【7A文】柯林斯学生英语语法英文版.doc 212页

5A版优质实用文档Unit1ClauseandsentencestructureMainpointsGSimplesentenceshaveoneclause.GClausesusuallyconsistofanoungroupasthesubject,andaverbgroup.GClausescanalsohaveanothernoungroupastheobjectorcomplement.GClausescanhaveanadverbial,alsocalledanadjunct.GChangingtheorderofthewordsinaclausecanchangeitsmeaning.GCompoundsentencesconsistoftwoormoremainclauses.CompleGsentencesalwaysincludeasubordinateclause,aswellasoneormoremainclauses.1Asimplesentencehasoneclause,beginningwithanoungroupcalledthesubject.Thesubjectisthepersonorthingthatthesentenceisabout.Thisisfollowedbyaverbgroup,whichtellsyouwhatthesubjectisdoing,ordescribesthesubject"ssituation.Iwaited.Thegirlscreamed.2Theverbgroupmaybefollowedbyanothernoungroup,whichiscalledtheobject.Theobjectisthepersonorthingaffectedbytheactionorsituation.Heopenedthecardoor.Shemarriedayoungengineer.Afterlinkverbslike`be",`become",`feel",and`seem",theverbgroupmaybefollowedbyanoungrouporanadjective,calledacomplement.Thecomplementtellsyoumoreaboutthesubject.Shewasadoctor.Hewasangry.3Theverbgroup,theobject,orthecomplementcanbefollowedbyanadverboraprepositionalphrase,calledanadverbial.Theadverbialtellsyoumoreabouttheactionorsituation,foreGamplehow,when,orwhereithappens.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Adverbialsarealsocalledadjuncts.Theyshoutedloudly.Shewonthecompetitionlastweek.HewasapolicemaninBirmingham.4Thewordorderofaclauseisdifferentwhentheclauseisastatement,aquestion,oracommand.HespeaksEnglishverywell.(statement)DidshewinattheOlympics?(question)Stopher.(command)Notethatthesubjectisomittedincommands,sotheverbcomesfirst.5Acompoundsentencehastwoormoremainclauses:thatis,clauseswhichareequallyimportant.Youjointhemwith`and",`but",or`or".HemetJaneatthestationandwentshopping.IwantedtogobutIfelttooill.Youcancomenoworyoucanmeetustherelater.Notethattheorderofthetwoclausescanchangethemeaningofthesentence.HewentshoppingandmetJaneatthestation.Ifthesubjectofbothclausesisthesame,youusuallyomitthesubjectinthesecondclause.Iwantedtogobutfelttooill.6AcompleGsentencecontainsasubordinateclauseandatleastonemainclause.Asubordinateclausegivesinformationaboutamainclause,andisintroducedbyaconjunctionsuchas`because",`if",`that",ora`wh"-word.Subordinateclausescancomebefore,after,orinsidethemainclause.Whenhestopped,noonesaidanything.Ifyouwant,I"llteachyou.Theyweregoingbycarbecauseitwasmorecomfortable.Itoldhimthatnothingwasgoingtohappentome.ThecarthatIdrovewasaFord.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Themanwhocameintotheroomwassmall.Unit2ThenoungroupMainpointsGNoungroupscanbethesubject,object,orcomplementofaverb,ortheobjectofapreposition.GNoungroupscanbenounsontheirown,butoftenincludeotherwordssuchasdeterminers,numbers,andadjectives.GNoungroupscanalsobepronouns.GSingularnoungroupstakesingularverbs,pluralnoungroupstakepluralverbs.1Noungroupsareusedtosaywhichpeopleorthingsyouaretalkingabout.Theycanbethesubjectorobjectofaverb.StrawberriesareveryeGpensivenow.Keithlikesstrawberries.Anoungroupcanalsobethecomplementofalinkverbsuchas`be",`become",`feel",or`seem".Shebecamechampionin1964.Heseemedaniceman.Anoungroupcanbeusedafterapreposition,andisoftencalledtheobjectofthepreposition.Isawhimintown.ShewasveryillforsiGmonths.2Anoungroupcanbeanounonitsown,butitoftenincludesotherwords.Anoungroupcanhaveadeterminersuchas`the"or`a".Youputdeterminersatthebeginningofthenoungroup.Thegirlswerenotinthehouse.Hewaseatinganapple.32125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Anoungroupcanincludeanadjective.Youusuallyputtheadjectiveinfrontofthenoun.Hewasusingblueink.Ilikelivinginabigcity.Sometimesyoucanuseanothernouninfrontofthenoun.Ilikechocolatecake.Shewantedajobintheoilindustry.Anounwith"s(apostrophes)isusedinfrontofanothernountoshowwhoorwhatsomethingbelongstoorisconnectedwith.IheldSheila"shandverytightly.Hepressedabuttonontheship"sradio.4Anoungroupcanalsohaveanadverbial,arelativeclause,ora`to"-infinitiveclauseafterit,whichmakesitmoreprecise.Ispoketoagirlinadarkgreydress.Shewrotetothemanwhoemployedme.Iwastryingtothinkofawaytostophim.Acommonadverbialusedafteranounisaprepositionalphrasebeginningwith`of".Hetiedtheropetoalargeblockofstone.Thefrontdoorofthehousewaswideopen.Ihatedtheideaofleavinghimalone.Participlesandsomeadjectivescanalsobeusedafteranoun.SeeUnits19and29.Shepointedtothethreecardslyingonthetable.Heistheonlymanavailable.5Numberscomeafterdeterminersandbeforeadjectives.Ihadtopayathousanddollars.Threetallmencameoutoftheshed.6Anoungroupcanalsobeapronoun.Youoftenuseapronounwhenyouarereferringbacktoapersonorthingthatyouhavealreadymentioned.I"vegottwoboys,andtheybothenjoyplayingfootball.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youalsouseapronounwhenyoudonotknowwhothepersonorthingis,ordonotwanttobeprecise.Someoneiscomingtomendittomorrow.7Anoungroupcanrefertooneormorepeopleorthings.Manynounshaveasingularformreferringtoonepersonorthing,andapluralformreferringtomorethanonepersonorthing.SeeUnit4.Mydogneverbitespeople.Shelikesdogs.Similarly,differentpronounsareusedinthesingularandintheplural.Iamgoinghomenow.Wewantmoremoney.Whenasingularnoungroupisthesubject,ittakesasingularverb.Whenapluralnoungroupisthesubject,ittakesapluralverb.Hissonplaysfootballfortheschool.Herlettersarealwaysveryshort.Unit3TheverbgroupMainpointsGInaclause,theverbgroupusuallycomesafterthesubjectandalwayshasamainverb.GThemainverbhasseveraldifferentforms.GVerbgroupscanalsoincludeoneortwoauGiliaries,oramodal,oramodalandoneortwoauGiliaries.GTheverbgroupchangesinnegativeclausesandquestions.GSomeverbgroupsarefollowedbyanadverbial,acomplement,anobject,ortwoobjects.1Theverbgroupinaclauseisusedtosaywhatishappeninginanactionorsituation.Youusuallyputtheverbgroupimmediatelyafterthesubject.Theverb2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档groupalwaysincludesamainverb.Iwaited.Theykilledtheelephants.2Regularverbshavefourforms:thebaseform,thethirdpersonsingularformofthepresentsimple,the`-ing"formorpresentparticiple,andthe`-ed"formusedforthepastsimpleandforthepastparticiple.askGasksGaskingGaskeddanceGdancesGdancingGdancedreachGreachesGreachingGreachedtryGtriesGtryingGtrieddipGdipsGdippingGdippedIrregularverbsmayhavethreeforms,fourforms,orfiveforms.Notethat`be"haseightforms.costGcostsGcostingthinkGthinksGthinkingGthoughtswimGswimsGswimmingGswamGswumbeGam/is/areGbeingGwas/wereGbeenSeetheAppendiGfordetailsofverbforms.3ThemainverbcanhaveoneortwoauGiliariesinfrontofit.IhadmethiminZermatt.Thecarwasbeingrepaired.Themainverbcanhaveamodalinfrontofit.Youcangonow.Iwouldliketoaskyouaquestion.ThemainverbcanhaveamodalandoneortwoauGiliariesinfrontofit.Icouldhavespentthewholeyearonit.Shewouldhavebeendelightedtoseeyou.4Innegativeclauses,youhavetouseamodalorauGiliaryandput`not"afterthefirstwordoftheverbgroup.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档HedoesnotspeakEnglishverywell.Iwasnotsmiling.Itcouldnothavebeenwrong.Notethatyouoftenuseshortformsratherthan`not".Ididn"tknowthat.Hecouldn"tseeit.5In`yes/no"questions,youhavetoputanauGiliaryormodalfirst,thenthesubject,thentherestoftheverbgroup.DidyoumeetGeorge?Couldn"tyouhavebeenabitquieter?In`wh"-questions,youputthe`wh"-wordfirst.Ifthe`wh"-wordisthesubject,youputtheverbgroupneGt.Whichcamefirst?Whocouldhavedoneit?Ifthe`wh"-wordistheobjectoranadverbial,youmustuseanauGiliaryormodalneGt,thenthesubject,thentherestoftheverbgroup.Whatdidyoudo?Wherecouldshebegoing?6Someverbgroupshaveanobjectortwoobjectsafterthem.SeeUnits72and73.Heclosedthedoor.Shesendsyouherlove.Verbgroupsinvolvinglinkverbs,suchas`be",haveacomplementafterthem.SeeUnit80.Theyweresailors.Shefelthappy.Someverbgroupshaveanadverbialafterthem.Wewalkedthroughthepark.Sheputtheletteronthetable.Unit4Theimperativeand`let"Mainpoints2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档GTheimperativeisthesameasthebaseformofaverb.GYouformanegativeimperativewith`donot",`don"t",or`never".GYouusetheimperativetoaskortellsomeonetodosomething,ortogiveadvice,warnings,orinstructionsonhowtodosomething.GYouuse`let"whenyouareofferingtodosomething,makingsuggestions,ortellingsomeonetodosomething.1Theimperativeisthesameasthebaseformofaverb.Youdonotuseapronouninfrontofit.Cometomyplace.Startwhenyouhearthebell.2Youformanegativeimperativebyputting`donot",`don"t",or`never"infrontoftheverb.Donotwriteinthisbook.Don"tgosofast.Neveropenthefrontdoortostrangers.3Youusetheimperativewhenyouare:GaskingortellingsomeonetodosomethingPassthesalt.Hurryup!GgivingsomeoneadviceorawarningMindyourhead.Takecare!GgivingsomeoneinstructionsonhowtodosomethingPutthisbitoverhere,soitfitsintothathole.TurnrightoffBroadwayintoCaGtonStreet.4Whenyouwanttomakeanimperativemorepoliteormoreemphatic,youcanput`do"infrontofit.Dohaveachocolatebiscuit.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Dostopcrying.Dobecareful.5Theimperativeisalsousedinwritteninstructionsonhowtodosomething,foreGampleonnoticesandpacketsoffood,andinbooks.Toreportfaults,dial6666.Storeinadryplace.Frythechoppedonionandpepperintheoil.Notethatwritteninstructionsusuallyhavetobeshort.Thismeansthatwordssuchas`the"areoftenomitted.Wearrubbergloves.Turnoffswitch.Wipebulb.Writtenimperativesarealsousedtogivewarnings.Reducespeednow.6Youuse`letme"followedbythebaseformofaverbwhenyouareofferingtodosomethingforsomeone.Letmetakeyourcoat.Letmegiveyouafewdetails.7Youuse`let"s"followedbythebaseformofaverbwhenyouaresuggestingwhatyouandsomeoneelseshoulddo.Let"sgooutside.Let"slookatourmap.Notethattheform`letus"isonlyusedinformalorwrittenEnglish.LetusconsideraverysimpleeGample.Youput`do"before`let"s"whenyouareverykeentodosomething.Dolet"sgetataGi.Thenegativeof`let"s"is`let"snot"or`don"tlet"s".Let"snottalkaboutthat.Don"tlet"sactuallywriteitinthebook.8Youuse`let"followedbyanoungroupandthebaseformofaverbwhenyouaretellingsomeonetodosomethingortoallowsomeoneelsetodoit.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Letmeseeit.LetPhiliphavealookatit.Unit5QuestionsMainpointsGInmostquestionsthefirstverbcomesbeforethesubject.G`Yes/no"-questionsbeginwithanauGiliaryoramodal.G`Wh"-questionsbeginwitha`wh"-word.1Questionswhichcanbeanswered`yes"or`no"arecalled`yes/no"-questions.`Areyouready?"-`Yes."`Haveyoureadthismagazine?"-`No."Iftheverbgrouphasmorethanoneword,thefirstwordcomesatthebeginningofthesentence,beforethesubject.Therestoftheverbgroupcomesafterthesubject.Ishecoming?CanJohnswim?Willyouhavefinishedbylunchtime?Couldn"tyouhavebeenabitquieter?Hashebeenworking?2Iftheverbgroupconsistsofonlyamainverb,youusetheauGiliary`do",`does",or`did"atthebeginningofthesentence,beforethesubject.Afterthesubjectyouusethebaseformoftheverb.DotheBritishtakesportseriously?Doesthatsoundlikeanyoneyouknow?Didhegotothefair?Notethatwhenthemainverbis`do",youstillhavetoadd`do",`does",or`did"beforethesubject.Dotheydotheworkthemselves?Didyoudoan`O"LevelinGerman?3Ifthemainverbis`have",youusuallyput`do",`does",or`did"beforethe2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档subject.Doesanyonehaveaquestion?Didyouhaveagoodflight?When`have"means`own"or`possess",youcanputitbeforethesubject,withoutusing`do",`does",or`did",butthisislesscommon.Hasheanyideawhatit"slike?4Ifthemainverbisthepresentsimpleorpastsimpleof`be",youputtheverbatthebeginningofthesentence,beforethesubject.Areyouready?Wasitlonelywithoutus?5Whenyouwantsomeonetogiveyoumoreinformationthanjust`yes"or`no",youaska`wh"-question,whichbeginswitha`wh"-word:whatwherewhowhosewhenwhichwhomwhyhowNotethat`whom"isonlyusedinformalEnglish.6Whena`wh"-wordisthesubjectofaquestion,the`wh"-wordcomesfirst,thentheverbgroup.Youdonotadd`do",`does",or`did"asanauGiliary.Whathappened?Whichisthebestrestaurant?Whocouldhavedoneit?7Whena`wh"-wordistheobjectofaverborpreposition,the`wh"-wordcomesfirst,thenyoufollowtherulesfor`yes/no"-questions,adding`do",`does",or`did"wherenecessary.Howmanyarethere?Whichdoyoulikebest?Ifthereisapreposition,itcomesattheend.However,youalwaysputtheprepositionbefore`whom".What"sthisfor?Withwhomwereyoutalking?2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Notethatyoufollowthesamerulesasfor`wh"-wordsasobjectswhenthequestionbeginswith`when",`where",`why",or`how".Whenwouldyoubecomingdown?Whydidyoudoit?Wheredidyougetthatfrom?8Youcanalsouse`what",`which",`whose",`howmany",and`howmuch"withanoun.Whoseideawasit?Howmuchmoneyhavewegotinthebank?Youcanuse`which",`howmany",and`howmuch"with`of"andanoungroup.Whichofthesuggestedanswerswasthecorrectone?Howmanyofthembotheredtocome?SeeUnit6formoreinformationon`wh"-words.Unit6`Wh"-questionsMainpointsGYouuse`who",`whom",and`whose"toaskaboutpeople,and`which"toaskaboutpeopleorthings.GYouuse`what"toaskaboutthings,and`whatfor"toaskaboutreasonsandpurposes.GYouuse`how"toaskaboutthewaysomethinghappens.GYouuse`when"toaskabouttimes,`why"toaskaboutreasons,and`where"toaskaboutplacesanddirections.1Youuse`who",`whom",or`whose"inquestionsaboutpeople.`Who"isusedtoaskquestionsaboutthesubjectorobjectoftheverb,orabouttheobjectofapreposition.Whodiscoveredthis?Whodidhemarry?2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Whodidyoudancewith?InformalEnglish,`whom"isusedastheobjectofaverborpreposition.Theprepositionalwayscomesinfrontof`whom".Whomdidyousee?Forwhomweretheysupposedtodoit?Youuse`whose"toaskwhichpersonsomethingbelongstoorisrelatedto.`Whose"canbethesubjectortheobject.Whoseisnearer?Whosedidyouprefer,hersormine?2Youuse`which"toaskaboutonepersonorthing,outofanumberofpeopleorthings.`Which"canbethesubjectorobject.Whichisyourson?Whichdoesshewant?3Youuse`what"toaskaboutthings,foreGampleaboutactionsandevents.`What"canbethesubjectorobject.Whathashappenedtohim?Whatisheselling?Whatwillyoutalkabout?Youuse`what...for"toaskaboutthereasonforanaction,orthepurposeofanobject.Whatareyougoingtherefor?Whatarethoselightsfor?4Youuse`how"toaskaboutthewayinwhichsomethinghappensorisdone.Howdidyouknowwewerecoming?Howareyougoingtogethome?Youalsouse`how"toaskaboutthewayapersonorthingfeelsorlooks.`Howareyou?"-`Well,howdoIlook?"5`How"isalsoused:Gwithadjectivestoaskaboutthedegreeofqualitythatsomeoneorsomethinghas2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档HowgoodareyouatMaths?HowhotshallImakethecurry?Gwithadjectivessuchas`big",`old",and`far"toaskaboutsize,age,anddistanceHowoldareyourchildren?HowfarisittoMontrealfromhere?Notethatyoudonotnormallyuse`Howsmall",`Howyoung",or`Hownear".Gwithadverbssuchas`long"and`often"toaskabouttime,or`well"toaskaboutabilitiesHowlonghaveyoulivedhere?Howwellcanyouread?Gwith`many"and`much"toaskaboutthenumberoramountofsomethingHowmanywerethere?Howmuchdidhetellyou?6Youuse`when"toaskaboutpointsintimeorperiodsoftime,`why"toaskaboutthereasonforanaction,and`where"toaskaboutplaceanddirection.Whenareyoucominghome?WhenwereyouinLondon?Whyareyouhere?Whereisthestation?Whereareyougoing?Youcanalsoaskaboutdirectionusing`whichdirection...in"or`whichway".Whichdirectiondidhegoin?Whichwaydidhego?Unit7Questiontags:formsMainpointsGYouaddaquestiontagtoastatementtoturnitintoaquestion.GAquestiontagconsistsofaverbandapronoun.TheverbinaquestiontagisalwaysanauGiliary,amodal,oraformofthemainverb`be".GWithapositivestatement,youusuallyuseanegativequestiontag2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档containingashortformendingin`-n"t".GWithanegativestatement,youalwaysuseapositivequestiontag.1Aquestiontagisashortphrasethatisaddedtotheendofastatementtoturnitintoa`yes/no"-question.Youusequestiontagswhenyouwanttoasksomeonetoconfirmordisagreewithwhatyouaresaying,orwhenyouwanttosoundmorepolite.QuestiontagsarerarelyusedinformalwrittenEnglish.He"sveryfriendly,isn"the?Youhaven"tseenitbefore,haveyou?2YouformaquestiontagbyusinganauGiliary,amodal,oraformofthemainverb`be",followedbyapronoun.Thepronounreferstothesubjectofthestatement.David"sschoolisquitenice,isn"tit?Shemadearemarkablerecovery,didn"tshe?3IfthestatementcontainsanauGiliaryormodal,thesameauGiliaryormodalisusedinthequestiontag.Jill"scomingtomorrow,isn"tshe?Youdidn"tknowIwasanartist,didyou?You"veneverbeentoBenidorm,haveyou?Youwillstayintouch,won"tyou?4IfthestatementdoesnotcontainanauGiliary,amodal,or`be"asamainverb,youuse`do",`does",or`did"inthequestiontag.Youlikeithere,don"tyou?Sallystillworksthere,doesn"tshe?HeplayedforIreland,didn"the?5Ifthestatementcontainsthepresentsimpleorpastsimpleof`be"asamainverb,thesameformoftheverb`be"isusedinthequestiontag.Itisquitewarm,isn"tit?Theywerereallyrude,weren"tthey?2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档6Ifthestatementcontainsthesimplepresentorsimplepastof`have"asamainverb,youusuallyuse`do",`does",or`did"inthequestiontag.Hehasaproblem,doesn"the?Youcanalsousethesameformof`have"inthequestiontag,butthisisnotverycommon.Shehasalargehouse,hasn"tshe?7Withapositivestatementyounormallyuseanegativequestiontag,formedbyadding`-n"t"totheverb.YoulikeRalphalot,don"tyou?Theyarebeautiful,aren"tthey?Notethatthenegativequestiontagwith`I"is`aren"t".I"mafool,aren"tI?8Withanegativestatementyoualwaysuseapositivequestiontag.Itdoesn"twork,doesit?Youwon"ttellanyoneelse,willyou?Unit8Questiontags:usesMainpointsGYoucanusenegativestatementswithpositivequestiontagstomakerequests.GYouusepositivestatementswithpositivequestiontagstoshowreactions.GYouusesomequestiontagstomakeimperativesmorepolite.1Youcanuseanegativestatementandapositivequestiontagtoaskpeopleforthings,ortoaskforhelporinformation.Youwouldn"tsellittome,wouldyou?Youwon"ttellanyoneelsethis,willyou?2Whenyouwanttoshowyourreactiontowhatsomeonehasjustsaid,foreG2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档amplebyeGpressinginterest,surprise,doubt,oranger,youuseapositivestatementwithapositivequestiontag.You"vebeentoNorthAmericabefore,haveyou?Youfellonyourback,didyou?Iborrowedyourcarlastnight.-Oh,youdid,didyou?3Whenyouuseanimperative,youcanbemorepolitebyaddingoneofthefollowingquestiontags.willyouwon"tyouwouldyouSeethatshegetssafelyback,won"tyou?Lookatthat,wouldyou?Whenyouuseanegativeimperative,youcanonlyuse`willyou"asaquestiontag.Don"ttellHoward,willyou?`Willyou"and`won"tyou"canalsobeusedtoemphasizeangerorimpatience.`Can"tyou"isalsousedinthisway.Oh,hurryup,willyou!Forgoodnesssakebequiet,can"tyou!4Youusethequestiontag`shallwe"whenyoumakeasuggestionusing`let"s".Let"sforgetit,shallwe?Youusethequestiontag`shallI"after`I"ll".I"lltellyou,shallI?5Youuse`they"inquestiontagsafter`anybody",`anyone",`everybody",`everyone",`nobody",`noone",`somebody"or`someone".EveryonewillbeleavingonFriday,won"tthey?Nobodyhadbotheredtoplantnewones,hadthey?Youuse`it"inquestiontagsafter`anything",`everything",`nothing",or`something".Nothingmattersnow,doesit?2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Somethingshouldbedone,shouldn"tit?Youuse`there"inquestiontagsafter`thereis",`thereare",`therewas",or`therewere".There"sanewcourseoutnow,isn"tthere?6Whenyouarereplyingtoaquestiontag,youranswerreferstothestatement,notthequestiontag.Ifyouwanttoconfirmapositivestatement,yousay`yes".ForeGample,ifyouhavefinishedapieceofworkandsomeonesaystoyou`You"vefinishedthat,haven"tyou?",theansweris`yes".`Itbecamestronger,didn"tit?"-`Yes,itdid."Ifyouwanttodisagreewithapositivestatement,yousay`no".ForeGample,ifyouhavenotfinishedyourworkandsomeonesays`You"vefinishedthat,haven"tyou?",theansweris`no".You"vejustseenaperformanceoftheplay,haven"tyou?-No,notyet.Ifyouwanttoconfirmanegativestatement,yousay`no".ForeGample,ifyouhavenotfinishedyourworkandsomeonesays`Youhaven"tfinishedthat,haveyou?",theansweris`no".`Youdidn"tknowthat,didyou?"-`No."Ifyouwanttodisagreewithanegativestatement,yousay`yes".ForeGample,ifyouhavefinishedapieceofworkandsomeonesays`Youhaven"tfinishedthat,haveyou?",theansweris`yes".`Youhaven"tbeenthere,haveyou?"-`Yes,Ihave."Unit10ShortanswersMainpointsGAshortanswerusesanauGiliary,amodal,orthemainverb`be".GAshortanswercanbeintheformofastatementoraquestion.1ShortanswersareverycommoninspokenEnglish.ForeGample,whensomeoneasksyoua`yes/no"-question,youcangiveashortanswerbyusingapronounwithanauGiliary,modal,orthemainverb`be".Youusuallyput`yes"or`no"beforetheshortanswer.`Doesshestillwanttocome?"-`Yes,shedoes."2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档`Canyouimaginewhatitmightfeellike?"-`No,Ican"t."`Areyoumarried?"-`Iam."Notethatashortanswersuchas`Yes,Iwill"ismorepoliteorfriendlythanjust`Yes",orthanrepeatingallthewordsusedinthequestion.Peopleoftenrepeatallthewordsusedinthequestionwhentheyfeelangryorimpatient.`Willyouhavefinishedbylunchtime?"-`Yes,Iwillhavefinishedbylunchtime."2Youcanalsouseshortanswerstoagreeordisagreewithwhatsomeonesays.`Youdon"tlikeJoan?"-`No,Idon"t."`I"mnotcomingwithyou."-`Yes,youare."IfthestatementthatyouarecommentingondoesnotcontainanauGiliary,modal,orthemainverb`be",youuseaformof`do"intheshortanswer.`Henevercomesontime."-`Ohyeshedoes."3Youoftenreplytowhathasbeensaidbyusingashortquestion.`He"snotinJapannow."-`Oh,isn"the?"`Hegetsfreemeals."-`Doeshe?"Notethatquestionslikethesearenotalwaysaskedtogetinformation,butareoftenusedtoeGpressyourreactiontowhathasbeensaid,foreGampletoshowinterestorsurprise.`Daddoesn"thelpmeatall."-`Doesn"the?Whynot?"`Pennyhasbeenclimbingbefore."-`Oh,hasshe?Whenwasthat?"4Ifyouwanttoshowthatyoudefinitelyagreewithapositivestatementthatsomeonehasjustmade,youcanuseanegativeshortquestion.`Well,thatwasverynice."-`Yes,wasn"tit?"5Whenyouwanttoaskformoreinformation,youcanusea`wh"-wordonitsownorwithanounasashortanswer.`Hesawasnake."-`Where?"`Heknewmycousin."-`Whichcousin?"2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youcanalsouse`Whichone"and`Whichones".`Canyoupassmethecup?"-`Whichone?"6Sometimesastatementaboutonepersonalsoappliestoanotherperson.Whenthisisthecase,youcanuseashortanswerwith`so"forpositivestatements,andwith`neither"or`nor"fornegativestatements,usingthesameverbthatwasusedinthestatement.Youuse`so",`neither",or`nor"withanauGiliary,modal,orthemainverb`be".Theverbcomesbeforethesubject.`Youweredifferentthen."-`Sowereyou."`Idon"tnormallydrinkatlunch."-`NeitherdoI."`Ican"tdoit."-`NorcanI."Youcanuse`noteither"insteadof`neither",inwhichcasetheverbcomesafterthesubject.`Hedoesn"tunderstand."-`Wedon"teither."7Youoftenuse`so"inshortanswersafterverbssuchas`think",`hope",`eGpect",`imagine",and`suppose",whenyouthinkthattheanswertothequestionis`yes".`You"llbehomeatsiG?"-`Ihopeso."`Soitwasworthdoing?"-`Isupposeso."Youuse`I"mafraidso"whenyouaresorrythattheansweris`yes".`Isitraining?"-`I"mafraidso."With`suppose",`think",`imagine",or`eGpect"inshortanswers,youalsoformnegativeswith`so".`WillIseeyouagain?"-`Idon"tsupposeso."`IsBarryKnightagolfer?"-`No,Idon"tthinkso."However,yousay`Ihopenot"and`I"mafraidnot".`Itisn"tempty,isit?"-`Ihopenot."Unit11Sentenceswith`not"MainpointsG`Not"isoftenshortenedto`-n"t"andaddedtosomeverbs.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档GYouput`not"afterthefirstverbintheverbgroup,oryouuseashortform.1InspokenandininformalwrittenEnglish,`not"isoftenshortenedto`-n"t"andaddedtoanauGiliary,amodal,oraformofthemainverb`be".Ihaven"theardfromherrecently.Iwasn"tangry.Hereisalistofshortforms.isn"thaven"tdon"tcan"tshan"tdaren"taren"thasn"tdoesn"tcouldn"tshouldn"tneedn"twasn"thadn"tdidn"tmightn"twon"tweren"tmustn"twouldn"toughtn"tIftheverbisalreadyshortened,youcannotadd`-n"t".It"snoteasy.I"venothadtime.Youcannotadd`-n"t"to`am".Youuse`I"mnot".I"mnoteGcited.2Iftheverbgrouphasmorethanoneword,youput`not"afterthefirstword,oryouuseashortform.Iwasnotsmiling.Hehadn"tattendedmanymeetings.Theymightnotnotice.Ihaven"tbeenplayingfootballrecently.3Ifthesentenceonlycontainsamainverbotherthan`be",youusetheauGiliary`do".Youuse`donot",`doesnot",`didnot",orashortform,followedbythebaseformofthemainverb.Theydonotneedtotalk.HedoesnotspeakEnglishverywell.Ididn"tknowthat.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Notethatifthemainverbis`do",youstilluseaformof`do"asanauGiliary.Theydidn"tdoanythingaboutit.4Ifthemainverbisthepresentorpastsimpleof`be",youput`not"immediatelyafterit,oryouuseashortform.Itisnotdifficulttounderstand.It"snotthesame,isit?Hewasn"tabadactoractually.5Ifthemainverbis`have",youusuallyuseaformof`do"asanauGiliary.Theydon"thaveanymoney.Youcanalsouseashortform,oryoucanput`not"aftertheverbbutthisisnotverycommon.Hehadn"tenoughmoney.6Youcanput`not"infrontofan`-ing"formora`to"-infinitive.Westoodthere,notknowingwhattodo.Trynottoworry.7Innegativequestions,youuseashortform.Whydidn"tshewinattheOlympics?Hasn"theputonweight?Aren"tyoubored?8Youcanuseanegativequestion:GtoeGpressyourfeelings,foreGampletoshowthatyouaresurprisedordisappointedHasn"thedoneityet?GineGclamationsIsn"ttheweatherawful!Gwhenyouthinkyouknowsomethingandyoujustwantsomeonetoagreewithyou`Aren"tyouJoanne"sbrother?"-`Yes,Iam."9Notethemeaningof`yes"and`no"inanswerstonegativequestions.`Isn"tTraceygoingtogetabitboredinBirmingham?"-`Yes."(Sheisgoingtogetbored.)-`No."(Sheisnotgoingtogetbored.)2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Unit12NegativewordsMainpointsGAnegativesentencecontainsanegativeword.GYoudonotnormallyusetwonegativewordsinthesameclause.1Negativestatementscontainanegativeword.notnobodyneithernevernoonenornonothingnonenowhereSeeUnit11fornegativestatementsusing`not".2Youuse`never"tosaythatsomethingwasnotthecaseatanytime,orwillnotbethecaseatanytime.Iftheverbgrouphasmorethanoneword,youput`never"afterthefirstword.I"veneverhadsuchahorriblemeal.Hecouldnevertrustheragain.3IftheonlyverbinthesentenceisthepresentsimpleorpastsimpleofanymainverbeGcept`be",youput`never"beforetheverb.Shenevergoesabroad.Heneverwenttouniversity.Iftheonlyverbinthesentenceisthesimplepresentorsimplepastofthemainverb`be",younormallyput`never"aftertheverb.He"sneverlate.Therewereneveranypeopleinthehouse.Youcanalsouse`never"atthebeginningofanimperativesentence.Neverwalkalonelateatnight.4Youuse`no"beforeanountosaythatsomethingdoesnoteGistorisnotavailable.Hehasgivennoreasonforhisdecision.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Theislandhasnotreesatall.Notethatifthereisanothernegativewordintheclause,youuse`any",not`no".Itwon"tdoanygood.5Youuse`none"or`noneof"tosaythatthereisnotevenonethingorperson,ornotevenasmallamountofsomething.Youcan"tgotoacollegeherebecausetherearenoneinthisarea.`Where"sthecoffee?"-`There"snoneleft."Noneofusunderstoodtheplay.SeeUnit27formoreinformationon`none"and`noneof".6Youalsouse`nobody",`noone",`nothing",and`nowhere"innegativestatements.Youuse`nobody"or`noone"totalkaboutpeople.NobodyinherhouseknowsanyEnglish.Nooneknew.`Noone"canalsobewritten`no-one".There"sno-onehere.Youuse`nothing"totalkaboutthings.There"snothingyoucando.Youuse`nowhere"totalkaboutplaces.There"salmostnowherelefttogo.SeeUnit21formoreinformationaboutthesewords.7Youdonotnormallyusetwonegativewordsinthesameclause.ForeGample,youdonotsay`Nobodycouldseenothing".Yousay`Nobodycouldseeanything".Youuse`anything",`anyone",`anybody",and`anywhere"insteadof`nothing",`noone",`nobody",and`nowhere"whentheclausealreadycontainsanegativeword.No-onecanfindHowardorBarbaraanywhere.Icouldneverdiscussanythingwiththem.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档8Theonlynegativewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherinthesameclauseare`neither"and`nor".Youuse`neither"and`nor"togethertosaythattwoalternativesarenotpossible,notlikely,ornottrue.NeitherMargaretnorJohnwasthere.Theyhadneitherfoodnormoney.Unit13CountnounsMainpointsGCountnounshavetwoforms,singularandplural.GTheycanbeusedwithnumbers.GSingularcountnounsalwaystakeadeterminer.GPluralcountnounsdonotneedadeterminer.GSingularcountnounstakeasingularverbandpluralcountnounstakeapluralverb.GInEnglish,somethingsarethoughtofasindividualitemsthatcanbecounteddirectly.Thenounswhichrefertothesecountablethingsarecalledcountnouns.MostnounsinEnglisharecountnouns.SeeUnit15forinformationonuncountnouns.1Countnounshavetwoforms.Thesingularformreferstoonethingorperson....abook......theteacher.Thepluralformreferstomorethanonethingorperson....books......someteachers.2Youadd`-s"toformthepluralofmostnouns.bookGbooksschoolGschoolsYouadd`-es"tonounsendingin`-ss",`-ch",`-s",`-sh",or`-G".classGclasseswatchGwatches2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档gasGgasesdishGdishesfoGGfoGesSomenounsendingin`-o"add`-s",andsomeadd`-es".photoGphotospianoGpianosheroGheroespotatoGpotatoesNounsendinginaconsonantand`-y"changeto`-ies".countryGcountriesladyGladiespartyGpartiesvictoryGvictoriesNounsendinginavoweland`-y"addan`-s".boyGboysdayGdayskeyGkeysvalleyGvalleysSomecommonnounshaveirregularplurals.childGchildrenfootGfeetmanGmenmouseGmicetoothGteethwomanGwomenWARNING:Somenounsthatendin`-s"areuncountnouns,foreGample`athletics"and`physics".SeeUnit15.3Countnounscanbeusedwithnumbers....onetable......twocats......threehundredpounds.4Singularcountnounscannotbeusedalone,butalwaystakeadeterminersuchas`a",`another",`every",or`the".We"vekilledapig.Hewaseatinganotherapple.Iparkedthecaroverthere.5Pluralcountnounscanbeusedwithorwithoutadeterminer.Theydonottakeadeterminerwhentheyrefertothingsorpeopleingeneral.Doesthehotelhavelargerooms?2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Thefilmisnotsuitableforchildren.Pluralcountnounsdotakeadeterminerwhentheyreferpreciselytoparticularthingsorpeople.OurcomputersareveryeGpensive.Thesecakesaredelicious.SeeUnit23formoreinformationondeterminers.6Whenacountnounisthesubjectofaverb,asingularcountnountakesasingularverb.Mysonlikesplayingfootball.Theaddressontheletterwaswrong.Apluralcountnountakesapluralverb.Biggercarscostmore.Ithoughtmorepeoplewerecoming.SeealsoUnit14oncollectivenouns.Unit14SingularandpluralMainpointsGSingularnounsareusedonlyinthesingular,alwayswithadeterminer.GPluralnounsareusedonlyintheplural,somewithadeterminer.GCollectivenounscanbeusedwithsingularorpluralverbs.1Somenounsareusedinparticularmeaningsinthesingularwithadeterminer,likecountnouns,butarenotusedinthepluralwiththatmeaning.Theyareoftencalled`singularnouns".Someofthesenounsarenormallyusedwith`the"becausetheyrefertothingsthatareunique.airdaytimemoonskycountryendpastsuncountrysidefutureseawinddarkgroundseasideworldThesunwasshining.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Iamscaredofthedark.Othersingularnounsarenormallyusedwith`a"becausetheyrefertothingsthatweusuallytalkaboutoneatatime.bathgoridesnoozechancejogrunstartdrinkmoveshowerwalkfightrestsmokewashIwentupstairsandhadawash.Whydon"twegooutsideforasmoke?2Somenounsareusedinparticularmeaningsinthepluralwithorwithoutdeterminers,likecountnouns,butarenotusedinthesingularwiththatmeaning.Theyareoftencalled`pluralnouns".Hisclotheslookedterriblydirty.Troopsarebeingsentintoday.Someofthesenounsarealwaysusedwithdeterminers.activitiesfeelingspicturestravelsauthoritieslikessightsIwenttothepictureswithTina.Youhurthisfeelings.Someareusuallyusedwithoutdeterminers.airsgoodsricheseGpensesrefreshmentsRefreshmentsareavailableinside.TheyhaveagreedtopayfortravelandeGpenses.WARNING:`Police"isapluralnoun,butdoesnotendin`-s".Thepolicewereinformedimmediately.3Asmallgroupofpluralnounsrefertosingleitemsthathavetwolinkedparts.Theyrefertotoolsthatpeopleuseorthingsthatpeoplewear.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档binocularsglassestrouserspincersjeanspliersknickersscalespantsscissorspyjamasshearsshortstweezerstightsShewaswearingbrowntrousers.Thesescissorsaresharp.Youcanuse`apairof"tomakeitclearyouaretalkingaboutoneitem,oranumberwith`pairsof"whenyouaretalkingaboutseveralitems.Iwassentouttobuyapairofscissors.Lizahadgivenmethreepairsofjeans.Notethatyoualsouse`apairof"withwordssuchas`gloves",`shoes",and`socks"thatyouoftentalkaboutintwos.4Withsomenounsthatrefertoagroupofpeopleorthings,thesameformcanbeusedwithsingularorpluralverbs,becauseyoucanthinkofthegroupasaunitorasindividuals.Similarly,youcanusesingularorpluralpronounstoreferbacktothem.Thesenounsareoftencalled`collectivenouns".army,audience,committee,company,crew,data,enemy,family,flock,gang,government,group,herd,media,navy,press,public,staff,teamOurlittlegroupiscompleteagain.Thelargestgrouparetheboys.Ourfamilyisn"tpooranymore.Myfamilyareperfectlynormal.Thenamesofmanyorganizationsandsportsteamsarealsocollectivenouns,butarenormallyusedwithpluralverbsinspokenEnglish.TheBBCisshowingtheprogrammeonSaturday.TheBBCareplanningtousethenewsatellite.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Liverpoolisleading1-0.Liverpoolareattackingagain.Unit15UncountnounsMainpointsGUncountnounshaveonlyoneform,andtakeasingularverb.GTheyarenotusedwith`a",orwithnumbers.GSomenounscanbebothuncountnounsandcountnouns.1Englishspeakersthinkthatsomethingscannotbecounteddirectly.Thenounswhichrefertotheseuncountablethingsarecalleduncountnouns.Uncountnounsoftenreferto:substances:coalfoodiceironricesteelwaterhumanqualities:couragecrueltyhonestypatiencefeelings:angerhappinessjoypridereliefrespectactivities:aidhelpsleeptravelworkabstractideas:beautydeathfreedomfunlifeluckThedonkeyneededfoodandwater.Soon,theylostpatienceandsentmetoDurban.Iwasgreetedwithshoutsofjoy.AllpricesincludetraveltoandfromLondon.Wetalkedforhoursaboutfreedom.SeeUnit13forinformationoncountnouns.2Uncountnounshaveonlyoneform.Theydonothaveapluralform.Ineededhelpwithmyhomework.Thechildrenhadgreatfunplayingwiththepuppets.WARNING:SomenounswhichareuncountnounsinEnglishhavepluralsinotherlanguages.advice,baggage,equipment,furniture,homework,information,knowledge,luggage,machinery,money,news,trafficWewanttospendmoremoneyonroads.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Soldierscarriedsomuchequipmentthattheywerebarelyabletomove.3Someuncountnounsendin`-s"andthereforelooklikepluralcountnouns.Theyusuallyreferto:subjectsofstudy:mathematicsphysicsactivities:athleticsgymnasticsgames:cardsdartsillnesses:measlesmumpsMathematicsistoodifficultforme.Measlesisinmostcasesaharmlessillness.4Whenanuncountnounisthesubjectofaverb,ittakesasingularverb.Electricityisdangerous.FoodwasveryeGpensiveinthosedays.5Uncountnounsarenotusedwith`a".Theyresenthavingtopaymoneytopeoplelikeme.Myfatherstartedworkwhenhewasten.Uncountnounsareusedwith`the"whentheyrefertosomethingthatisspecifiedorknown.Iaminterestedintheeducationofyoungchildren.SheburiedthemoneythatHilaryhadgivenher.6Uncountnounsarenotusedwithnumbers.However,youcanoftenrefertoaquantityofsomethingwhichiseGpressedbyanuncountnoun,byusingawordlike`some".SeeUnit23.Pleasebuysomebreadwhenyougototown.Letmegiveyousomeadvice.Someuncountnounsthatrefertofoodordrinkcanbecountnounswhentheyrefertoquantitiesofthefoodordrink.Doyoulikecoffee?(uncount)Weaskedfortwocoffees.(count)2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档UncountnounsareoftenusedwitheGpressionssuchas`aloafof",`packetsof",or`apieceof",totalkaboutaquantityoranitem.`Abitof"iscommoninspokenEnglish.Iboughttwoloavesofbreadyesterday.Hegavemeaverygoodpieceofadvice.TheyownabitoflandnearCambridge.7Somenounsareuncountnounswhentheyrefertosomethingingeneralandcountnounswhentheyrefertoaparticularinstanceofsomething.Victorywasnowassured.(uncount)In1960,thepartywonaconvincingvictory.(count)Unit16PersonalpronounsMainpointsGYouusepersonalpronounstoreferbacktosomethingorsomeonethathasalreadybeenmentioned.GYoualsousepersonalpronounstorefertopeopleandthingsdirectly.GTherearetwosetsofpersonalpronouns:subjectpronounsandobjectpronouns.GYoucanuse`you"and`they"torefertopeopleingeneral.1Whensomethingorsomeonehasalreadybeenmentioned,yourefertothemagainbyusingapronoun.Johntookthebookandopenedit.HerangMaryandinvitedhertodinner.`HaveyoubeentoLondon?"-`Yes,itwasverycrowded."Myfatherisfat-heweighsoverfifteenstone.InEnglish,`he"and`she"normallyrefertopeople,occasionallytoanimals,butveryrarelytothings.2Youuseapronountoreferdirectlytopeopleorthingsthatarepresentorareinvolvedinthesituationyouarein.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Whereshallwemeet,Sally?Idothewashing;hedoesthecooking;wesharethewashing-up.Sendusacardsowe"llknowwhereyouare.3Therearetwosetsofpersonalpronouns,subjectpronounsandobjectpronouns.Youusesubjectpronounsasthesubjectofaverb.IyouhesheitwetheyNotethat`you"isusedforthesingularandpluralform.Wearegoingtherelater.Idon"tknowwhattodo.4Youuseobjectpronounsasthedirectorindirectobjectofaverb.meyouhimheritusthemNotethat`you"isusedforthesingularandpluralform.Thenursewashedmewithcoldwater.Theballhitherintheface.Johnshowedhimthebook.Canyougivemesomemorecake?Notethat,inmodernEnglish,youuseobjectpronounsratherthansubjectpronounsaftertheverb`be".`Whoisit?"-`It"sme."TherewasonlyJohn,Baz,andmeintheroom.Youalsouseobjectpronounsastheobjectofapreposition.Wewereallsittinginacafewithhim.Didyougiveittothem?5Youcanuse`you"and`they"totalkaboutpeopleingeneral.Youhavetodriveontheothersideoftheroadonthecontinent.Theysayshe"sveryclever.6Youcanuse`it"asanimpersonalsubjectingeneralstatementswhichrefertothetime,thedate,ortheweather.SeeUnit17.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档`Whattimeisit?"-`It"shalfpastthree."ItisJanuary19th.Itisrainyandcold.Youcanalsouse`it"asthesubjectorobjectingeneralstatementsaboutasituation.Itistoofartowalk.Ilikeithere.Canwestayabitlonger?7Asingularpronounusuallyrefersbacktoasingularnoungroup,andapluralpronountoapluralnoungroup.However,youcanusepluralpronounstoreferbackto:Gindefinitepronouns,eventhoughtheyarealwaysfollowedbyasingularverbIfanybodycomes,tellthemI"mnotin.Gcollectivenouns,evenwhenyouhaveusedasingularverbHisfamilywaswaitingintheneGtroom,buttheyhadnotyetbeeninformed.Unit17Impersonalsubject`it"MainpointsGYouuseimpersonal`it"asthesubjectofasentencetointroducenewinformation.GYouuse`it"totalkaboutthetimeorthedate.GYouuse`it"totalkabouttheweather.GYouuse`it"toeGpressopinionsaboutplaces,situations,andevents.G`It"isoftenusedwiththepassiveofreportingverbstoeGpressgeneralbeliefsandopinions.1`It"isapronoun.Asapersonalpronounitrefersbacktosomethingthathasalreadybeenmentioned.TheylearntospeakEnglishbeforetheylearntoreadit.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Maybehechangedhismind,butIdoubtit.Youcanalsouse`it"asthesubjectofasentencewhenitdoesnotreferbacktoanythingthathasalreadybeenmentioned.Thisimpersonaluseof`it"introducesnewinformation,andisusedparticularlytotalkabouttimes,dates,theweather,andpersonalopinions.2Youuseimpersonal`it"withaformof`be"totalkaboutthetimeorthedate.Itisnearlyoneo"clock.It"sthesiGthofApriltoday.3Youuseimpersonal`it"withverbswhichrefertotheweather:drizzlepoursleetthunderhailrainsnowIt"sstillraining.Itsnowedsteadilythroughthenight.Itwaspouringwithrain.Youcandescribetheweatherbyusing`it"followedby`be"andanadjectivewithorwithoutanoun.It"salovelyday.Itwasverybright.Youcandescribeachangeintheweatherbyusing`it"followedby`get"andanadjective.Itwasgettingcold.It"sgettingdark.4Youuseimpersonal`it",followedbyaformof`be"andanadjectiveornoungroup,toeGpressyouropinionaboutaplace,asituation,oranevent.Theadjectiveornoungroupcanbefollowedbyanadverbialorbyan`-ing"clause,a`to"-infinitiveclause,ora`that"-clause.Itwasterriblycoldinthetrucks.It"sfunworkingforhim.Itwasapleasuretobethere.It"sstrangethatithasn"tbeennoticedbefore.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档5Youuse`it"followedbyaverbsuchas`interest",`please",`surprise",or`upset"whichindicatessomeone"sreactiontoafact,situation,orevent.Theverbisfollowedbyanoungroup,anda`that"-clauseora`to"-infinitiveclause.Itpleasesmethatheshouldwanttotalkabouthiswork.Itsurprisedhimtorealizethathehadn"tthoughtaboutthemuntilnow.6Youcanalsouse`it"withthepassiveofareportingverbanda`that"-clausewhenyouwanttosuggestthatanopinionorbeliefissharedbymanypeople.Thisuseisparticularlycommoninnewsreports,foreGampleinnewspapers,ontheradio,orontelevision.Itwassaidthathecouldspeaktheirlanguage.Nowadaysitisbelievedthatthesizeisunimportant.Itisthoughtthataboutamillionpuppiesareborneachyear.Notethatthepassiveofreportingverbscanalsobeusedwithoutimpersonal`it"toeGpressgeneralopinions.Thefactoriesweresaidtobemuchworse.Theyarebelievedtobedangerous.SeeUnits76and77formoreinformationonreportingverbs.Unit18Impersonalsubject`there"MainpointsGYouuse`there"followedbyaformof`be"andanoungrouptointroducenewinformation.GYouuse`there"withasingularorpluralverb,dependingonwhetherthefollowingnounissingularorplural.GYoucanalsouse`there"withmodals.1`There"isoftenanadverbofplace.Areyoucomfortablethere?Thebookisthereonthetable.Youcanalsouse`there"astheimpersonalsubjectofasentencewhenitdoesnotrefertoaplace.Inthiscaseyouuse`there"tointroducenewinformationand2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档tofocusuponit.After`there"youuseaformof`be"andanoungroup.Thereisworktobedone.Therewillbeapartytonight.Therewasnodamage.Therehavebeentwotelephonecalls.Notethattheimpersonalsubject`there"isoftenpronouncedwithoutstress,whereastheadverbisalmostalwaysstressed.2Youuse`there"astheimpersonalsubjecttotalkabout:GtheeGistenceorpresenceofsomeoneorsomethingTherearetwopeoplewhomightknowwhathappened.Therearemanypossibilities.Thereisplentyofbread.GsomethingthathappensTherewasageneralelectionthatyear.There"sameetingeveryweek.Therewasafiercebattle.GanumberoramountTherearefortyofus,Ithink.Thereisagreatdealofangerabouthisdecision.Therewerealotofpeoplecampedthere.3Whenthenoungroupaftertheverbisplural,youuseapluralverb.Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Thereweretwomenintheroom.Youalsouseapluralverbbeforephrasessuchas`anumber(of)",`alot(of)",and`afew(of)".Therewerealotofpeoplecampedthere.Thereareonlyafewleft.4Whenthenoungroupaftertheverbissingularoruncountable,youuseasingularverb.Thereisonepointwemustaddhere.Thereisn"tenoughroominhere.Youalsouseasingularverbwhenyouarementioningmorethanone2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档personorthingandthefirstnounaftertheverbissingularoruncountable.Therewasamanandawoman.Therewasasofaandtwochairs.5Youcanalsouse`there"withamodal,followedby`be"or`havebeen".Therecouldbeaproblem.Thereshouldbeachangeingovernment.Therecan"thavebeenanybodyoutside.Theremusthavebeensomemistake.6InspokenandinformalwrittenEnglish,shortformsof`be"oramodalarenormallyusedafter`there".There"snodanger.There"llalwaysbeafutureformusic.Iknewthere"dbetrouble.There"sbeenquitealotofresearchintoit.Ididn"tevenknowthere"dbeenamurder.7Youcanalsouse`there"with`appear"or`seem",followedby`tobe"or`tohavebeen".Thereappearstobeavastamountofconfusiononthispoint.Theredon"tseemtobemanypeopleoncampus.Thereseemstohavebeensomecarelessness.Unit19DemonstrativepronounsMainpointsGYouusethedemonstrativepronouns`this",`that",`these",and`those"whenyouarepointingtophysicalobjectsoridentifyingpeople.GYouuse`one"or`ones"insteadofanounthathasbeenmentionedorisknown.1Youusethedemonstrativepronouns`this",`that",`these",and`those"whenyouarepointingtophysicalobjects.`This"and`these"refertothingsnearyou,2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档`that"and`those"refertothingsfartheraway.Thisisalistofrules.`Ibroughtyouthese".Adamheldoutabagofgrapes.Thatlooksinteresting.Thosearemine.Youcanalsouse`this",`that",`these",and`those"asdeterminersinfrontofnouns.SeeUnit23.Thisbookwasapresentfrommymother.Whendidyoubuythathat?2Youuse`this",`that",`these",and`those"whenyouareidentifyingorintroducingpeople,oraskingwhotheyare.Who"sthis?Thesearemychildren,SusanandPaul.WasthatPatrickonthephone?3Youuse`this",`that",`these",and`those"toreferbacktothingsthathavealreadybeenmentioned.Thatwasaninterestingwordyouusedjustnow.Moremoneyisbeingpumpedintotheeducationsystem,andweassumethiswillcontinue.`Let"sgotothecinema."-`That"sagoodidea."Thesearenoteasyquestionstoanswer.Youalsouse`this"and`these"toreferforwardtothingsyouaregoingtomention.ThisiswhatIwanttosay:itwasn"tmyidea.ThesearethetopicswewillbelookingatneGtweek:howtheaccidenthappened,whetheritcouldhavebeenavoided,andwhowastoblame.Thisistheimportantpoint:youmustneverseeheragain.42125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youuse`one"or`ones"insteadofanounthathasalreadybeenmentionedorisknowninthesituation,usuallywhenyouareaddinginformationorcontrastingtwothingsofthesamekind.Mycaristheblueone.Don"tyouhaveonewithbuttonsinsteadofazip?Arethenewcurtainslongerthantheoldones?Youcanuse`whichone"or`whichones"inquestions.Whichonedoyouprefer?Whichonesweredamaged?Youcansay`thisone",`thatone",`theseones",and`thoseones".Ilikethisonebetter.We"llhavethoseones,thankyou.Youcanuse`eachone"or`oneeach",butnotethatthereisadifferenceinmeaning.InthefollowingeGamples,`eachone"means`eachbrother"but`oneeach"means`oneforeachchild".I"vegotthreebrothersandeachonelivesinadifferentcountry.Iboughtthechildrenoneeach.5InformalEnglish,peoplesometimesuse`one"torefertopeopleingeneral.Onehastothinkofthepracticalsideofthings.Oneneverknowswhattosayinsuchsituations.6Thereareseveralothertypesofpronoun,whicharedealtwithinotherunits.SeeUnit22forinformationonpossessivepronouns.SeeUnit6forinformationon`who",`whom",`whose",`which",and`what"asinterrogativepronouns.SeeUnits92and93forinformationon`that",`which",`who",`whom",and`whose"asrelativepronouns.Mostdeterminers,eGcept`the",`a",`an",`every",`no",andthepossessives,arealsopronouns.SeeUnits27to30.Unit20RefleGivepronounsMainpoints2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档GRefleGivepronounscanbedirectorindirectobjects.GMosttransitiveverbscantakearefleGivepronounasobject.GRefleGivepronounscanbetheobjectofapreposition.GRefleGivepronounscanemphasizeanounorpronoun.1TherefleGivepronounsare:singular:myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfplural:ourselvesyourselvesthemselvesNotethat,unlike`you"and`your",therearetwoformsforthesecondperson:`yourself"inthesingularand`yourselves"intheplural.2YouuserefleGivepronounsasthedirectorindirectobjectoftheverbwhenyouwanttosaythattheobjectisthesamepersonorthingasthesubjectoftheverbinthesameclause.ForeGample,`Johntaughthimself"meansthatJohndidtheteachingandwasalsothepersonwhowastaught,and`Annpouredherselfadrink"meansthatAnndidthepouringandwasalsothepersonthatthedrinkwaspouredfor.Shestretchedherselfoutonthesofa.Themenformedthemselvesintoaline.Heshouldgivehimselfmoretime.Notethatalthoughthesubject`you"isomittedinimperatives,youcanstilluse`yourself"or`yourselves".Here"sthemoney,goandbuyyourselfanicecream.3MosttransitiveverbscantakearefleGivepronoun.Iblamemyselffornotpayingattention.Heintroducedhimselftome.WARNING:VerbswhichdescribeactionsthatpeoplenormallydotothemselvesdonottakerefleGivepronounsinEnglish,althoughtheydoinsomeotherlanguages.Iusuallyshavebeforebreakfast.Shewashedveryquicklyandrusheddownstairs.SeeUnit53formoreinformation.42125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档YouusearefleGivepronounastheobjectofaprepositionwhentheobjectoftheprepositionreferstothesamepersonorthingasthesubjectoftheverbinthesameclause.Iwasthoroughlyashamedofmyself.Theyaremakingfoolsofthemselves.Tellmeaboutyourself.Notethatyouusepersonalpronouns,notrefleGivepronouns,whenreferringtoplacesandafter`with"meaning`accompaniedby".Youshouldhaveyournotesinfrontofyou.HewouldhavetobringJudywithhim.5YouuserefleGivepronounsafternounsorpronounstoemphasizethepersonorthingthatyouarereferringto.Thetownitselfwassosmallthatitdidn"thaveabank.Imyselfhaveneverreadthebook.6YouusearefleGivepronounattheendofaclausetoemphasizethatsomeonedidsomethingwithoutanyhelpfromanyoneelse.Shehadprintedthecardherself.I"lltakeitdowntothepolicestationmyself.Didyoumaketheseyourself?7YouuserefleGivepronounswith`by"tosay:Gthatsomeonedoessomethingwithoutanyhelpfromotherpeople...whenbabiesstarteatingtheirmealsbythemselves.Shewascertainshecouldmanagebyherself.GthatsomeoneisaloneHewentofftositbyhimself.IwasthereforaboutsiGmonthsbymyself.Youcanalsouse`onmyown",`onyourown",andsoon,tosaythatsomeoneisaloneordoessomethingwithoutanyhelp.Wewereintheparkonourown.Theymanagedtoreachthevillageontheirown.Youcanuse`all"foremphasis.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Didyouputthoseshelvesupallbyyourself?Wecan"tsolvethisproblemallonourown.WARNING:`Oneanother"and`eachother"arenotrefleGivepronouns.SeeUnit54formoreinformationon`oneanother"and`eachother".Unit21IndefinitepronounsMainpointsGIndefinitepronounsrefertopeopleorthingswithoutsayingeGactlywhoorwhattheyare.GWhenanindefinitepronounisthesubject,italwaystakesasingularverb.GYouoftenuseapluralpronountoreferbacktoanindefinitepronoun.1Theindefinitepronounsare:anybody,everybody,nobody,somebody,anyone,everyone,noone,someone,anything,everything,nothing,somethingNotethat`noone"iswrittenastwowords,orsometimeswithahyphen:`no-one".2YouuseindefinitepronounswhenyouwanttorefertopeopleorthingswithoutsayingeGactlywhoorwhattheyare.Thepronounsendingin`-body"and`-one"refertopeople,andthoseendingin`-thing"refertothings.Iwasthereforoveranhourbeforeanybodycame.Ithadtobesomeonewithacar.Janesaidnothingforamoment.3Whenanindefinitepronounisthesubject,italwaystakesasingularverb,evenwhenitreferstomorethanonepersonorthing.Everyoneknowsthat.Everythingwasfine.Isanybodythere?Whenyoureferbacktoindefinitepronouns,youusepluralpronounsor2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档possessives,andapluralverb.Askanyone.They"lltellyou.Haseveryoneeatenasmuchastheywant?Youcan"ttellsomebodywhythey"vefailed.WARNING:Somespeakersprefertousesingularpronouns.Theyprefertosay`Youcan"ttellsomebodywhyheorshehasfailed".4Youcanaddapostrophes("s)toindefinitepronounsthatrefertopeople.Shewasgivenaroominsomeone"sstudio.Thatwasnobody"sbusinessbutmine.WARNING:Youdonotusuallyaddapostrophes("s)toindefinitepronounsthatrefertothings.Youdonotsay`something"svalue",yousay`thevalueofsomething".5Youuseindefinitepronounsbeginningwith`some-"in:GaffirmativeclausesSomebodyshouted.Iwanttointroduceyoutosomeone.GquestionseGpectingtheanswer`yes"Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?Canyougetsomeonetodoit?6Youuseindefinitepronounsbeginningwith`any-":GasthesubjectorobjectinstatementsAnyoneknowsthatyouneedalicence.Youstillhaven"ttoldmeanything.Youdonotusethemasthesubjectofanegativestatement.Youdonotsay`Anybodycan"tcomein".GinbothaffirmativeandnegativequestionsDoesanybodyagreewithme?Won"tanyonehelpme?7Ifyouuseanindefinitepronounbeginningwith`no-",youmustnotuseanothernegativewordinthesameclause.Youdonotsay`Therewasn"tnothing".Therewasnothingyoucoulddo.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Nobodyleft,nobodywentaway.8Youusetheindefiniteadverbs`anywhere",`everywhere",`nowhere",and`somewhere"totalkaboutplacesinageneralway.`Nowhere"makesaclausenegative.IthoughtI"dseenyousomewhere.No-onecanfindHowardorBarbaraanywhere.Therewasnowheretohide.9Youcanuse`else"afterindefinitepronounsandadverbstorefertopeople,things,orplacesotherthanthosethathavebeenmentioned.Everyoneelseisdownstairs.Idon"tlikeithere.Let"sgosomewhereelse.Unit22PossessionMainpointsGPossessivesandpossessivepronounsareusedtosaythatonepersonorthingbelongstoanotherorisconnectedwithanother.GYouuseapostrophes("s)tosaywhosomethingbelongsto.GYouusephraseswith`of"tosaythatonepersonorthingbelongstoanotherorisconnectedwithanother.1Youusepossessivestosaythatapersonorthingbelongstoanotherpersonorthingorisconnectedwiththem.Thepossessivesaresometimescalled`possessiveadjectives".myyourhisheritsourtheirNotethat`your"isbothsingularandplural.I"dbeenwaitingalongtimetoparkmycar.Theytookofftheirshoes.WARNING:Thepossessive`its"isnotspelledwithanapostrophe.Theform`it"s"withanapostropheistheshortformfor`itis"or`ithas".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档2Youputnumbersandadjectivesafterthepossessiveandinfrontofthenoun.Theirtwosmallchildrenwereplayingoutside.ShegotabicycleonhersiGthbirthday.3Youuseapossessivepronounwhenyouwanttorefertoapersonorthingandtosaywhothatpersonorthingbelongstoorisconnectedwith.Thepossessivepronounsare:mineyourshishersourstheirsNotethat`yours"isbothsingularandplural.Isthatcoffeeyoursormine?Itwashisfault,nottheirs.WARNING:Thereisnopossessivepronoun`its".4Youcanalsosaywhoorwhatsomethingbelongstoorisconnectedwithbyusinganounwithapostrophes("s).ForeGample,ifJohnownsamotorbike,youcanrefertoitas`John"smotorbike".SylviaputherhandonJohn"sarm.Ilikethecar"sdesign.Youaddapostrophes("s)tosingularnounsandirregularpluralnouns,usuallyreferringtopeopleratherthanthings.Iworeapairofmysister"sboots.Children"sbirthdaypartiescanbeboring.Withpluralnounsendingin`-s"youonlyaddtheapostrophe(").Itisnothisparents"problem.Youaddapostrophes("s)topeople"snames,evenwhentheyendin`-s".CouldyougivemeCharles"saddress?Notethatwhenyouusetwoormorenameslinkedby`and",youputtheapostrophes("s)afterthelastname.TheyhaveboughtSueandTim"scar.52125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Whenyouwanttorefertosomeone"shome,ortosomecommonshopsandplacesofwork,youcanuseapostrophes("s)afteranameornounonitsown.He"sroundatDavid"s.Heboughtitatthechemist"s.Shemustgotothedoctor"s.6Youcanalsouseapostrophes("s)withsomeeGpressionsoftimetoidentifysomething,ortosayhowmuchtimeisinvolved.Didyouseethecartooninyesterday"snewspaper?Theyhavefourweeks"holidayperyear.7Youcanuseaprepositionalphrasebeginningwith`of"tosaythatonepersonorthingbelongstoorisconnectedwithanother.SheisthemotheroftheboywholivesneGtdoor.Ellenaimlesslyturnedthepagesofhermagazine.After`of"youcanuseapossessivepronoun,oranounornamewithapostrophes("s).Hewasanoldfriendofmine.Thatwordwasafavouriteofyourfather"s.She"safriendofStephen"s.8Youcanadd`own"afterapossessive,oranounornamewithapostrophes("s),foremphasis.Myownviewisthattherearenoseriousproblems.Theprofessor"sownanswermaybeunacceptable.Unit23DeterminersMainpointsGDeterminersareusedatthebeginningofnoungroups.GYouusespecificdeterminerswhenpeopleknoweGactlywhichthingsorpeopleyouaretalkingabout.GYouusegeneraldeterminerstotalkaboutpeopleorthingswithout2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档sayingeGactlywhoorwhattheyare.1Whenyouuseadeterminer,youputitatthebeginningofanoungroup,infrontofnumbersoradjectives.ImetthetwoSwedishgirlsinLondon.Ourmainbedroomisthroughthere.Haveyougotanotherredcard?Severalyoungboyswerewaiting.2Whenthepeopleorthingsthatyouaretalkingabouthavealreadybeenmentioned,orthepeopleyouaretalkingtoknoweGactlywhichonesyoumean,youuseaspecificdeterminer.Themanbegantoruntowardstheboy.Youngpeopledon"tliketheseoperas.Herfacewasveryred.Thespecificdeterminersare:thedefinitearticle:thedemonstratives:thisthatthesethosepossessives:myyourhisheritsourtheirNotethat`your"isusedbothforthesingularandpluralpossessive.SeeUnit19for`this",`that",`these",and`those"aspronouns.3Whenyouarementioningpeopleorthingsforthefirsttime,ortalkingaboutthemgenerallywithoutsayingeGactlywhichonesyoumean,youuseageneraldeterminer.Therewasamaninthelift.WewenttoanarteGhibition.Youcanstopatanytimeyoulike.Therewereseveralreasonsforthis.Thegeneraldeterminersare:2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档a,all,an,another,any,both,each,either,enough,every,few,fewer,less,little,many,more,most,much,neither,no,other,several,some4Eachgeneraldeterminerisusedwithparticulartypesofnoun,suchas:Gsingularcountnounsa,an,another,any,each,either,every,neither,noIgotapostcardfromSusan.Anybigtincontainerwilldo.Heopenedanothershop.GpluralcountnounsallenoughmanynosomeanyfewmoreotherbothfewermostseveralTherewerefewdoctorsavailable.Hespokemanydifferentlanguages.Severalprojectswerepostponed.Guncountnounsall,any,enough,less,little,more,most,much,no,someTherewaslittleapplause.WeneedmoreinformationHedidnotspeakmuchEnglish.WARNING:Thefollowinggeneraldeterminerscanneverbeusedwithuncountnouns.a,an,another,both,each,either,every,few,many,neither,several5Mostofthedeterminersarealsopronouns,eGcept`the",`a",`an",`every",`no"andthepossessives.Isawseveralinthewoodslastnight.HaveyougotanythatIcouldborrow?Thereisenoughforallofus.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youuse`one"asapronouninsteadof`a"or`an",`none"insteadof`no",and`each"insteadof`every".Haveyougotone?Therearenoneleft.EachhasaseparateboGandnumber.Unit24Mainusesof`the"MainpointsGYoucanuse`the"infrontofanynoun.GYouuse`the"whenthepersonyouaretalkingtoknowswhichpersonorthingyoumean.GYouuse`the"whenyouarereferringbacktosomeoneorsomething.GYouuse`the"whenyouarespecifyingwhichpersonorthingyouaretalkingabout.GYouuse`the"whenyouarereferringtosomethingthatisunique.GYouuse`the"whenyouwanttouseonethingasaneGampletosaysomethingaboutallthingsofthesametype.1`The"iscalledthedefinitearticle,andisthecommonestdeterminer.Youuse`the"whenthepersonyouaretalkingtoknowswhichpersonorthingyoumean.Youcanuse`the"infrontofanynoun,whetheritisasingularcountnoun,anuncountnoun,orapluralcountnoun.Shedroppedthecan.IrememberedthefunIhadwiththem.Thegirlswerenotathome.2Youuse`the"withanounwhenyouarereferringbacktosomeoneorsomethingthathasalreadybeenmentioned.Icalledforawaiter......Thewaiterwithamoustachecame.IhaveboughtahouseinWales......Thehouseisinanagriculturalarea.32125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youuse`the"withanounandaqualifier,suchasaprepositionalphraseorarelativeclause,whenyouarespecifyingwhichpersonorthingyouaretalkingabout.I"venoideaaboutthegeographyofScotland.ThebookthatIrecommendednowcostsoverthreepounds.4Youuse`the"withanounwhenyouarereferringtosomethingofwhichthereisonlyoneintheworld.Theyallsatinthesun.Wehavelandedmenonthemoon.Theskywasabrilliantblue.Youalsouse`the"whenyouarereferringtosomethingofwhichthereisonlyoneinaparticularplace.MrsRobertsonheardthatthechurchhadbeenbombed.Hedecidedtoputsomewordsontheblackboard.5Youcanuse`the"withasingularcountnounwhenyouwanttomakeageneralstatementaboutallthingsofthattype.ForeGample,ifyousay`Thewhaleisthelargestmammalintheworld",youmeanallwhales,notoneparticularwhale.Thecomputerallowsustodealwithalotofdataveryquickly.Myfather"sfavouritefloweristherose.6Youcanuse`the"withasingularcountnounwhenyouarereferringtoasystemorservice.ForeGample,youcanuse`thephone"torefertoatelephonesystemand`thebus"torefertoabusservice.Idon"tlikeusingthephone.Howlongdoesittakeonthetrain?7Youcanuse`the"withthenameofamusicalinstrumentwhenyouaretalkingaboutsomeone"sabilitytoplaytheinstrument.`Youplaytheguitar,Isee,"saidSimon.Geoffplaysthepianoverywell.Unit25Otherusesof`the"2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档MainpointsGYoudonotnormallyuse`the"withpropernounsreferringtopeople.Youdouse`the"withmanypropernounsreferringtogeographicalplaces.GYouuse`the"withsomeadjectivestotalkaboutgroupsofpeople.1Youdonotnormallyuse`the"withpropernounsthatarepeople"snames.However,ifyouaretalkingaboutafamily,youcansay`theBrowns".Youuse`the"withsometitles,suchas`theQueenofEngland",andwiththenamesofsomeorganizations,buildings,newspapers,andworksofart....theUnitedNations......theTajMahal......theTimes......theMonaLisa.2Youdouse`the"withsomepropernounsreferringtogeographicalplaces....theBayofBiscay......theSuezCanal....theArabianGulf......thePacificOcean.Youuse`the"withcountrieswhosenamesincludewordssuchas`kingdom",`republic",`states",or`union"....theUnitedKingdom......theSovietUnion.Youuse`the"withcountriesthathavepluralnounsastheirnames....theNetherlands......thePhilippines.Notethatyoudonotuse`the"withcountriesthathavesingularnounsastheirnames,suchas`China",`Italy",or`Turkey".Youuse`the"withnamesofmountainrangesandgroupsofislands....theAlps......theHimalayas....theBahamas......theCanaries.Notethatyoudonotuse`the"withthenamesofindividualmountainssuchas`Everest"or`Etna",orthenamesofindividualislandssuchas`Sicily",`Minorca",or`Bali".Youuse`the"withregionsoftheworld,orregionsofacountrythatinclude`north",`south",`east",or`west"....theMiddleEast......theFarEast....thenorthofEngland......thewestofIreland.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档NotethattherearesomeeGceptions....NorthAmerica......South-EastAsia.Youdonotuse`the"with`northern",`southern",`eastern",or`western"andasingularname....northernEngland......westernAfrica.Youuse`the"withthenamesofareasofwatersuchasseas,oceans,rivers,canals,gulfs,andstraits....theMediterraneanSea......theAtlanticOcean....theriverGanges......thePanamaCanal....theGulfofMeGico......thestraitsofGibraltar.Notethatyoudonotuse`the"withlakes....LakeGeneva......LakeSuperior.Notethatyoudonotuse`the"withcontinents,cities,streets,oraddresses....Asia......Tokyo....OGfordStreet......15ParkStreet.3Youuse`the"withadjectivessuchas`rich",`poor",`young",`old",and`unemployed"totalkaboutageneralgroupofpeople.Youdonotneedanoun.Onlytherichcouldaffordhisfirm"sproducts.Theywerediscussingtheproblemoftheunemployed.Whenyouuse`the"withanadjectiveasthesubjectofaverb,youuseapluralverb.Inthecitiesthepoorareasbadlyoffastheywereinthevillages.4Youuse`the"withsomenationalityadjectivestotalkaboutthepeoplewholiveinacountry.TheywillbeincreasinglydependentonthesupportoftheFrench.TheSpanishclaimedthatthemoneyhadnotbeenpaid.Withothernationalities,youuseapluralnoun....Germans......theAmericans.Whenyouuse`the"withanationalityadjectiveasthesubjectofaverb,youuseapluralverb.TheBritishareworried.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档5Youuse`the"withsuperlatives.HewasthecleverestmanIeverknew.Hewastheyoungest.Hisshouldershurttheworst.ItwasthemosteGcitingsummeroftheirlives.Unit26`A"and`an"MainpointsGYouonlyuse`a"or`an"withsingularcountnouns.GYouuse`a"or`an"totalkaboutapersonorthingforthefirsttime.1Youonlyuse`a"or`an"withsingularcountnouns.`A"and`an"arecalledtheindefinitearticle.IgotapostcardfromSusan.Hewaseatinganapple.Rememberthatyouuse`a"infrontofawordthatbeginswithaconsonantsoundevenifthefirstletterisavowel,foreGample`apiece,auniversity,aEuropeanlanguage".Youuse`an"infrontofawordthatbeginswithavowelsoundevenifthefirstletterisaconsonant,foreGample`aneGercise,anidea,anhonestman".2Youuse`a"or`an"whenyouaretalkingaboutapersonorthingforthefirsttime.Shepickedupabook.Afterweeksoflooking,weeventuallyboughtahouse.AcolleagueandIgotsomemoneytodoresearchonrats.Notethatthesecondtimeyourefertothesamepersonorthing,youuse`the".Shepickedupabook......Thebookwaslyingonthetable.Afterweeksoflooking,weboughtahouse......Thehousewasinavillage.3Aftertheverb`be"oranotherlinkverb,youcanuse`a"or`an"withanadjectiveandanountogivemoreinformationaboutsomeoneorsomething.Hisbrotherwasasensitivechild.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Heseemedaworriedman.Itwasareallybeautifulhouse.Youcanalsouse`a"or`an"withanounfollowedbyaqualifier,suchasaprepositionalphraseorarelativeclause,whenyouwanttogivemoreinformationaboutsomeoneorsomething.Theinformationwascontainedinanarticleonbiology.Ichoseapicturethatremindedmeofmyowncountry.4Youuse`a"or`an"aftertheverb`be"oranotherlinkverbwhenyouaresayingwhatsomeoneisorwhatjobtheyhave.Hebecameaschoolteacher.Sheisamodelandanartist.5Youuse`a"or`an"tomean`one"withsomenumbers.Youcanuse`a"or`an"withnounsthatrefertowholenumbers,fractions,money,weights,ormeasures.ahundred,athousand,aquarter,ahalf,apound,adollar,akilo,alitre6Youdonotuse`a"or`an"withuncountnounsorpluralcountnouns.Youdonotneedtouseadetermineratallwithpluralcountnouns,butyoucanusethedeterminers`any",`afew",`many",`several",or`some".Ilovedogs.Doyouhaveanydogs?Manyadultsdon"tlistentochildren.Ihavesomechildrenlikethatinmyclass.Notethatifyoudonotuseadeterminerwithapluralcountnoun,youareoftenmakingageneralstatementaboutpeopleorthingsofthattype.ForeGample,ifyousay`Ilovedogs",youmeanalldogs.However,ifyousay`Thereareeggsinthekitchen",youmeantherearesomeeggs.Ifyoudouseadeterminer,youmeananumberofpeopleorthingsbutnotallofthem,withoutsayingeGactlyhowmany.Ihavesomefriendscomingfordinner.Hehasboughtsomeplantsforthehouse.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Ihavesomeimportantthingstotellthem.Unit27All,most,no,noneMainpointsGYouuse`all"withpluralcountnounsanduncountnouns.Youuse`all"totalkabouteverypersonorthingintheworld,orinthegroupyouaretalkingabout.GYouuse`most"withpluralcountnounsanduncountnouns.Youuse`most"totalkaboutnearlyallofanumberofpeopleorthings,ornearlyallofaquantityofsomething.GYouuse`no"withsingularandpluralcountnounsanduncountnouns.Youuse`no"tosaythatsomethingdoesnoteGistorisnotpresent.1Youuse`all"withpluralcountnounsanduncountnounstotalkabouteverypersonorthingintheworldorinthegroupthatyouaretalkingabout.Allchildrenshouldcompletetheprimarycourse.Allimportantdecisionsweretakenbythegovernment.Hesoonlostallhopeofbecomingarockstar.Allluggagewillbesearched.2Youuse`most"withpluralcountnounsanduncountnounstotalkaboutnearlyallofanumberofpeopleorthings,ornearlyallofaquantityofsomething.Themethodwassuitableformostpurposes.Mostgooddriversstopatzebracrossings.Mostmilkisstilldeliveredtopeople"shouses.Heignoredmostadvice,anddidwhathethoughtbest.3Youuse`no"withsingularcountnouns,pluralcountnouns,anduncountnounstosaythatsomethingdoesnoteGistorisnotpresent.Therewasnochairformetositon.Theyhadnoimmediateplanstochangehouse.Nomoneywasavailablefortheoperation.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Notethatifthereisanotherwordintheclausethatmakesitnegative,youuse`any",not`no".Ithasn"tmadeanydifference.Hewillneverdoanyworkformeagain.4`All"and`most"arealsopronouns,soyoucansay`allof"and`mostof".`No"isnotapronoun,soyoumustsay`noneof".Hespentallofthemoneyonanewcar.MostofmyfriendsliveinLondon.Noneofthosefarmershadeverdrivenatractor.Notethatyouuse`allof",`mostof",and`noneof"withanobjectpronoun.Allofusweresleeping.Ihadseenmostofthembefore.Noneofthemcametotheparty.Notethatiftheclauseisalreadynegative,youuse`anyof",not`noneof".Ihadn"teatenanyofthebiscuits.When`noneof"isfollowedbyapluralcountnounorpronoun,theverbisusuallyplural,butcanbesingular.Noneofusarethesame.Noneofthemhaslastedverylong.5Youcanuse`allthe"withapluralcountnounoranuncountnoun.Thereisnodifferenceinmeaningbetween`allthe"and`allofthe".Allthegirlsthinkit"sgreat.Allthebestjokescameattheendoftheprogramme.Thankyouforallthehelpyougaveme.WARNING:Youcannotsay`mostthe"or`nonethe".Youmustsay`mostofthe"or`noneofthe".6Youcanuse`all"afteranounorpronountoemphasizethatthenounorpronounreferstoeveryoneoreverythingthathasbeenmentionedorisinvolved.Notethatyoucanuse`all"toemphasizethesubjectortheobject.Thebandalllivetogetherinthesamehouse.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Ienjoyeditall.Unit28Both,either,neitherMainpointsGYouuse`both",`either",and`neither"totalkabouttwopeopleorthingsthathavebeenmentionedorareknowntothehearer.GYouuse`both"withpluralnouns,and`either"and`neither"withsingularnouns.GYouuse`bothof",`eitherof",and`neitherof"withpluralnounsorpronouns.1Youuse`both",`either",and`neither"whenyouaresayingsomethingabouttwopeopleorthingsthathavebeenmentioned,orareknowntothepersonyouaretalkingto.TherewereeGcellentperformancesfrombothactresses.Denisheldhiscocoainbothhands.Noargumentcouldmoveeithermanfromthisdecision.NeitherreportmentionedtheAmericans.2Youuse`both"whenyouthinkofthetwopeopleorthingsasagroup.Youuse`both"withapluralnoun.Bothchildrenwerehappywiththeirpresents.Bothpoliciesmakegoodsense.3Youuse`either"whenyouthinkofthetwopeopleorthingsasindividuals.Youuse`either"withasingularnoun.Eitherwayisacceptable.Shecouldnotseeeitherman.4Youuse`neither"whenyouarethinkingofthetwopeopleorthingsasindividualsandyouaremakinganegativestatementaboutthem.Youuse`neither"2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档withasingularnoun.Inreality,neitherpartywasenthusiastic.Neithermanknewwhathewasdoing.5Youcanuse`both"withaspecificdeterminersuchas`the",`these",or`my".Boththeyoungmenagreedtocome.Boththesebookshavebeenrecommendedtous.Bothherparentsweredead.WARNING:Youcannotuse`either"or`neither"withaspecificdeterminer.6Youcanuse`bothof",`eitherof",or`neitherof"withapluralnounorpronoun.Notethatwhen`bothof",`eitherof",and`neitherof"arefollowedbyanounratherthanapronoun,youmustuseaspecificdeterminersuchas`the",`these",or`her"beforethenoun.BothoftheserestaurantsareeGcellent.Eitherofthemcouldhavedonethejob.Neitherofourboyswasinvolved.Notethat`neitherof"isnormallyusedwithasingularverbbutitcanbeusedwithapluralverb.Neitherofuswashavinganyluck.Neitherofthechildrenwerethere.7Rememberthatyoucanalsouse`both",`either",and`neither"asconjunctions.Youuse`both...and"togivetwoalternativesandsaythateachofthemispossibleortrue.Iamlookingforopportunitiesbothinthiscountryandabroad.BothIandmywifeweresurprisedtoseeyouthere.Youuse`either...or"togivetwoalternativesandsaythatonlyoneofthemispossibleortrue.Youcanhaveeitherfruitoricecream.IwaseGpectingyoueithertodayortomorrow.Youeitherlovehimorhatehim.Youalsouse`neither...nor"togivetwoalternativesandsaythateachof2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档themisnotpossibleorisnottrue.NeitherMargaretnorJohnwasthere.Hediditneitherquicklynorwell.Unit29Quantity1MainpointsGYouuse`much"and`little"withuncountnounstotalkaboutaquantityofsomething.GYouuse`many"and`few"withpluralnounstotalkaboutanumberofpeopleorthings.GYouuse`much"innegativesentencesandquestions,and`alotof"or`plentyof"ratherthan`much"inaffirmativesentences.GYouuse`more"and`less"withuncountnouns,and`more"and`fewer"withpluralcountnouns.1Youuse`much"totalkaboutalargequantityofsomething,and`little"totalkaboutasmallquantityofsomething.Youonlyuse`much"and`little"withuncountnouns.Ihaven"tgotmuchtime.We"vemadelittleprogress.2Youuse`many"totalkaboutalargenumberofpeopleorthings,and`few"totalkaboutasmallnumberofpeopleorthings.Youcanonlyuse`many"and`few"withpluralcountnouns.Hewrotemanynovels.Therewerefewvisitorstoourhouse.3Younormallyuse`much"innegativesentencesandquestions.HedidnotspeakmuchEnglish.Whyhaven"tIgivenmuchattentiontothisproblem?Inaffirmativesentencesyoudonotuse`much",youuse`alotof",`lotsof",or2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档`plentyof"instead.Youcanusethemwithbothuncountnounsandpluralnouns.Hedemandedalotofattention.Imakealotofmistakes.Theyspentlotsoftimeontheproject.Herememberedalargeroomwithlotsofwindows.I"vegotplentyofmoney.Therearealwaysplentyofjobstobedone.Notethatyoucanuse`somuch"and`toomuch"inaffirmativesentences.Shespendssomuchtimehere.Thereistoomuchchanceoferror.4Youuse`somuch"toemphasizethatalargequantityofsomethingisinvolved.Ihavesomuchworktodo.Theyhavesomuchmoneyandwehavesolittle.Youuse`toomuch"and`toomany"tosaythatthequantityofsomething,orthenumberofpeopleorthings,islargerthanisreasonableornecessary.Hehastoomuchwork.Toomanypeoplestillsmoke.Youuse`verymany"toemphasizethatalargenumberofpeopleorthingsareinvolved.Verymanyoldpeoplelivealone.Notethat`verymuch"isusedwithnounsandverbs.Thereisn"tverymuchtime.Ilikeditverymuch.5Youuse`few"and`little"toemphasizethatonlyasmallquantityofsomethingorasmallnumberofpeopleorthingsareinvolved.Theycanbeusedwith`very"forgreateremphasis.Thetownhasfewmonuments.Ihavelittletimeforanythingbutwork.Veryfewcarshadreversinglights.Ihadverylittlemoneyleft.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Notethat`afew"and`alittle"justindicatethataquantityornumberissmall.Hespreadalittlehoneyonasliceofbread.Iusuallydoafewjobsforhiminthehouse.6Youuse`more"withuncountnounsandpluralcountnounstorefertoaquantityofsomethingoranumberofpeopleorthingsthatisgreaterthananotherquantityornumber.Hisvisitmightdomoreharmthangood.HedoesmorehoursthanIdo.Youuse`less"withuncountnounstorefertoanamountofsomethingthatissmallerthananotheramount.Thepoorhavelessaccesstoeducation.Thismachineryuseslessenergy.Youuse`fewer",or`less"ininformalEnglish,withpluralnounstorefertoanumberofpeopleorthingsthatissmallerthananothernumber.Therearefewertreeshere.Theyhavesoldlesscomputersthisyear.Unit30Quantity2MainpointsGYouuse`some"totalkaboutaquantityornumberwithoutbeingprecise.GYouuse`any"totalkaboutaquantityornumberthatmayormaynoteGist.GYouuse`another",or`another"andanumber,totalkaboutadditionalpeopleorthings.GYouuse`each"and`every"totalkaboutallthemembersofagroupofpeopleorthings.1Youuse`some"withuncountnounsandpluralnounstotalkaboutaquantityofsomethingoranumberofpeopleorthingswithoutbeingprecise.Ihaveleftsomefoodforyouinthefridge.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Sometrainsarerunninglate.Younormallyuse`some"inaffirmativesentences.There"ssomechocolatecakeoverthere.Ihadsomegoodideas.Youuse`some"inquestionswhenyoueGpecttheanswertobe`yes",foreGampleinoffersorrequests.Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?CouldyougivemesomeeGamples?Youcanuse`some"withasingularnounwhenyoudonotknowwhichpersonorthingisinvolved,oryouthinkitdoesnotmatter.Somemanphoned,butdidn"tleavehisnumber.Istheresomeproblem?2Youuse`any"infrontofpluralanduncountnounstotalkaboutaquantityofsomethingthatmayormaynoteGist.Younormallyuse`any"inquestionsandnegativesentences.Arethereanyjobsmencandobutwomencan"t?Ithasn"tmadeanydifference.Youuse`any"withasingularnountoemphasizethatitdoesnotmatterwhichpersonorthingisinvolved.Anycontainerwilldo.Youcanuse`no"withanaffirmativeverbinsteadof`notany".Thereweren"tanytomatoesleft.Therewerenotomatoesleft.Youcanalsouse`not"and`any",or`no",withacomparative.Herhousewasn"tanybetterthanours.Herhousewasnobetterthanours.3Youuse`another"withsingularnounstotalkaboutanadditionalpersonorthing.CouldIhaveanothercupofcoffee?Heopenedanothershoplastmonth.Youcanalsouse`another"withanumberandapluralnountotalkabout2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档morepeopleorthings.Anotherfouryearspassedbeforewemetagain.I"vegotanotherthreebookstoread.Youuse`other"withpluralnounsand`theother"withsingularorpluralnouns.I"vegototherthingstothinkabout.Theothermanhasgone.TheotherEuropeancountrieshaveabeatenus.4Youuse`each"or`every"withasingularnountotalkaboutallthemembersofagroupofpeopleorthings.Youuse`each"whenyouarethinkingaboutthemembersasindividuals,and`every"whenyouaremakingageneralstatementaboutallofthem.Eachcountyissubdividedintoseveraldistricts.Eachapplicanthasfivechoices.Everychildwouldhavemilkeveryday.Shespoketoeverypersonatthatparty.Youcanmodify`every"butnot`each".Hespoketothemnearlyeveryday.Wewentoutalmosteveryevening.5Youcanuse`someof",`anyof",or`eachof",andanoungrouptotalkaboutanumberofpeopleorthingsinagroupofpeopleorthings.Someoftheinformationhasalreadybeenanalysed.ItwasmoreeGpensivethananyoftheothermagazines.Hegaveeachofusadviceaboutourpresentgoals.Youcanuse`eachof"andapluralnoungroupbut`every"mustbefollowedby`oneof".Eachofthedrawingsisdifferent.Everyoneofthemisgivenafinancialtarget.Notethatyoucanalsouse`each"with`oneof".Thisviewofpovertyinfluenceseachoneofus.Unit31Positionofadjectives2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档MainpointsGTherearetwomainpositionsforadjectives:infrontofanoun,orasthecomplementofalinkverb.GMostadjectivescanbeusedineitherofthesepositions,butsomeadjectivescanonlybeusedinone.1Mostadjectivescanbeusedinanoungroup,afterdeterminersandnumbersifthereareany,infrontofthenoun.Hehadabeautifulsmile.Sheboughtaloafofwhitebread.Therewasnoclearevidence.2Mostadjectivescanalsobeusedafteralinkverbsuchas`be",`become",or`feel".I"mcold.Ifeltangry.Nobodyseemedamused.3Someadjectivesarenormallyusedonlyafteralinkverb.afraid,alive,alone,asleep,aware,content,due,glad,ill,ready,sorry,sure,unable,wellForeGample,youcansay`Shewasglad",butyoudonottalkabout`agladwoman".Iwantedtobealone.Weweregettingreadyforbed.I"mnotquitesure.Hedidn"tknowwhethertofeelgladorsorry.4Someadjectivesarenormallyusedonlyinfrontofanoun.easternatomicindooroccasional2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档northerncountlessintroductoryoutdoorsoutherndigitalmaGimumwesterneGistingneighbouringForeGample,youtalkabout`anatomicbomb",butyoudonotsay`Thebombwasatomic".Hesentcountlessletterstothenewspapers.Thisbookincludesagoodintroductorychapteronforests.5Whenyouuseanadjectivetoemphasizeastrongfeelingoropinion,italwayscomesinfrontofanoun.absolute,complete,entire,outright,perfect,positive,pure,real,total,true,utterSomeofitwasabsoluterubbish.Hemademefeellikeacompleteidiot.6Someadjectivesthatdescribesizeoragecancomeafteranoungroupconsistingofanumberordeterminerandanounthatindicatestheunitofmeasurement.deeplongtallwidehigholdthickHewasaboutsiGfeettall.Thewaterwasseveralmetresdeep.Thebabyisninemonthsold.Notethatyoudonotsay`twopoundsheavy",yousay`twopoundsinweight".7Afewadjectivesareusedaloneafteranoun.designate,elect,galore,incarnateShewasnowthepresidentelect.Thereareemptyhousesgalore.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档8Afewadjectiveshaveadifferentmeaningdependingonwhethertheycomeinfrontoforafteranoun.concerned,involved,present,proper,responsibleForeGample,`theconcernedmother"meansamotherwhoisworried,but`themotherconcerned"meansthemotherwhohasbeenmentioned.It"soneofthoseincrediblyinvolvedstories.Thepeopleinvolvedarealldoctors.I"mworriedaboutthepresentsituation.Ofthe18peoplepresent,Iknewonlyone.Herparentsweretryingtoactinaresponsiblemanner.Wedonotknowthepersonresponsibleforhisdeath.Unit32OrderofadjectivesMainpointsGYouputopinionadjectivesinfrontofdescriptiveadjectives.GYouputgeneralopinionadjectivesinfrontofspecificopinionadjectives.GYoucansometimesvarytheorderofadjectives.GIfyouusetwoormoredescriptiveadjectives,youputtheminaparticularorder.GIfyouuseanouninfrontofanothernoun,youputanyadjectivesinfrontofthefirstnoun.1Youoftenwanttoaddmoreinformationtoanounthanyoucanwithoneadjective.Intheory,youcanusetheadjectivesinanyorder,dependingonthequalityyouwanttoemphasize.Inpractice,however,thereisanormalorder.Whenyouusetwoormoreadjectivesinfrontofanoun,youusuallyputanadjectivethateGpressesyouropinioninfrontofanadjectivethatjustdescribessomething.Youliveinanicebighouse.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Heisanaughtylittleboy.Shewaswearingabeautifulpinksuit.2WhenyouusemorethanoneadjectivetoeGpressyouropinion,anadjectivewithamoregeneralmeaningsuchas`good",`bad",`nice",or`lovely"usuallycomesbeforeanadjectivewithamorespecificmeaningsuchas`comfortable",`clean",or`dirty".Isatinalovelycomfortablearmchairinthecorner.Heputonanicecleanshirt.3Youcanuseadjectivestodescribevariousqualitiesofpeopleorthings.ForeGample,youmightwanttoindicatetheirsize,theirshape,orthecountrytheycomefrom.DescriptiveadjectivesbelongtosiGmaintypes,butyouareunlikelyevertouseallsiGtypesinthesamenoungroup.Ifyoudid,youwouldnormallyputtheminthefollowingorder:sizeageshapecolournationalitymaterialThismeansthatifyouwanttousean`age"adjectiveanda`nationality"adjective,youputthe`age"adjectivefirst.WemetsomeyoungChinesegirls.Similarly,a`shape"adjectivenormallycomesbeforea`colour"adjective.Hehadroundblackeyes.Othercombinationsofadjectivesfollowthesameorder.Notethat`material"meansanysubstance,notonlycloth.Therewasalargeroundwoodentableintheroom.Themanwascarryingasmallblackplasticbag.4Youusuallyputcomparativeandsuperlativeadjectivesinfrontofotheradjectives.SomeofthebetterEnglishactorshavegonetoliveinHollywood.Thesearethehighestmonthlyfiguresonrecord.52125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Whenyouuseanouninfrontofanothernoun,youneverputadjectivesbetweenthem.Youputanyadjectivesinfrontofthefirstnoun.HeworksintheFrenchfilmindustry.Hereceivesalargeweeklycashpayment.6Whenyouusetwoadjectivesasthecomplementofalinkverb,youuseaconjunctionsuchas`and"tolinkthem.Withthreeormoreadjectives,youlinkthelasttwowithaconjunction,andputcommasaftertheothers.Thedaywashotanddusty.Theroomwaslargebutsquare.Thehousewasold,dampandsmelly.Wefelthot,tiredandthirsty.Unit33Adjective+`to"or`that"MainpointsGAdjectivesusedafterlinkverbsareoftenfollowedby`to"-infinitiveclausesor`that"-clauses.GSomeadjectivesarealwaysfollowedby`to"-infinitiveclauses.GYouoftenuse`to"-infinitiveclausesor`that"-clausesafteradjectivestoeGpressfeelingsoropinions.GYouoftenuse`to"-infinitiveclausesafteradjectiveswhenthesubjectisimpersonal`it".1Afterlinkverbs,youoftenuseadjectivesthatdescribehowsomeonefeelsaboutanactionorsituation.Withsomeadjectives,youcanadda`to"-infinitiveclauseora`that"-clausetosaywhattheactionorsituationis.afraid,anGious,ashamed,disappointed,frightened,glad,happy,pleased,proud,sad,surprised,unhappyIfthesubjectisthesameinbothclauses,youusuallyusea`to"-infinitive2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档clause.Ifthesubjectisdifferent,youmustusea`that"-clause.Iwashappytoseethemagain.Hewashappythattheywerecomingtotheparty.Youoftenusea`to"-infinitiveclausewhentalkingaboutfuturetimeinrelationtothemainclause.Iamafraidtogohome.HewasanGioustoleavebeforeitgotdark.Youoftenusea`that"-clausewhentalkingaboutpresentorpasttimeinrelationtothemainclause.HewasanGiousthatthepassportwasmissing.TheywereafraidthatImighthavetalkedtothepolice.2Youoftenuse`sorry"witha`that"-clause.Notethat`that"isoftenomitted.I"mverysorrythatIcan"tjoinyou.I"msorryI"msolate.3Someadjectivesarenotusuallyusedalone,buthavea`to"-infinitiveclauseafterthemtosaywhatactionorsituationtheadjectiverelatesto.able,apt,bound,due,inclined,liable,likely,prepared,ready,unlikely,unwilling,willingTheywereunabletohelpher.Theywerenotlikelytoforgetit.Iamwillingtotry.I"mpreparedtosayIwaswrong.4WhenyouwanttoeGpressanopinionaboutsomeoneorsomething,youoftenuseanadjectivefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause.difficult,easy,impossible,possible,right,wrongShehadbeeneasytodeceive.Thewindowswillbealmostimpossibletoopen.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档AmIwrongtostayhere?NotethatinthefirsttwoeGamples,thesubjectofthemainclauseistheobjectofthe`to"-infinitiveclause.InthethirdeGample,thesubjectisthesameinbothclauses.5Withsomeadjectives,youusea`that"-clausetoeGpressanopinionaboutsomeoneorsomething.awful,bad,essential,eGtraordinary,funny,good,important,interesting,obvious,sad,trueIwassadthatpeoplehadreactedinthisway.ItiseGtraordinarythatweshouldeverhavemet!6Youcanalsouseadjectiveswith`to"-infinitiveclausesafter`it"astheimpersonalsubject.Youusethepreposition`of"or`for"toindicatethepersonorthingthattheadjectiverelatesto.Itwaseasytofindthepath.ItwasgoodofJohntohelpme.Itwasdifficultforhertofindajob.SeeUnit17for`it"asimpersonalsubject.SeeUnit47formoreinformationaboutadjectivesfollowedby`of"or`for".Unit34`-ing"and`-ed"adjectivesMainpointsGManyadjectivesendingin`-ing"describetheeffectthatsomethinghasonsomeone"sfeelings.GSomeadjectivesendingin`-ing"describeaprocessorstatethatcontinuesoveraperiodoftime.GManyadjectivesendingin`-ed"describepeople"sfeelings.1Youusemany`-ing"adjectivestodescribetheeffectthatsomethinghason2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档yourfeelings,oronthefeelingsofpeopleingeneral.ForeGample,ifyoutalkabout`asurprisingnumber",youmeanthatthenumbersurprisesyou.alarmingcharmingembarrassingsurprisingamazingcharmingeGcitingterrifyingannoyingcharmingfrighteningtiringastonishingdepressinginterestingworryingboringdisappointingshockingwelcomingHelivesinacharminghousejustoutsidethetown.Shealwayshasawarmwelcomingsmile.Most`-ing"adjectiveshavearelatedtransitiveverb.SeeUnit51forinformationontransitiveverbs.2Youusesome`-ing"adjectivestodescribesomethingthatcontinuesoveraperiodoftime.ageingdecreasingeGistinglivingboomingdyingincreasingremainingBritainisanageingsociety.IncreasingpricesaremakingfoodveryeGpensive.Theseadjectiveshaverelatedintransitiveverbs.SeeUnit51forinformationonintransitiveverbs.3Many`-ed"adjectivesdescribepeople"sfeelings.Theyhavethesameformasthepastparticipleofatransitiveverbandhaveapassivemeaning.ForeGample,`afrightenedperson"isapersonwhohasbeenfrightenedbysomething.alarmeddelightedfrightenedsurprisedamuseddepressedinterestedtiredastonisheddisappointedsatisfiedworriedboredeGcitedshockedShelooksalarmedaboutsomething.Aboredstudentcomplainedtohisteacher.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Shehadbigbluefrightenedeyes.Notethatthepastparticiplesofirregularverbsdonotendin`-ed",butcanbeusedasadjectives.Seepages216-217foralistofirregularpastparticiples.Thebirdhadabrokenwing.Hiscoatwasdirtyandtorn.4Likeotheradjectives,`-ing"and`-ed"adjectivescanbe:GusedinfrontofanounTheystillshowamazingloyaltytotheirparents.Thisisthemostterrifyingtaleeverwritten.Iwasthankedbythesatisfiedcustomer.Theworriedauthoritiescancelledthematch.GusedafterlinkverbsIt"samazingwhattheycando.Thepresentsituationisterrifying.Hefeltsatisfiedwithalltheworkhehaddone.Myhusbandwasworried.Gmodifiedbyadverbialssuchas`quite",`really",and`very"Thefilmwasquiteboring.Thereisnothingverysurprisinginthis.Shewasquiteastonishedathisbehaviour.Hewasaverydisappointedyoungman.GusedinthecomparativeandsuperlativeHisargumentwasmoreconvincingthanmine.Hebecameevenmoredepressedaftershedied.ThisisoneofthemostboringbooksI"veeverread.Shewasthemostinterestedingoingtothecinema.5Asmallnumberof`-ed"adjectivesarenormallyonlyusedafterlinkverbssuchas`be",`become",or`feel".Theyarerelatedtotransitiveverbs,andareoftenfollowedbyaprepositionalphrase,a`to"-infinitiveclause,ora`that"-clause.convincedinterestedpreparedtireddelightedinvolvedscaredtouched2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档finishedpleasedthrilledTheBraziliansarepleasedwiththeresults.Hewasalwayspreparedtoaccountforhisactions.Shewasscaredthattheywouldfindher.Unit35Comparison:basicformsMainpointsGYouadd`-er"forthecomparativeand`-est"forthesuperlativeofone-syllableadjectivesandadverbs.GYouuse`-er"and`-est"withsometwo-syllableadjectives.GYouuse`more"forthecomparativeand`most"forthesuperlativeofmosttwo-syllableadjectives,alllongeradjectives,andadverbsendingin`-ly".GSomecommonadjectivesandadverbshaveirregularforms.1Youadd`-er"forthecomparativeformand`-est"forthesuperlativeformofone-syllableadjectivesandadverbs.Iftheyendin`-e",youadd`-r"and`-st".cheapGcheaperGcheapestsafeGsaferGsafestclosecoldfasthardlargelightnicepoorquickroughsmallweakwideyoungTheyworkedharder.I"vefoundanicerhotel.Iftheyendinasinglevowelandconsonant(eGcept`-w"),doubletheconsonant.bigGbiggerGbiggestfathotsadthinwetThedaygrewhotter.Henrywasthebiggestofthem.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档2Withtwo-syllableadjectivesandadverbsendinginaconsonantand`-y",youchangethe`-y"to`-i"andadd`-er"and`-est".happyGhappierGhappiestangrybusydirtyeasyfriendlyfunnyheavyluckysillytinyItcouldn"tbeeasier.Thatisthefunniestbitofthefilm.3Youuse`more"forthecomparativeand`most"forthesuperlativeofmosttwo-syllableadjectives,alllongeradjectives,andadverbsendingin`-ly".carefulGmorecarefulGmostcarefulbeautifulGmorebeautifulGmostbeautifulseriouslyGmoreseriouslyGmostseriouslyBemorecarefulneGttime.Theyarethemostbeautifulgardensintheworld.ItaffectedClivemostseriously.Notethatfor`early"asanadjectiveoradverb,youuse`earlier"and`earliest",not`more"and`most".4Withsomecommontwo-syllableadjectivesandadverbsyoucaneitheradd`-er"and`-est",oruse`more"and`most".commongentlelikelypleasantsimplecruelhandsomenarrowpolitestupidNotethat`clever"and`quiet"onlyadd`-er"and`-est".Itwasquieteroutside.HewasthecleverestmanIeverknew.5Younormallyuse`the"withsuperlativeadjectivesinfrontofanoun,butyou2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档canomit`the"afteralinkverb.Itwasthehappiestdayofmylife.IwashappiestwhenIwasonmyown.WARNING:When`most"isusedwithout`the"infrontofadjectivesandadverbs,itoftenmeansalmostthesameas`very".Thisbookwasmostinteresting.Iobjectmoststrongly.6Afewcommonadjectivesandadverbshaveirregularcomparativeandsuperlativeforms.good/wellGbetterGbestbad/badlyGworseGworstfarGfarther/furtherGfarthest/furthestoldGolder/elderGoldest/eldestShewouldaskhimwhensheknewhimbetter.Shesatnearthefurthestwindow.Notethatyouuse`elder"or`eldest"tosaywhichbrother,sister,orchildinafamilyyoumean.Oureldestdaughtercouldn"tcome.Unit36Comparison:usesMainpointsGComparativeadjectivesareusedtocomparepeopleorthings.GSuperlativeadjectivesareusedtosaythatonepersonorthinghasmoreofaqualitythanothersinagrouporothersofthatkind.GComparativeadverbsareusedinthesamewayasadjectives.1Youusecomparativeadjectivestocompareonepersonorthingwithanother,orwiththesamepersonorthingatanothertime.Afteracomparativeadjective,youoftenuse`than".Shewasmucholderthanme.IamhappierthanIhaveeverbeen.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档2Youuseasuperlativetosaythatonepersonorthinghasmoreofaqualitythanothersinagrouporothersofthatkind.TokyoisJapan"slargestcity.Hewasthetallestpersonthere.Busesareoftenthecheapestwayoftravelling.3Youcanusecomparativeandsuperlativeadjectivesinfrontofanoun.Iwasabetterwriterthanhewas.Hehadmoreimportantthingstodo.ItwasthequickestroutefromRometoNaples.Youcanalsousecomparativeandsuperlativeadjectivesafterlinkverbs.Mybrotherisyoungerthanme.Hefeelsmorecontentnow.Thesergeantwasthetallest.Thisbookwasthemostinteresting.4Youcanuseadverbsofdegreeinfrontofcomparativeadjectives.abit,far,agreat/gooddeal,alittle,alot,much,rather,slightlyThiscar"sabitmoreeGpensive.NowIfeelagreatdealmoreconfident.It"sarathermorecomplicatedstorythanthat.Youcanalsouseadverbsofdegreesuchas`byfar",`easily",`much",or`quite"infrontof`the"andsuperlativeadjectives.ItwasbyfartheworsthospitalIhadeverseen.Shewaseasilythemostintelligentpersonintheclass.Notethatyoucanput`very"between`the"andasuperlativeadjectiveendingin`-est".Itwasoftheveryhighestquality.5Whenyouwanttosaythatonesituationdependsonanother,youcanuse`the"andacomparativefollowedby`the"andanothercomparative.Thesmalleritis,thecheaperitistopost.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Thelargertheorganisationis,thegreatertheproblemofadministrationbecomes.Whenyouwanttosaythatsomethingincreasesordecreases,youcanusetwocomparativeslinkedby`and".It"sgettingharderandhardertofindajob.CarsarebecomingmoreandmoreeGpensive.6Afterasuperlativeadjective,youcanuseaprepositionalphrasetospecifythegroupyouaretalkingabout.Henrywasthebiggestofthem.Thesecakesareprobablythebestintheworld.Hewasthemostdangerousmaninthecountry.7Youusethesamestructuresincomparisonsusingadverbsasthosegivenforadjectives:G`than"aftercomparativeadverbsPriceshavebeenrisingfasterthanincomes.G`the"andacomparativeadverbfollowedby`the"andanothercomparativeadverbThequickerwefinish,thesoonerwewillgohome.Gtwocomparativeadverbslinkedby`and"Hesoundedworseandworse.Hedrovefasterandfastertillwetoldhimtostop.Unit37OtherwaysofcomparingMainpointsGThisincludeswordslike:`as...as",`thesame(as)"and`like".GYouuse`as...as..."tocomparepeopleorthings.GYoucanalsocomparepeopleorthingsbyusing`thesame(as)".GYoucanalsocomparepeopleorthingsbyusingalinkverbandaphrasebeginningwith`like".1Youuse`as...as..."tocomparepeopleorthingsthataresimilarinsome2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档way.Youuse`as"andanadjectiveoradverb,followedby`as"andanoungroup,anadverbial,oraclause.You"reasbadasyoursister.Theairportwasascrowdedasever.Iamasgoodassheis.LetuseGamineitascarefullyaswecan.2Youcanmakeanegativecomparisonusing`notas...as..."or`notso...as...".Thefoodwasn"tasgoodasyesterday.Theyarenotascleverastheyappeartobe.HeisnotsooldasIthought.3Youcanusetheadverbs`almost",`just",`nearly",or`quite"infrontof`as...as...".Hewasalmostasfastashisbrother.Marywasjustaspaleasbefore.Shewasnearlyastallashewas.Inanegativecomparison,youcanuse`notnearly"or`notquite"before`as...as...".Thisisnotnearlyascomplicatedasitsounds.ThehotelwasnotquiteasgoodastheyeGpected.4Whenyouwanttosaythatonethingisverysimilartosomethingelse,youcanuse`thesameas"followedbyanoungroup,anadverbial,oraclause.Yourbagisthesameasmine.Isaidthesameasalways.Shelookedthesameasshedidyesterday.Ifpeopleorthingsareverysimilaroridentical,youcanalsosaythattheyare`thesame".Teenagefashionsarethesameallovertheworld.TheinitialstageoflearningEnglishisthesameformanystudents.Youcanusesomeadverbsinfrontof`thesameas"or`thesame".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档almostjustmuchroughlyeGactlymoreorlessnearlyvirtuallyHedideGactlythesameasJohndid.Youtwolookalmostthesame.Youcanuse`thesame"infrontofanoungroup,withorwithout`as"afterthenoungroup.Theyreachedalmostthesameheight.Itwaspaintedthesamecolourasthewall.5Youcanalsocomparepeopleorthingsbyusingalinkverbsuchas`be",`feel",`look",or`seem"andaphrasebeginningwith`like".Itwaslikeadream.Hestillfeelslikeachild.Helookedlikeanactor.Thehousesseemedlikemansions.Youcanusesomeadverbsinfrontof`like".abit,alittle,eGactly,just,least,less,more,most,quite,rather,somewhat,veryHelooksjustlikeababy.Ofallhischildren,shewastheonemostlikeme.6Ifthenoungroupafter`as"or`like"inanyofthesestructuresisapronoun,youuseanobjectpronounorpossessivepronoun.Janewasascleverashim.Hiscaristhesameasmine.7Youcanalsouse`less"and`least"tomakecomparisonswiththeoppositemeaningto`more"and`most".Theywerelessfortunatethanus.Hewastheleastskilledoftheworkers.Weseehimlessfrequentlythanweusedto.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Unit38AdverbialsMainpointsGAdverbialsareusuallyadverbs,adverbphrases,orprepositionalphrases.GAdverbialsofmanner,place,andtimeareusedtosayhow,where,orwhensomethinghappens.GAdverbialsusuallycomeaftertheverb,oraftertheobjectifthereisone.GTheusualorderofadverbialsismanner,thenplace,thentime.1Anadverbialisoftenoneword,anadverb.Sittherequietly,andlistentothismusic.However,anadverbialcanalsobeagroupofwords:GanadverbphraseHedidnotplaywellenoughtowin.GaprepositionalphraseThechildrenwereplayinginthepark.Ganoungroup,usuallyatimeeGpressionComeandseemeneGtweek.2Youuseanadverbialofmannertodescribethewayinwhichsomethinghappensorisdone.TheylookedanGiouslyateachother.Shelistenedwithgreatpatienceashetoldhisstory.Youuseanadverbialofplacetosaywheresomethinghappens.Aplaneflewoverhead.Nobirdsoranimalscamenearthebody.Youuseanadverbialoftimetosaywhensomethinghappens.Shewillbeheresoon.Hewasbornon3April1925.3Younormallyputadverbialsofmanner,place,andtimeafterthemainverb.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Shesangbeautifully.Thebookwaslyingonthetable.Thecarbrokedownyesterday.Iftheverbhasanobject,youputtheadverbialaftertheobject.Ididlearntoplayafewtunesverybadly.Thomasmadehisdecisionimmediately.Hetooktheglassestothekitchen.Ifyouareusingmorethanoneoftheseadverbialsinaclause,theusualorderismanner,thenplace,thentime.Theyweresittingquitehappilyinthecar.(manner,place)Shespokeverywellatthevillagehalllastnight.(manner,place,time)4Youusuallyputadverbialsoffrequency,probability,anddurationinfrontofthemainverb.Sheoccasionallycomestomyhouse.Youhaveveryprobablyheardthenewsbynow.Theyhadalreadygivenmethemoney.Afewadverbsofdegreealsousuallycomeinfrontofthemainverb.Shereallyenjoyedtheparty.5Whenyouwanttofocusonanadverbial,youcandothisbyputtingitinadifferentplaceintheclause:Gyoucanputanadverbialatthebeginningofaclause,usuallyforemphasisSlowly,heopenedhiseyes.InSeptemberItravelledtoCalifornia.NeGttothecoffeemachinestoodapileofcups.Notethatafteradverbialsofplace,asinthelasteGample,theverbcancomeinfrontofthesubject.Gyoucansometimesputadverbsandadverbphrasesinfrontofthemainverbforemphasis,butnotprepositionalphrasesornoungroupsHedeliberatelychoseitbecauseitwascheap.Iverymuchwantedtogowiththem.Gyoucanchangetheorderofadverbialsofmanner,place,andtimewhen2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档youwanttochangetheemphasisTheyweresittinginthecarquitehappily.(place,manner)Atthemeetinglastnight,shespokeverywell.(place,time,manner)Unit39AdverbialsofmannerMainpointsGMostadverbsofmannerareformedbyadding`-ly"toanadjective,butsometimesotherspellingchangesareneeded.GYoucannotformadverbsfromadjectivesthatendin`-ly".GSomeadverbshavethesameformasadjectives.GYoudonotuseadverbsafterlinkverbs,youuseadjectives.GAdverbialsofmanneraresometimesprepositionalphrasesornoungroups.1Adverbsofmannerareoftenformedbyadding`-ly"toanadjective.Adjectives:badbeautifulcarefulquickquietsoftAdverbs:badlybeautifullycarefullyquicklyquietlysoftly2Adverbsformedinthiswayusuallyhaveasimilarmeaningtotheadjective.Sheisascleverassheisbeautiful.Hetalkedsopolitelyanddancedsobeautifully.`Wemustnottalk.Wemustbequiet,"saidSita.Shewantedtositquietly,torelaG.3Therearesometimeschangesinspellingwhenanadverbisformedfromanadjective.`-le"changesto`-ly":gentleGgently`-y"changesto`-ily":easyGeasily`-ic"changesto`-ically":automaticGautomatically`-ue"changesto`-uly":trueGtruly`-ll"changesto`-lly":fullGfully2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Notethat`public"changesto`publicly",not`publically".WARNING:Youcannotformadverbsfromadjectivesthatalreadyendin`-ly".ForeGample,youcannotsay`Hesmiledatmefriendlily".Youcansometimesuseaprepositionalphraseinstead:`Hesmiledatmeinafriendlyway".4Someadverbsofmannerhavethesameformasadjectivesandhavesimilarmeanings,foreGample`fast",`hard",and`late".I"vealwaysbeeninterestedinfastcars.(adjective)Thedriverwasdrivingtoofast.(adverb)Notethat`hardly"and`lately"arenotadverbsofmannerandhavedifferentmeaningsfromtheadjectives`hard"and`late".Itwasaharddecisiontomake.Ihardlyhadanytimetotalktoher.Thetrainwaslateasusual.HaveyouseenJohnlately?5Theadverbofmannerrelatedtotheadjective`good"is`well".Heisagooddancer.Hedanceswell.Notethat`well"cansometimesbeanadjectivewhenitreferstosomeone"shealth.`Howareyou?"-`Iamverywell,thankyou."6Youdonotuseadverbsafterlinkverbssuchas`be",`become",`feel",`get",`look",and`seem".Youuseanadjectiveaftertheseverbs.ForeGample,youdonotsay`Suefelthappily".Yousay`Suefelthappy".SeeUnit73formoreinformationonlinkverbs.7Youdonotoftenuseprepositionalphrasesornoungroupsasadverbialsofmanner.However,youoccasionallyneedtousethem,foreGamplewhenthereisnoadverbformavailable.Theprepositionalphrasesandnoungroupsusuallyincludeanounsuchas`way",`fashion",or`manner",oranounthatreferstosomeone"svoice.SheaskedmeinsuchanicemannerthatIcouldn"trefuse.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Hedidittherightway.Theyspokeinangrytones.Prepositionalphraseswith`like"arealsousedasadverbialsofmanner.Isleptlikeababy.Hedrovelikeamadman.Unit40AdverbialsoftimeMainpointsGAdverbialsoftimecanbetimeeGpressionssuchas`lastnight".GAdverbialsoftimecanbeprepositionalphraseswith`at",`in",or`on".G`For"referstoaperiodoftimeinthepast,present,orfuture.G`Since"referstoapointinpasttime.1Youuseadverbialsoftimetosaywhensomethinghappens.YouoftenusenoungroupscalledtimeeGpressionsasadverbialsoftime.yesterdaylastnightneGtSaturdaythedayaftertomorrowtodaylastyearneGtweektheotherdaytomorrowNotethatyoudonotusetheprepositions`at",`in",or`on"withtimeeGpressions.Oneofmychildrenwrotetometoday.So,you"recomingbackneGtweek?YouoftenusetimeeGpressionswithverbsinthepresenttensetotalkaboutthefuture.Theplaneleavestomorrowmorning.They"recomingneGtweek.2Youcanuseprepositionalphrasesasadverbialsoftime:G`at"isusedwith:clocktimes:ateighto"clock,atthreefifteenreligiousfestivals:atChristmas,atEastermealtimes:atbreakfast,atlunchtimesspecificperiods:atnight,attheweekend,atweekends,athalf-term2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档G`in"isusedwith:seasons:inautumn,inthespringyearsandcenturies:in1985,intheyear20XX,inthenineteenthcenturymonths:inJuly,inDecemberpartsoftheday:inthemorning,intheeveningsNotethatyoualsouse`in"tosaythatsomethingwillhappenduringorafteraperiodoftimeinthefuture.Ithinkwe"llfindoutintheneGtfewdays.G`on"isusedwith:days:onMonday,onTuesdaymorning,onSundayeveningsspecialdays:onChristmasDay,onmybirthday,onhisweddinganniversarydates:onthetwentiethofJuly,onJune21st3Youuse`for"withverbsinanytensetosayhowlongsomethingcontinuestohappen.HeisinItalyforamonth.Iremainedsilentforalongtime.IwillbeinLondonforthreemonths.WARNING:Youdonotuse`during"tosayhowlongsomethingcontinuestohappen.Youcannotsay`Iwentthereduringthreeweeks".4Youuse`since"withaverbinthepresentperfectorpastperfecttensetosaywhensomethingstartedtohappen.MarilynhaslivedinParissince1984.Ihadeatennothingsincebreakfast.5Youcanusemanyotherprepositionalphrasesasadverbialsoftime.Youuse:2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档G`during"and`over"foraperiodoftimeinwhichsomethinghappensIsawhimtwiceduringtheholidays.WillyoustayhereoverChristmas?G`from...to/till/until"and`between...and"forthebeginningandendofaperiodoftimeThebuildingisclosedfromApriltoMay.Sheworkedfromfouro"clocktillteno"clock.CanyoutakethetestbetweennowandJune?G`by"whenyoumean`notlaterthan"Byeleveno"clock,Brodywasbackinhisoffice.Canwegetthisfinishedbytomorrow?G`before"and`after"Isawhimbeforethematch.Sheleftthehouseafterteno"clock.`Since",`till",`until",`after",and`before"canalsobeconjunctionswithtimeclauses.SeeUnit96.I"vebeenwearingglassessinceIwasthree.6Youusetheadverb`ago"withthepastsimpletosayhowlongbeforethetimeofspeakingsomethinghappened.Youalwaysput`ago"aftertheperiodoftime.Wesawhimaboutamonthago.John"swifediedfiveyearsago.WARNING:Youdonotuse`ago"withthepresentperfecttense.Youcannotsay`WehavegonetoSpaintwoyearsago".Unit41FrequencyandprobabilityMainpointsGThisincludeswordslike:`always",`ever",`never",`perhaps",`possibly"and`probably".GAdverbialsoffrequencyareusedtosayhowoftensomethinghappens.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档GAdverbialsofprobabilityareusedtosayhowsureyouareaboutsomething.GTheseadverbialsusuallycomebeforethemainverb,buttheycomeafter`be"asamainverb.1Youuseadverbialsoffrequencytosayhowoftensomethinghappens.alot,always,ever,frequently,hardlyever,never,normally,occasionally,often,rarely,sometimes,usuallyWeoftenswaminthesea.Shenevercomestomyparties.2Youuseadverbialsofprobabilitytosayhowsureyouareaboutsomething.certainlydefinitelymaybeobviouslyperhapspossiblyprobablyreallyIdefinitelysawheryesterday.Thedriverprobablyknowsthequickestroute.3YouusuallyputadverbialsoffrequencyandprobabilitybeforethemainverbandafteranauGiliaryoramodal.Hesometimesworksdownstairsinthekitchen.Youaredefinitelywastingyourtime.Ihaveneverhadsuchahorriblemeal!Ishallneverforgetthisday.Notethatyouusuallyputthemafter`be"asamainverb.Heisalwayscarefulwithhismoney.Youareprobablyright.`Perhaps"usuallycomesatthebeginningofthesentence.Perhapsthebeachesarecleanerinthenorth.Perhapsyouneedamembershipcardtogetin.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档`Alot"alwayscomesafterthemainverb.Igoswimmingalotinthesummer.4`Never"isanegativeadverb.Shenevergoesabroad.I"veneverbeentoEurope.Younormallyuse`ever"inquestions,negativesentences,and`if"-clauses.Haveyoueverbeentoafootballmatch?Don"teverdothatagain!Ifyoueverneedanything,justcallme.Notethatyoucansometimesuse`ever"inaffirmativesentences,foreGampleafterasuperlative.SheisthebestdancerIhaveeverseen.Youuse`hardlyever"inaffirmativesentencestomeanalmostnever.Wehardlyevermeet.Unit42AdverbialsofdurationMainpointsG`Already"isusedtosaythatsomethinghashappenedearlierthaneGpected.G`Still"isusedtosaythatsomethingcontinuestohappenuntilaparticulartime.G`Yet"isusedtosaythatsomethinghasnothappenedbeforeaparticulartime.G`Anylonger",`anymore",`nolonger",and`nomore"areusedtosaythatsomethinghasstoppedhappening.1Youuseadverbialsofdurationtosaythataneventorsituationiscontinuing,stopping,orisnothappeningatthemoment.ShestilllivesinLondon.Icouldn"tstanditanymore.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Itisn"tdarkyet.2Youuse`already"tosaythatsomethinghashappenedsoonerthanitwaseGpectedtohappen.Youput`already"infrontofthemainverb.Hehadalreadyboughtthecupsandsaucers.I"vealreadyseenthem.Theguestswerealreadycomingin.Youput`already"after`be"asamainverb.Juliewasalreadyinbed.Youcanalsouse`already"toemphasizethatsomethingisthecase,foreGamplewhensomeoneelsedoesnotknoworisnotsure.Iamalreadyawareofthatproblem.Youdonotnormallyuse`already"innegativestatements,butyoucanuseitinnegative`if"-clauses.Showittohimifhehasn"talreadyseenit.Youcanput`already"atthebeginningorendofaclauseforemphasis.Alreadyhewascalculatingtheprofithecouldmake.I"vedoneitalready.3Youuse`still"tosaythatasituationcontinuestoeGistuptoaparticulartimeinthepast,present,orfuture.Youput`still"infrontofthemainverb.Wewerestillwaitingfortheelectionresults.MyfamilystillliveinIndia.Youwillstillgettickets,ifyouhurry.Youput`still"after`be"asamainverb.Martin"smotherdied,buthisfatherisstillalive.Youcanuse`still"afterthesubjectandbeforetheverbgroupinnegativesentencestoeGpresssurpriseorimpatience.Youstillhaven"tgivenusthekeys.Hestilldidn"tsayaword.Itwasaftermidnight,andhestillwouldn"tleave.Rememberthatyoucanuse`still"atthebeginningofaclausewithasimilarmeaningto`afterall"or`nevertheless".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Still,heismybrother,soI"llhavetohelphim.Still,it"snottoobad.Wedidn"tloseallthemoney.4Youuse`yet"attheendofnegativesentencesandquestionstosaythatsomethinghasnothappenedorhadnothappeneduptoaparticulartime,butisorwaseGpectedtohappenlater.Wehaven"tgottheticketsyet.Haveyoujoinedtheswimmingclubyet?Theyhadn"tseenthebabyyet.Rememberthat`yet"canalsobeusedatthebeginningofaclausewithasimilarmeaningto`but".Idon"tmissher,yetIdooftenwonderwhereshewent.Theyknowtheywon"twin.Yettheykeepontrying.5Youuse`anylonger"and`anymore"attheendofnegativeclausestosaythatapastsituationhasendedanddoesnoteGistnoworwillnoteGistinthefuture.Iwantedthejob,butIcouldn"twaitanylonger.He"snotgoingtoplayanymore.InformalEnglish,youcanuseanaffirmativeclausewith`nolonger"and`nomore".Youcanputthemattheendoftheclause,orinfrontofthemainverb.Hecouldstandthepainnomore.Henolongerwantedtobuyit.Unit43AdverbialsofdegreeMainpointsGAdverbsofdegreeusuallymodifyverbs.GSomeadverbsofdegreecanmodifyadjectives,otheradverbs,orclauses.1Youuseadverbsofdegreetomodifyverbs.Theymaketheverbstrongerorweaker.Itotallydisagree.Icannearlyswim.22125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Someadverbscancomeinfrontofamainverb,afteramainverb,oraftertheobjectifthereisone.badlygreatlystronglycompletelyseriouslytotallyMrBrookestronglycriticizedtheBankofEngland.IdisagreecompletelywithJohnTaylor.Thatargumentdoesn"tconvincemetotally.Someadverbsaremostlyusedinfrontoftheverb.almostlargelynearlyreallyquiteHealmostcrashedintoalorry.Notethat`really"isusedatthebeginningofaclausetoeGpresssurprise,andattheendofaclauseasanadverbofmanner.Really,Ididn"tknowthat!Hewanteditreally,butwastooshytoask.`Alot"and`verymuch"comeafterthemainverbifthereisnoobject,oraftertheobject.Shehelpedalot.Welikedhimverymuch.`Verymuch"cancomeafterthesubjectandinfrontofverbslike`want",`prefer",and`enjoy".Iverymuchwantedtotakeitwithme.3Someadverbsofdegreegoinfrontofadjectivesorotheradverbsandmodifythem.awfullyfairlyquitereallyeGtremelyprettyrathervery...afairlylargeoffice,withfilingspace.Notethatyoucanuse`rather"beforeorafter`a"or`an"followedbyanadjectiveandanoun.Seafordisratherapleasanttown.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Itisarathercomplicatedstory.When`quite"means`fairly",youputitinfrontof`a"or`an"followedbyanadjectiveandanoun.Myfathergavemequitealargesumofmoney.However,when`quite"means`eGtremely",youcanputitafter`a".Youcansay`aquiteenormoussum".4Youusesomeadverbsofdegreetomodifyclausesandprepositionalphrases.entirelyjustlargelymainlypartlysimplyAreyousayingthatsimplybecauseIamhere?Idon"tthinkit"sworthgoingjustforaday.5Youuse`so"and`such"toemphasizeaqualitythatsomeoneorsomethinghas.`So"canbefollowedbyanadjective,anadverb,oranoungroupbeginningwith`many",`much",`few",or`little".Johnissointerestingtotalkto.Scienceischangingsorapidly.Iwanttodosomanydifferentthings.`Such"isfollowedbyasingularnoungroupwith`a",orapluralnoungroup.Therewassuchanoisewecouldn"thear.Theysaidsuchnastythings.WARNING:`So"isneverfollowedbyasingularnoungroupwith`a"orapluralnoungroup.6Youuse`too"whenyoumean`morethanisnecessary"or`morethanisgood".Youcanuse`too"beforeadjectivesandadverbs,andbefore`many",`much",`few",or`little".Thepricesaretoohigh.I"vebeenpayingtoomuchtaG.Youuse`enough"afteradjectivesandadverbs.Iwaiteduntilmydaughterwasoldenoughtoread.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Hedidn"tworkquicklyenough.Notethat`enough"isalsoadeterminer.We"vegotenoughmoneytobuythatcarnow.7Youuseemphasizingadverbstomodifyadjectivessuchas`astonishing",`furious",and`wonderful",whicheGpresseGtremequalities.absolutelyentirelypurelyreallytotallycompletelyperfectlyquitesimplyutterlyIthinkhe"sabsolutelywonderful.Unit44PlaceanddirectionMainpointsGThisincludeswordslike:`above",`below",`down",`from",`to",`towards"and`up".GYounormallyuseprepositionalphrasestosaywhereapersonorthingis,orthedirectiontheyaremovingin.GYoucanalsouseadverbsandadverbphrasesforplaceanddirection.GManywordsarebothprepositionsandadverbs.1Youuseprepositionstotalkabouttheplacewheresomeoneorsomethingis.Prepositionsarealwaysfollowedbyanoungroup,whichiscalledtheobjectofthepreposition.above,among,at,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,in,inside,near,on,opposite,outside,over,round,through,under,underneathHestoodnearthedoor.TwominuteslaterweweresafelyinsidethetaGi.Notethatsomeprepositionsconsistofmorethanoneword.inbetween,infrontof,neGtto,ontopof2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Therewasamanstandinginfrontofme.Thebookswerepiledontopofeachother.2Youcanalsouseprepositionstotalkaboutthedirectionthatsomeoneorsomethingismovingin,ortheplacethatsomeoneorsomethingismovingtowards.acrossdownoutofthroughupalongintopasttobacktoontoroundtowardsTheydivedintothewater.Sheturnedandrushedoutoftheroom.3Manyprepositionscanbeusedbothforplaceanddirection.ThebankisjustacrosstheHighStreet.(place)Iwalkedacrosstheroom.(direction)Weliveinthehouseovertheroad.(place)Istolehiskeysandescapedoverthewall.(direction)4Youcanalsouseadverbsandadverbphrasesforplaceanddirection.abroadhereundergroundanywhereawayindoorsupstairseverywheredownstairsoutdoorsnowheredownwardstheresomewhereSheilawashereamomentago.Can"tyougoupstairsandturnthebedroomlightoff?Notethatafewnoungroupscanalsobeusedasadverbialsofplaceordirection.StevelivesneGtdooratnumber23.Ithoughtwewenttheotherwaylasttime.5Manywordscanbeusedasprepositionsandasadverbs,withnodifferenceinmeaning.Rememberthatprepositionshavenoungroupsasobjects,butadverbsdonot.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Didhefalldownthestairs?Pleasedositdown.Ilookedunderneaththebed,buttheboGhadgone!Alwaysputasheetofpaperunderneath.Unit45PlaceGat,in,onMainpointsGYouuse`at"totalkaboutaplaceasapoint.GYouuse`in"totalkaboutaplaceasanarea.GYouuse`on"totalkaboutaplaceasasurface.1Youuse`at"whenyouarethinkingofaplaceasapointinspace.Shewaitedatthebusstopforovertwentyminutes.`Wherewereyoulastnight?"-`AtMick"shouse."2Youalsouse`at"withwordssuchas`back",`bottom",`end",`front",and`top"totalkaboutthedifferentpartsofaplace.MrsCastlewaswaitingatthebottomofthestairs.Theyescapedbyawindowatthebackofthehouse.IsawataGiattheendofthestreet.Youuse`at"withpublicplacesandinstitutions.Notethatyoualsosay`athome"and`atwork".Ihavetobeatthestationbyteno"clock.Welandedatasmallairport.AfriendofmineisatTrainingCollege.Shewantedtostayathome.Yousay`atthecorner"or`onthecorner"whenyouaretalkingaboutstreets.Thecarwasparkedatthecornerofthestreet.There"satelephoneboGonthecorner.Yousay`inthecorner"whenyouaretalkingaboutaroom.Sheputthechairinthecorneroftheroom.3Youuse`in"whenyouaretalkingaboutaplaceasanarea.Youuse`in"with:GacountryorgeographicalregionWhenIwasinSpain,itwasterriblycold.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档AthousandhomesintheeastofScotlandsufferedpowercuts.Gacity,town,orvillageI"vebeenteachingatacollegeinLondon.GabuildingwhenyouaretalkingaboutpeopleorthingsinsideitTheyweresittinghavingdinnerintherestaurant.Youalsouse`in"withcontainersofanykindwhentalkingaboutthingsinsidethem.ShekeptthecardsinalittleboG.4Comparetheuseof`at"and`in"intheseeGamples.Ihadaharddayattheoffice.(`at"emphasizestheofficeasapublicplaceorinstitution)Ileftmycoatbehindintheoffice.(`in"emphasizestheofficeasabuilding)There"sagoodfilmatthecinema.(`at"emphasizesthecinemaasapublicplace)Itwasverycoldinthecinema.(`in"emphasizesthecinemaasabuilding.)5Whentalkingaboutaddresses,youuse`at"whenyougivethehousenumber,and`in"whenyoujustgivethenameofthestreet.Theyusedtoliveat5,WestonRoad.ShegotajobinOGfordStreet.NotethatAmericanEnglishuses`on":`HelivedonPennStreet."Youuse`at"whenyouaretalkingaboutsomeone"shouse.I"llseeyouatFred"shouse.6Youuse`on"whenyouaretalkingaboutaplaceasasurface.Youcanalsouse`ontopof".Isatdownonthesofa.Sheputherkeysontopofthetelevision.Youalsouse`on"whenyouarethinkingofaplaceasapointonaline,suchasaroad,arailwayline,ariver,oracoastline.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Scrabsterisonthenorthcoast.OGfordisontheA34betweenBirminghamandLondon.SeeUnit40forinformationon`at",`in",and`on"inadverbialsoftime.Unit46TransportprepositionsMainpointsGThisincludesphraseslike:`bybus",`inacar",`ontheplane",and`offthetrain".GYoucanuse`by"withmostformsoftransport.GYouuse`in",`into",and`outof"withcars.GYounormallyuse`on",`onto",and`off"withotherformsoftransport.1Whenyoutalkaboutthetypeofvehicleortransportyouusetotravelsomewhere,youuse`by".bybus,bybicycle,bycar,bycoach,byplane,bytrainShehadcomebycarwithherhusbandandherfourchildren.IleftWalsallintheafternoonandwentbybusandtraintoNottingham.WARNING:Ifyouwanttosayyouwalksomewhere,yousayyougo`onfoot".Youdonotsay`byfoot".Mariedecidedtocontinueonfoot.2Youuse`in",`into",and`outof"whenyouaretalkingaboutcars,vans,lorries,taGis,andambulances.Ifollowedtheminmycar.Thecarpetshadtobecollectedinavan.MrWardhappenedtobegettingintohislorry.Shewascarriedoutoftheambulanceandupthesteps.3Youuse`on",`onto",and`off"whenyouaretalkingaboutotherformsoftransport,suchasbuses,coaches,trains,ships,andplanes.Whydon"tyoucomeonthetrainwithmetoNewYork?PeterHurdwasalreadyontheplanefromCalifornia.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档ThelastthinghewantedwastospendtendaysonaboatwithHooper.Hejumpedbackontotheoldbus,nownearlyempty.MrBiGbysteppedoffthetrainandwalkedquicklytotheeGit.Youcanuse`in",`into",and`outof"withtheseotherformsoftransport,usuallywhenyouarefocusingonthephysicalpositionormovementoftheperson,ratherthanstatingwhatformoftransporttheyareusing.Thepassengersintheplanewerebeginningtopanic.Hegotbackintothetrainquickly,beforeBattcouldstophim.Wejumpedoutofthebusandranintothenearestshop.Unit47Adjective+prepositionMainpointsGSomeadjectivesusedafterlinkverbscanbeusedaloneorfollowedbyaprepositionalphrase.GSomeadjectivesmustbefollowedbyparticularprepositions.GSomeadjectivescanbefollowedbydifferentprepositionstointroducedifferenttypesofinformation.1Whenyouuseanadjectiveafteralinkverb,youcanoftenusetheadjectiveonitsownorfollowedbyaprepositionalphrase.SeeUnit33forotherpatterns.Hewasafraid.Hewasafraidofhisenemies.2Someadjectivescannotbeusedaloneafteralinkverb.Iftheyarefollowedbyaprepositionalphrase,itmusthaveaparticularpreposition:awareof,accustomedto,unawareof,unaccustomedto,fondof,usedtoI"vealwaysbeenterriblyfondofyou.Heisunaccustomedtotheheat.32125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Someadjectivescanbeusedalone,orfollowedbyaparticularpreposition:Gusedalone,orwith`of"tospecifythecauseofafeelingafraid,ashamed,convinced,critical,envious,frightened,jealous,proud,scared,suspicious,terrified,tiredTheymayfeeljealousofyoursuccess.Iwasterrifiedofher.Gusedalone,orwith`of"tospecifythepersonwhohasaqualitybrave,careless,clever,generous,good,intelligent,kind,nice,polite,sensible,silly,stupid,thoughtful,unkind,unreasonable,wrongThatwascleverofyou!Iturnedthejobdown,whichwasstupidofme.Gusedaloneorusedwith`to",usuallyreferringto:similarity:closeequalidenticalrelatedsimilarmarriage:marriedengagedloyalty:dedicateddevotedloyalrank:juniorseniorMyproblemsareverysimilartoyours.Hewasdedicatedtohisjob.Gusedalone,orfollowedby`with"tospecifythecauseofafeelingbored,content,displeased,dissatisfied,impatient,impressed,pleased,satisfiedIcouldneverbeboredwithfootball.Hewaspleasedwithher.Gusedalone,orwith`at",usuallyreferringto:strongreactions:alarmedamazedastonishedshockedsurprised2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档ability:badeGcellentgoodhopelessuselessHewasshockedatthehatredtheyhadknown.Shehadalwaysbeengoodatlanguages.Gusedalone,orwith`for"tospecifythepersonorthingthataqualityrelatestocommon,difficult,easy,essential,important,necessary,possible,unnecessary,unusual,usualIt"sdifficultforyoungpeopleontheirown.Itwasunusualforthemtogoawayattheweekend.4Someadjectivescanbeusedalone,orusedwithdifferentprepositions.Gusedalone,withanimpersonalsubjectand`of"andthesubjectoftheaction,orwithapersonalsubjectand`to"andtheobjectoftheaction.cruel,friendly,generous,good,kind,mean,nasty,nice,polite,rude,unfriendly,unkindItwasrudeofhimtoleavesosuddenly.Shewasrudetohimfornoreason.Gusedalone,with`about"tospecifyathingor`with"tospecifyapersonangry,annoyed,delighted,disappointed,fedup,furious,happy,upsetShewasstillangryabouttheresult.They"regettingprettyfedupwithhim.Unit48Noun+prepositionMainpointsG`Of"canbeusedtoaddmanydifferenttypesofinformation,`with"isusedtospecifyaqualityorpossession.GSomenounsarealwaysfollowedbyparticularprepositions.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档1Youcangivemoreinformationaboutanounbyaddingaprepositionalphraseafterit.Fourmenonholidaywereinthecar.Asoundbehindhimmadehimturn.2Youoftenusethepreposition`of"afteranountoaddvariouskindsofinformation.ForeGample,youcanuse`of"toindicate:Gwhatsomethingismadeoforconsistsof...awallofstone.Afeelingofpanicwasrisinginhim.Gwhatthesubjectmatterofspeech,writing,orapictureisShegaveabriefaccountofherinterview.Therewasapictureofthembothinthepaper.GwhatapersonorthingbelongstoorisconnectedwithShewasthedaughterofthevillagepriest.Theboyssatonthefloorofthelivingroom.GwhatqualitiesapersonorthinghasShewasawomanofenergyandambition.TheyfacedproblemsofgreatcompleGity.3Afternounsreferringtoactions,youuse`of"toindicatethesubjectorobjectoftheaction....thearrivalofthepolice....thedestructionoftheircity.Afternounsreferringtopeoplewhoperformanaction,youuse`of"tosaywhattheactioninvolvesorisaimedat....supportersofthehungerstrike....astudentofEnglish.Notethatyouoftenusetwonouns,ratherthananounandaprepositionalphrase.ForeGample,yousay`bankrobbers",not`robbersofthebank".4Afternounsreferringtomeasurement,youuse`of"togivetheeGactfigure.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档...anaverageannualtemperatureof20degrees....aspeedof25kilometresanhour.Youcanuse`of"afteranountogivesomeone"sage.Jonathanwasachildofsevenwhenithappened.5Youuse`with"afteranountosaythatapersonorthinghasaparticularquality,feature,orpossession....agirlwithredhair....themanwiththegun.Notethatyouuse`in"afteranountosaywhatsomeoneiswearing....agrey-hairedmaninaraincoat....themanindarkglasses.6Somenounsareusuallyfollowedbyaparticularpreposition.HerearesomeeGamplesof:Gnounsfollowedby`to"alternative,answer,approach,attitude,introduction,invitation,reaction,reference,resistance,returnThiswasmyfirstrealintroductiontoAfrica.Gnounsfollowedby`for"admiration,desire,dislike,need,reason,respect,responsibility,search,substitute,taste,thirstTheirneedformoneyisgrowingfast.Gnounsfollowedby`on"agreementattackcommenteffecttaGShehadadreadfuleffectonme.Gnounsfollowedby`with"or`between"2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档connectioncontactlinkrelationshipHisillnesshadsomeconnectionwithhisdiet.Gnounsfollowedby`in"decreasedifficultyfallincreaseriseTheydemandedalargeincreaseinwages.Unit49Verb+prepositionMainpointsGSomeverbsdonottakeanobjectandarenormallyfollowedbyapreposition.GSomeverbstakeanobjectfollowedbyaparticularpreposition.GSomeverbscantakeeitheranobjectorapreposition.1Manyverbsthatareusedwithoutanobjectarenormallyfollowedbyaprepositionalphrase.Someverbstakeaparticularpreposition:belongto,consistof,hintat,hopefor,insiston,leadto,listento,payfor,qualifyfor,referto,relateto,sympathizewithThelandbelongstoarichfamily.ShethenreferredtotheMinister"sreport.2Withotherverbsthatareusedwithoutanobject,thechoiceofadifferentprepositionmayalterthemeaningoftheclause.agreeon/withapologizefor/toresultfrom/inappealfor/toconformto/withsufferfrom/withTheyagreedonaplanofaction.Youagreedwithmethatweshouldbuyacar.Hisfailureresultedfromlackofattentiontodetails.Thematchresultedinadraw.32125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Withverbsthatareusedwithoutanobject,differentprepositionsareusedtointroducedifferenttypesofinformation.G`about"indicatesthesubjectmattercaredreamhearspeakthinkcomplaineGplainknowtalkwriteWewillalwayscareaboutfreedom.TonightI"mgoingtotalkaboutengines.G`at"indicatesdirectionglancegrinlooksmileglarelaughshoutstareIdon"tknowwhyhewaslaughingatthatjoke.`Hey!"sheshoutedathim.G`for"indicatespurposeorreasonapologizeapplyasklookwaitHewantedtoapologizeforbeinglate.I"mgoingtowaitfortheneGtbus.G`into"indicatestheobjectinvolvedinacollisionbumpcrashdriverunHiscarcrashedintothewall.Shedroveintothebackofalorry.G`of"indicatesfactsorinformationhearknowspeaktalkthinkI"veheardofhimbutIdon"tknowwhoheis.Doyouknowofthenewplansforthesportscentre?G`on"indicatesconfidenceorcertaintycountdependplanrelyYoucancountonme.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youcanrelyonhimtobepolite.G`to"indicatesthelistenerorreadercomplainlistenspeakwriteeGplainsaytalkTheycomplainedtomeaboutthenoise.Maryturnedherheadtospeaktohim.G`with"indicatessomeonewhoseopinionisthesameordifferentagreearguedisagreesideDoyouagreewithmeaboutthis?Thedaughterssidedwiththeirmothers.4Someverbshaveanobject,butarealsofollowedbyapreposition.Thepoliceaccusedhimofmurder.Theyborrowedsomemoneyfromthebank.Someverbscantakeeitheranobjectoraprepositionalphrasewithnochangeinmeaning.Hehadtofightthem.Hewasfightingagainsthistory.Unit50PhrasalverbsMainpointsGAphrasalverbisacombinationofaverbandanadverborpreposition.GTheusualmeaningoftheverbisnormallyaltered.GPhrasalverbsareusedinfourmainstructures.1Phrasalverbsareverbsthatcombinewithadverbsorprepositions.Theadverbsandprepositionsarecalledparticles,foreGample`down",`in",`off",`out",and`up".Sheturnedofftheradio.MrKnightofferedtoputhimup.2PhrasalverbseGtendtheusualmeaningoftheverborcreateanewmeaning.ForeGample,ifyou`break"something,youdamageit,butifyou`breakoutof"2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档aplace,youescapefromit.TheybrokeoutofprisononThursdaynight.Thepaingraduallyworeoff.3Phrasalverbsarenormallyusedinoneoffourmainstructures.Inthefirststructure,theverbisfollowedbyaparticle,andthereisnoobject.breakoutgetbylookinstopoffcatchongiveinringoffwaitupcheckupgoawaystartoutwatchoutcomeingrowupstayupwearoffWarbrokeoutinSeptember.You"llhavetostayuplatetonight.4Inthesecondstructure,theverbisfollowedbyaparticleandanobject.fallforgrowonpartwithsetaboutfeelforlookafterpickontakeafterShelookedafterherinvalidmother.PetertakesafterhisfatherbutJohnismorelikeme.5Inthethirdstructure,theverbisfollowedbyanobjectandaparticle.answerbackcallbackcountinorderaboutaskincatchoutinviteouttellapartIansweredhimbackandtookmychances.Helovedtoorderpeopleabout.6Somephrasalverbscanbeusedinboththesecondstructureandthethirdstructure:verbfollowedbyaparticleandanobject,orverbfollowedbyanobjectandaparticle.addon,bringup,callup,foldup,handover,knockover,pointout,pulldown,putaway,putup,rubout,sortout,takeup,tearup,throwaway,tryout2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Ittookagestocleanupthemess.Ittookagestocleanthemessup.Therewassuchamess.Ittookagestocleanitup.WARNING:Iftheobjectisapronoun,itmustgoinfrontoftheparticle.Youcannotsay`Hecleanedupit".7Inthefourthstructure,theverbisfollowedbyaparticleandaprepositionwithanobject.breakoutof,catchupwith,comedownwith,getonwith,godownwith,keeponat,lookforwardto,makeoffwith,missouton,playaroundwith,putupwith,runawaywith,stickupfor,talkdownto,walkoutonYougoonahead.I"llcatchupwithyoulater.Childrenhavetolearntostickupforthemselves.8Averyfewverbsareusedinthestructure:verbfollowedbyanobject,aparticle,andaprepositionwithitsobject.dooutof,letinfor,putdownto,putupto,takeouton,talkoutofI"lltakeyouuponthatgenerousinvitation.Krooptriedtotalkheroutofit.Unit51VerbsandobjectsMainpointsGIntransitiveverbsdonothaveanobject.GTransitiveverbshaveanobject.GSomeverbscanbeusedwithorwithoutanobject,dependingonthesituationortheirmeaning.1Manyverbsdonotnormallyhaveanobject.Theyarecalled`intransitive"verbs.Theyoftenreferto:2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档eGistence:appeardiedisappearhappenliveremainthehumanbody:achebleedblushfaintshiversmilehumannoises:coughcrylaughscreamsnorespeakyawnlight,smell,vibration:glowshinesparklestinkthrobvibrateposition,movement:arrivecomedepartfallflowgokneelrunsitsleepstandswimwaitwalkworkAnawfulthinghashappened.Thegirlscreamed.Iwaited.Notethatintransitiveverbscannotbeusedinthepassive.2Manyverbsnormallyhaveanobject.Theseverbsarecalled`transitive"verbs.Theyareoftenconnectedwith:physicalobjects:buildbuycarrycatchcovercutdestroyhitownremovesellusewastewearsenses:feelhearseesmelltastetouchfeelings:admireenjoyfearfrightenhatelikeloveneedprefersurprisetrustwantfacts,ideas:acceptbelievecorrectdiscusseGpecteGpressforgetincludeknowmeanrememberreportpeople:addressblamecomfortcontactconvincedefykillpersuadepleaseteasethankwarnHehittheballreallyhard.Didyouseetherainbow?Theybothenjoyedthefilm.Shereportedtheaccidenttothepolice.Don"tblameme.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Notethattransitiveverbscanbeusedinthepassive.Theywereblamedforeverything.WARNING:`Have"isatransitiveverb,butcannotbeusedinthepassive.Youcansay`Ihaveacar"butnot`Acarishadbyme".3Often,thepeopleyouaretalkingtoknowwhattheobjectisbecauseofthesituation,orbecauseithasalreadybeenmentioned.Inthiscaseyoucanomittheobject,eventhoughtheverbistransitive.accept,answer,change,choose,clean,cook,draw,drive,eat,eGplain,forget,help,iron,know,learn,leave,paint,park,phone,read,remember,ride,sing,steal,study,type,understand,wash,watch,writeIdon"townacar.Ican"tdrive.Youdon"tsmoke,doyou?IaskedaquestionandGeorgeanswered.Bothdressesarebeautiful.It"sdifficulttochoose.4Manyverbshavemorethanonemeaning,andaretransitiveinonemeaningandintransitiveinanothermeaning.ForeGample,theverb`run"isintransitivewhenyouuseittomean`movequickly"buttransitivewhenyouuseittomean`manageoroperate".call,fit,lose,manage,miss,move,play,run,show,spreadTheharerunsatenormousspeed.Sherunsahotel.Shemovedgracefully.Thewholeincidenthadmovedherprofoundly.5Afewverbsarenormallyintransitive,butcanbeusedwithanobjectthatiscloselyrelatedtotheverb.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档dance(adance),die(adeath),dream(adream),,laugh(alaugh),live(alife),sigh(asigh),smile(asmile)Stevesmiledhisthin,cruelsmile.Heappearstohavelivedthelifeofanyotherrichgentleman.Ioncedreamedaverynicedream.Notethatyounormallyaddmoreinformationabouttheobject,foreGamplebyusingadjectivesinfrontofthenoun.Unit52VerbswithtwoobjectsMainpointsGSomeverbshavetwoobjects,adirectobjectandanindirectobject.GTheindirectobjectcanbeusedwithoutapreposition,orafter`to"or`for".1Someverbshavetwoobjectsafterthem,adirectobjectandanindirectobject.ForeGample,inthesentence`IgaveJohnthebook",`thebook"isthedirectobject.`John"istheindirectobject.Verbsthathavetwoobjectsaresometimescalled`ditransitive"verbsor`double-transitive"verbs.HisunclehadgivenhimbooksonIndia.Shesendsyouherlove.Ipassedhimthecup.2Whentheindirectobjectisapronoun,oranothershortnoungroupsuchasanounwith`the",youputtheindirectobjectinfrontofthedirectobject.Dadgavemeacar.Youpromisedtheladajob.Hehadlentmycousinthemoney.SheboughtDaveandmeanicecream.3Youcanalsousetheprepositions`to"and`for"tointroducetheindirectobject.Ifyoudothis,youputtheprepositionandindirectobjectafterthedirectobject.Hehandedhisroomkeytothereceptionist.Billsavedapieceofcakeforthechildren.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Whentheindirectobjectconsistsofseveralwords,younormallyuseaprepositiontointroduceit.Shetaughtphysicsandchemistrytopupilsatthelocalschool.Imadethatlampforaseventy-year-oldwoman.Youoftenuseaprepositionwhenyouwanttoemphasizetheindirectobject.Didyoureallybuythatforme?4Withsomeverbsyoucanonlyuse`for",not`to",tointroducetheindirectobject.bookcutmakepreparebuyfindpaintsavecookkeeppourwinTheybookedaplaceforme.Hehadfoundsomeoldclothesforthebeggar.Theyboughtapresentfortheteacher.Shepaintedapictureforherfather.5Withsomeverbsyounormallyuse`to"tointroducetheindirectobject.givepayreadshowlendpostsellteachofferpromisesendtellpassIhadlentmybicycletoafriend.RalphpassedamessagetoJack.Theysaytheypostedthelettertomelastweek.Hesoldittome.Notethatyoucanuse`for"withtheseverbs,butithasadifferentmeaning.`For"indicatesthatonepersondoessomethingonbehalfofanotherperson,sothattheotherpersondoesnothavetodoit.Hismotherpaidthebillforhim.Ifyou"regoingout,canyoupostthisforme,please?2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Unit53RefleGiveverbsMainpointsGTransitiveverbsareusedwitharefleGivepronountoindicatethattheobjectisthesameasthesubject,foreGample:`Ihurtmyself".GSomeverbswhichdonotnormallyhaveapersonastheobjectcanhaverefleGivepronounsastheobject.1YouusearefleGivepronounafteratransitiveverbtoindicatethattheobjectisthesameasthesubject.Heblamedhimselfforhisfriend"sdeath.ItaughtmyselfFrench.SeeUnit20formoreinformationonrefleGivepronouns.2Intheory,mosttransitiveverbscanbeusedwitharefleGivepronoun.However,youoftenuserefleGivepronounswiththefollowingverbs.amusedryintroducerepeatteachblamehelpkillrestrictcuthurtpreparesatisfySamamusedhimselfbythrowingbranchesintothefire.`CanIborrowapencil?"-`Yes,helpyourself."Prepareyourselfforashock.Heintroducedhimselftome.3Verbslike`dress",`shave",and`wash",whichdescribeactionsthatpeopledotothemselves,donotusuallytakerefleGivepronounsinEnglish,althoughtheydoinsomeotherlanguages.Withtheseverbs,refleGivepronounsareonlyusedforemphasis.Iusuallyshavebeforebreakfast.Hepreferstoshavehimself,evenwiththatbrokenarm.Shewashedveryquicklyandrusheddownstairs.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Childrenwereencouragedtowashthemselves.4`Behave"doesnotnormallytakeanobjectatall,butcantakearefleGivepronounasobject.Iftheydon"tbehave,sendthemtobed.Heisoldenoughtobehavehimself.5Someverbsdonotnormallyhaveapersonasobject,becausetheydescribeactionsthatyoudonotdotootherpeople.However,theseverbscanhaverefleGivepronounsasobject,becauseyoucandotheseactionstoyourself.apply,compose,distance,enjoy,eGcel,eGert,eGpress,strainIreallyenjoyedtheparty.Justgooutthereandenjoyyourself.SheeGpressedsurpriseatthenews.ProfessorDaleeGpressedhimselfveryforcibly.6When`busy"and`content"areusedasverbs,theyalwaystakearefleGivepronounastheirdirectobject.Theyarethereforetrue`refleGiveverbs".Hehadbusiedhimselfinthelaboratory.Ihadtocontentmyselfwithwatchingthelittlemovinglights.Unit54ReciprocalverbsMainpointsGSomeverbsdescribetwopeopleortwogroupsofpeopledoingthesamethingtoeachother,foreGample:`Wemet",`Imetyou",`Wemeteachother".GYouuse`eachother"or`oneanother"foremphasis.GWithsomeverbs,youuse`eachother"or`oneanother"after`with".1Someverbsrefertoactionsthatinvolvetwopeopleortwogroupsofpeopledoingthesamethingtoeachother.Theseverbsaresometimescalled`reciprocal"verbs.WemetinDelhi.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档JaneandSarahtoldmethattheymetyou.Theymeteachotherforthefirsttimelastweek.2Thetwopeopleorgroupsofpeopleinvolvedintheactionareoftenmentionedasthepluralsubjectoftheverb,andtheverbdoesnothaveanobject.ForeGample,`JohnandMaryargued"meansthatJohnarguedwithMaryandMaryarguedwithJohn.argue,clash,coincide,combine,compete,fight,kiss,marry,match,meetThepairofyouhavearguedaboutthatforyears.Wecompetedfuriously.Theirchildrenarealwaysfighting.Theykissed.3Whenyouwanttoemphasizethatbothpeopleorgroupsofpeopleareequallyinvolved,youcanusethepronouns`eachother"or`oneanother"astheobjectoftheverb.Verbsthatrefertoactionsinwhichthereisphysicalcontactbetweenpeopleareoftenusedwith`eachother"or`oneanother".cuddle,embrace,fight,hug,kiss,touchWeembracedeachother.Theyfoughtoneanotherdesperatelyforit.Theykissedeachotheringreeting.Itwasthefirsttimetheyhadtouchedoneanother.4Someverbsdonottakeanobject,soyouuseaprepositionbefore`eachother"or`oneanother".Theypartedfromeachotherafteronlytwoweeks.Wetalktooneanotherasoftenaspossible.5Withsomeverbsyouhaveachoiceofprepositionbefore`eachother"or`oneanother".ForeGample,youcan`fightwith"oneanotheror`fightagainst"one2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档another.with/against:competefightwith/from:partwith/to:correspondrelatetalkManycountriesarecompetingwitheachother.Didyoucompeteagainsteachotherinyesterday"srace?StephenandIpartedwithoneanotherongoodterms.Theypartedfromoneanotherquitesuddenly.6Withsomeverbs,youcanonlyuse`with"before`eachother"or`oneanother".Notethatmostoftheseverbsrefertopeopletalkingorworkingtogether.agree,argue,clash,collide,communicate,co-operate,disagree,quarrelWedoagreewitheachothersometimes.Havetheycommunicatedwitheachothersincethen?Thetwolorriescollidedwithoneanotheronthemotorway.7Ifyouwanttofocusononeofthepeopleinvolved,youmakethemthesubjectoftheverbandmaketheotherpersontheobject.Shemarriedayoungengineer.Youcouldmeetmeattherestaurant.Iftheverbcannottakeanobject,youmentiontheotherpersonafterapreposition.YouthsclashedwithpoliceinBelfast.Shewasalwaysquarrellingwithhim.Unit55ErgativeverbsMainpointsGErgativeverbsarebothtransitiveandintransitive.Theobjectofthetransitiveuseisthesubjectoftheintransitiveuse,foreGample:`Iopenedthedoor",`Thedooropened".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档GAfewverbsareonlyergativewithparticularnouns.GAfewoftheseverbsneedanadverbialwhentheyareusedwithoutanobject.1Someverbscanbeusedastransitiveverbstofocusonthepersonwhoperformsanaction,andasintransitiveverbstofocusonthethingaffectedbytheaction.WhenIopenedthedoor,therewasLaverne.Suddenlythedooropened.Notethattheobjectofthetransitiveverb,inthiscase`thedoor",isthesubjectoftheintransitiveverb.Verbslikethesearecalled`ergative"verbs.2Ergativeverbsoftenreferto:Gchangesbegin,break,change,crack,dry,end,finish,grow,improve,increase,slow,start,stop,tearIbroketheglass.Theglassbrokealloverthefloor.Thedriverstoppedthecar.Abigcarstopped.Gcookingbake,boil,cook,defrost,fry,melt,roast,simmerI"veboiledanegg.Theporridgeisboiling.I"mcookingspaghetti.Thericeiscooking.Gpositionormovementbalance,close,drop,move,open,rest,rock,shake,stand,turnSherestedherheadonhisshoulder.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Herheadrestedonthetable.AneGplosionshookthehotel.Thewholeroomshook.GvehiclesbackdrivereversesailcrashflyrunHehadcrashedthecartwice.Hercarcrashedintoatree.Shesailedheryachtroundtheworld.TheshipsailedonMonday.3Someverbscanbeusedinthesetwowaysonlywithasmallsetofnouns.ForeGample,youcansay`Hefiredagun"or`Thegunfired".Youcandothesamewithotherwordsreferringtotypesofgun,`cannon",`pistol",or`rifle".However,althoughyoucansay`Hefiredabullet",youcannotsay`Thebulletfired".catch:belt,cloth,clothing,dress,shirt,trousersfire:cannon,gun,pistol,rifleplay:guitar,music,piano,violinring:alarm,bellshow:anger,disappointment,emotions,fear,joysound:alarm,bell,hornIcaughtmydressonthefence.Mytightscaughtonanail.Acarwassoundingitshorn.Ahornsoundedinthenight.4Afewverbscanbeusedinbothways,butneedanadverbialwhentheyareusedwithoutanobject.cleanhandlepolishstainfreezemarksellwash2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Hesellsbooks.Thisbookissellingwell.Shehadhandledamachinegun.Thiscarhandlesverynicely.Unit56Commonverb+nounpatternsMainpointsGEGamplesare:`haveabath";`giveashout";`makepromises";`takecare".GCommonverbsareoftenusedwithnounstodescribeactions.GYouuse`have"withnounsreferringtoeating,drinking,talking,andwashing.GYouuse`give"withnounsreferringtonoises,hitting,andtalking.GYouuse`make"withnounsreferringtotalking,plans,andtravelling.1Whenyouwanttotalkaboutactions,youoftenusecommonverbswithnounsastheirobject.Thenounsdescribetheaction.ForeGample,ifyousay`Ihadashower",thenountellsyouwhattheactionwas.Thecommonverbshaveverylittlemeaning.Ihadanicerest.Shemadearemarkabouttheweather.Thenounsoftenhaverelatedverbsthatdonottakeanobject.Helenwentupstairstorest.IremarkedthatitwouldbebetterifIcame.2Differentverbsareusedwithdifferentnouns.Youuse`have"withnounsreferringto:meals:breakfastdinnerdrinklunchmealtasteteatalking:chatconversationdiscussiontalkwashing:bathshowerwashrelaGation:breakholidayrestdisagreement:argumentfightquarreltroubleWeusuallyhavelunchatoneo"clock.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Hewashavinghisfirstholidayforfiveyears.3Youuse`give"withnounsreferringto:humannoises:crygaspgigglegroanlaughscreamshoutsighwhistleyellfacialeGpressions:grinsmilehitting:kickpunchpushslaptalking:adviceanswereGampleinformationinterviewlecturenewsreportspeechtalkwarningMrSuttongaveashoutoftriumph.ShegavealonglectureaboutRoosevelt.4Youuse`make"withnounsreferringto:talkingandsounds:commentenquirynoisepointpromiseremarksoundspeechsuggestionplans:arrangementchoicedecisionplantravelling:journeytourtripvisitHemadetheshortestspeechI"veeverheard.In1978hemadehisfirstvisittoAustralia.5Youuse`take"withthesenouns:careinterestriskchanceoffencetimechargephotographtroubledecisionresponsibilityturnsHewastakingnochances.Shewaspreparedtotakegreatrisks.6Youuse`go"and`come"with`-ing"nounsreferringtosportsandoutdooractivities.Shegoesclimbinginherholidays.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Everymorning,hegoesjoggingwithTommy.Notethatyoucanalsouse`gofor"and`comefor"with`ajog",`arun",`aswim",`awalk".Theywentforarunbeforebreakfast.7Youuse`do"with`-ing"nounsreferringtojobsconnectedwiththehome,andnounsreferringgenerallytowork.Hewantstodothecooking.HedoesalltheshoppingandIdothewashing.Themanwhodidthejobhadtenyears"training.Hehastogetupearlyanddoahardday"swork.`Do"isoftenusedinsteadofmorespecificverbs.ForeGample,youcansay`Haveyoudoneyourteeth?"insteadof`Haveyoubrushedyourteeth?"DoIneedtodomyhair?Unit57AuGiliaryverbsMainpointsGTheauGiliaries`be",`have",and`do"areusedinformingtenses,negatives,andquestions.GTheauGiliary`be"isusedinformingthecontinuoustensesandthepassive.GTheauGiliary`have"isusedinformingtheperfecttenses.GTheauGiliary`do"isusedinmakingnegativeandquestionformsfromsentencesthathaveaverbinasimpletense.1TheauGiliaryverbsare`be",`have",and`do".Theyareusedwithamainverbtoformtenses,negatives,andquestions.Heisplanningtogetmarriedsoon.Ihaven"tseenPetersincelastnight.Whichdoctordoyouwanttosee?2`Be"asanauGiliaryisused:2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Gwiththe`-ing"formofthemainverbtoformcontinuoustensesHeislivinginGermany.Theyweregoingtophoneyou.GwiththepastparticipleofthemainverbtoformthepassiveThesecarsaremadeinJapan.Thewallsofherflatwerecoveredwithposters.3Youuse`have"asanauGiliarywiththepastparticipletoformtheperfecttenses.Ihavechangedmymind.IwishyouhadmetGuy.Thepresentperfectcontinuous,thepastperfectcontinuous,andtheperfecttensesinthepassive,areformedusingboth`have"and`be".Hehasbeenworkingveryhardrecently.Shedidnotknowhowlongshehadbeenlyingthere.Theguest-roomwindowhasbeenmended.Theyhadbeentaughtbyayoungteacher.4`Be"and`have"arealsousedasauGiliariesinnegativesentencesandquestionsincontinuousandperfecttenses,andinthepassive.Heisn"tgoing.Hasn"tsheseenityet?WasitwritteninEnglish?Youuse`do"asanauGiliarytomakenegativeandquestionformsfromsentencesthathaveaverbinthepresentsimpleorpastsimple.Hedoesn"tthinkhecancometotheparty.Doyoulikehernewhaircut?Shedidn"tbuythehouse.Didn"thegetthejob?Notethatyoucanuse`do"asamainverbwiththeauGiliary`do".Hedidn"tdohishomework.Dotheydotheworkthemselves?YoucanalsousetheauGiliary`do"with`have"asamainverb.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Hedoesn"thaveanymoney.Doesanyonehaveaquestion?Youonlyuse`do"inaffirmativesentencesforemphasisorcontrast.IdofeelsorryforRoger.WARNING:YouneverusetheauGiliary`do"with`be"eGceptintheimperative.Don"tbestupid!Dobeagoodboyandsitstill.5SomegrammarsincludemodalsamongtheauGiliaryverbs.Whenthereisamodalintheverbgroup,itisalwaysthefirstwordintheverbgroup,andcomesbeforetheauGiliaries`be"and`have".ShemightbegoingtoSwitzerlandforChristmas.Iwouldhavelikedtohaveseenher.NotethatyouneverusetheauGiliary`do"withamodal.SeeUnits79-91formoreinformationonmodals.Unit58ThepresenttensesMainpointsGTherearefourpresenttenses-presentsimple(`Iwalk"),presentcontinuous(`Iamwalking"),presentperfect(`Ihavewalked"),andpresentperfectcontinuous(`Ihavebeenwalking").GAllthepresenttensesareusedtorefertoatimewhichincludesthepresent.GPresenttensescanalsobeusedforpredictionsmadeinthepresentaboutfutureevents.1Therearefourtenseswhichbeginwithaverbinthepresenttense.Theyarethepresentsimple,thepresentcontinuous,thepresentperfect,andthepresentperfectcontinuous.Thesearethepresenttenses.22125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Thepresentsimpleandthepresentcontinuousareusedwithreferencetopresenttime.Ifyouaretalkingaboutthegeneralpresent,oraboutaregularorhabitualaction,youusethepresentsimple.GeorgelivesinBirmingham.TheyoftenphonemymotherinLondon.Ifyouaretalkingaboutsomethinginthepresentsituation,youusethepresentcontinuous.He"splayingtennisattheUniversity.I"mcookingthedinner.Thepresentcontinuousisoftenusedtorefertoatemporarysituation.She"slivinginaflatatpresent.3Youusethepresentperfectorthepresentperfectcontinuouswhenyouareconcernedwiththepresenteffectsofsomethingwhichhappenedatatimeinthepast,orwhichstartedinthepastbutisstillcontinuing.HaveyouseenthefilmattheOdeon?We"vebeenwaitingheresincebeforetwoo"clock.4Ifyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichisscheduledortimetabledtohappeninthefuture,youcanusethepresentsimpletense.TheneGttrainleavesattwofifteeninthemorning.It"sTuesdaytomorrow.5Ifyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichhasbeenarrangedforthefuture,youcanusethepresentcontinuous.Whenyouusethepresentcontinuouslikethis,thereisnearlyalwaysatimeadverbiallike`tomorrow",`neGtweek",or`later"intheclause.We"regoingonholidaywithmyparentsthisyear.TheBrownsarehavingapartyneGtweek.6Itisonlyinthemainclausesthatthechoiceoftensecanberelatedtoaparticulartime.Insubordinateclauses,foreGamplein`if"-clauses,timeclauses,anddefiningrelativeclauses,presenttensesoftenrefertoafuturetimeinrelationto2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档thetimeinthemainclause.Youcangoatfiveifyouhavefinished.Let"shaveadrinkbeforewestart.We"llsavesomefoodforanyonewhoarriveslate.7ThepresentsimpletensenormallyhasnoauGiliaryverb,butquestionsandnegativesentencesareformedwiththeauGiliary`do".Doyouliveroundhere?Doesyourhusbanddomostofthecooking?Theydon"toftenphoneduringtheweek.Shedoesn"tlikebeinglateifshecanhelpit.Unit59ThepasttensesMainpointsGTherearefourpasttenses-pastsimple(`Iwalked"),pastcontinuous(`Iwaswalking"),pastperfect(`Ihadwalked"),andpastperfectcontinuous(`Ihadbeenwalking").GAllthepasttensesareusedtorefertopasttime.GThepasttensesareoftenusedaspoliteforms.GThepasttenseshavespecialmeaningsinconditionalclausesandwhenreferringtoimaginarysituations.1Therearefourtenseswhichbeginwithaverbinthepasttense.Theyarethepastsimple,thepastcontinuous,thepastperfect,andthepastperfectcontinuous.Thesearethepasttenses.Theyareusedtorefertopasttime,andalsotorefertoimaginarysituations,andtoeGpresspoliteness.2Thepastsimpleandthepastcontinuousareusedwithreferencetopasttime.Youusethepastsimpleforeventswhichhappenedinthepast.Iwokeupearlyandgotoutofbed.Ifyouaretalkingaboutthegeneralpast,oraboutregularorhabitualactionsinthepast,youalsousethepastsimple.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档ShelivedjustoutsideLondon.Weoftensawhisdogsittingoutsidehishouse.Ifyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichcontinuedtohappenbeforeandafteraparticulartimeinthepast,youusethepastcontinuous.Theyweresittinginthekitchen,whentheyheardtheeGplosion.Jackarrivedwhilethechildrenwerehavingtheirbath.Thepastcontinuousisoftenusedtorefertoatemporarysituation.Hewasworkingathomeatthetime.BillwasusingmyofficeuntilIcamebackfromAmerica.3Youusethepastperfectandpastperfectcontinuoustenseswhenyouaretalkingaboutthepastandyouareconcernedwithsomethingwhichhappenedatanearliertime,orwhichhadstartedatanearliertimebutwasstillcontinuing.Ihadhearditwasagoodfilmsowedecidedtogoandseeit.Itwasgettinglate.Ihadbeenwaitingtheresincetwoo"clock.4Yousometimesuseapasttenseratherthanapresenttensewhenyouwanttobemorepolite.ForeGample,inthefollowingpairsofsentences,thesecondoneismorepolite.Doyouwanttoseemenow?Didyouwanttoseemenow?Iwonderifyoucanhelpme.Iwaswonderingifyoucouldhelpme.5Thepasttenseshavespecialmeaningsinconditionalclausesandwhenreferringtohypotheticalandimaginarysituations,foreGampleafter`Iwish"or`Whatif...?".Youusethepastsimpleandpastcontinuousforsomethingthatyouthinkisunlikelytohappen.Iftheysawthemess,theywouldbeveryangry.Wewouldtellyouifweweresellingthehouse.Youusethepastperfectandpastperfectcontinuouswhenyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichcouldhavehappenedinthepast,butwhichdidnotactuallyhappen.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档IfIhadknownthatyouwerecoming,IwouldhavetoldJim.Theywouldn"thavegonetobediftheyhadbeeneGpectingyoutoarrive.Unit60ThecontinuoustensesMainpointsGContinuoustensesdescribeactionswhichcontinuetohappenbeforeandafteraparticulartime.GContinuoustensescanalsoindicatedurationandchange.1Youuseacontinuoustensetoindicatethatanactioncontinuestohappenbeforeandafteraparticulartime,withoutstopping.Youusethepresentcontinuousforactionswhichcontinuetohappenbeforeandafterthemomentofspeaking.I"mlookingatthephotographsmybrothersentme.They"rehavingameeting.2Whenyouaretalkingabouttwoactionsinthepresenttense,youusethepresentcontinuousforanactionthatcontinuestohappenbeforeandafteranotheractionthatinterruptsit.Youusethepresentsimplefortheotheraction.ThephonealwaysringswhenI"mhavingabath.FriendsalwaystalktomewhenI"mtryingtostudy.3Whenyouaretalkingaboutthepast,youusethepastcontinuousforactionsthatcontinuedtohappenbeforeandafteranotheraction,orbeforeandafteraparticulartime.Thisisoftencalledthe`interruptedpast".Youusethepastsimplefortheotheraction.Hewaswatchingtelevisionwhenthedoorbellrang.Itwas6o"clock.ThetrainwasnearingLondon.WARNING:Iftwothingshappenedoneafteranother,youusetwoverbsinthepastsimpletense.Assoonashesawme,hewaved.4Youcanusecontinuousformswithmodalsinalltheirusualmeanings.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档SeeUnits79to91formoreinformationonmodals.Whatcouldhebethinkingof?Theymightbetellinglies.5YouusecontinuoustensestoeGpressduration,whenyouwanttoemphasizehowlongsomethinghasbeenhappeningorwillhappenfor.WehadbeenlivinginAthensforfiveyears.They"llbestayingwithusforacoupleofweeks.Hehasbeenbuildingupthebusinessallhislife.By1992,hewillhavebeenworkingfortenyears.Notethatyoudonothavetousecontinuoustensesforduration.WehadlivedinAfricaforfiveyears.Heworkedforusfortenyears.6Youusecontinuoustensestodescribeastateorsituationthatistemporary.I"mlivinginLondonatthemoment.He"llbeworkingnightsneGtweek.She"sspendingthesummerinEurope.7Youusecontinuoustensestoshowthatsomethingischanging,developing,orprogressing.HerEnglishwasimproving.Thechildrenaregrowingupquickly.Thevideoindustryhasbeendevelopingrapidly.8Asageneralrule,verbswhichrefertoactionsthatrequireadeliberateeffortcanbeusedincontinuoustenses,verbswhichrefertoactionsthatdonotrequireadeliberateeffortarenotusedincontinuoustenses.Ithinkit"sgoingtorain.(`think"=`believe".Believingdoesnotrequiredeliberateeffort)2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Pleasebequiet.I"mthinking.(`think"=`trytosolveaproblem".Tryingtosolveaproblemdoesrequiredeliberateeffort)However,manyverbsarenotnormallyusedinthecontinuoustenses.Theseincludeverbsthatrefertothinking,likinganddisliking,appearance,possession,andperception.SeeUnit62forlistsoftheseverbs.Unit61TheperfecttensesMainpointsGYouusethepresentperfect(`Ihavewalked")torelatethepasttothepresent.GYouusethepastperfect(`Ihadwalked")totalkaboutasituationthatoccurredbeforeaparticulartimeinthepast.1Youusethepresentperfecttensewhenyouareconcernedwiththepresenteffectsofsomethingwhichhappenedatanindefinitetimeinthepast.I"mafraidI"veforgottenmybook.HaveyouheardfromJillrecently?Sometimes,thepresenteffectsareimportantbecausetheyareveryrecent.KarenhasjustpassedhereGams.Youalsousethepresentperfectwhenyouarethinkingofatimewhichstartedinthepastandisstillcontinuing.Haveyoureallylivedherefortenyears?Hehasworkedheresince1987.Youalsousethepresentperfectintimeclauses,whenyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichwillbedoneatsometimeinthefuture.Tellmewhenyouhavefinished.I"llwritetoyouassoonasIhaveheardfromJenny.2Whenyouwanttoemphasizethefactthatarecenteventcontinuedtohappenforsometime,youusethepresentperfectcontinuous.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档She"sbeencrying.I"vebeenworkinghardallday.3Youusethepastperfecttensewhenyouarelookingbackfromapointinpasttime,andyouareconcernedwiththeeffectsofsomethingwhichhappenedatanearliertimeinthepast.IapologizedbecauseIhadforgottenmybook.Hefeltmuchhappieroncehehadfoundanewjob.Theywouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedthem.Youalsousethepastperfectwhenyouarethinkingofatimewhichhadstartedearlierinthepastbutwasstillcontinuing.Iwasabouttwenty.IhadbeenstudyingFrenchforacoupleofyears.Hehatedgamesandhadalwaysmanagedtoavoidchildren"sparties.4Youusethefutureperfecttensewhenyouarelookingbackfromapointinthefutureandyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichwillhavehappenedatatimebetweennowandthatfuturepoint.Inanothertwoyears,youwillhaveleftschool.Takethesetablets,andintwenty-fourhoursthepainwillhavegone.Youalsousethefutureperfectwhenyouarelookingbackfromthepresentandguessingthatanactionwillbefinished.I"msuretheywillhavearrivedhomebynow.It"stoolatetoringDon.Hewillhaveleftthehousebynow.5Youcanalsouseothermodalswith`have",whenyouarelookingbackfromapointintimeatsomethingwhichyouthinkmayhavehappenedatanearliertime.Imighthavefinishedworkbythen.HeshouldhavearrivedinParisbythetimewephone.Formoreinformationonmodalswith`have",seeUnits79to91.Unit62TalkingaboutthepresentMainpoints2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档GForthegeneralpresent,generaltruths,andhabitualactions,youusethepresentsimple(`Iwalk").GForsomethingwhichishappeningnow,orfortemporarysituations,youusethepresentcontinuous(`Iamwalking").1Ifyouaretalkingaboutthepresentingeneral,younormallyusethepresentsimpletense.Youusethepresentsimplefortalkingaboutthegeneralpresentincludingthepresentmoment.MydadworksinSaudiArabia.HelivesintheFrenchAlpsneartheSwissborder.2Ifyouaretalkingaboutgeneraltruths,youusethepresentsimple.Waterboilsat100degreescentigrade.Lovemakestheworldgoround.Thebustakeslongerthanthetrain.3Ifyouaretalkingaboutregularorhabitualactions,youusethepresentsimple.Doyoueatmeat?Igetupearlyandeatmybreakfastinbed.IpaythemilkmanonFridays.4Ifyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichisregardedastemporary,youusethepresentcontinuous.Doyouknowifshe"sstillplayingtennisthesedays?I"mworkingasaBritishCouncilofficer.5Ifyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichishappeningnow,younormallyusethepresentcontinuoustense.We"rehavingameeting.Comeandjoinin.Waitamoment.I"mlisteningtothenews.6Thereareanumberofverbswhichareusedinthepresentsimpletenseeven2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档whenyouaretalkingaboutthepresentmoment.Theseverbsarenotnormallyusedinthepresentcontinuousortheothercontinuoustenses.Theseverbsusuallyreferto:thinking:believeforgetimagineknowrealizerecognizesupposethinkunderstandwantwishlikinganddisliking:admiredislikehatelikelovepreferappearance:appearlooklikeresembleseempossession:belongtocontainhaveincludeownpossessperception:hearseesmelltastebeing:beconsistofeGistIbelievehewasnottoblame.Shehatesgoingtoparties.Ourneighbourshavetwocars.Notethatyounormallyuseverbsofperceptionwiththemodal`can",ratherthanusingthepresentsimpletense.Icansmellgas.Someothercommonverbsarenotnormallyusedinthepresentcontinuousortheothercontinuoustenses.concern,deserve,fit,interest,involve,matter,mean,satisfy,surpriseWhatdoyoumean?WARNING:Someoftheverbslistedabovecanbeusedincontinuoustensesinothermeanings.ForeGample,`have"referringtopossessionisnotusedincontinuoustenses.Youdonotsay`Iamhavingacar".ButnotethefollowingeGamples.We"rehavingapartytomorrow.He"shavingproblemswithhiscar.She"shavingashower.Unit63TalkingaboutthepastMainpoints2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档GForactions,situations,orregulareventsinthepast,youusethepastsimple(`Iwalked").Forregulareventsinthepast,youcanalsouse`would"or`usedto".GForeventsthathappenedbeforeandafteratimeinthepast,andfortemporarysituations,youusethepastcontinuous(`Iwaswalking").GForpresenteffectsofpastsituations,youusethepresentperfect(`Ihavewalked"),andforpasteffectsofearliereventsyouusethepastperfect(`Ihadwalked").GForfutureinthepast,youuse`would",`was/weregoingto",orthepastcontinuous(`Iwaswalking").1Whenyouwanttotalkaboutaneventthatoccurredataparticulartimeinthepast,youusethepastsimple.ThePrimeMinisterflewintoNewYorkyesterday.Thenewtermstartedlastweek.YoualsousethepastsimpletotalkaboutasituationthateGistedoveraperiodoftimeinthepast.Wespentmostofourtimeathomelastwinter.Theyearnedtheirmoneyquicklythatyear.2Whenyouwanttotalkaboutsomethingwhichtookplaceregularlyinthepast,youusethepastsimple.Theywentforpicnicsmostweekends.WeusuallyspentthewinteratAuntMeg"shouse.WARNING:Thepastsimplealwaysreferstoatimeinthepast.Atimereferenceisnecessarytosaywhattimeinthepastyouarereferringto.Thetimereferencecanbeestablishedinanearliersentenceorbyanotherspeaker,butitmustbeestablished.Whenyouwanttotalkaboutsomethingwhichoccurredregularlyinthepast,youcanuse`would"or`usedto"insteadofthepastsimple.WewouldnormallyspendthewinterinMiami.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Peopleusedtobelievethattheworldwasflat.WARNING:Youdonotnormallyuse`would"withthismeaningwithverbswhicharenotusedinthecontinuoustenses.Foralistoftheseverbs,seeUnit62.3Whenyouwanttotalkaboutsomethingwhichcontinuedtohappenbeforeandafteragiventimeinthepast,youusethepastcontinuous.IhurtmyselfwhenIwasmendingmybike.Itwasmidnight.Shewasdrivinghome.Youalsousethepastcontinuoustotalkaboutatemporarystateofaffairsinthepast.Ourteamwerelosing2-1atthetime.WewerestayingwithfriendsinItaly.Formoreinformationoncontinuoustenses,seeUnit60.4Whenyouareconcernedwiththepresenteffectsorfutureeffectsofsomethingwhichhappenedatanindefinitetimeinthepast,youusethepresentperfect.I"mafraidI"veforgottenmybook,soIdon"tknow.HaveyouheardfromJillrecently?Howisshe?Youalsousethepresentperfectwhenyouarethinkingofatimewhichstartedinthepastandstillcontinues.Haveyoueverstolenanything?(=atanytimeuptothepresent)HehasbeenheresincesiGo"clock.(=andheisstillhere)5Whenyouarelookingbackfromapointinpasttime,andyouareconcernedwiththeeffectsofsomethingwhichhappenedatanearliertimeinthepast,youusethepastperfect.IapologizedbecauseIhadleftmywalletathome.Theywouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedthem.6Whenyouwanttotalkaboutthefuturefromapointofviewinpasttime,youcanuse`would",`was/weregoingto",orthepastcontinuous.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Hethoughttohimselfhowwonderfulitwouldtaste.Herdaughterwasgoingtodothecooking.Mikewastakinghistesttheweekafter.Unit64`Will"and`goingto"MainpointsGWhenyouaremakingpredictionsaboutthefutureortalkingaboutfutureintentions,youcanuseeither`will"(`Iwillwalk")or`goingto"(`Iamgoingtowalk").GForpromisesandoffersrelatingtothefuture,youuse`will"(`Iwillwalk").GForfutureeventsbasedonarrangements,youusethefuturecontinuous(`Iwillbewalking").GForeventsthatwillhappenbeforeatimeinthefuture,youusethefutureperfect(`Iwillhavewalked").1Youcannottalkaboutthefuturewithasmuchcertaintyasyoucanaboutthepresentorthepast.Youareusuallytalkingaboutwhatyouthinkmighthappenorwhatyouintendtohappen.Thisiswhyyouoftenusemodals.Althoughmostmodalscanbeusedwithfuturereference,youmostoftenusethemodal`will"totalkaboutthefuture.Nancywillarrangeit.WhenwillIseethem?2Whenyouaremakingpredictionsaboutthefuturethatarebasedongeneralbeliefs,opinions,orattitudes,youuse`will".Theweathertomorrowwillbewarmandsunny.I"msureyouwillenjoyyourvisittothezoo.Thisuseof`will"iscommoninsentenceswithconditionalclauses.You"llbelate,ifyoudon"thurry.Whenyouareusingfactsoreventsinthepresentsituationasevidencefora2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档prediction,youcanuse`goingto".It"sgoingtorain.(Icanseeblackclouds)I"mgoingtobelate.(Ihavemissedmytrain)3Whenyouaresayingwhatsomeonehasdecidedtodo,youuse`goingto".They"regoingtohaveaparty.I"mgoingtostayathometoday.WARNING:Youdonotnormallyuse`goingto"withtheverb`go".Youusuallyjustsay`I"mgoing"ratherthan`I"mgoingtogo".`Whatareyougoingtodothisweekend?"-`I"mgoingtothecinema."Whenyouareannouncingadecisionyouhavejustmadeorareabouttomake,youuse`will".I"mtired.IthinkI"llgotobed.4Inpromisesandoffersrelatingtothefuture,youoftenuse`will"withthemeaning`bewillingto".I"lldowhatIcan.I"llhelpwiththewashing-up.Notethatyoucanuse`will"withthismeaninginan`if"-clause.I"llputyouthrough,ifyou"llhangonforaminute.(=ifyouarewillingtohangonforaminute)WARNING:Rememberthatyoudonotnormallyuse`will"in`if"-clauses.SeeUnit66formoreinformationon`if"-clauses.Ifyoudothat,youwillbewastingyourtime.Thechildrenwillcalloutiftheythinkheiswrong.5Whenyouwanttosaythatsomethingwillhappenbecausearrangementshavebeenmade,youusethefuturecontinuoustense.I"llbeseeingthemwhenI"vefinishedwithyou.I"llbewaitingforyououtside.She"llbeappearingattheRoyalFestivalHall.62125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Whenyouwanttotalkaboutsomethingthathasnothappenedyetbutwillhappenbeforeaparticulartimeinthefuture,youusethefutureperfecttense.Bythetimewephonehe"llalreadyhavestarted.By20XX,hewillhaveworkedfortwelveyears.Unit65PresenttensesforfutureMainpointsGWhenyouaretalkingaboutthefutureinrelationtoofficialtimetablesorthecalendar,youusethepresentsimple(`Iwalk").GWhentalkingaboutpeople"splansandarrangementsforthefuture,youusethepresentcontinuous(`Iamwalking").GIn`if"-clauses,timeclauses,anddefiningrelativeclauses,youcanusethepresentsimple(`Iwalk")torefertothefuture.1Whenyouaretalkingaboutsomethinginthefuturewhichisbasedonanofficialtimetableorcalendar,youusethepresentsimpletense.Youusuallyputatimeadverbialinthesesentences.MylasttrainleavesEustonat11.30.TheUNGeneralAssemblyopensinNewYorkthismonth.OurneGtlessonisonThursday.Wesetoffearlytomorrowmorning.2InstatementsaboutfiGeddates,younormallyusethepresentsimple.TomorrowisTuesday.It"smybirthdayneGtmonth.MondayistheseventeenthofJuly.3Whenyouwanttotalkaboutpeople"splansorarrangementsforthefuture,youusethepresentcontinuoustense.I"mmeetingBillneGtweek.They"regettingmarriedinJune.42125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youoftentalkaboutthefutureusingthepresenttenseofverbssuchas`hope",`eGpect",`intend",and`want"witha`to"-infinitiveclause,especiallywhenyouwanttoindicateyouruncertaintyaboutwhatwillactuallyhappen.Wehopetoseeyousoon.BilleGpectstobebackatworktomorrow.Aftertheverb`hope",youoftenusethepresentsimpletorefertothefuture.Ihopeyouenjoyyourholiday.5Insubordinateclauses,therelationshipsbetweentenseandtimearedifferent.In`if"-clausesandtimeclauses,younormallyusethepresentsimpleforfuturereference.Ifhecomes,I"llletyouknow.Pleasestartwhenyouareready.Wewon"tstartuntileveryonearrives.Lockthedoorafteryoufinallyleave.6Indefiningrelativeclauses,younormallyusethepresentsimple,not`will",torefertothefuture.Anydecisionthatyoumakewillneedherapproval.Givemylovetoanyfriendsyoumeet.Thereisasilvercupfortherunnerwhofinishesfirst.7Ifyouwanttoshowthataconditionhastobethecasebeforeanactioncanbecarriedout,youusethepresentperfectforfutureevents.Wewon"tstartuntileveryonehasarrived.I"llletyouknowwhenIhavearrangedeverything.Unit66Conditionalsusing`if"MainpointsGYouuseconditionalclausestotalkaboutapossiblesituationanditsresults.GConditionalclausescanbeginwith`if".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档GAconditionalclauseneedsamainclausetomakeacompletesentence.Theconditionalclausecancomebeforeorafterthemainclause.1Youuseconditionalclausestotalkaboutasituationthatmightpossiblyhappenandtosaywhatitsresultsmightbe.Youuse`if"tomentioneventsandsituationsthathappenoften,thatmayhappeninthefuture,thatcouldhavehappenedinthepastbutdidnothappen,orthatareunlikelytohappenatall.Ifthelightcomeson,thebatteryisOK.I"llcallyouifIneedyou.IfIhadknown,I"dhavetoldyou.Ifsheaskedme,I"dhelpher.2Whenyouaretalkingaboutsomethingthatisgenerallytrueorhappensoften,youuseapresentorpresentperfecttenseinthemainclauseandtheconditionalclause.Iftheyloseweightduringanillness,theysoonregainitafterwards.Ifanadvertisementdoesnottellthetruth,theadvertiseriscommittinganoffence.Ifthebabyiscrying,itisprobablyhungry.Iftheyhavelostanymoney,theyreportittome.WARNING:Youdonotusethepresentcontinuousinbothclauses.Youdonotsay`Iftheyarelosingmoney,theyaregettingangry."3Whenyouuseaconditionalclausewithapresentorpresentperfecttense,youoftenuseanimperativeinthemainclause.Wakemeupifyou"reworried.Ifhehasfinished,askhimtoleavequietly.Ifyouareveryearly,don"teGpectthemtobeready.4Whenyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichmaypossiblyhappeninthefuture,youuseapresentorpresentperfecttenseintheconditionalclause,and2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档thesimplefutureinthemainclause.IfImarryCelia,wewillneedthemoney.IfyouaregoingtoAmerica,youwillneedavisa.Ifhehasdonethewindows,hewillwanthismoney.WARNING:Youdonotnormallyuse`will"inconditionalclauses.Youdonotsay`IfIwillseeyoutomorrow,Iwillgiveyouthebook".5Whenyouaretalkingaboutsomethingthatyouthinkisunlikelytohappen,youusethepastsimpleorpastcontinuousintheconditionalclauseand`would"inthemainclause.IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuythecar.Ifhewascoming,hewouldring.WARNING:Youdonotnormallyuse`would"inconditionalclauses.Youdonotsay`IfIwoulddoit,Iwoulddoitlikethis".6`Were"issometimesusedinsteadof`was"intheconditionalclause,especiallyafter`I".IfIwereasbigasyou,Iwouldkillyou.IfIweren"tsobusy,Iwoulddoitforyou.Youoftensay`IfIwereyou"whenyouaregivingsomeoneadvice.IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakethemoney.IshouldkeepoutofBernadette"swayifIwereyou.7Whenyouaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichcouldhavehappenedinthepastbutwhichdidnotactuallyhappen,youusethepastperfectintheconditionalclause.Inthemainclause,youuse`wouldhave"andapastparticiple.Ifhehadrealizedthat,hewouldhaverunaway.Iwouldn"thavebeensodepressedifIhadknownhowcommonthisfeelingis.WARNING:Youdonotuse`wouldhave"intheconditionalclause.Youdonotsay`IfIwouldhaveseenhim,Iwouldhavetoldhim".Unit67`If"withmodals;`unless"2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档MainpointsGYoucanuseamodalinaconditionalclause.GYouuse`unless"tomentionaneGceptiontowhatyouaresaying.1Yousometimesusemodalsinconditionalclauses.Inthemainclause,youcanstilluseapresenttenseforeventsthathappenoften,`will"foreventsthatarequitelikelyinthefuture,`would"foraneventthatisunlikelytohappen,and`wouldhave"foreventsthatwerepossiblebutdidnothappen.Ifhecan"tcome,heusuallyphonesme.Iftheymusthaveittoday,theywillhavetocomebackatfiveo"clock.IfIcouldonlyfindthetime,I"ddoitgladly.Ifyoucouldhaveseenhim,youwouldhavelaughedtoo.`Should"issometimesusedinconditionalclausestoeGpressgreateruncertainty.Ifanyvisitorsshouldcome,I"llsayyouaren"there.2Youcanuseothermodalsbesides`will",`would"and`wouldhave"inthemainclausewiththeirusualmeanings.Shemightphoneme,ifshehastime.Youcouldcome,ifyouwantedto.Ifheseesyouleaving,hemaycry.Notethatyoucanhavemodalsinbothclauses:themainclauseandtheconditionalclause.Ifhecan"tcome,hewillphone.SeeUnits79to91formoreinformation.3InformalEnglish,ifthefirstverbinaconditionalclauseis`had",`should",or`were",youcanputtheverbatthebeginningoftheclauseandomit`if".ForeGample,insteadofsaying`Ifheshouldcome,Iwilltellhimyouaresick",itispossibletosay`Shouldhecome,Iwilltellhimyouaresick".Shouldministersdecidetoholdaninquiry,wewouldwelcomeit.Wereitalltrue,itwouldstillnoteGcusetheiractions.HadIknown,Iwouldnothavedoneit.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档4WhenyouwanttomentionaneGceptiontowhatyouaresaying,youuseaconditionalclausebeginningwith`unless".YouwillfailyoureGams.YouwillfailyoureGamsunlessyouworkharder.Notethatyoucanoftenuse`if...not"insteadof`unless".YouwillfailyoureGamsifyoudonotworkharder.Whenyouuse`unless",youusethesametensesthatyouusewith`if".ShespendsSundaysinthegardenunlesstheweatherisawful.Weusuallywalk,unlesswe"regoingshopping.Hewillnotletyougounlessheisforcedtodoso.Youwouldn"tbelieveit,unlessyousawit.5`If"and`unless"arenottheonlywaysofbeginningconditionalclauses.Youcanalsouse`aslongas",`onlyif",`provided",`providedthat",`providing",`providingthat",or`solongas".TheseeGpressionsareallusedtoindicatethatonethingonlyhappensoristrueifanotherthinghappensoristrue.Wewereallrightaslongaswekeptourheadsdown.Iwillcomeonlyifnothingissaidtothepress.Shewaspreparedtocome,providedthatshecouldbringherdaughter.Providingtheyremainedatasafedistance,wewouldbeallright.Detergentcannotharmafabric,solongasithasbeenproperlydissolved.Unit68Iwish,Ifonly,..asif..MainpointsGYouuse`Iwish"and`Ifonly"totalkaboutwishesandregrets.GYouuse`..asif.."and`..asthough.."toshowthatinformationinamannerclauseisnotormightnotbetrue.1YoucaneGpresswhatyouwanttohappennowbyusing`Iwish"or`Ifonly"followedbyapastsimpleverb.Iwishhewasn"there.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Ifonlyshehadacar.NotethatinformalEnglish,yousometimesuse`were"insteadof`was"insentenceslikethese.IoftenwishthatIwerereallywealthy.WhenyouwanttoeGpressregretaboutpastevents,youusethepastperfect.IwishIhadn"tmarriedhim.Whenyouwanttosaythatyouwishthatsomeonewasabletodosomething,youuse`could".Ifonlytheycouldcomewithus!Whenyouwanttosaythatyouwishthatsomeonewaswillingtodosomething,youuse`would".Ifonlytheywouldrealisehowstupidthey"vebeen.2Whenyouwanttoindicatethattheinformationinamannerclausemightnotbetrue,orisdefinitelynottrue,youuse`asif"or`asthough".Shereactedasifshedidn"tknowabouttherace.Sheactsasthoughsheownstheplace.After`asif"or`asthough",youoftenuseapasttenseevenwhenyouaretalkingaboutthepresent,toemphasizethattheinformationinthemannerclauseisnottrue.InformalEnglish,youuse`were"insteadof`was".Presidentscan"tdisposeofcompaniesasifpeopledidn"teGist.Shetreatshimasthoughhewasherownson.HelookedatmeasthoughIweremad.3Youcanalsouse`asif"or`asthough"tosayhowsomeoneorsomethingfeels,looks,orsounds.Shefeltasifshehadafever.Helookedasifhehadn"tsleptverymuch.Marysoundedasthoughshehadjustrunalltheway.Youcanalsouse`itlooks"and`itsounds"with`asif"and`asthough".Itlookstomeasifhewrotedownsomenotes.Itsoundstomeasthoughhe"sjustbeingawkward.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档4Whenthesubjectofthemannerclauseandthemainclausearethesame,youcanoftenuseaparticipleinthemannerclauseandomitthesubjectandtheverb`be".Heranofftothehouseasifescaping.Heshookhisheadasthoughdazzledbyhisownvision.Youcanalsouse`asif"or`asthough"witha`to"-infinitiveclause.Asiftoremindhim,thechurchclockstruckeleven.5Ininformalspeech,peopleoftenuse`like"insteadof`asif"or`as"tosayhowapersonfeels,looks,orsounds.SomespeakersofEnglishthinkthatthisuseof`like"isincorrect.Hefeltlikehe"dwonthepools.Youlooklikeyou"veseenaghost.Youtalkjustlikemyfatherdoes.Youcanalsouse`like"inprepositionalphrasestosayhowsomeonedoessomething.Hewassleepinglikeababy.Ibehavedlikeanidiot,andI"msorry.Unit69Verbswith`-ing"clausesMainpointsGManyverbsarefollowedbyan`-ing"clause.GSomeverbsarefollowedbyanobjectandan`-ing"clausethatdescribeswhattheobjectisdoing.1Manyverbsarefollowedbyan`-ing"clause.Thesubjectoftheverbisalsothesubjectofthe`-ing"clause.The`-ing"clausebeginswithan`-ing"form.Themostcommonoftheseverbsare:Gverbsofsayingandthinkingadmit,consider,deny,describe,imagine,mention,recall,suggestHedeniedtakingdrugs.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Isuggestedmeetingherforacoffee.NotethatalloftheseverbseGceptfor`describe"canalsobefollowedbya`that"-clause.SeeUnit76.Hedeniedthathewasinvolved.Gverbsoflikinganddislikingadore,detest,dislike,dread,enjoy,fancy,like,love,mind,resentWilltheyenjoyusingit?Idon"tmindtellingyou.`Like"and`love"canalsobefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause.SeeUnit71.GothercommonverbsavoidcommencedelayfinishinvolvekeepmisspostponepractiseresistriskstopI"vejustfinishedreadingthatbook.Avoidgivinganyunnecessaryinformation.Gcommonphrasalverbsburstout,carryon,endup,giveup,goround,keepon,putoff,setaboutShecarriedonreading.Theykeptonwalkingforawhile.Notethatsomecommonphrasescanbefollowedbyan`-ing"clause.can"thelpcan"tstandfeellikeIcan"thelpworrying.2Aftertheverbsandphrasesmentionedabove,youcanalsouse`being"followedbyapastparticiple.Theyenjoybeingpraised.Idislikebeinginterrupted.Aftersomeverbsofsayingandthinking,youcanuse`having"followedbyapastparticiple.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档admitdenymentionrecallMichaeldeniedhavingseenhim.3`Come"and`go"areusedwith`-ing"clausestodescribethewaythatapersonorthingmoves.Theybothcamerunningout.Itwentslidingacrosstheroadoutofcontrol.`Go"and`come"arealsousedwith`-ing"nounstotalkaboutsportsandoutdooractivities.SeeUnit56.Didyousaytheymightgocamping?4Someverbscanbefollowedbyanobjectandan`-ing"clause.Theobjectoftheverbisthesubjectofthe`-ing"clause.catchimaginepreventwatchfindleavestopItishardtoimaginehimeGistingwithoutit.Heleftthemmakingtheircalculations.Notethat`prevent"and`stop"areoftenusedwith`from"infrontofthe`-ing"clause.Iwantedtopreventhimfromseeingthat.Mostverbsofperceptioncanbefollowedbyanobjectandan`-ing"clauseorabaseform.SeeUnit72.Isawhimridingabicycle.Isawapolicemanwalkovertooneofthem.SeealsoUnit94for`-ing"clausesafternouns.Unit70InfinitivesMainpointsGSomeverbsarefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause.Othersarefollowedbyanobjectanda`to"-infinitiveclause.GSomeverbsarefollowedbya`wh"-wordanda`to"-infinitiveclause.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Othersarefollowedbyanobject,a`wh"-word,anda`to"-infinitiveclause.GNounsarefollowedby`to"-infinitiveclausesthatindicatetheaim,purposeornecessityofsomething,orthatgiveeGtrainformation.1Someverbsarefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause.Thesubjectoftheverbisalsothesubjectofthe`to"-infinitiveclause.GverbsofsayingandthinkingagreeeGpectlearnplanchoosehopemeanpromisedecideintendofferrefuseShehadagreedtoletususeherflat.Idecidednottogooutfortheevening.GotherverbsfailmanagepretendtendwantEnglandfailedtowinaplaceinthefinals.2Someverbsarefollowedbyanobjectanda`to"-infinitiveclause.Theobjectoftheverbisthesubjectofthe`to"-infinitiveclause.GverbsofsayingandthinkingadviseencourageinvitepersuadeteachaskeGpectorderremindtellIaskedhertoeGplain.Theyadvisedusnottowaitaroundtoolong.GotherverbsallowforcegethelpwantIcouldgetsomeoneelsetodoit.Ididn"twanthimtogo.Notethat`help"canalsobefollowedbyanobjectandabaseform.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档IhelpedhimfiGit.WARNING:Youdonotuse`want"witha`that"-clause.Youdonotsay`Iwantthatyoudosomething".3Someverbsarefollowedby`for"andanobject,thena`to"-infinitiveclause.Theobjectof`for"isthesubjectofthe`to"-infinitiveclause.appealaskpaywisharrangelongwaitCouldyouarrangeforataGitocollectus?Iwaitedforhimtospeak.4Somelinkverbs,and`pretend"arefollowedby`tobe"andan`-ing"formforcontinuingactions,andby`tohave"andapastparticipleforfinishedactions.SeealsoUnit73.Wepretendedtobelookinginside.Idon"tappeartohavewrittendownhisname.5Someverbsarenormallyusedinthepassivewhentheyarefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause.believe,consider,feel,find,know,report,say,think,understandHeissaidtohavediedanaturaldeath.Isitthoughttobeagoodthing?6Someverbsarefollowedbya`wh"-wordanda`to"-infinitiveclause.Theseinclude:askeGplainimaginelearnunderstanddecideforgetknowrememberwonderIdidn"tknowwhattocallhim.Shehadforgottenhowtorideabicycle.Someverbsarefollowedbyanobject,thena`wh"-wordanda`to"-infinitive2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档clause.askremindshowteachtellIaskedhimwhattodo.Whowillshowhimhowtouseit?Someverbsonlytake`to"-infinitiveclausestoeGpresspurpose.SeeUnit97.Thecaptainstoppedtoreloadthegun.Hewenttogetsomefreshmilk.7Youusea`to"-infinitiveclauseafteranountoindicatetheaimofanactionorthepurposeofaphysicalobject.Wearrangedameetingtodiscussthenewrules.Hehadnothingtowritewith.Youalsousea`to"-infinitiveclauseafteranountosaythatsomethingneedstobedone.Igavehimseveralthingstomend.`What"sthis?"-`Alistofthingstoremember."8Youusea`to"-infinitiveclauseafteranoungroupthatincludesanordinalnumber,asuperlative,orawordlike`neGt",`last",or`only".Shewasthefirstwomantobeelectedtothecouncil.MrHolmeswastheoldestpersontobechosen.TheonlypersontospeakwasJames.9Youusea`to"-infinitiveclauseafterabstractnounstogivemorespecificinformationaboutthem.Allittakesisawillingnesstolearn.He"dlosttheabilitytocommunicatewithpeople.Thefollowingabstractnounsareoftenfollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause:ability,attempt,chance,desire,failure,inability,need,opportunity,2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档unwillingness,willingnessNotethattheverbsoradjectiveswhicharerelatedtothesenounscanalsobefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause.ForeGample,youcansay`Iattemptedtofindthem",and`Hewaswillingtolearn".SeeUnit95forinformationonnounsthatarerelatedtoreportingverbsandcanbefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause.Unit71Verb+`to"-or`-ing"MainpointsGSomeverbstakea`to"-infinitiveclauseoran`-ing"clausewithlittledifferenceinmeaning.Otherstakea`to"-infinitiveor`-ing"clause,butthemeaningisdifferent.1Thefollowingverbscanbefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclauseoran`-ing"clause,withlittledifferenceinmeaning.attempt,begin,bother,continue,fear,hate,love,prefer,start,tryItstartedraining.Averycoldwindhadstartedtoblow.Thecaptaindidn"tbotheranswering.Ididn"tbothertoanswer.Notethatiftheseverbsareusedinacontinuoustense,theyarefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause.ThecompanyisbeginningtoeGporttotheWest.Wearecontinuingtomakegoodprogress.After`begin",`continue",and`start",youusea`to"-infinitiveclausewiththeverbs`understand",`know",and`realize".Ibegantounderstandherabitbetter.2Youcanoftenuse`like"witha`to"-infinitiveoran`-ing"clausewithlittledifferenceinmeaning.Iliketofish.Ilikefishing.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档However,thereissometimesadifference.Youcanuse`like"followedbya`to"-infinitiveclausetosaythatyouthinksomethingisagoodidea,ortherightthingtodo.Youcannotusean`-ing"clausewiththismeaning.Theyliketointerviewyoufirst.Ididn"tliketoaskhim.3After`remember",`forget",and`regret",youusean`-ing"clauseifyouarereferringtoaneventafterithashappened.Irememberdiscussingitoncebefore.I"llneverforgetgoingoutwithmyoldaunt.Shedidnotregretacceptinghisoffer.Youusea`to"-infinitiveclauseafter`remember"and`forget"ifyouarereferringtoaneventbeforeithappens.Imustremembertosendagiftforherchild.Don"tforgettosendinyourentries.After`regret",informalEnglish,youusea`to"-infinitiveclausewiththeseverbstosaythatyouaresorryaboutwhatyouaresayingordoingnow:announcelearnseeinformsaytellIregrettosaythatitwasallburnedup.4Ifyou`trytodo"something,youmakeanefforttodoit.Ifyou`trydoing"something,youdoitasaneGperiment,foreGampletoseeifyoulikeitorifitiseffective.ItriedtoeGplain.Haveyoutriedpaintingit?5Ifyou`goondoing"something,youcontinuetodoit.Ifyou`goontodo"something,youdoitafteryouhavefinisheddoingsomethingelse.Iwentonwriting.Helaterwentontoformacomputercompany.62125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Ifyou`areusedtodoing"something,youareaccustomedtodoingit.Ifyou`usedtodo"something,youdiditregularlyinthepast,butyounolongerdoitnow.Weareusedtoworkingtogether.Iusedtoliveinthisstreet.7After`need",youusea`to"-infinitiveclauseifthesubjectof`need"isalsothesubjectofthe`to"-infinitiveclause.Youusean`-ing"formifthesubjectof`need"istheobjectofthe`-ing"clause.Weneedtoaskcertainquestions.Itneedscutting.Unit72VerbswithotherclausesMainpointsG`Make"and`let"canbefollowedbyanobjectandabaseform.GSomeverbsofperceptioncanbefollowedbyanobjectandan`-ing"clause,oranobjectandabaseform.G`Have"and`get"canbefollowedbyanobjectandapastparticiple.G`Dare"isfollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclauseorabaseform.1Youcanuseanobjectandabaseformafter`make"tosaythatonepersoncausesanotherpersontodosomething,orafter`let"tosaytheyallowthemtodosomething.Myfathermademegofortheinterview.Jennylethimtalk.2Someverbsofperceptionareusedwithanobjectandan`-ing"clauseifanactionisunfinishedorcontinuesoveraperiodoftime,andwithanobjectandabaseformiftheactionisfinished.feelhearseewatchHeheardadistantvoiceshouting.DrHochstadtheardhergasp.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Younormallyusean`-ing"clauseafter`notice",`observe",`smell",and`understand".IcouldsmellChinesevegetablescooking.Wecanunderstandthemwantingtogo.3Youcanuseanobjectandapastparticipleafter`have"or`get",whenyouwanttosaythatsomeonearrangesforsomethingtobedone.`Have"isslightlymoreformal.We"vejusthadthehousedecorated.Wemustgetthecarrepaired.Youalsouse`have"and`get"withanobjectandapastparticipletosaythatsomethinghappenstosomeone,especiallyifitisunpleasant.Shehadherpursestolen.Hegothiscarbrokenintoattheweekend.4Youuse`have"followedbyanobjectandan`-ing"clause,oranobjectandapastparticiple,whenyouwanttosaythatsomeonecausessomethingtohappen,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Alanhadmelookingforthatbookallday.Hehadmeutterlyconfused.5Youuse`want"and`wouldlike"withanobjectandapastparticipletoindicatethatyouwantsomethingtobedone.IwanttheworkfinishedbyJanuary1st.Howwouldyoulikeyourhaircut,sir?6`Dare"canbefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclauseorabaseforminnegativeorinterrogativesentences:GwhenthereisanauGiliaryormodalinfrontof`dare"Hedidnotdaretowalktothevillage.Whatbankwoulddareoffersuchterms?Gwhenyouusetheform`dares"or`dared"(butnot`daresnot"or`darednot")Noonedaresdisturbhim.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Noothermanagerdaredtocompete.Youmustuseabaseformin:GnegativeorinterrogativesentenceswithoutanauGiliaryormodalbefore`dare"Idaren"tringJeremyagain.Nobodydaredisturbhim.Dareshegoin?Gnegativesentenceswith`daresnot"or`darednot"Hedaresnotriskit.Sonnydarednotdisobey.Notethatthephrase`howdareyou"isalwaysfollowedbyabaseform.Howdareyouspeaktomelikethat?`Dare"israrelyusedinaffirmativesentences.Unit73LinkverbsMainpointsGLinkverbsareusedtojointhesubjectwithacomplement.GLinkverbscanhaveadjectives,noungroups,or`to"-infinitiveclausesascomplements.GYoucanuse`it"and`there"asimpersonalsubjectswithlinkverbs.1Asmallbutimportantgroupofverbsarefollowedbyacomplementratherthananobject.Thecomplementtellsyoumoreaboutthesubject.Verbsthattakecomplementsarecalled`link"verbs.appear,be,become,feel,get,go,grow,keep,look,prove,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turnIamproudofthesepeople.Shewasgettingtoooldtoplaytennis.Theylookedallrighttome.2Linkverbsoftenhaveadjectivesascomplementsdescribingthesubject.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Wefeltveryhappy.Hewasthetallestintheroom.SeeUnits31to33andUnit47formoreinformationaboutadjectivesafterlinkverbs.3Youcanuselinkverbswithnoungroupsascomplementstogiveyouropinionaboutthesubject.He"snottherightmanforit.Sheseemedanidealpersontolookafterthem.Youalsousenoungroupsascomplementsafter`be",`become",and`remain"tospecifythesubject.Hebecameageologist.PromisesbyMPsremainedjustpromises.Thisoneisyours.Notethatyouuseobjectpronounsafter`be".It"smeagain.4Somelinkverbscanhave`to"-infinitiveclausesascomplements.appeargrowprovegetlookseemHeappearstohavetakenmykeys.Sheseemedtolikeme.Theseverbs,and`remain",canalsobefollowedby`tobe"andacomplement.Maryseemedtobeasleep.Hisnewjobprovedtobeachallenge.5Youcanuse`it"and`there"asimpersonalsubjectswithlinkverbs.Itseemssillynottotellhim.Thereappearstohavebeenamistake.SeeUnits17and18formoreinformation.Youcanuse`be"withsomeabstractnounsasthesubject,followedbya`that"-clauseora`to"-infinitiveclauseasthecomplement.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档advice,agreement,answer,decision,idea,plan,problem,solutionTheansweristhattheyarenotinterestedinit.Theideawastospendmoremoneyontraining.Somecanonlyhavea`that"-clause.conclusion,eGplanation,fact,feeling,reason,report,thought,understandingThefactisthatIcan"tgototheparty.Unit74ReportingthepastMainpointsGAreportstructureisusedtoreportwhatpeoplesayorthink.GYouusethepresenttenseofthereportingverbwhenyouarereportingsomethingthatsomeonesaysorthinksatthetimeyouarespeaking.GYouoftenusepasttensesinreportstructuresbecauseareportedclauseusuallyreportssomethingthatwassaidorbelievedinthepast.1Youuseareportstructuretoreportwhatpeoplesayorthink.Areportstructureconsistsoftwoparts.Onepartisthereportingclause,whichcontainsthereportingverb.Itoldhimnothingwasgoingtohappentome.Iagreedthatheshoulddoit.Theotherpartisthereportedclause.Hefeltthathehadtodosomething.Henrysaidhewantedtogohome.SeeUnits75-77formoreinformationonreportstructures.2Fortheverbinthereportingclause,youchooseatensethatisappropriateatthetimeyouarespeaking.Becausereportsareusuallyaboutsomethingthatwassaidorbelievedinthepast,boththereportingverbandtheverbinthereportedclauseareoftenina2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档pasttense.MrsKaurannouncedthatthelecturehadbegun.Atthetimewethoughtthathewasmad.3Althoughyounormallyusepasttensesinreportsaboutthepast,youcanuseapresenttenseinthereportedclauseifwhatyouaresayingisimportantinthepresent,foreGample:GbecauseyouwanttoemphasizethatitisstilltrueDidyoutellhimthatthisyoungwomanislookingforajob?Gbecauseyouwanttogiveadviceorawarning,ormakeasuggestionforthepresentorfutureItoldyoutheyhavethisclassonFridayafternoon,soyoushouldhavecomeabitearlier.4Youuseapresenttenseforthereportingverbwhenyouarereporting:GwhatsomeonesaysorthinksatthetimeyouarespeakingShesaysshewantstoseeyouthisafternoon.Ithinkthere"ssomethingwrong.Notethat,asinthelasteGample,itmaybeyourownthoughtsthatyouarereporting.GwhatsomeoneoftensaysHesaysthatnooneunderstandshim.Gwhatsomeonehassaidinthepast,ifwhattheysaidisstilltrueMydoctorsaysit"snothingtoworryabout.5Ifyouarepredictingwhatpeoplewillsayorthink,youuseafuturetenseforthereportingverb.Nodoubthewillclaimthathiscarbrokedown.Theywillthinkwearemakingafuss.6YouveryrarelytrytoreporttheeGactwordsofastatement.Youusuallygiveasummaryofwhatwassaid.ForeGample,Johnmightsay:`ItriedtophoneyouaboutsiGtimesyesterday.Iletthephoneringforages2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档buttherewasnoanswer.Icouldn"tgetthroughatallsoIfinallygaveup."Youwouldprobablyreportthisas:Johnsaidhetriedtophoneseveraltimesyesterday,buthecouldn"tgetthrough.7Whenyouaretellingastoryofyourown,oronethatyouhaveheardfromsomeoneelse,directspeechsimplybecomespartofthenarrative.InthiseGtractataGidriverpicksupapassenger:`WhatpartofLondonareyouheadedfor?"Iaskedhim.`I"mgoingtoEpsomfortheraces.It"sDerbydaytoday."`Soitis,"Isaid.`IwishIweregoingwithyou.Ilovebettingonhorses."Youmightreportthisaspartofthenarrativewithoutreportingverbs:MypassengerwasgoingtoEpsomtoseetheDerby,andIwantedtogowithhim.Unit75ReportedquestionsMainpointsGYouusereportedquestionstotalkaboutaquestionthatsomeoneelsehasasked.GInreportedquestions,thesubjectofthequestioncomesbeforetheverb.GYouuse`if"or`whether"inreported`yes/no"-questions.1Whenyouaretalkingaboutaquestionthatsomeonehasasked,youuseareportedquestion.SheaskedmewhyIwassolate.HewantedtoknowwhereIwasgoing.Idemandedtoknowwhatwasgoingon.IaskedherifIcouldhelpher.Iaskedherwhethertherewasanythingwrong.InformalandwrittenEnglish,`enquire"(alsospelled`inquire")isoftenusedinsteadof`ask".Wilkiehadenquiredifshedidalotofacting.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Heinquiredwhetherhecouldseeher.2Whenyouarereportingaquestion,theverbinthereportedclauseisofteninapasttense.Thisisbecauseyouareoftentalkingaboutthepastwhenyouarereportingsomeoneelse"swords.SheaskedmewhyIwassolate.Pataskedhimifshehadhurthim.However,youcanuseapresentorfuturetenseifthequestionyouarereportingrelatestothepresentorfuture.Markwasaskingifyou"reenjoyingyournewjob.Theyaskedifyou"llbetheretomorrownight.3Inreportedquestions,thesubjectofthequestioncomesbeforetheverb,justasitdoesinaffirmativesentences.SheaskedmewhyIwaslate.Iaskedwhathewasdoing.4YoudonotnormallyusetheauGiliary`do"inreportedquestions.SheaskedhimifhisparentsspokeFrench.Theyaskeduswhatwethought.TheauGiliary`do"canbeusedinreportedquestions,butonlyforemphasis,ortomakeacontrastwithsomethingthathasalreadybeensaid.Itisnotputbeforethesubjectasindirectquestions.SheaskedmewhetherIreallydidmeanit.ItoldhimIdidn"tlikeclassicalmusic.HeaskedmewhatkindofmusicIdidlike.5Youuse`if"or`whether"tointroducereported`yes/no"-questions.Iaskedhimifhewasonholiday.Shehuggedhimandaskedhimwhetherhewasallright.Iaskedhimwhetherhewassingle.`Whether"isusedespeciallywhenthereisachoiceofpossibilities.IwasaskedwhetherIwantedtostayatahotelorathishome.TheyaskedwhetherTimwasorwasnotintheteam.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Iaskedhimwhetherhelovedmeornot.Notethatyoucanput`ornot"immediatelyafter`whether",butnotimmediatelyafter`if".Thepolicedidn"taskwhetherornottheywerein.SeeUnits74,76,and77formoreinformationonreporting.Unit76Reporting:`that"-clausesMainpointsGYouusuallyuseyourownwordstoreportwhatsomeonesaid,ratherthanrepeatingtheireGactwords.GReportstructurescontainareportingclausefirst,thenareportedclause.GWhenyouarereportingastatement,thereportedclauseisa`that"-clause.GYoumustmentionthehearerwith`tell".Youneednotmentionthehearerwith`say".1Whenyouarereportingwhatsomeonesaid,youdonotusuallyrepeattheireGactwords,youuseyourownwordsinareportstructure.Jimsaidhewantedtogohome.Jim"sactualwordsmighthavebeen`It"stimeIwent"or`Imustgo".Reportstructurescontaintwoclauses.Thefirstclauseisthereportingclause,whichcontainsareportingverbsuchas`say",`tell",or`ask".Shesaidthatshe"dbeentoBelgium.Themanintheshoptoldmehowmuchitwouldcost.Youoftenuseverbsthatrefertopeople"sthoughtsandfeelingstoreportwhatpeoplesay.Ifsomeonesays`Iamwrong",youmightreportthisas`Hefeltthathewaswrong".SeeUnit77formoreinformation.2Thesecondclauseinareportstructureisthereportedclause,whichcontainstheinformationthatyouarereporting.Thereportedclausecanbea2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档`that"-clause,a`to"-infinitiveclause,an`if"-clause,ora`wh"-wordclause.Shesaidthatshedidn"tknow.Hetoldmetodoit.Maryaskedifshecouldstaywithus.Sheaskedwherehe"dgone.3Ifyouwanttoreportastatement,youusea`that"-clauseafteraverbsuchas`say".admit,agree,answer,argue,claim,complain,decide,deny,eGplain,insist,mention,promise,reply,say,warnHesaidthathewouldgo.IrepliedthatIhadnotreadityet.Youoftenomit`that"fromthe`that"-clause,butnotafter`answer",`argue",`eGplain",or`reply".TheysaidIhadtoseeadoctorfirst.Heansweredthatthepricewouldbethreepounds.Youoftenmentionthehearerafterthepreposition`to"withthefollowingverbs.admitcomplainmentionsuggestannounceeGplainsayHecomplainedtomethatyouwererude.4`Tell"andsomeotherreportingverbsarealsousedwitha`that"-clause,butwiththeseverbsyouhavetomentionthehearerastheobjectoftheverb.convincenotifyreassuretellinformpersuaderemindHetoldmethathewasafarmer.IinformedherthatIcouldnotcome.Theword`that"isoftenomittedafter`tell".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Itoldthemyouwereatthedentist.Youcanalsomentionthehearerastheobjectoftheverbwith`promise"and`warn".IpromisedherthatIwouldn"tbelate.5Notethedifferencesbetween`say"and`tell".Youcannotuse`say"withthehearerastheobjectoftheverb.Youcannotsay`Isaidthemyouhadgone".Youcannotuse`tell"withoutthehearerastheobjectoftheverb.Youcannotsay`Itoldthatyouhadgone".Youcannotuse`tell"with`to"andthehearer.Youcannotsay`Itoldtothemyouhadgone".6Thereportingverbsthathavethehearerasobject,suchas`tell",canbeusedinthepassive.Shewastoldthattherewerenoticketsleft.Mostreportingverbsthatdonotneedthehearerasobject,suchas`say",canbeusedinthepassivewithimpersonal`it"assubject,butnot`answer",`complain",`insist",`promise",`reply",or`warn".Itwassaidthatthemoneyhadbeenstolen.SeealsoUnits74and77.Unit77OtherreportstructuresMainpointsGWhenreportinganorder,arequest,orapieceofadvice,thereportedclauseisa`to"-infinitiveclause,usedafteranobject.GWhenreportingaquestion,thereportedclauseisan`if"-clauseora`wh"-wordclause.GManyreportingverbsrefertopeople"sthoughtsandfeelings.1Ifyouwanttoreportanorder,arequest,orapieceofadvice,youusea`to"-infinitiveclauseafterareportingverbsuchas`tell",`ask",or`advise".Youmentionthehearerastheobjectoftheverb,beforethe`to"-infinitiveclause.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档advise,ask,beg,command,forbid,instruct,invite,order,persuade,remind,tell,warnJohnsontoldhertowakehimup.Heorderedmetofetchthebooks.Heaskedhertomarryhim.Headvisedmetobuyit.Iftheorder,request,oradviceisnegative,youput`not"beforethe`to"-infinitive.Hehadorderedhisofficersnottouseweapons.Sheaskedherstaffnottodiscussitpublicly.Doctorsadvisedhimnottoplayforthreeweeks.Ifthesubjectofthe`to"-infinitiveclauseisthesameasthesubjectofthemainverb,youcanuse`ask"or`beg"toreportarequestwithoutmentioningthehearer.Iaskedtoseethemanager.Bothmenbeggednottobenamed.2Ifyouwanttoreportaquestion,youuseaverbsuchas`ask"followedbyan`if"-clauseora`wh"-wordclause.IaskedifIcouldstaywiththem.Theywonderedwhetherthetimewasright.HeaskedmewhereIwasgoing.SheinquiredhowIbrahimwasgettingon.Notethatinreportedquestions,thesubjectofthequestioncomesbeforetheverb,justasitdoesinaffirmativesentences.SeeUnit75.3Manyreportingverbsrefertopeople"sthoughtsandfeelingsbutareoftenusedtoreportwhatpeoplesay.ForeGample,ifsomeonesays`Imustgo",youmightreportthisas`Shewantedtogo"or`Shethoughtsheshouldgo".Someoftheseverbsarefollowedby:Ga`that"-clause2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档accept,believe,consider,fear,feel,guess,imagine,know,suppose,think,understand,worryWebothknewthatthetownwascutoff.IhadalwaysbelievedthatIwouldseehimagain.Ga`to"-infinitiveclauseintendplanwantHedoesn"twanttogetup.Ga`that"-clauseora`to"-infinitiveclauseagree,decide,eGpect,forget,hope,prefer,regret,remember,wishShehopedshewasn"tgoingtocry.Theyareinloveandwishtomarry.`EGpect"and`prefer"canalsobefollowedbyanobjectanda`to"-infinitive.I"msureshedoesn"teGpectyoutotaketheplane.Theheadmasterprefersthemtoactplaystheyhavewrittenthemselves.4Aspeaker"seGactwordsaremoreoftenusedinstoriesthaninordinaryconversation.`IknewI"dseenyou,"Isaid.`Onlyone,"repliedtheEnglishman.`Let"sgoandhavealookattheswimmingpool,"shesuggested.Inordinaryconversation,itisnormaltouseareportstructureratherthantorepeatsomeone"seGactwords.Unit78ThepassivevoiceMainpointsGYouusethepassivevoicetofocusonthepersonorthingaffectedbyanaction.GYouformthepassivebyusingaformof`be"andapastparticiple.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档GOnlyverbsthathaveanobjectcanhaveapassiveform.Withverbsthatcanhavetwoobjects,eitherobjectcanbethesubjectofthepassive.1Whenyouwanttotalkaboutthepersonorthingthatperformsanaction,youusetheactivevoice.MrSmithlocksthegateat6o"clockeverynight.Thestormdestroyeddozensoftrees.Whenyouwanttofocusonthepersonorthingthatisaffectedbyanaction,ratherthanthepersonorthingthatperformstheaction,youusethepassivevoice.Thegateislockedat6o"clockeverynight.Dozensoftreesweredestroyed.2ThepassiveisformedwithaformoftheauGiliary`be",followedbythepastparticipleofamainverb.Twonewstoreswereopenedthisyear.Theroomhadbeencleaned.ContinuouspassivetensesareformedwithaformoftheauGiliary`be"followedby`being"andthepastparticipleofamainverb.Jobsarestillbeinglost.Itwasbeingdonewithouthisknowledge.3Aftermodalsyouusethebaseform`be"followedbythepastparticipleofamainverb.Whatcanbedone?Wewon"tbebeaten.Whenyouaretalkingaboutthepast,youuseamodalwith`havebeen"followedbythepastparticipleofamainverb.Hemayhavebeengiventhecar.Hecouldn"thavebeentoldbyJimmy.4Youformpassiveinfinitivesbyusing`tobe"or`tohavebeen"followedby2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档thepastparticipleofamainverb.Hewantedtobeforgiven.Thecarwasreportedtohavebeenstolen.5IninformalEnglish,`get"issometimesusedinsteadof`be"toformthepassive.Ourcargetscleanedeveryweekend.Hegotkilledinaplanecrash.6Whenyouusethepassive,youoftendonotmentionthepersonorthingthatperformstheactionatall.Thismaybebecauseyoudonotknowordonotwanttosaywhoitis,orbecauseitdoesnotmatter.Herboyfriendwasshotinthechest.Yourapplicationwasrejected.Suchitemsshouldbecarefullypackedinteachests.7Ifyouareusingthepassiveandyoudowanttomentionthepersonorthingthatperformstheaction,youuse`by".Hehadbeenpoisonedbyhisgirlfriend.Hewasbroughtupbyanaunt.Youuse`with"totalkaboutsomethingthatisusedtoperformtheaction.Acirclewasdrawninthedirtwithastick.Hewaskilledwithaknife.8Onlyverbsthatusuallyhaveanobjectcanhaveapassiveform.Youcansay`peoplespendmoney"or`moneyisspent".Anenormousamountofmoneyisspentonbeer.Thefoodissoldatlocalmarkets.Withverbswhichcanhavetwoobjects,youcanformtwodifferentpassivesentences.ForeGample,youcansay`Thesecretarywasgiventhekey"or`Thekeywasgiventothesecretary".Theywereofferedanewflat.Thebookswillbesenttoyou.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档SeeUnit52formoreinformationonverbsthatcanhavetwoobjects.Unit79IntroductiontomodalsMainpointsGThemodalverbsare:`can",`could",`may",`might",`must",`ought",`shall",`should",`will",and`would"GModalsarealwaysthefirstwordinaverbgroup.GAllmodalseGceptfor`ought"arefollowedbythebaseformofaverb.G`Ought"isfollowedbya`to"-infinitive.GModalshaveonlyoneform.GModalscanbeusedforvariousdifferentpurposes.TheseareeGplainedinUnits80-91.1Modalsarealwaysthefirstwordinaverbgroup.AllmodalseGceptfor`ought"arefollowedbythebaseformofaverb.Imustleavefairlysoon.Ithinkitwilllookrathernice.Thingsmighthavebeensodifferent.Peoplemaybewatching.2`Ought"isalwaysfollowedbya`to"-infinitive.SheoughttogostraightbacktoEngland.Samoughttohaverealizedhowdangerousitwas.Yououghttobedoingthis.3Modalshaveonlyoneform.Thereisno`-s"formforthethirdpersonsingularofthepresenttense,andthereareno`-ing"or`-ed"forms.There"snothingIcandoaboutit.I"msurehecandoit.4Modalsdonotnormallyindicatethetimewhensomethinghappens.Thereare,however,afeweGceptions.`Shall"and`will"oftenindicateafutureeventorsituation.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Ishalldowhatyousuggested.Hewillnotreturnformanyhours.`Could"isusedasthepastformof`can"toeGpressability.`Would"isusedasthepastformof`will"toeGpressthefuture.WhenIwasyoung,Icouldrunformiles.HerememberedthathewouldseehismothertheneGtday.5InspokenEnglishandinformalwrittenEnglish,`shall"and`will"areshortenedto`-"ll",and`would"to`-"d",andaddedtoapronoun.I"llseeyoutomorrow.Ihopeyou"llagree.Posysaidshe"dlovetostay.`Shall",`will",and`would"arenevershortenediftheycomeattheendofasentence.Paulsaidhewouldcome,andIhopehewill.InspokenEnglish,youcanalsoadd`-"ll"and`-"d"tonouns.Mycar"llbeoutside.Theheadmaster"dbefurious.WARNING:Rememberthat`-d"isalsotheshortformoftheauGiliary`had".I"dhearditmanytimes.Unit80ModalsGnegation,questionsMainpointsGYouusenegativewordswithmodalstomakenegativeclauses.GModalsgoinfrontofthesubjectinquestions.GYouneverusetwomodalstogether.1Tomakeaclausenegative,youputanegativewordimmediatelyafterthemodal.Youmustnotworry.Icanneverrememberhisname.Heoughtnottohavedonethat.`Cannot"isalwayswrittenasoneword,`cannot".Icannotgoback.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档However,if`can"isfollowedby`notonly",`can"and`not"arenotjoined.Wecannotonlybookyourflightforyou,butalsoadviseyouabouthotels.2InspokenEnglishandinformalwrittenEnglish,`not"isoftenshortenedto`-n"t"andaddedtothemodal.Thefollowingmodalsareoftenshortenedinthisway:couldnotGcouldn"tshouldnotGshouldn"tmustnotGmustn"twouldnotGwouldn"tWecouldn"tleavethefarm.Youmustn"ttalkaboutRonlikethat.Notethefollowingirregularshortforms:shallnotGshan"twillnotGwon"tcannotGcan"tIshan"tletyougo.Won"tyouchangeyourmind?Wecan"tstopnow.`Mightnot"and`oughtnot"aresometimesshortenedto`mightn"t"and`oughtn"t".Notethat`maynot"isveryrarelyshortenedto`mayn"t"inmodernEnglish.3Tomakeaquestion,youputthemodalinfrontofthesubject.CouldyougivemeaneGample?Willyoubecominginlater?ShallIshutthedoor?Modalsarealsousedinquestiontags.SeeUnits7and8formoreinformation.4Youneverusetwomodalstogether.ForeGample,youcannotsay`Hewill2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档cancome".Insteadyoucansay`Hewillbeabletocome".Ishallhavetogo.Yourhusbandmighthavetogiveupwork.5Insteadofusingmodals,youcanoftenuseotherverbsandeGpressionstomakerequests,offers,orsuggestions,toeGpresswishesorintentions,ortoshowthatyouarebeingpolite.ForeGample,`beableto"isusedinsteadof`can",`belikelyto"isusedinsteadof`might",and`haveto"isusedinsteadof`must".AllmembersareabletoclaimeGpenses.Ithinkthatwearelikelytoseemoreofthis.TheseeGpressionsarealsousedaftermodals.IreallythoughtIwouldn"tbeabletovisityouthisweek.6`Dare"and`need"sometimesbehavelikemodals.SeeUnit72forinformationon`dare"andUnits71and90forinformationon`need".Unit81PossibilityMainpointsGYouuse`can"tosaythatsomethingispossible.GYouuse`could",`might",and`may"toindicatethatyouarenotcertainwhethersomethingispossible,butyouthinkitis.1Whenyouwanttosaythatsomethingispossible,youuse`can".Cookingcanbearealpleasure.Insomecasesthiscancausedifficulty.Youuse`cannot"or`can"t"tosaythatsomethingisnotpossible.Thiscannotbetheanswer.Youcan"tbeserious.2Whenyouwanttoindicatethatyouarenotcertainwhethersomethingispossible,butyouthinkitis,youuse`could",`might",or`may".Thereisnoimportantdifferenceinmeaningbetweenthesemodals,but`may"isslightlymoreformal.Thatcouldbeonereason.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Hemightcome.Theymayhelpus.Youcanalsouse`mightnot"or`maynot"inthisway.HemightnotbeinEnglandatall.Theymaynotgetahousewithcentralheating.Notethat`couldnot"normallyreferstoabilityinthepast.SeeUnit83.3Whenthereisapossibilitythatsomethinghappenedinthepast,butyouarenotcertainifitactuallyhappened,youuse`couldhave",`mayhave",or`mighthave",followedbyapastparticiple.Itcouldhavebeentomatosoup.Youmayhavenoticedthisadvertisement.Youcanalsouse`mightnothave"or`maynothave"inthisway.Hemightnothaveseenme.Theymaynothavedoneit.Youuse`couldnothave"whenyouwanttoindicatethatitisnotpossiblethatsomethinghappened.Hedidn"thaveaboat,sohecouldn"thaverowedaway.Itcouldn"thavebeenwrong.Youalsouse`couldhave"tosaythattherewasapossibilityofsomethinghappeninginthepast,butitdidnothappen.Itcouldhavebeenawful.(Butitwasn"tawful.)Youcouldhavegotajoblastyear.(Butyoudidn"tgetajob.)4Youalsouse`mighthave"or`couldhave"followedbyapastparticipletosaythatifaparticularthinghadhappened,thentherewasapossibilityofsomethingelsehappening.Shesaiditmighthavebeenallright,iftheweatherhadbeengood.(Buttheweatherwasn"tgood,soitwasn"tallright.)IfI"dbeenthere,Icouldhavehelpedyou.(ButIwasn"tthere,soIcouldn"thelpyou.)2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档5`Beableto",`notbeableto",and`beunableto"aresometimesusedinsteadof`can"and`cannot",foreGampleafteranothermodal,orwhenyouwanttousea`to"-infinitive,an`-ing"form,orapastparticiple.WhenwillIbeabletopickthemup?Hehadbeenunabletogetaticket.6Youuse`usedtobeableto"tosaythatsomethingwaspossibleinthepast,butisnotpossiblenow.Everyoneusedtobeabletohavefreeeyetests.Youusedtobeabletobuycigarettesinpacksoffive.7Notethatyoualsouse`could"followedbyanegativewordandthecomparativeformofanadjectivetoemphasizeaqualitythatsomeoneorsomethinghas.ForeGample,ifyousay`Icouldn"tbehappier",youmeanthatyouareveryhappyindeedandcannotimaginebeinghappierthanyouarenow.Youcouldn"tbemorewrong.Hecouldhardlyhavefeltmoreashamedofhimself.Unit82ProbabilityandcertaintyMainpointsGYouuse`must",`ought",`should",or`will"toeGpressprobabilityorcertainty.GYouuse`cannot"or`can"t"asthenegativeof`must",ratherthan`mustnot"or`mustn"t",tosaythatsomethingisnotprobableorisnotcertain.1Whenyouwanttosaythatsomethingisprobablytrueorthatitwillprobablyhappen,youuse`should"or`ought".`Should"isfollowedbythebaseformofaverb.`Ought"isfollowedbya`to"-infinitive.Weshouldarrivebydinnertime.Sheoughttoknow.Whenyouwanttosaythatyouthinksomethingisprobablynottrueorthat2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档itwillprobablynothappen,youuse`shouldnot"or`oughtnot".Thereshouldn"tbeanyproblem.Thatoughtnottobetoodifficult.2Whenyouwanttosaythatyouarefairlysurethatsomethinghashappened,youuse`shouldhave"or`oughttohave",followedbyapastparticiple.YoushouldhaveheardbynowthatI"mleaving.Theyoughttohavearrivedyesterday.Whenyouwanttosaythatyoudonotthinkthatsomethinghashappened,youuse`shouldnothave"or`oughtnottohave",followedbyapastparticiple.Youshouldn"thavehadanydifficultyingettingthere.Thisoughtnottohavebeenaproblem.3Youalsouse`shouldhave"or`oughttohave"tosaythatyoueGpectedsomethingtohappen,butthatitdidnothappen.Yesterdayshouldhavebeenthestartofthesoccerseason.Sheoughttohavebeenhomebynow.Notethatyoudonotnormallyusethenegativeformswiththismeaning.4Whenyouarefairlysurethatsomethingisthecase,youuse`must".Oh,youmustbeSylvia"shusband.Hemustknowsomethingaboutit.Ifyouarefairlysurethatsomethingisnotthecase,youuse`cannot"or`can"t".Thiscannotbethewholestory.Hecan"tbeveryold-he"sabout25,isn"the?WARNING:Youdonotuse`mustnot"or`mustn"t"withthismeaning.5Whenyouwanttosaythatyouarealmostcertainthatsomethinghashappened,youuse`musthave",followedbyapastparticiple.Thisarticlemusthavebeenwrittenbyawoman.Wemusthavetakenthewrongroad.Tosaythatyoudonotthinkthatsomethinghashappened,youuse`can"thave",followedbyapastparticiple.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youcan"thaveforgottenme.Hecan"thavesaidthat.6Youuse`will"or`-"ll"tosaythatsomethingiscertaintohappeninthefuture.Peoplewillalwayssaythethingsyouwanttohear.They"llmanage.Youuse`willnot"or`won"t"tosaythatsomethingiscertainnottohappen.Youwon"tgetmuchsympathyfromthem.7Thereareseveralwaysoftalkingaboutprobabilityandcertaintywithoutusingmodals.ForeGample,youcanuse:G`boundto"followedbythebaseformofaverbItwasboundtohappen.You"reboundtomakeamistake.Ganadjectivesuchas`certain",`likely",`sure",or`unlikely",followedbya`to"-infinitiveclauseora`that"-clauseTheywerecertainthatyouweredefeated.Iamnotlikelytoforgetit.SeeUnit33formoreinformationontheseadjectives.Unit83AbilityMainpointsGYouuse`can"totalkaboutabilityinthepresentandinthefuture.GYouuse`could"totalkaboutabilityinthepast.GYouuse`beableto"totalkaboutabilityinthepresent,future,andpast.1Youuse`can"tosaythatsomeonehastheabilitytodosomething.Youcanallreadandwrite.Anybodycanbecomeaqualifiedteacher.Youuse`cannot"or`can"t"tosaythattheydonothavetheabilitytodosomething.Hecannotdance.2Whenyouwanttotalkaboutsomeone"sabilityinthepastasaresultofaskilltheyhadordidnothave,youuse`could",`couldnot",or`couldn"t".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Hecouldrunfasterthananyoneelse.Alotofthemcouldn"treadorwrite.3Youalsouse`beableto",`notbeableto",and`beunableto"totalkaboutsomeone"sabilitytodosomething,but`can"and`could"aremorecommon.Shewasabletotieherownshoelaces.Theyarenotabletorunveryfast.Manypeoplewereunabletoreadorwrite.4Youuse`wasableto"and`wereableto"tosaythatsomeonemanagedtodosomethinginaparticularsituationinthepast.Aftertreatmenthewasabletoreturntowork.Thefarmerswereabletopaythenewwages.Wewereabletofindtimetodiscussit.WARNING:Youdonotnormallyuse`could"tosaythatsomeonemanagedtodosomethinginaparticularsituation.However,youcanuse`couldnot"or`couldn"t"tosaythatsomeonedidnotmanagetodosomethinginaparticularsituation.Wecouldn"tstoplaughing.Ijustcouldn"tthinkofanythingtosay.5Whenyouwanttosaythatsomeonehadtheabilitytodosomethinginthepast,butdidnotdoit,youuse`couldhave"followedbyapastparticiple.Youcouldhavegivenitalltome.Youknow,shecouldhavedoneFrench.YouoftenusethisformwhenyouwanttoeGpressdisapprovalaboutsomethingthatwasnotdone.Youcouldhavebeenalittlebittidier.Youcouldhavetoldme!6Youuse`couldnothave"or`couldn"thave"followedbyapastparticipletosaythatitisnotpossiblethatsomeonehadtheabilitytodosomething.Icouldn"thavegonewithyou,becauseIwasinLondonatthetime.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Shecouldn"thavetakenthecar,becauseJimwasusingit.7Inmostcases,youcanchoosetouse`can"or`beableto".However,yousometimeshavetouse`beableto".Youhavetouse`beableto"ifyouareusinganothermodal,orifyouwanttousean`-ing"form,apastparticiple,ora`to"-infinitive.Nobodyelsewillbeabletoreadit....thesatisfactionofbeingabletodothejob.Idon"tthinkI"dhavebeenabletogetananswer.You"refoolishtoeGpecttobeabletodothat.8Youalsouse`can"or`could"withverbssuchas`see",`hear",and`smell"tosaythatsomeoneisorwasawareofsomethingthroughoneoftheirsenses.Icansmellgas.Ican"tseeher.Icouldseeafewstarsinthesky.Therewassuchanoisewecouldn"thear.Unit84PermissionMainpointsGYouuse`can"or`beallowedto"totalkaboutwhethersomeonehaspermissiontodosomethingornot.GYouusuallyuse`can"togivesomeonepermissiontodosomething.GYouusuallyuse`can"or`could"toaskforpermissiontodosomething.1Youuse`can"tosaythatsomeoneisallowedtodosomething.Youuse`cannot"or`can"t"tosaythattheyarenotallowedtodoit.Studentscantakeayearawayfromuniversity.ChildrencannotbatheeGceptinthepresenceoftwolifesavers.Youuse`could"tosaythatsomeonewasallowedtodosomethinginthepast.Youuse`couldnot"or`couldn"t"tosaythattheywerenotallowedtodoit.Wecouldgotoanypartoftheislandwewanted.Bothstudentsandstaffcouldusetheswimmingpool.Wecouldn"tgointothelibraryafter5pm.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档2Youalsouse`beallowedto"whenyouaretalkingaboutpermission,butnotwhenyouareaskingforitorgivingit.WhenMrWiltasksforasolicitorhewillbeallowedtoseeone.ItwasonlyafterseveralmonthsthatIwasallowedtovisither.You"renotallowedtousecalculatorsineGams.3Inmoreformalsituations,`may"isusedtosaythatsomeoneisallowedtodosomething,and`maynot"isusedtosaythattheyarenotallowedtodoit.TheymaydoeGactlyastheylike.Theretailermaynotsellthatbookbelowthepublisher"sprice.4Whenyouwanttogivesomeonepermissiontodosomething,youuse`can".Youcanborrowthatpenifyouwantto.Youcangooffdutynow.Shecangowithyou.`May"isalsousedtogivepermission,butthisismoreformal.Youmayspeak.Youmayleaveassoonasyouhavefinished.5Whenyouwanttorefusesomeonepermissiontodosomething,youuse`cannot",`can"t",`willnot",`won"t",`shallnot",or`shan"t".`CanIhavesomesweets?"-`No,youcan"t!"`I"lljustgoupstairs."-`Youwillnot!"Youshan"tleavewithoutmypermission.6Whenyouareaskingforpermissiontodosomething,youuse`can"or`could".Ifyouaskinaverysimpleanddirectway,youuse`can".CanIaskaquestion?Canwehavesomethingtowipeourhandsonplease?`Could"ismorepolitethan`can".CouldIjustinterruptaminute?2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Couldweputthisfireon?`May"isalsousedtoaskpermission,butthisismoreformal.MayIhaveacigarette?`Might"isratherold-fashionedandisnotoftenusedinmodernEnglishinthisway.MightIinquireifyouaretheowner?7Youhavetouse`beallowedto"insteadofamodalifyouareusinganothermodal,orifyouwanttousean`-ing"form,apastparticiple,ora`to"-infinitive.Teacherswillbeallowedtodecideforthemselves.Iamstronglyinfavourofpeoplebeingallowedtoputonplays.Theyhavenotbeenallowedtocome.Weweregoingtobeallowedtotravelonthetrains.Unit85InstructionsandrequestsMainpointsGYouuse`Couldyou"totellsomeonepolitelytodosomething.GImperativesarenotverypolite.GYoualsouse`Couldyou"toasksomeonepolitelyforhelp.GYouuse`Iwouldlike",`Wouldyoumind",`Doyouthinkyoucould",and`Iwonderifyoucould"tomakerequests.1Whenyouwanttotellsomeonetodosomething,youcanuse`Couldyou",`Willyou",and`Wouldyou".`Couldyou"isverypolite.Couldyoumakeoutherbill,please?Couldyoujustswitchonthelightbehindyou?`Willyou"and`Wouldyou"arenormallyusedbypeopleinauthority.`Wouldyou"ismorepolitethan`Willyou".WouldyoutellherthatAdrianphoned?Willyoupleaseleavetheroom?Notethatalthoughthesesentenceslooklikequestions(`Willyou",not`Youwill"),theyarenotreallyquestions.22125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Ifsomeoneinauthoritywantstotellsomeonetodosomething,theysometimessay`Iwouldlikeyoutodothis"or`I"dlikeyoutodothis".Penelope,Iwouldlikeyoutogetusthefiles.I"dlikeyoutofinishthisworkbyThursday.3Youcanuseanimperativetotellsomeonetodosomething,butthisisnotverypolite.Stopher.Goaway,allofyou.However,imperativesarecommonlyusedwhentalkingtopeopleyouknowverywell.Comehere,love.Sitdownandletmegetyouadrink.Youoftenuseimperativesinsituationsofdangerorurgency.Lookout!There"sacarcoming.PutitawaybeforeMumseesyou.4Whenyouwanttoasksomeonetohelpyou,youuse`Couldyou",`Wouldyou",`Canyou",or`Willyou".`Couldyou"and`Wouldyou"areusedinformalsituations,orwhenyouwanttobeverypolite,foreGamplebecauseyouareaskingforsomethingthatrequiresalotofeffort.`Couldyou"ismorepolitethan`Wouldyou".Couldyoushowmehowtodothis?Wouldyoudomeafavour?`Willyou"and`Canyou"areusedininformalsituations,especiallywhenyouarenotaskingforsomethingthatrequiresalotofeffort.Willyoupostthisformeonyourwaytowork?Canyoumakemeacopyofthat?5Youalsouse`Iwouldlike"or`I"dlike",followedbya`to"-infinitiveoranoungroup,tomakearequest.Iwouldliketoaskyouonequestion.I"dlikesteakandchips,please.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档6Youcanalsomakearequestbyusing:G`Wouldyoumind",followedbyan`-ing"formWouldyouminddoingthewashingup?Wouldyoumindwaitingamoment?G`Doyouthinkyoucould",followedbythebaseformofaverbDoyouthinkyoucouldhelpme?G`Iwonderifyoucould",followedbythebaseformofaverbIwonderifyoucouldlookaftermycatformewhileI"maway?Unit86SuggestionsMainpointsGYouuse`could",`couldn"t",or`shall"tomakeasuggestion.GYouuse`Shallwe"tosuggestdoingsomethingwithsomeone.GYouuse`Youmightlike"or`Youmightwant"tomakepolitesuggestions.GYouuse`mayaswell"or`mightaswell"tosuggestasensibleaction.GYouuse`Whatabout",`Let"s",`Whydon"t",and`Whynot"tomakesuggestions.1Youuse`could"tosuggestdoingsomething.Youcouldphoneher.Shecouldgointoresearch.WecouldgoonFriday.Youalsouse`couldn"t"inaquestiontosuggestdoingsomething.Couldn"tyoujustbuildsomemorefactories?Couldn"twedoitattheweekend?2Youuse`Shallwe"tosuggestdoingsomethingwithsomebodyelse.Shallwegoandseeafilm?Shallwetalkaboutsomethingdifferentnow?Youuse`ShallI"tosuggestdoingsomethingyourself.ShallIcontacttheChairman?3Youuse`Youmight",followedbyaverbmeaning`like"or`want",tomakeasuggestioninaverypoliteway.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Ithoughtperhapsyoumightliketocomealongwithme.Youmightwanttotryanothershop.Youcanalsodothisusing`Itmightbe",followedbyanoungrouporanadjective,anda`to"-infinitive.Ithinkitmightbeagoodideatostoprecordingnow.Itmightbewisetogetanewcar.4Youuse`mayaswell"or`mightaswell"tosuggestdoingsomething,butonlybecauseitseemsthesensiblethingtodo,orbecausethereisnoreasonnottodoit.Youmayaswellopenthemall.Hemightaswelltakethecar.5Youcanalsomakeasuggestionbyusing:G`Whatabout"or`Howabout"followedbyan`-ing"formWhataboutgoingtoJudy"s?Howaboutusingmycar?G`Let"s"followedbythebaseformofaverbLet"sgooutside.G`Whydon"tI",`Whydon"tyou"or`Whydon"twe"followedbythebaseformofaverbWhydon"tIpickyouupatseven?Whydon"tyouwritetoheryourself?Whydon"twejustgivethemwhattheywant?G`Whynot"followedbythebaseformofaverbWhynotbringhimalong?Whynottryboth?Unit87OffersandinvitationsMainpointsGYouuse`Wouldyoulike"tooffersomethingtosomeoneortoinvitethemtodosomething.GYouuse`CanI",`CouldI",and`ShallI"whenyouoffertohelpsomeone.12125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Whenyouareofferingsomethingtosomeone,orinvitingthemtodosomething,youuse`Wouldyoulike".Wouldyoulikeadrink?Wouldyouliketocomeforameal?Youcanuse`Willyou"tooffersomethingtosomeoneyouknowquitewell,ortogiveaninvitationinafairlyinformalway.Willyouhaveanotherbiscuit,Dave?WillyoucometomypartyonSaturday?2Youuse`CanI"or`CouldI"whenyouareofferingtodosomethingforsomeone.`CouldI"ismorepolite.CanIhelpyouwiththedishes?CouldIhelpyoucarrythosebags?Youalsouse`ShallI"whenyouareofferingtodosomething,especiallyifyouarefairlysurethatyourofferwillbeaccepted.ShallIshutthedoor?ShallIspellthatforyou?3Youuse`Ican"or`Icould"tomakeanofferwhenyouwanttosaythatyouareabletohelpsomeone.Ihaveacar.IcantakeDaisytothestation.Icouldpaysomeoftherent.4Youalsouse`I"ll"tooffertodosomething.I"llgivethemaringifyoulike.I"llshowyouthehotel.5Youuse`Youmust"ifyouwanttoinvitesomeoneverypersuasivelytodosomething.Youmustcomeroundforamealsometime.Youmustcomeandvisitme.6Thereareotherwaysofmakingoffersandgivinginvitationswithoutusingmodals.ForeGample,youcanuse`Letme"whenofferingtohelpsomeone.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Letmetakeyoutoyourroom.LetmedriveyoutoLondon.Youcanmakeanofferorgiveaninvitationinamoreinformalwaybyusinganimperativesentence,whenitisclearthatyouarenotgivinganorder.Haveacigar.Cometomyplace.Youcanaddemphasisbyputting`do"infrontoftheverb.Dohaveachocolatebiscuit.Dohelpyourselves.Youcanalsogiveaninvitationbyusing`Whydon"tyou"or`Howabout".Whydon"tyoucometolunchtomorrow?Howaboutcomingwithustotheparty?Unit88WantsandwishesMainpointsGYouuse`wouldlike"tosaywhatyouwant.GYouuse`wouldn"tlike"tosaywhatyoudonotwant.GYouuse`wouldrather"or`wouldsooner"tosaywhatyouprefer.GYoualsouse`wouldn"tmind"tosaywhatyouwant.1Youcansaywhatsomeonewantsbyusing`wouldlike"followedbya`to"-infinitiveoranoungroup.IwouldliketoknowthedateoftheneGtmeeting.Johnwouldlikehisbookback.Whenthesubjectisapronoun,youoftenusetheshortform`-"d"insteadof`would".I"dlikemoreinformationabouttheworkyoudo.We"dlikeseatsinthenon-smokingsection,please.InspokenEnglish,youcanalsousetheshortform`-"d"insteadof`would"whenthesubjectisanoun.Sally"dliketogotothecircus.2Youcansaywhatsomeonedoesnotwantbyusing`wouldnotlike"or`wouldn"tlike".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Iwouldnotliketoseeit.Theywouldn"tlikethat.3Youuse`wouldlike"followedby`tohave"andapastparticipletosaythatsomeonewishesnowthatsomethinghadhappenedinthepast,butthatitdidnothappen.IwouldliketohavefeltmorerelaGed.She"dliketohaveheardmefirst.Youuse`wouldhaveliked",followedbya`to"-infinitiveoranoungroup,tosaythatsomeonewantedsomethingtohappen,butitdidnothappen.Perhapshewouldhavelikedtobeateacher.Iwouldhavelikedmoreicecream.Notethedifference.`Wouldliketohave"referstopresentwishesaboutpastevents."Wouldhaveliked"referstopastwishesaboutpastevents.4Youcanalsouse`wouldhate",`wouldlove",or`wouldprefer",followedbya`to"-infinitiveoranoungroup.Iwouldhatetomovetoanotherhousenow.Iwouldpreferacupofcoffee.Notethat`wouldenjoy"isfollowedbyanoungrouporan`-ing"form,notbya`to"-infinitive.Iwouldenjoyabathbeforewego.Iwouldenjoyseeinghimagain.5Youcanuse`wouldrather"or`wouldsooner"followedbythebaseformofaverbtosaythatsomeoneprefersonesituationtoanother.He"dratherbeplayinggolf.I"dsoonerwalkthantakethebus.6Youuse`Iwouldn"tmind",followedbyan`-ing"formoranoungroup,tosaythatyouwouldliketodoorhavesomething.Iwouldn"tmindbeingthemanagerofastore.Iwouldn"tmindacupoftea.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Unit89Obligationandnecessity1MainpointsGYouuse`haveto",`must",and`mustn"t"totalkaboutobligationandnecessityinthepresentandfuture.GYouuse`hadto"totalkaboutobligationandnecessityinthepast.GYouusetheauGiliary`do"with`haveto"tomakequestions.GYouuse`havegotto"ininformalEnglish.1Whenyouwanttosaythatsomeonehasanobligationtodosomething,orthatitisnecessaryforthemtodoit,youuse`must"or`haveto".Youmustcometothemeetingtomorrow.Theplantsmusthaveplentyofsunshine.Ienjoyparties,unlessIhavetomakeaspeech.Hehastotraveltofindwork.2Thereissometimesadifferencebetween`must"and`haveto".Whenyouarestatingyourownopinionthatsomethingisanobligationoranecessity,younormallyuse`must".Imustbeverycarefulnottoupsethim.Wemusteatbeforewego.Hemuststopworkingsohard.Whenyouaregivinginformationaboutwhatsomeoneelseconsiderstobeanobligationoranecessity,younormallyuse`haveto".TheyhavetopaythebillbyThursday.Shehastogonow.Notethatyounormallyuse`haveto"forthingsthathappenrepeatedly,especiallywithadverbsoffrequencysuchas`often",`always",and`regularly".Ialwayshavetodotheshopping.Youoftenhavetowaitalongtimeforabus.3Youuse`mustnot"or`mustn"t"tosaythatitisimportantthatsomethingisnotdoneordoesnothappen.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youmustnottalkaboutpolitics.Theymustn"tfindoutthatIcamehere.Notethat`mustnot"doesnotmeanthesameas`nothaveto".Ifyou`mustnot"dosomething,itisimportantthatyoudonotdoit.Ifyou`donothaveto"dosomething,itisnotnecessaryforyoutodoit,butyoucandoitifyouwant.WARNING:Youonlyuse`must"forobligationandnecessityinthepresentandthefuture.Whenyouwanttotalkaboutobligationandnecessityinthepast,youuse`hadto"ratherthan`must".ShehadtocatchthesiGo"clocktrain.Ihadtowearasuit.4Youuse`do",`does",or`did"whenyouwanttomakeaquestionusing`haveto"and`nothaveto".Howoftendoyouhavetobuypetrolforthecar?Doeshehavetotakesolongtogetready?Whatdidyouhavetodo?Don"tyouhavetobethereatoneo"clock?WARNING:Youdonotnormallyformquestionslikethesebyputtingaformof`have"beforethesubject.ForeGample,youdonotnormallysay`Howoftenhaveyoutobuypetrol?"5IninformalEnglish,youcanuse`havegotto"insteadof`haveto".You"vejustgottomakesureyoutellhim.She"sgottoseethedoctor.Haveyougottogososoon?WARNING:Younormallyuse`hadto",not`hadgotto",forthepast.Hehadtoknow.Ihadtolendhimsomemoney.6Youcanonlyuse`haveto",not`must",ifyouareusinganothermodal,orifyouwanttousean`-ing"form,apastparticiple,ora`to"-infinitive.Theymayhavetobepaidbycheque.Shegrumbledalotabouthavingtostayabroad.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档IwouldhavehadtogothroughLondon.Hedoesn"tliketohavetodothesamejobeveryday.Unit90Obligationandnecessity2MainpointsGYouuse`needto"totalkaboutnecessity.GYouuse`don"thaveto",`don"tneedto",`haven"tgotto",or`needn"t"tosaythatitisnotnecessarytodosomething.GYouuse`needn"t"togivesomeonepermissionnottodosomething.GYouuse`neednothave",`needn"thave",`didn"tneedto",or`didn"thaveto"tosaythatitwasnotnecessarytodosomethinginthepast.1Youcanuse`needto"totalkaboutthenecessityofdoingsomething.Youmightneedtoseeadoctor.Anumberofquestionsneedtobeasked.2Youuse`don"thaveto"whenthereisnoobligationornecessitytodosomething.Manywomendon"thavetowork.Youdon"thavetolearnanynewtypingskills.Youcanalsouse`don"tneedto",`haven"tgotto",or`needn"t"tosaythatthereisnoobligationornecessitytodosomething.Youdon"tneedtobuyanything.Ihaven"tgottogotoworktoday.IcanpickJohnup.Youneedn"tbother.3Youalsouse`needn"t"whenyouaregivingsomeonepermissionnottodosomething.Youneedn"tsayanythingifyoudon"twantto.Youneedn"tstayanylongertonight.4Youuse`neednothave"or`needn"thave"andapastparticipletosaythatsomeonedidsomethingwhichwasnotnecessary.Youareoftenimplyingthat2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档thepersondidnotknowatthetimethattheiractionwasnotnecessary.Ineedn"thavewaiteduntilthegamebegan.Nellneedn"thaveworked.Theyneedn"thaveworriedaboutReagan.5Youuse`didn"tneedto"tosaythatsomethingwasnotnecessary,andthatitwasknownatthetimethattheactionwasnotnecessary.Youdonotknowiftheactionwasdone,unlessyouaregivenmoreinformation.Theydidn"tneedtotalkaboutit.Ididn"tneedtoworry.6Youalsouse`didn"thaveto"tosaythatitwasnotnecessarytodosomething.Hedidn"thavetospeak.BillandIdidn"thavetopay.7Youcannotuse`must"torefertothepast,sowhenyouwanttosaythatitwasimportantthatsomethingdidnothappenorwasnotdone,youuseothereGpressions.Youcansay`Itwasimportantnotto",orusephraseslike`hadtomakesure"or`hadtomakecertain"inanegativesentence.Itwasimportantnottotakethegametooseriously.Itwasnecessarythatnoonewasawareofbeingwatched.Youhadtomakesurethatyoudidn"tspendtoomuch.Wehadtodoourbesttomakecertainthatitwasn"toutofdate.Unit91MildobligationandadviceMainpointsGYouuse`should"and`ought"totalkaboutmildobligation.GYouuse`shouldhave"and`oughttohave"tosaythattherewasamildobligationtodosomethinginthepast,butitwasnotdone.GYoucanalsouse`hadbetter"totalkaboutmildobligation.12125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youcanuse`should"and`ought"totalkaboutamildobligationtodosomething.Whenyouuse`should"and`ought",youaresayingthatthefeelingofobligationisnotasstrongaswhenyouuse`must".`Should"and`ought"areverycommoninspokenEnglish.`Should"isfollowedbythebaseformofaverb,but`ought"isfollowedbya`to"-infinitive.Whenyouwanttosaythatthereisamildobligationnottodosomething,youuse`shouldnot",`shouldn"t,`oughtnot",or`oughtn"t".2Youuse`should"and`ought"inthreemainways:Gwhenyouaretalkingaboutwhatisagoodthingtodo,ortherightthingtodo.Weshouldsendherapostcard.Weshouldn"tspendallthemoney.Heoughttocomemoreoften.Yououghtnottoseehimagain.Gwhenyouaretryingtoadvisesomeoneaboutwhattodoorwhatnottodo.Youshouldclaimyourpension3-4monthsbeforeyouretire.Youshouldn"tuseadetergent.YououghttogetanewTV.Yououghtn"ttomarryhim.Gwhenyouaregivingoraskingforanopinionaboutasituation.Youoftenuse`Ithink",`Idon"tthink",or`Doyouthink"tostartthesentence.Ithinkthatweshouldbepaidmore.Idon"tthinkweoughttogrumble.Doyouthinkheoughtnottogo?Whatdoyouthinkweshoulddo?3Youuse`shouldhave"or`oughttohave"andapastparticipletosaythattherewasamildobligationtodosomethinginthepast,butthatitwasnotdone.ForeGample,ifyousay`Ishouldhavegivenhimthemoneyyesterday",youmeanthatyouhadamildobligationtogivehimthemoneyyesterday,butyoudidnotgiveittohim.Ishouldhavefinishedmydrinkandgonehome.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Youshouldhaverealisedthathewasjoking.Weoughttohavestayedintonight.TheyoughttohavetakenataGi.Youuse`shouldnothave"or`oughtnottohave"andapastparticipletosaythatitwasimportantnottodosomethinginthepast,butthatitwasdone.ForeGample,ifyousay`Ishouldnothaveleftthedooropen",youmeanthatitwasimportantthatyoudidnotleavethedooropen,butyoudidleaveitopen.Ishouldnothavesaidthat.Youshouldn"thavegivenhimthemoney.Theyoughtnottohavetoldhim.Sheoughtn"ttohavesoldthering.4Youuse`hadbetter"followedbyabaseformtoindicatemildobligationtodosomethinginaparticularsituation.Youalsouse`hadbetter"whengivingadviceorwhengivingyouropinionaboutsomething.Thenegativeis`hadbetternot".IthinkIhadbettershowthistoyounow.You"dbettergotomorrow.I"dbetternotlookatthis.WARNING:Thecorrectformisalways`hadbetter"(not`havebetter").Youdonotuse`hadbetter"totalkaboutmildobligationinthepast,eventhoughitlookslikeapastform.Unit92DefiningrelativeclausesMainpointsGYouusedefiningrelativeclausestosayeGactlywhichpersonorthingyouaretalkingabout.GDefiningrelativeclausesareusuallyintroducedbyarelativepronounsuchas`that",`which",`who",`whom",or`whose".GAdefiningrelativeclausecomesimmediatelyafternoun,andneedsamainclausetomakeacompletesentence.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档1Youusedefiningrelativeclausestogiveinformationthathelpstoidentifythepersonorthingyouaretalkingabout.Themanwhoyoumetyesterdaywasmybrother.ThecarwhichcrashedintomebelongedtoPaul.Whenyouaretalkingaboutpeople,youuse`that"or`who"intherelativeclause.Hewasthemanthatboughtmyhouse.Youaretheonlypersonherewhoknowsme.Whenyouaretalkingaboutthings,youuse`that"or`which"intherelativeclause.TherewasicecreamthatMumhadmadeherself.IwilltellyouthefirstthingwhichIcanremember.2`That",`who",or`which"canbe:GthesubjectoftheverbintherelativeclauseThethingthatreallysurprisedmewashisattitude.ThewomanwholivesneGtdoorisveryfriendly.Thecarwhichcausedtheaccidentdroveoff.GtheobjectoftheverbintherelativeclauseThethingthatIreallylikedaboutitwasitssize.ThewomanwhoyoumetyesterdaylivesneGtdoor.ThecarwhichIwantedtobuywasnotforsale.InformalEnglish,`whom"isusedinsteadof`who"astheobjectoftheverbintherelativeclause.ShewasawomanwhomIgreatlyrespected.3Youcanleaveout`that",`who",or`which"whentheyaretheobjectoftheverbintherelativeclause.ThewomanyoumetyesterdaylivesneGtdoor.ThecarIwantedtobuywasnotforsale.ThethingIreallylikedaboutitwasitssize.WARNING:Youcannotleaveout`that",`who",or`which"whentheyarethesubjectoftheverbintherelativeclause.ForeGample,yousay`Thewomanwho2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档livesneGtdoorisveryfriendly".Youdonotsay`ThewomanlivesneGtdoorisveryfriendly".4Arelativepronouninarelativeclausecanbetheobjectofapreposition.Usuallytheprepositiongoesattheendoftheclause.IwantedtodothejobwhichI"dbeentrainingfor.Thehousethatwelivedinwashuge.Youcanoftenomitarelativepronounthatistheobjectofapreposition.AngelawastheonlypersonIcouldtalkto.She"sthegirlIsangthesongfor.Theprepositionalwaysgoesinfrontof`whom",andinfrontof`which"informalEnglish.ThesearethepeopletowhomCatherinewasreferring.Hewasaskingquestionstowhichtherewerenoanswers.5Youuse`whose"inrelativeclausestoindicatewhosomethingbelongstoorrelatesto.Younormallyuse`whose"forpeople,notforthings.Achildwhosemotherhadlefthimwascryingloudly.Wehaveonlytoldthepeoplewhoseworkisrelevanttothisproject.6Youcanuse`when",`where",and`why"indefiningrelativeclausesaftercertainnouns.Youuse`when"after`time"ortimewordssuchas`day"or`year".Youuse`where"after`place"orplacewordssuchas`room"or`street".Youuse`why"after`reason".Therehadbeenatimewhenshehatedallmen.Thisistheyearwhenprofitsshouldincrease.Heshowedmetheplacewheretheywork.ThatwastheroomwhereIdidmyhomework.Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan"tdothat.Unit93Non-definingclausesMainpointsGYouusenon-definingrelativeclausestogiveeGtrainformationabout2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档thepersonorthingyouaretalkingabout.GNon-definingrelativeclausesmustbeintroducedbyarelativepronounsuchas`which",`who",`whom",or`whose".GAnon-definingrelativeclausecomesimmediatelyafteranounandneedsamainclausetomakeacompletesentence.1Youusenon-definingrelativeclausestogiveeGtrainformationaboutthepersonorthingyouaretalkingabout.Theinformationisnotneededtoidentifythatpersonorthing.ProfessorMarvin,whowasalwaysearly,wastherealready.`Whowasalwaysearly"giveseGtrainformationaboutProfessorMarvin.Thisisanon-definingrelativeclause,becauseitisnotneededtoidentifythepersonyouaretalkingabout.WealreadyknowthatyouaretalkingaboutProfessorMarvin.NotethatinwrittenEnglish,anon-definingrelativeclauseisusuallyseparatedfromthemainclausebyacomma,orbytwocommas.IwenttothecinemawithMary,whoIthinkyoumet.BritishRail,whichhaslaunchedanenquiry,saidonecoachwasbadlydamaged.2Youalwaysstartanon-definingrelativeclausewitharelativepronoun.Whenyouaretalkingaboutpeople,youuse`who".`Who"canbethesubjectorobjectofanon-definingrelativeclause.HeathRobinson,whodiedin1944,wasagraphicartistandcartoonist.IwasinthesamegroupasJanice,whoIlikealot.InformalEnglish,`whom"issometimesusedinsteadof`who"astheobjectofanon-definingrelativeclause.Shewasengagedtoasailor,whomshehadmetatDartmouth.3Whenyouaretalkingaboutthings,youuse`which"asthesubjectorobject2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档ofanon-definingrelativeclause.IamteachingattheSellyOakcentre,whichisjustovertheroad.Hewasamanofconsiderableinheritedwealth,whichheultimatelyspentonhiseGperiments.WARNING:Youdonotnormallyuse`that"innon-definingrelativeclauses.4Youcanalsouseanon-definingrelativeclausebeginningwith`which"tosaysomethingaboutthewholesituationdescribedinamainclause.InevermetBrandoagain,whichwasapity.Shewasalittletense,whichwasunderstandable.Smallcomputersneedonlysmallamountsofpower,whichmeansthattheywillrunonsmallbatteries.5Whenyouaretalkingaboutagroupofpeopleorthingsandthenwanttosaysomethingaboutonlysomeofthem,youcanuseoneofthefollowingeGpressions:manyofwhich,manyofwhom,noneofwhich,noneofwhom,oneofwhich,oneofwhom,someofwhich,someofwhomHetalkedaboutseveralveryinterestingpeople,someofwhomhewasstillincontactwith.6Youcanuse`when"and`where"innon-definingrelativeclausesaftereGpressionsoftimeorplace.Thishappenedin1957,whenIwasstillababy.ShehasjustcomebackfromaholidayinCrete,whereAleGandIwentlastyear.Unit94Participleclauses2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档MainpointsGNounsarefollowedby`-ing"clausesthatsaywhatapersonorthingisdoing.GNounsarefollowedby`-ed"clausesthatshowthatapersonorthinghasbeenaffectedorcausedbyanaction.1Youcanoftengivemoreinformationaboutanoun,oranindefinitepronounsuchas`someone"or`something",byaddingaclausebeginningwithan`-ing"form,an`-ed"form,ora`to"-infinitive.HegesturedtowardstheboGlyingonthetable.IthinktheideasuggestedbyTimisthebestone.Shewantedsomeonetotalkto.2Youusean`-ing"clauseafteranountosaywhatsomeoneorsomethingisdoingorwasdoingataparticulartime.Theyounggirlsittingoppositehimwashisdaughter.Mostofthepeoplestrollingintheparkwereteenagers.3Youcanalsousean`-ing"clauseafteranountosaywhatapersonorthingdoesgenerally,ratherthanataparticulartime.Problemsfacingparentsshouldbediscussed.Themenworkingtherewerenotveryfriendly.4Youoftenusean`-ing"clauseafteranounwhichistheobjectofaverbofperception,suchas`see",`hear",or`feel".SeealsoUnit72.SuddenlywesawAmywalkingdownthepath.Heheardadistantvoiceshouting.Icouldfeelsomethingtouchingmyfaceandneck,somethingice-cold.5Youusean`-ed"clauseafteranountoshowthatsomeoneorsomethinghas2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档beenaffectedorcausedbyanaction.HewasthenewministerappointedbythePresident.Themaninjuredintheaccidentwastakentohospital.Rememberthatnotallverbshaveregular`-ed"forms.Astorywrittenbyayounggirlwonthecompetition.ShewaswearingadressboughtinParis.Unit95AddingtoanoungroupMainpointsGSomeadjectivescanbeusedafternouns.GYoucanuserelativeclausesafternouns.GAdverbialsofplaceandtimecancomeafternouns.GAnouncanbefollowedbyanothernoungroup.GYoucanuse`that"-clausesaftersomenouns.1Youcanusesomeadjectivesafteranountogivemoreinformationaboutit,buttheadjectivesareusuallyfollowedbyaprepositionalphrase,a`to"-infinitiveclause,oranadverbial.Thisisawarningtopeopleeagerforaquickprofit.Thesearetheweaponslikelytobeused.Foralistofthefacilitiesavailablehere,askthesecretary.Youmusttalktothepeopleconcerned.SeeUnit31formoreinformationonadjectivesusedafternouns.2Whenyouwanttogivemorepreciseinformationaboutthepersonorthingyouaretalkingabout,youcanuseadefiningrelativeclauseafterthenoun.Themanwhohaddoneitwasarrested.Therearealotofthingsthatarewrong.NearlyallthepeopleIusedtoknowhavegone.Notethatyoucanalsousedefiningrelativeclausesafterindefinitepronounssuchas`someone"or`something".I"mtalkingaboutsomebodywhoisreallyill.SeeUnit92formoreinformationondefiningrelativeclauses.3Youcanuseanadverbialofplaceortimeafteranoun.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Peopleeverywherearebecomingmoreselfish.Thisisareflectionoflifetoday.4Youcanaddasecondnoungroupafteranoun.Thesecondnoungroupgivesyoumorepreciseinformationaboutthefirstnoun.Hermother,aCanadian,diedwhenshewassiG.Notethatthesecondnoungroupisseparatedbycommasfromtherestoftheclause.5Nounssuchas`advice",`hope",and`wish",whichrefertowhatsomeonesaysorthinks,canbefollowedbya`that"-clause.HerearesomeeGamples:advice,agreement,belief,claim,conclusion,decision,feeling,hope,promise,threat,warning,wishItismyfirmbeliefthatmorewomenshouldstandforParliament.Ihadafeelingthatno-onethoughtIwasgoodenough.Notethatallthesenounsarerelatedtoreportingverbs,whichalsotakea`that"-clause.ForeGample,`information"isrelatedto`inform",and`decision"isrelatedto`decide".Someofthesenounscanalsobefollowedbya`to"-infinitiveclause.agreement,decision,hope,order,promise,threat,warning,wishThedecisiontogohadnotbeenaneasyone.IremindedBarnabyofhispromisetobuyhissonahorse.6Afewothernounscanbefollowedbya`that"-clause.advantage,confidence,danger,effect,evidence,fact,idea,impression,news,opinion,possibility,viewHedidn"twanthertogettheideathathewasrich.IhadnoevidencethatJedwasthekiller.Hecouldn"tbelievethenewsthathishousehadjustburneddown.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Notethatwhenanoungroupistheobjectofaverb,itmaybefollowedbydifferentstructures.SeeUnits69to72formoreinformation.Unit96TimeclausesMainpointsGYouusetimeclausestosaywhensomethinghappens.GTimeclausescanrefertothepast,present,orfuture.GTimeclausesareintroducedbywordssuchas`after",`when",or`while".GAtimeclauseneedsamainclausetomakeacompletesentence.Thetimeclausecancomebeforeorafterthemainclause.1Youusetimeclausestosaywhensomethinghappens.Theverbinthetimeclausecanbeinapresentorapasttense.IlookafterthechildrenwhileshegoestoLondon.Ihaven"tgivenhimathingtoeatsincehearrived.WARNING:Youneveruseafuturetenseinatimeclause.Youuseoneofthepresenttensesinstead.LetmestayheretillJeanniecomestobed.I"lldoitwhenI"vefinishedwritingthisletter.2Whenyouwanttosaythattwoeventshappenatthesametime,youuseatimeclausewith`as",`when",or`while".Wearrivedastheywereleaving.Sometimesthetwoeventshappentogetherforaperiodoftime.Sheweptbitterlyasshetoldherstory.Sometimesoneeventinterruptsanotherevent.Hewashavinghisdinnerwhenthetelephonerang.Johnwillarrivewhilewearewatchingthefilm.Notethatyouoftenuseacontinuoustensefortheinterruptedaction.SeeUnit60.32125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Whenyouwanttosaythatoneeventhappensbeforeorafteranotherevent,youuseatimeclausewith`after",`assoonas",`before",or`when".Assoonaswegettickets,we"llsendthemtoyou.CanIseeyoubeforeyougo,Helen?Whenhehadfinishedreading,helookedup.Notethatyouusethepastperfecttoindicateaneventthathappenedbeforeanothereventinthepast.4Whenyouwanttomentionasituationwhichstartedinthepastandcontinueduntilalatertime,youuseatimeclausewith`since"or`eversince".Youuseapastsimpleorapastperfectinthetimeclause,andapastperfectinthemainclause.Hehadn"tcriedsincehewasaboyoften.Janinehadbeenbusyeversinceshehadheardthenews.I"dwantedtocomeeversinceIwasachild.Ifthesituationstartedinthepastandstillcontinuesnow,youuseapastsimpleinthetimeclause,andapresentperfectinthemainclause.I"vebeeninpoliticssinceIwasatuniversity.Eversinceyouarrivedyou"vebeencausingtrouble.Notethatafterimpersonal`it"andatimeeGpression,ifthemainclauseisinthepresenttense,youuse`since"withapastsimple.ItistwoweeksnowsinceIwrotetoyou.Ifthemainclauseisinthepasttense,youuse`since"withapastperfect.ItwasnearlysevenyearssinceI"dseenToby.For`since"asapreposition,seeUnit40.5Whenyouwanttotalkaboutwhenasituationends,youuseatimeclausewith`till"or`until"andapresentorpasttense.We"llsupportthemtilltheyfindwork.IstayedtheretalkingtothemuntilIsawSam.Shewaiteduntilhehadgone.6Whenyouwanttosaythatsomethinghappensbeforeorataparticulartime,youuseatimeclausewith`bythetime"or`bywhichtime".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档BythetimeIwenttobed,IwaseGhausted.Hecamebacklater,bywhichtimetheyhadgone.7InwrittenorformalEnglish,ifthesubjectofthemainclauseandthetimeclausearethesame,yousometimesomitthesubjectinthetimeclauseanduseaparticipleastheverb.Ireadthebookbeforegoingtoseethefilm.ThecarwasstolenwhileparkedinaLondonstreet.Unit97PurposeandreasonclausesMainpointsGPurposeclausesareintroducedbyconjunctionssuchas`so",`soasto",`sothat",`inorderto"or`inorderthat".GReasonclausesareintroducedbyconjunctionssuchas`as",`because",or`incase".GApurposeorreasonclauseneedsamainclausetomakeacompletesentence.GApurposeclauseusuallycomesafteramainclause.Areasonclausecancomebeforeorafteramainclause.1Youuseapurposeclausewhenyouaresayingwhatsomeone"sintentioniswhentheydosomething.Themostcommontypeofpurposeclauseisa`to"-infinitiveclause.Thechildrensleeptogethertokeepwarm.Theylockedthedoortostopusfromgettingin.Insteadofusinganordinary`to"-infinitive,youoftenuse`inorderto"or`soasto"withaninfinitive.Hewasgivinguphisjobinordertostayathome.Ikeepthewindowopen,soastoletfreshairin.Tomakeapurposeclausenegative,youhavetouse`inordernotto"or`soas2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档notto"withaninfinitive.Iwouldhavetogivemyselfsomethingtodoinordernottobebored.Theywentonfoot,soasnottobeheard.Anotherwayofmakingpurposeclausesnegativeisbyusing`toavoid"withan`-ing"formoranoungroup.Ihadtoturnawaytoavoidlettinghimseemysmile.Theydrovethroughtowntoavoidthemotorway.2Anothertypeofpurposeclausebeginswith`inorderthat",`so",or`sothat".Theseclausesusuallycontainamodal.Whenthemainclausereferstothepresent,youusuallyuse`can",`may",`will",or`shall"inthepurposeclause.Anyholesshouldbefencedsothatpeoplecan"tfalldownthem.IhavedrawnadiagramsothatmyeGplanationwillbeclearer.Whenthemainclausereferstothepast,youusuallyuse`could",`might",`should",or`would"inthepurposeclause.ShesaidshewantedteareadyatsiGsoshecouldbeoutbyeight.SomeoneliftedPhilipontohisshouldersothathemightseetheprocession.Youuse`inorderthat",`so",and`sothat",whenthesubjectofthepurposeclauseisdifferentfromthesubjectofthemainclause.ForeGample,yousay`I"veunderlineditsothatitwillbeeasier."Youdonotsay`I"veunderlinedittobeeasier".3Youcanalsotalkaboutthepurposeofanactionbyusingaprepositionalphraseintroducedby`for".Shewentoutforarun.Theysaidtheydiditforfun.Iusuallycheck,justforsafety"ssake.4YouuseareasonclausewhenyouwanttoeGplainwhysomeonedoessomethingorwhyithappens.Whenyouaresimplygivingthereasonforsomething,youuse`because",`since",or`as".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Icouldn"tseeHelen"seGpression,becauseherheadwasturned.SinceitwasSaturday,hestayedinbed.Ashehadbeenupsince4am,hewasverytired.Youcanalsouse`why"andareportedquestiontotalkaboutthereasonforanaction.SeeUnit75.Iaskedhimwhyhehadcome.5WhenyouaretalkingaboutapossiblesituationwhicheGplainsthereasonwhysomeonedoessomething,youuse`incase"or`justincase".I"vegotthekeyincasewewanttogoinside.Iamherejustincaseanythingunusualhappens.WARNING:Youdonotuseafuturetenseafter`incase".Youdonotsay`I"llstaybehindincaseshe"llarrivelater".Unit98ResultclausesMainpointsGYouuseresultclausestotalkabouttheresultofanactionorsituation.GResultclausesareintroducedbyconjunctionssuchas`so",`so...(that)",or`such...(that)".GAresultclauseneedsamainclausetomakeacompletesentence.Theresultclausealwayscomesafterthemainclause.1Youuse`so"and`sothat"tosaywhattheresultofanactionorsituationis.HespeaksverylittleEnglish,soItalkedtohimthroughaninterpreter.Mysuitcasehadbecomedamagedonthejourneyhome,sothatthelidwouldnotstayclosed.2Youalsouse`so...that"or`such...that"totalkabouttheresultofanactionorsituation.Hedressedsoquicklythatheputhisbootsonthewrongfeet.Shegotsuchashockthatshedroppedthebag.`That"isoftenomitted.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Theyweresosurprisedtheydidn"ttrytostophim.Theygotsuchafrighttheyranawayagain.3Youonlyuse`such"beforeanoun,withorwithoutanadjective.Theyobeyedhimwithsuchwillingnessthatthestrikewentonforoverayear.SometimestheysaysuchstupidthingsthatIdon"tevenbothertolisten.Ifthenounisasingularcountnoun,youput`a"or`an"infrontofit.IwasinsuchapanicthatIdidn"tknowitwashim.Notethatyouonlyuse`so"beforeanadjectiveoranadverb.ItallsoundedsocrazythatIlaughedoutloud.Theyworkedsoquicklythattherewasnotimefortalking.4WhenyouwanttosaythatasituationdoesnothappenbecausesomeoneorsomethinghasaneGcessiveamountofaquality,youuse`too"withanadjectiveanda`to"-infinitive.ForeGample,ifyousay`Theyweretootiredtowalk",youmeanthattheydidnotwalkbecausetheyweretootired.Hewastooproudtoapologise.Shewastooweaktoliftme.Youalsouse`too"withanadverbanda`to"-infinitive.Theyhadbeenwalkingtoosilentlytobeheard.Shespoketooquicklyformetounderstand.5Whenyouwanttosaythatasituationhappensorispossiblebecausesomeoneorsomethinghasasufficientamountofaquality,youuse`enough"afteradjectivesandadverbs,followedbya`to"-infinitive.Hewasoldenoughtounderstand.Icouldseewellenoughtoknowwewerelosing.Younormallyput`enough"infrontofanoun,notafterit.Idon"tthinkI"vegotenoughinformationtospeakconfidently.6Youalsouse`andasaresult",`andso",or`andtherefore"totalkaboutthe2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档resultofanactionorsituation.HehadbeenillforsiGmonths,andasaresulthadlosthisjob.Shewashavinggreatdifficultygettinghercarout,andsoIhadtomovemycartoletherout.Wehaveagrowingpopulationandthereforeweneedmoreandmorefood.Youcanalsoput`therefore"afterthesubjectoftheclause.ForeGample,youcansay`Wehaveagrowingpopulationandwethereforeneedmorefood".`Asaresult"and`therefore"canalsobeusedatthebeginningofaseparatesentence.Inagroup,theyarenotsofrightened.Asaresult,patientsrevealtheirproblemsmoreeasily.Helacksmoneytoinvestinimprovinghistools.Thereforeheispoor.Youcanalsoput`therefore"afterthesubjectoftheseparatesentence.ForeGample,youcansay`Heleftus.Hethereforeloseshisshare".Unit99ContrastclausesMainpointsGTheseareclausesintroducedby`although",`inspiteof"and`though".GYouusecontrastclauseswhenyouwanttomaketwostatements,andonestatementmakestheotherseemsurprising.GContrastclausesareintroducedbyconjunctionssuchas`although",`inspiteof",or`though".GAcontrastclauseneedsamainclausetomakeacompletesentence.Thecontrastclausecancomebeforeorafterthemainclause.1Whenyousimplywanttocontrasttwostatements,youuse`although",`though"or`eventhough".2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Althoughhewaslate,hestoppedtobuyasandwich.ThoughhehaslivedforyearsinLondon,hewritesinGerman.Iusedtolovelisteningtoher,eventhoughIcouldonlyunderstandabouthalfofwhatshesaid.Sometimesyouusewordslike`still",`nevertheless",or`justthesame"inthemainclausetoaddemphasistothecontrast.AlthoughIwasshocked,Istillcouldn"tblamehim.Althoughhiscompanyisprofitable,itneverthelessneedstofaceuptosomeseriousproblems.Althoughshehatedthem,sheagreedtohelpthemjustthesame.Whenthesubjectofthecontrastclauseandthemainclausearethesame,youcanoftenomitthesubjectandtheverb`be"inthecontrastclause.Althoughpoor,westillhaveourpride.(Althoughwearepoor...)Thoughdyingofcancer,hepaintedeveryday.(Thoughhewasdyingofcancer...)2Anotherwayofmakingacontrastistouse`despite"or`inspiteof",followedbyanoungroup.Despitethedifferenceintheiragestheywereclosefriends.Inspiteofpoorhealth,myfatherwasalwayscheerful.WARNING:Yousay`inspiteof"but`despite"without`of".3Youcanalsousean`-ing"formafter`despite"or`inspiteof".Despiteworkinghard,IfailedmyeGams.ConservativeMPsareagainsttaGrises,inspiteofwantinglowerinflation.4Youcanalsouse`despitethefactthat"or`inspiteofthefactthat",followedbyaclause.Despitethefactthatitsoundslikesciencefiction,mostofitistechnically2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档possibleatthismoment.Theyignoredthisorder,inspiteofthefactthattheywouldprobablygetintotrouble.Itispossibletoomit`that",especiallyinspokenEnglish.Heinsistedonplaying,inspiteofthefacthehadabadcold.Unit100MannerclausesMainpointsGYouusemannerclausestotalkabouthowsomethingisdone.GMannerclausesareintroducedbyconjunctionssuchas`as",`asif",`asthough",or`like".GAmannerclauseneedsamainclausetomakeacompletesentence.Themannerclausealwayscomesafterthemainclause.1Whenyouwanttosayhowsomeonedoessomething,orhowsomethingisdone,youuse`as".Hebehavesashedoes,becausehisfatherwasreallycrueltohim.ThebricksarestillmadeastheywereinRomantimes.Youoftenuse`just",`eGactly",or`precisely"infrontof`as"foremphasis.Itswimsontheseafloorjustasitsancestorsdid.IlikethefreedomtoplanmydayeGactlyasIwant.Everythingwasgoingpreciselyasshehadplanned.2Whenyouwanttoindicatethattheinformationinthemannerclausemightnotbetrue,orisdefinitelynottrue,youuse`asif"or`asthough".Almostasifshe"dreadhisthought,shestraightenedherbackandreturnedtoherseat.Justactasthougheverything"snormal.After`asif"or`asthough",youoftenuseapasttenseevenwhenyouaretalkingaboutthepresent,toemphasizethattheinformationinthemannerclauseis2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档nottrue.InformalEnglish,youuse`were"insteadof`was".Youtalkabouthimasifheweredead.ItisMalcolm"s37thbirthday,butheandhismotherbothbehaveasifhewere7.3Youalsouse`theway(that)",`inaway(that)",or`intheway(that)"totalkabouthowsomeonedoessomething,orhowsomethingisdone.IwasneverallowedtosingthewayIwantedto.TheydiditinawaythatIhadneverseenbefore.Wemakeitmoveinthewaythatwewantitto.4Youcanuse`how"inquestionsandreportedquestionstotalkaboutthemethodusedtodosomething,andsometimestoindicateyoursurprisethatitwaspossibletodoit.`Howdidhegetin?"-`Hebrokeawindow."Iwonderedhowhecouldaffordanewcar.SeealsoUnit68formoreinformationon`..asif.."and`..asthough.."Sometimes,youcanuse`how"totalkaboutthemannerinwhichsomeonedoessomething.Iwatchedhowhedidit,thentriedtocopyhim.Tellmehowhereactedwhenhesawyou.Unit101ChangingsentencefocusMainpointsGYoucansometimeschangethefocusofasentencebymovingpartofthesentencetothefront.GYoucanalsochangethefocusofasentencebyusinganeGpressionsuchas`Thefactis",`Thethingis",or`Theproblemis".GYoucanalsouseimpersonal`it"tochangethefocusofasentence.1Inmostaffirmativeclauses,thesubjectoftheverbcomesfirst.TheywenttoAustraliain1956.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档I"venoideawhoitwas.However,whenyouwanttoemphasizeanotherpartofthesentence,youcanputthatpartfirstinstead.In1956theywenttoAustralia.WhoitwasI"venoidea.2Onecommonwayofgivingemphasisisbyplacinganadverbialatthebeginningofthesentence.Ateighto"clockIwentdownformybreakfast.ForyearsI"dhadtohidewhatIwasthinking.Notethatafteradverbialsofplaceandnegativeadverbials,younormallyputthesubjectaftertheverb.SherangthebellforSylvia.Incameagirlshehadnotseenbefore.Onnoaccountmusttheybeletin.Afteradverbialsofplace,youcanalsoputthesubjectbeforetheverb.Youmustdoso,ifthesubjectisapronoun.Thedooropenedandinshecame.He"dchosenJapan,sooffwewenttotheJapaneseEmbassy.3Whenyouwanttosaythatyoudonotknowsomething,youcanputareportedquestionatthebeginningofthesentence.WhatI"mgoingtodoneGtIdon"tquiteknow.HowhemanagedIcan"timagine.4Anotherwayoffocusingoninformationistouseastructurewhichintroduceswhatyouwanttosaybyusing`the"andanoun,followedby`is".Thenounsmostcommonlyusedinthiswayare:answer,conclusion,fact,point,problem,question,rule,solution,thing,trouble,truthThesecondpartofthesentenceisusuallya`that"-clauseora`wh"-clause,althoughitcanalsobea`to"-infinitiveclauseoranoungroup.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Theproblemisthatshecan"tcook.Thethingis,howarewegoingtogetherout?Thesolutionistoadoptthepolicywhichwillproducethegreatestbenefits.Theanswerisplanning,timing,and,aboveall,practicaleGperience.Itisalsocommontouseawholesentencetointroduceinformationinfollowingsentences.SeeUnit102formoreinformation.5Youcanalsofocusoninformationbyusingimpersonal`it",followedby`be",anoungroup,andarelativeclause.Thenoungroupcanbethesubjectorobjectoftherelativeclause.ItwasTedwhobrokethenewstome.Itisusuallytheothervehiclethatsuffersmost.It"smoneythattheywant.ItwasmeDookiewanted.Therearemanyotherwaysoffocusingoninformation:Tedwastheonewhobrokethenewstome.Moneyiswhatwewant.Whatwewantismoney.6Youcanalsofocusontheinformationgivenintheotherpartsofaclause,orawholeclause,usingimpersonal`it".Inthiscase,thesecondpartofthesentenceisa`that"-clause.ItwasfromFrancisthatshefirstheardthenews.ItwasmeetingPeterthatreallystartedmeoffonthisnewlineofwork.Perhapsit"sbecausehe"samisfitthatIgetalongwithhim.Unit102CohesionMainpointsGYoucanusepronounsanddeterminerstoreferbacktosomethingthathasalreadybeenmentioned.GYouusecoordinatingconjunctionstolinkclauses.12125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Whenyouspeakorwrite,youusuallyneedtomakesomeconnectionwithotherthingsthatyouaresayingorwriting.Themostcommonwayofdoingthisisbyreferringbacktosomethingthathasalreadybeenmentioned.2Onewayofreferringbacktosomethingistouseapersonalpronounsuchas`she",`it",or`them",orapossessivepronounsuchas`mine"or`hers".Myfatherisfat.Heweighsoverfifteenstone.Marycamein.Shewasagood-lookingwoman.`HaveyoubeentoLondon?"-`Yes,itwasverycrowded."`HaveyouheardofDavidLodge?"-`Yes,I"vejustreadanovelofhis."`Wouldyoumindmovingyourcar,please?"-`It"snotmine."3Youcanalsouseaspecificdeterminersuchas`the"or`his"infrontofanountoreferbacktosomething.Amanandawomanwerewalkingupthehill.Themanworeshorts,aT-shirt,andbasketballsneakers.Thewomanworeaprintdress.`Thanks,"saidBrody.Heputthetelephonedown,turnedoutthelightinhisoffice,andwalkedouttohiscar.4Thedemonstratives`this",`that",`these"and`those"arealsousedtoreferbacktoathingorfactthathasjustbeenmentioned.In1973hewentonacaravanholiday.AtthebeginningofthisholidayhebegantoeGperiencepaininhischest.There"salotofmaterialthere.Youcanusesomeofthat.5Thefollowinggeneraldeterminerscanalsobeusedtoreferbacktosomething:anothereacheveryotherbotheitherneitherFiveofficialsweresacked.Anotherfourwerearrested.2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档Therearemorethantwohundredandfiftyspeciesofshark,andeveryoneisdifferent.6AnothercommonwayofmakingconnectionsinspokenorwrittenEnglishisbyusingoneofthefollowingcoordinatingconjunctions:andnorsoyetbutorthenAnnahadtogointotownandshewantedtogotoBrideStreet.IaskedifIcouldborrowherbicyclebutsherefused.Hewasonlyaboythen,yethewasnotafraid.Youcanuseacoordinatingconjunctiontolinkclausesthathavethesamesubject.Whenyoulinkclauseswhichhavethesamesubject,youdonotalwaysneedtorepeatthesubjectinthesecondclause.ShewasborninBudapestandraisedinManhattan.Hedidn"tyellorscream.WhenshesawMorrisshewentpale,thenblushed.7Mostsubordinatingconjunctionscanalsobeusedtolinksentencestogether,ratherthantolinkasubordinateclausewithamainclauseinthesamesentence.`Whenwillyoudoit?"-`WhenIgettime."`CanIborrowyourcar?"-`Solongasyoudrivecarefully."Wesendthatbyairmail.Therefore,it"sawayonThursdayandourclientgetsitonMonday.8Whenpeoplearespeakingorwriting,theyoftenusewordsthatreferbacktosimilarwords,orwordsthatreferbacktoawholesentenceorparagraph.Everythingwasquiet.Everywheretherewasthesilenceofthewinternight.`Whatareyougoingtodo?"-`That"sagoodquestion."2125A版优质实用文档 5A版优质实用文档2125A版优质实用文档