对象时要用-ING的被动形式,包括其一般形式"(not)being+-ED分词和完成形式"(not)havingbeen+-ED分词"   39)Solids,liquids,andgasesatrestallhaveatendencytoresistinmotion.   [A]setting[B]toset[C]beingset[D]tobeset   40)Uponquestioning[A]hedeniedhavingkilled[B]theoldwomanwith[C]thehome-made[D]gun.   4.-ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前边   41)ofthechangeinthemeetingtime,Mikearrivedlate.   [A]Nothavingnotified[B]Notnotifying[C]Nottonotify[D]Nothavingbeennotified   42)Iregret  hardatschool.   [A]nottohaveworked[B]nothavingworked[C]nothaveworked[D]havingnotworked   九、-ING分词的逻辑主语    1.-ING分词除了具有动词的特点以外,它还有名词的特点,即可以加物主代词(如my,your,his等)和名词的属格(如WangQing"s等)来表示其逻辑主语(这时-ING的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致)   43)IsuggestonanexcursionthisSunday.   [A]wearegoing[B]togo[C]usgoing[D]ourgoing   44)onaclearday,farfromthecitycrowds,themountainsgivehimasenseofinfinitepeace.   [A]Ifwalking[B]Whilewalking[C]Walking[D]Whenoneiswalking   45)Marta[A]beingchosen[B]asthemostoutstanding[C]studentonhercampusmadeherparents[D]veryhappy.   2.还有一种-ING分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的情况,这时直接可用"-ING分词的主语+-ING"来表示,这样的-ING分词短语可由介词引导。这种结构叫独立结构   46)Anewtechnique,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.   [A]tohavebeenworkedout[B]havingworkedout   [C]workingout[D]havingbeenworkedout   47)Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,butourwork,wedeclinedtheoffer.   [A]notbeingfinished[B]nothavingfinished[C]hadnotbeenfinished[D]wasnotfinished   3.如果逻辑主语已和句子主语一致,那么其逻辑主语就可省略(在使用这种用法时要注意:-ING分词所表示的动作[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主语所发出的,也就是说-ING分词的逻辑主语[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主句的主语。试比较下列句子)    Gettingintotheroom,Ismelledaterriblesmell.(getting是I的动作)   Gettingintotheroom,itgiveaterriblesmell.(错误)   Walkingthroughtheforest,wefoundmanystrangeanimals.(walking是we发出的)   Walkingthroughtheforest,alotofanimalsarethere.(错误)   Lookingoutofthewindowofourhotelroom,wesawzigzagmountains.(Looking的使动者是we)   Lookingoutofthewindowofourhotelroom,therewerezigzagmountians.(错误)   48)Neverattemptingtobealiterarystylist,inhernovels.   [A]sheconsideredtheplotthemostimportantelement   [B]themostimportantelementconsideredtobetheplot   [C]consideringtheplotthemostimportantelement   [D]theplotwasconsideredtobethemostimportantelement   49)withthenewmethod,thematerialdoesnotbreakupeasily.   [A]Tohavetreated[B]Havingtreated[C]Beingtreated[D]Havingbeentreated   50)Attemptingtoreachhishomebeforethestorm,.   [A]thebicycleofJohnbrokedown[B]ithappenedthatJohn"sbikebrokedown   [C]thestormcaughtJohn[D]Johnhadanaccidentonhisbicycle   4.-ING分词的主语可以与做主语的名词或代词(即代词的主格)一致,放在-ING前边,与    -ING分词构成逻辑上的"主谓"关系。但是,-ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时,也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的"主语"。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,叫做独立结构。在很多情况下它都相当于各种形式的状语,表示一种伴随的动作或情况   51)Weather,we"llgosightseeing.   [A]permitted[B]ispermitted[C]permitting[D]ispermitting   52)Therearefourfactoriesinourinstitute,.   [A]eachtohaveover100workers[B]eachhavingover100worders   [C]whichthereareover100workers[D]witheachthathasover100workers   53)Wewentto[A]theWorldPark,XiaoWangact[B]asguidefor[C]hehadbeenthereseveraltimes[D].ING分词英语语法详解5   十、习惯用法   1.Thereisno+-ING分词,表示"不可能"   Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.(无法和他相处。)   2.It(There)isnouse(good)+-ING分词,表示"无用"=Itisofnouse(good)to+V:   There(It)isnouseadvisinghimtogiveupsmoking.(劝他戒烟是徒劳的。)   3.bebusy(worth)+-ING分词(忙于)   Heisbusymappingouthisplansforthenextsemester.   4.feellike+-ING分词(想)   Idon"tfeellikeeatingjustnow.(我现在不想吃。)   5.Whatdoyousayto+-ING分词?(…怎么样?)   Whatdoyousaytojoiningusfordinner?(和我们一起进餐,你看怎么样?)   6.spend+时间+(in)+-ING分词    Janespentseveraldays(in)preparingforthefinalexams.(简花了好几天时间准备期末考试。)7.    difficulty   trouble      have+ aproblem          +(in)+-ING分词   agood(hard)time      fun(快乐)   54)Thestudenthad[A]difficultytowrite[B]ashortparagraph[C]correctly[D].   55)Iimaginethat[A]Icouldgotothetheateragainandhavejustasgoodatime[B]nottryto[C]thinkofanopeningsentence[D].   十一、例题解析   1)B为正确答案。2)D为正确答案。3)C为正确答案。   4)B错。改为todetermine,关于动词不定式与-ING分词的区别请参见第七章"小结"。   5)D为正确答案。6)B为正确答案。7)A为正确答案。8)B错。改为using。9)A错。改为bringing。   10)C为正确答案。   11)B为正确答案。"start+不定式"与"start+-ING"有所不同,前者表示具体动作,后者表示一般性动作或状态。   12)C错。改为comparing。13)B错。改为hergoing。   14)C错。改为tokeeping。becommittedto+名词或-ING分词,意为"同意承担,答应(干某事或支持某事)。"   15)A错。改为yourleaving。16)B为正确答案。17)A为正确答案。18) C错。改为toliving。   19)C错。改为giving。20)A为正确答案。21)C为正确答案。22)A为正确答案。   23)C错。改成"growing"。本句中先后出现了两个动词,"grow"和"is",这显然不合语法。将"grow"变为"growing"后便构成了-ING短语,修饰"trees"。[参见第六章]   24)B为正确答案。stealing表示正在进行。25)D错。改为asking。26)D为正确答案。27)B为正确答案。   28)A错。改成"Beingadancer"。29)A为正确答案。30)B为正确答案。31)A为正确答案。   32)B为正确答案。本句空白处缺能起定语作用的词,用来修饰前面的名词paintings。   33)B为正确答案。本句空白后面的成分为-ING短语,相当于"whichmeans…"。C表面上正确,但英语中没有连接词连接的两个分句是不能成立的,但我们可以说"whichmeans",用"which"指代"Nebrathka"。但这样就变成非限定性定语从句了。   34)A为正确答案。本句相当于一个非限定性定语从句(whichamountsto…),amount(总计)-不及物动词,故没有-ED分词。35)C为正确答案。36)B错。改为tofind。37)D为正确答案。38)A为正确答案。39)C为正确答案。   40)A错。Uponbeingquestioned。41)D为正确答案。42)B为正确答案。43)D为正确答案。44)D为正确答案。   45)A错。改为Marta"s。46)D为正确答案。47)A为正确答案。48)A为正确答案。49)D为正确答案。   50)D为正确答案。51)C为正确答案。52)B为正确答案。53)B错。改为acting。54)B错。改为writing。   55)C错。改为tryingto。