2016年中考英语语法总复习(精华版) 20页

2016年中考英语语法总复习（精华版）词类总义例词名词农示人或爭物的名称Basket,mouth,hospital,year,train冠词用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a,an,the代词用來代替名词、形容词或数词They,his,him,mine,which,all形容词用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征Long,empty,heavy,different,cheap,hungry数词表示数量或顺序Three,thirteen,twenty,second动词表示动作或状态Hear,write,swim,cat,borrow,sing副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quickly,early,out,soon,then,sometimes介词表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系From,with,at,into,behind,between,for连词用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And,or,but,so,because感叹词表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等悄感Oh,hey,ouch,well,there,dearI词类。（一）名词：C专有名词：表示人名、月份、H期、地名等。如China,John,London,theUSA,Harbin.可数名词Y个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如boat,chair,desk,apple.集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family,people,.普通名词Y物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如water,air,tea,sea,抽彖名词：表示抽象概念的词o如health,help,work,不可数名词J2.名词的数。可数名词冇单复数，不可数名词没冇单复数。3.名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有格。其屮只有名词的所有格有形式变化。（二）冠词1.定冠词—the.①特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。Thestudentsareverygood.②说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物oWhereisthetoilet?③重复提到上文的人或事物。Ihaveacat,thecatiswhiteandblack.④表示世界上独一无二的事物。Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.®形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。Iamtheoldest.Heisthefirsttoschool.T1iveinthesouth.®乐器的名称前常用定冠词一theoIlikeplayingthepiano/violin.0和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。Weshouldhelpthepoor.®放在某些专有名词前oWewi11gotovisittheGreatWallnextweek. thepeopledRepublicofChina.⑨放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人oTheWhitesarewatchingO固定词组屮。Tnthemorning/afternoon/evening.1.不定冠词一a/an.指人或事物的某一种类。Ahorseisausefulanimal.Atablehasfourlegs.指某一•类人或事物中的任何一个。Passmeapencil、please.Wewritewithapen.①③peasant・Last④letterforyou指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。Thebookwaswrittenbyamonthwewereworkinginafactory.不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。Hereisa•Themeatis18yuanakilo.3.零冠词。①泛指人类或男女。Manwillconquernature.②抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledgebeginswithpractice.③有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。Wehadbettersendhimtohospitalatonce.artist.④在专有名词前一般不用冠词。Chinaisagreatcountry.MrSmithisan©在三餐饭何球类运动名称Z前不用冠词。Heoftengoesoutforawalkaftersupper.SometimesTplaybasketbal1.®在节假日、星期儿、月份、季节等名词前。October10thisTeachers,Day.0称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词询不用冠词。Grannyissleepingnow.Wecallhimmonitor.®在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词吋，不用冠词。Thisishisbook.TcanspeakEnglish•⑨不用冠词的惯用语。Atnight/onfood/gototown/athome/inclass/atwork等。（三）形容词1.形容词的构成。①简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good,long,green,large,bright,interesting,surprised,learned,developing,sleeping.0复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute,second-hand,500-word,8-year-old,three-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking・2.形容词的用法。①修饰名词作定语。Sheisabeautifulgirl.Q作表语。Heisverystrong・®作宾语补足语。Letthedooropen.Youmustkeepyourclassroomclean.④“定冠词+形容词”表示i类人或物，在句子屮可作主语或宾语oWeshouldspeaktotheoldpolitely.◎大多数形容词既可作表语又「lj作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：asleep,ill,awake等。⑥冇些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：many,little,wooden,golden等。3.形容词的位置。①形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的丽而。Aheavybox. 0与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3metrelong.12kilometeraway.③与不定代词something,anything,everything,nothing等连用时，可以放在这些词Z后oSomethingimportant.nothingserious.④当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列：冠词（包括物主代词、序数词、基数词）一描述形容词（brave,beautiful）—表示形状（人小、长短、高矮）的形容词一表示年龄或新IU的形容词一表示颜色的形容词一表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词一表示材料、物质的形容词一表示用途或类别的形容词一被修饰的词。Mynicesmallbrownleatherbag.thoselargeroundblackwoodentables.1.形容词的比较级和最高级。（一般加er/est,不规则见表）①原级的用法：“……和……相同”A.肯定句：A+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.Heisastallasme.B.否定句：A…+notas+形容词原级+as+B（即A不如B那么…）A…+notso+形容词原级+as+B=A・・・+less+形容词原级+than+B.0比较级的用法：A.A+动词+形容词的比较级+than+B・（A比B更…，在这种句型屮，比较级前面可川much,even,still,alittle,abit,alot,any,far等修饰，表示“…得多”，“甚至…”，“更…”，“…一点儿”。B.“比较级+and+比较级”、"moreandmore+部分双音节或多音节的原级”译为“越来越…”。③最高级的用法:（个体用一of,范围用一in,最高级前面要用定冠词一the）A.三种最高级表示法。最高级：ShanghaiisthelargestcityinChina.比较级：ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina./ShanghaiislargerthantheothercitiesinChina.原级：NoothercityisaslargeasShanghaiinChina./NoothercityislargerthanShanghaiinChina.（四）副词1.副词的种类：①时•间副词：often,always,usually,early,ago,already,before,ever,late,now,soon,since,tomorrow,justnow…Q地点副词：here,there,above,below,outside,anywhere,back,down,home,out,everywhere•••®方式副诃：hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,angrily,simply,carefully…④程度副词:very,quite,much,stil1,almost,1ittle,too,enough…®疑问副词：how,when,where,why…®关系副词：when,where,why…（引导定语从句）0连接副词：how,when,where,why,whether…®频率副词：often,seidom,usually,never,sometimes,everydayalways,hardly…⑨其他副词：really,certainly,surely,maybe…2.副词的用法：①作状语：Hecanfinishtheworkeasily.Q作定语（耍后置）：ThestudentsherearefromHarbin.（3）作表语：1mustbeoffnow.④作宾补，构成复合宾语：Showhimup.Isawhimoutwithmysisterlastnight.1.副诃的比较级和最高级。（一般加er/est，不规则见表）①副词的原级：A.as+副词的原级+as"与样” B・notas（so）+副词的原级+as"与…不一样"A.too+畐ij词的原级+todosth."太…而不能”B.so+副词的原级+that从句“如此…以致于…”C.畐!I词的原级+enoughtodosth."足够…能做…”0副词的比较级：A.A+动词+副词比较级+than+BB・副词比较级前也可以用much,even,still,far,any,alittle,abit,alot等修饰。A.比较级+and+比较级，表示"越来越…”，themore…themore…表示“越…就越…”B.副词的最高级前通常"不加定冠词the・（五）数词1.基数词:1-1213-1920-90100-1one13thirteen20twenty100ahundred2two14fourteen21twenty-one300threehundred3three15fifteen22twenty-two1,000athousand4four16sixteen30thirty5,000fivethousand5five17seventeen40forty1,000,000amillion6six18eighteen50fifty1,000,000,000abillion7seven19nineteen60sixty8eight70seventy9nine80eighty10ten90ninety11eleven12twelve1.序数词：①作主语：Thefirstisbetterthanthesecond.0作宾语：Hewasamongthefirsttoarrive.③作表语：Heisthefirsttocometoschool. ④作定语：Theninthletterofthewordurestaurant^is“n”./Therearethreethousandworkersinthefactory•（六）代词类别作用例词人称代词代替人或事物，主格作主语，宾客作宾语单数复数—•二三—・二二主格IyouheShe•dItweyouthey宾格meyouhimHeritusyouthem物主代词形容词性只作定语，名词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系类熨、我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词起强调作用，只作同位语和宾语第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves相互代词表示相互关系，作宾语宾格所有格eachother（两者相互）eachother"s（相互的）oneanother（三者或三者以上）oneanother"s（相互的）指示代词起指示作用，作定语、主语、宾语、表语等This,that,these,those,it,such,same不定代词代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物some,any,no,none,many,few,little,all,both,every,one,either,neither,other,afew,alittle,another,somebody,nobody,nothing,each疑问代词表示疑问，构成特殊问句who,what,whose,which,whom关系代词引导定语从句which,that,who,whom,whose连接代词引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）what,who,that（七）动词类别意义例子例句行为动词含冇实在的意义，农示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。及物动词后面一定接宾语Open,visit,hear…HevisitedGaozhouyesterday・不及物动词后而可以不接宾语Laugh,cry,live…HelivesinBeijing.连系动词（linkv）木身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。Be,become,grow,get,turn,look,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem•••Themeatsmellsbad・Heisastudent.助动词（v.aux.）木身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、吋态或其他语法形式Do,does,did,am,is,are,have,has,had,shall,will,should,would…Hedoesn"tspeakEnglish•Weareplayingfootball・HehadgonetoBeijing・情态动词（ModalVerbs）本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动Can,may,must,should,need,dear,ShecanspeakEnglish・MayIspeaktoAnn,please 词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没冇人称和数的变化。shall,will,haveto…Wcmustgonow.注：动词（除情态动词，只有原形和过去式）有原形、第三人称单数、动词一嗨、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。（八）介词1.介词的种类：①简单介词：in,at，of，from,since,around,to…Q合成介词：onto,into,without,upon,within…③短语介词：becauseof,infrontof,accordingto•••④分词介词：regarding,following,concerning…2.介词短语在句子中的作用：①作定语。Iknowtheanswertothequestion•0作状语。Thechildrenareplayingbasketballintheplayground.G)作表语°Mikeisintheclassroom.④作宾语补足语。Hefoundhimselfinthemiddleoftheriver.®作主语补足语。Tomwasseeninsidethecinema•3.常用介词的基本用法：①表示时间的介词(at,in,on,for,since,after,by,during,before,from,to,until,within…)0表示位置，方位的介词（in,at,on,to…）③表示交通方式的常用介词（by,on,in•••）④其他―"些词组搭配介词（beangrywith/at/aboutsb/sth•bestrictwith/in/sb/sth…)（九）连词1.并列连词:①表联合关系连词。(and,or,but,for,notonly…blitalso,aswellas,both…and•:neither…nor.)(2)转折连词。(but,while,yet,however.)③选择连词。(or,orelse,either---or---,otherwise•)2.从属连词：①引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用，主要有三个：Ihat,whether,if•Thearthatheisastudent.②引导状语从句的从属连词：A.连接时间状语从句:when,before,after,while,assoonas,since,untiI,as,whenever,eversince…B.连接让步状语从句：although,though,evenif,however…C.连接原因状语从句：as,because,since,nowthat,for…D.连接目的状语从句：that,sothat,inorderthat•••E.连接条件状语从彳ij：if,unless,once,incase…F.连接结果状语从句：so…that,such---that••-G.连接方式状语从句：as,asif,asthough…H.连接地点状语从句：where. A.连接比较状语从句：as,as・・・as,notas/so•••as,than…(十)非谓语动词1.定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。2.动词不定式：9+动词原形（在某些情况卜•可以不带to）o（没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有吋态和语态的变化）①一般式：主动语态：todo,被动语态：tobe+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生）0进行式：主动语态：tobedoing,被动语态：无（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发牛）®完成式：主动语态：tohave+动词过去分词，被动语态：tohavebeen+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在谓语动作Z前就发生）④用法：A.作主语：Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.=It"snoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage.B.作表语：Themostimportantthingistofinishtheworkontime.C.作宾语：a.动i诃+todo.Hedecidedtobuyanewwatch.（agree,choose,want,hope,like,wish,learn,love,plan,try,start,afford…）b.动词+疑问词+todoIdon"tknowwheretoputthebike.c.动词+形式宾语（it）+宾补+todoIfinditimportanttolearnasecondforeignlanguage.D.作补语：a.动词+宾语+todoTomaskedmetoshowhimthenewshoes.（tell,wish,ask,want,like,beg,invite,allow,encourage---）b.动词+宾语+不带to的动词HeoftensawTomplayfootball.（see,hear,feel,watch,notice,have,make,let---）E.作状语：a.表示目的：HewenttoGuangzhoutoseehissons.Hegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.b.表示结果：Heistootiredtowalkanyfarther.Theyaren*toldenoughtogotoschool.c.表示原因：Heissorrytohearthat.Iamgladtoseeyou.F.作定语：1havesomethingtotellyou.Iwanttobuysomethingtoeat.®动词不定式to的省略：A.在感官动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice及使役动词have,let,make等后面要省to,但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。Ioftensawhimgooutoftheroom.Hewasoftenseentogooutoftheroombyme.B.在hadbetter,wouldrather,donothingbut等后面常省to。®动词不定式的否定形式:not+todo,有时也可以用一never+todo结构。3.动名词：动词原形+ing。具有名词、动词一些特征。 ①一般式：主动语态：doing,被动语态：being+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发牛或之后发牛） 0完成式：主动语态：having+动词过去分词，被动语态：havingbeen+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态Z前就发生）Childrenenjoywatchinganimatedcartoon.Idon"trememberhavingeverseenthefilm.G）动名词的否定形式:not+动名词（v-ing）Iregretnotbeingabletohelpyou.④用法：A.作主语：a.动名词作主语如果太长，可以川形式主语it代替。LearningEnglishisveryimportant.・・・It"sveryimportanttolearnEnglish.b.No+动名词表示"禁止"。Nosmoking,Noparking.B.作宾语：Hefinisheddoinghishomework.C.作表语：Hisfavouritesportisplayingbasketball.D.作定语：shoppingbasket,finishingline.（表明名词的用途、功能等）E・动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Doyoumindmy/WeiFangsopeningthewindow?1.分词：动词原形+ingo具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。（可分为现在分词、过去分词）现在分词①一般式：主动语态：doing,被动语态：being+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生）0完成式：主动语态：having+动词过去分词，被动语态：havingbeen+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发主）G）动名词的否定形式:not+动名词（v-ing）Nounderstandingthemeaningofthewords,hecouldn"texplainthesentence.④用法：A.作表语。Theresultissurprising.B.作定语。Developingcountry（主谓关系）sleepingboy（boy所做的动作）C.作状语。Passingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.=whenhewaspassingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.D.作宾补。1foundhimlyingonthegrass・过去分词①形式：规则动词+cd,和不规则动词的过去分词。0过去分词的否定形式：not+动词过去分词。②用法：A.作表语：Mybikeisbroken・Heisveryworried・B.作定语：developedcountry,fallenleaves,spokenEnglish・C-作状IS：Askedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill・二Whenhewasaskedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill・D.作宾补：Youhadbetterhaveyourshoesmended•Ihadmyhair*cutyesterday.（十一）动词的语态 1.语态定义：英语屮表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。WeteachEnglishinourschool.（主动）Englishistaughtinourschool・（被动）2.被动语态：助动词Be+及物动词的过去分词（be+p.p.）,be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：时态谓语动词的形式例子一般现在时Am/is/are+动词过去分词ColourTVsaremadeinthefactory.一般过去时Was/were+动词过去分词Myhometownwasliberatedin1949・一般将來时Shall/will+be+动词过去分词Thefilmwillbeshownagain.现在进行时Am/is/are+being+动词过去分词Thewallsarebeingpainted.过去进行时Was/were+being动词过去分词Theticketswerebeingwellsoldthen.现在完成时Has/have+been+动词过去分词Anewroadhasbeenbuilthere.过去完成时Had+been+动词过去分词Muchhadbeendonebeforemothercameback・含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+动词过去分词Thecompositionmustbehandedintoday・3.被动语态中值得注意的问题:①带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。Myfathergavemeabook./1wasgivenabookbymyfather./Abookwasgiventomebymyfather・0英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。Theclothwasheswell./Thiskindofbagssellswell・/Theshoeswearlong./Theknifecutswell・/Thepenwritessmoothly./Thiscoatlastslong.③在英语中有时“be+V-ed"结构并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。Themountainswerecoveredwithsnow.④在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构屮，要补留宾语补足语。Wefoundthedoorbroken./Thedoorwasfoundbroken.®宾语补足语为省(o的不定式,变为被动语态示,要还原(OoHcmademelaugh./Iwasmadetolaugh・®如果短语动词是及物动诃吋，可以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。Thenurselookedafterthebaby./Thebabywaslookedafterbythenurse./Wemustmakeupforthelessonswemissed./Thelessonswemissedmustbemadeupfor•0下列情况不能用被动语态：A.不及物动词:Theaccidenthappenedonabusyroadyesterday.B.连系动词：Thegirllookslikehersister•C.宾语为反身代词：Healwaysdresseshimselfneatly•D.宾语为相互代词：Thestudentsoftenhelpeachother.E.同源宾语：Atthattime,theylivedahappylife・F.表示状态的及物动词：Ihaveanewca匚/Thebookcostme30yuan.（十二）动词的时态:时态表示内容谓语动词的构成常用的时间状语一燉现在时现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态动词原形（包括第三人称单数形式+s/es）often*usually>alwayssometimeseveryday>inthemorning(afternoon…)等 一般将來时将要发生的动作或存在的状态shall/will+动词原形am/is/aregoingto+动词原形am/is/areto+动词原形am/is/arcaboutto+动词原形am/is/are+动词一ingtomorrownextweek>thismonthinanhour>thedayaftertomorrow等一般过去时过去发生的动作或存在的状态动词过去式（--般十cd,特殊见课本不规则表）yesterday>lastweek>threedaysago^beforethedaybeforeyesterday等现在进行时现在正在进行的动作am/is/are+动词现在分词now^It"ssixo"clock.也可用look^listen等词提示过去进行时过去某个时刻正在进行的动作was/were+动词现在分词atsixyesterdaymorningthistimeyesterday>也可用when等引导的从句现在完成时动作发生在过去，已结束，对现在冇影响；或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。have/has+动词过去分词（一般+ed,特殊见课本不规则表）already>ever、never>justforthreedays^since1998、bytheendofthisterm^yet等过去完成时过去某个时间Z前已经完成了的动作had+动词过去分词Bytheendoflastmonth>whon>before等引导的从句过去将来时从过左某个时间看将來发生的动作should/would+动词原形was/weregoingto+动词原形was/wereto+动词原形was/wereaboutto+动词原形was/were+动词一ing通常在宾语从句中出现，主句为过去时II句子句子的成分1.定义：组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分。句子成分意义例句主语表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。LucyisanAmericangirl・WestudyinNo.lMiddleSchool.谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致WeloveChina・/Sheissinging.Mikehopestobeadoctor./Hisparentsarcfarmers・表语说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。Herauntisadriver・/Areyouready?Wewereathomelastnight.宾语表示动词、行为的对象，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。Heoftenhelpsme./WcstudyEnglishatschool.Didyouseehimyesterday?定语川來修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词外，还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。Theblackbikeismine・/What^syourname,please?Wehavefourlessonsinthemorning? 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等來表示。Peoplearcallworkinghard./Itisverynice・Wehadameetingthisafternoon・宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类词有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let等。Hemademeveryangry.Ifindhimagoodboy•句子的种类1.英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。A.陈述句。①陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。a.陈述句的肯定式。Ihavealreadypostedthephotos./Theyarestudents./1mustgonow./Hewasreadingabookat8:00lastnight.b.陈述句的否定形式。(1)谓语动词是系动词be,助动词have,will,shall,be或情态动词,只须在其后而加not构成否定句。Sheisn"tastudent./Hehasn"tbeentotheGreatWall./1cannotswim./Youwillnotgotheretomorrow./Theyaren"tsleeping.(2)若谓语动词是实义动词，在实义动词前加上donot,第三人称单数现在时用doesnot,过去时用didnoteHedidn"tsendmeaninvitation.(3)由具有否定含义的词never,nobody,hardly,little,dislike,seldom,few,too---to等构成的否定句。Notal1thebooksinourschool1ibrarycanberenewed.A.疑问句。①疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。a.一般疑问句：以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始，语调为升调，通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。(1)一般疑问句的基木结构：Be动词(is,am,are,was,wcre)+主语+表语…？Have动词(表示“有”：have,has,had)+主语+宾语…？情态动词(can,may,must等)+主语+彳亍为动词或be…？助动词(do,does,did)+主语卜行为动词…？助动词(shall,will,have,has)+主语+行为动词…?(2)否定形式的疑问句，通常把助动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回答:Aren"tyouastudent?Yes,1am.(不，我是)No,1amnot.(对，我不是)b.特殊疑问句:以疑问代词who,what,whom,whose,which或疑问副词when,where,why,how开头。(1)如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时，其语序如陈述句。Whoisondutytoday?/Whichbookisyours.(2)如杲疑问词在旬中不作主语或其修饰主语，用“疑问词+—般疑问句”形式。Wherehaveyoubeen? A.选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上的情况，供回答者选择，并由or连用，但不能用Yes或no来回答。(1)疑问句+选择成分1+or+选择成分2?Doyouwantcoffeeorcocoa?/AreyouanEnglishmanoranAmerican?(2)特殊问句+选择答案1+or+选择答案2?whorunsfast,Tom,MaryorLilei.a.反意疑问句：陈述部分+提问部分。(1)◎前肯后否，前否后肯。◎前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes,非事实回答用No.◎前陈述句用降调，示问句用升调；如对前陈述旬内容有把握，示问句也可用降调。◎如果前面陈述句中有否定词:hardly,little,few,never,rarely,nothing,none,nobody,not,no等，后面疑问句应该用肯定式。(2)陈述句中有：haveto,hadto,oughtto,usedto,don"t(imperative),somebody/someone,everybody/everyone时，附加疑问句需分别川：don"t,didn"t,shouldn"t,usedn"t/didn"t,will,they等。Mygrandmausedtobeateacher,usedn"t/didn"tshe?Don"tturnontheTVset,willyou?(3)陈述句部分是复合句时，提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一•致。Hewasreadingwhentheteachercamein,wasn"the?(4)在uIthink(guess,suppose,believe)+宾语从句”中,当主语是第一人称时，附加疑问旬的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从旬相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附加问句与前面主句一致。Idon"tthinkhecanpasstheexam,canhe?Hebelievedyouhadseenherbefore,didn"the?(5)在含有情态动词must的旬了屮，若must表示推测，提问用must后面的动词。若must表示冇必要时，用needifto若mustn"t表示禁止时，提问用mustoHemustbetired,isn"the?YoumustgotoGaozhou,needn"t?Youmustn"tsmokehere,mustyou?(6)陈述句部分为祈使句，疑问部分常用willyou(表请求)。注：let"s用sh汕we(包括说话人),letus用willyou(不包括说话人)oHaveacupoftea,willyou?Let"sgonow,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?b.祈使句：可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。(省主语，动词用原形)(1)let+第―人称，第三人称+(not)动词原形。Letmetryagain.(2)动词原形+其他成分。Listentomecarefully.(3)Don^(never)+动词原形+其他成分。Don^lookoutofthewindow.(4)Do+动词原形+其他成分。Dogivehimanotherchance.c.感叹句：表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾川“！”。What修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词。(1)How+形容词/副词。◎How+形容词+主+谓+•••!Howcolditistoday!Howclevertheboyis!◎How+副词+主+谓+••・！Howfastsheruns! Howhardthegirlsarcworking!◎How+形容词+aboyheis!Howfunnyanelephant(2)What+名词。◎What+a/an+Whatafinedayitistoday!Whatanhonest◎What+形容词a/an+名词+主+谓itis!形容词+可数名词单数+manhisfatheris!+treestheyare!Whatgoodstudents◎What+形容词十wateritis!Whatdeliciousmilk•••!Howclever可数名词复数+主+theboysare!不可数名词+主+谓+•••!Whatcolditis!+•••!Whattai1句子类型1.从结构上看，英语的句了可分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。2.简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型:型号句型例子1主语+不及物动词（+状语）TheFrenchmancoughedbadlyatnight./Thecityliesinavalley・2主语+连系动词+表语ThatisamapofChina./Thatpieceofmeatlooksquitegood・/Itsoundslikethesingingofrails・3主语+及物动词+宾语You9redoingtherightthing./Jacklikestostayathomeandplaybyhimself•4主语+及物动词+间接宾语+肓接安语CanyoutellmethewaytotheSummerPalace?/Ittookmeaweektofinishthework.5主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语WecallhimLiMing・/Therichmanaskedthesingertocomeuptothesittingroom.6There+be+主语+状语Therearesomeflowersontheteacher^desk./Thereare365daysinayear•3.并列句：由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and,but,for,or,nor,so,yet,neither-•-nor,either…or,still,however,notonly-butalso等。并列句的结构：简单句十并列词+简单。Hunyup,oryouTlmisstheearlybus./Welovepeacebutwearenotafraidofwar./Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday•Shehasnotonlyknowledge,butalsoexperience・/Hewasill,sohedidn"tgotoschool./Workhard,andyouwillsucceed・4.复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句了叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语（主语从句）、表语（表语从句）、宾语（宾语从句）、定语（定语从句）、状语（状语从句）。中学阶段主要学习含冇状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。A.状语从句：在复合句中修饰主句屮的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、II：步、比较（或方式）和条件等类。①时间状语从句：由when,while,as,themoment,theminute,once,whenever,before,after,till（until）,since,assoonas等连词引导。主句从句例子 i般将来时一般现在时Iwillgooutforawalkifitdoesn’traintomorrow.带有悄态动词Youmustlookleftandrightwhenyoucrossthecrossing・祈使句Askhimtogivemeacallassoonashecomesback.过去时的某种时态过去时的某种时态Iwenttobedattenafte『thefilmwasover./ThefilmhadbegunwhenIreachedthecinema・Iwasreadingabookwhilehewassingingasong•0条件％t语从句：由if,unless,solongas,aslongas,incase,ifonly,providedthat等引导。（注：在条件状语从句的将來时态要川现在时和过去时，表示相应的将来时）。I"llshowyouaroundthecityifIamfreetomorrow./IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuythecar.③原因状语从句：由because（因为），as（由于），since（既然），for（因为）等引导。Hewasabsentyesterdaybecausehewasill./Asitwasalreadydark,theydecidedtostayinthetownforthenight.④目的状语从句:由sothat,that,so,inorderthat,incase等引导。句中常有may,might,can,could,should,would等情态动词。Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlytrain./Hestudiedhardinorderthathemightsucceed.®结果状语从句:由so...that,so,sothat,such...that等。Thefilmissointcrcstingthateveryonelikestoseeitagain./Nothingmorewasheardofhim,sopeoplethoughtthathewasdead.◎比较状语从句：由than,as...as,notas（so）...as,the（+比较级）■••the（+比较级）等引导。Todayisnotaswarmasyesterday./HelistenstotheteachermorecarefullythanI.0地点状语从句：由where和wherever等引导。地点状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开；位于句末时则不用逗号。Hefollowsherwherevershegoes.®方式状语从彳J：由as,justas...so,asif等。Asif引导的从句的时态要用过去吋（虚语语气）。PleasedoasIdo./Hetellsmethewholethingasifhekneweveiything.®让步状语从句:由though,although,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever,nomatterwho等引导。Althoughhehasfailedmanytimes,hedoesn"tgiveuptrying.B.宾语从句：由一个句子充当宾语，我们称之九宾语从句。I（宾语从句的语序永远是陈述语序）丨①宾语从句的连词。a.如果宾语从旬是从陈述旬变化而来的，要用连词（hat来引导，that可以省略。b.如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化『U来的，耍用连词if或whether.c.如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而來的，连词就应该用特姝疑问词（what,when,where•・•）。主句从句例了 任何一种时态—•般现在时（表示真理、科学原理、自然现象）Theteachertold/tellsusthattheearthgoesroundthesun・一般现在时任何一种时态Ihearthathewillcomebacknextweek・一般将來时Iwilltellhimthathisfatherranghimupjustnowwhenhecomesback・•般过去时过去时的某种时态IwonderedifTomwouldcomeback./LucyaskedwhetherIhadfinishedmyhomework・③宾语从句的人称：人称代词耍随合理的逻辑而自然变化。Shesaid,"Iammuchbetterthanbefore/5Shesaidthatshewasmuchbetterthanbefore・④when和讦在引导宾语从句和状语从句小，后而的时态有差别。Idon"tknowwhen（何时）shewillbeback（宾诰从句）,butwhen（当…时候）shecomesback,Fllletyouknow（状语从句）.Idon"tknowif（是否）shewillcomeback（宾语从彳U）,butif（如果）shecomesback,Fllletyouknow（状语从句）.A.定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词Z后。引导从句的关系代词有:who（人，主格），whom（人,宾客），whose（人，所有格）,which（物）,that（人,物）。引导从句的关系副词有:where（地点）,when（时间）,why（原因）。（Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman./Youmustdoeverything!that1do7Wewillneverforget|（heday|whenwevisitedGaozhou・主句/先行词从句主句主句/先行词从句主句/先行词从句①从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。a.主谓关系:Heaskedtheman（作从句良语）who/thatwassmoking・b.动宾关系：Thenoodles（作从彳U宾语）that/whichIcookedweredelicious・Q只能用that的情况:a・先行词为all,any,few,no,some,much,little等修饰。Ihavedonealltheworkthathetoldustodo・b.先行词被序数词修饰。Thatlast/firstquestionthatheaskedmewashardtoanswer・c・先行诃同时有人和物。Theyoftentalkaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremember•a.先行词是everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代词。Irememberedeverythingthattheteacherstaughtmebefore・c.先彳亍词被形容词最高级修饰。ThatisthebestbookthatIhaveread.f.先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame修饰。ItistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.g.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。Chinaisno longerthecountrythatitusedtobe.f.先行词是指示代词that,one,those,this,another,all等。IsthisschooltheonethatIsawinthepicture?i.主句以who/which开头，定语从句用that。whoisthegirlthatspoketoyou③只能用which的情况:a.关系代词前有介词。b.先彳亍词本身是thatoc.非限制性定语从句。justnow?/whichisthecarthatwasmadeinChina?Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.TheclockisthatwhichIboughtyesterday・HisEnglish,whichusedtobeverypoor,isnowexcellent・④定语从句在句屮作定语，所以在使用时，相当于现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式短语，介词短语作后置定语的句子。a.1boughtabookthatwaswrittenbyLuXun・二IboughtabookwrittenbyLuXun•b.Tellthechildrenwhoareplayingbasketballnottodothat.=Tellthechildrenplayingbasketballnottodothat・c.Thehousethatstandsatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.=Thehousestandingatthecornerwasbuiltin1987•d.Wehavenothingthatweshouldfear・=Wehavenothingtofear・e.Thebookthatisonthetableisexpensive.=Thebookonthetableisexpensive.®引导词when,where和why可用相应的表示时间(in,on,at,during等)、地点(in,on,at等)和原因(for)的介词+which表达为介宾结构。a.IstillrememberthedaywhenImetherforthefirsttime・——IstillrememberthedayonwhichImetherforthefirsttime・b.ThatistheplacewhereIwentwhenIwasachild・ThatistheplacetowhichIwentwhenIwasachild・c.MayIknowthereasonwhyyouarelate?May1knowthereasonforwhichyouarelate?®在定语从句11•:不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。Ijustcan"tfindthebookwhich/thatshelent园tome•(X)——Ijustcan"tfindthebookwhich/thatshelenttome.(V)0注意下面的变化：a.Thisisthehouse(不作lived的宾语)wherewelivedlastyear•Thisisthehouse(作livedin的宾语)which/thatwelivedinlastyear.b.Thisistheday（不作left的宾语）whenweleftforShenzhen.Thisistheday（作spent的宾语）which/thatwespentinShenzhen•®限制性定语从h和非限制性定语从何的区别：a.限制性定语从句：是句中不可缺少的组成部分，没冇从句，先行词意思不明确，主句也不完整，从句主旬不用逗号分开。b.非限制性定语从句：是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限 制性定语从句中，一般不用thato◎LastSundaytheyreachedDalian,whereameetingwastobeheld・◎Shehastwobrothers,whoarebothdoctors•HITherebe句型1.英语“There+be+（not）”结构表示“冇（没冇）某人或某物”时，there是无词义的引导词，be是谓语动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者再数上必须一•致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。2.肯定句：There+（助动词或情态动词）+be主语+地点（时间）状语。Thereisapenonthetable・/Therewillbeafootballmatchtomorrow.3.否定句：There+be（助动词或情态动词）+not（any）（或+no）+主语…。Therearcnotfairiesintheworld./Therewasn"taundergroundinShanghaibefore./Therewon"tbeafootballmatchtomorrow.4.一般疑问句:Be+there+（any）+主语…?/助动词或情态动词+there+be+（any）+主语…?IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?/Willtherebecloudtomorrow?5.特殊疑问句：疑问词（+名词）+be+there+状语？Howmanyweeksarethereinayear?/Whatisthereonthedesk?/Wherewilltherebeafootballmatchtomorrow?6.如果there+be之后是并列主语，应根据离be最近的名词來选择be的形式。Thereisaappleandtwopearsonthetable・/Therearetwopearsandaappleonthetable.7.含有引导词there的句子用seemtobe,happentobe,usedtobe或live等作谓语的结构。Therehappenedtobeanoldfriendofmineintheshop・/Thereusedtobeatemplehere・IV主谓一致1.主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一•致。主要包括三方而：形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。2.单数名词、不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数；复数名词作主语，谓语用复数；若主语表示单数或整体概念时，谓语应用单数。Timeismoney•/Mybookisnew•/Ourbooksarethere./Hisfamilyisn"tverylarge・/Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers•3.有些名词以"s”结尾，但谓用单数。（news,physics,maths,politics等）Mathsisveryimportanttous・4.People,police,youth,cattle等常作复数处理。Theyoutharefullofliving.5.既作单数乂是复数的名词，可作单、复数。（sheep,fish,deer,Chinese,Japanese…）Thereisonedeer/aresomedeerinthezoo./1metaJapaneseinthestreet./TheJapaneseImetinthestreetwerefriendly・6.当主语是两个名词由and连接时，若表示一种事物或-种概念时，谓语用单数。Theteacherandwriteriscomine（同一个人）•/Theteacherandthewriterarecoming•（不同人）7.Hevery或each修饰的单数名词并列时，谓语动词川单数，笫二个every或each 可省略。Everyboyand（every）girlhasanewbook.1.表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词，一•般视为一个整体，谓语用单数。Ahundredmilesisalongdistance.2.有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词，常用复数处理。Thericharegettingricher./Theblindaresittingontheroad.3.Number,population等词可作单数或复数，主要从意思决定oAnumberofbooksarenew./Thenumberofbooksis3,000.ThepopulationofChinaisverylarge./Onethirdofthepopulationhereareworkers.4.当名词后有with,together,like,but,except等介词短语时，谓语随名词的数而变。TomwithhisparentshasbeentoBeijingtwice.5.Each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待。Eachofushasanapple./Somebodyisusingthephoto.6.What,who,which,any,more,most,all等代词可以是单、复数，主要靠意思决定。Whichisyourroom?/Whichareyourrooms?7.“None或noneof+名词（代词）复数”可作单、复数，若名词为不可数，则谓语只用单数。Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus./Noneofushasgotacamera./Noneofmilkisgood.8.uEither,neither（+of4-名（代）词复数”作主语时,通常看作单数。NeitherofushasbeentoHongKong./Eitheransweriswrong.9.“manya+单数名词”或“morethanone+单数名词”作主语时，谓语多用单数形式。Morethanonepersonhasthatkindofexperience.10.All/most/half/part/some/therestof+不可数名词，谓语用单数。Allofmeatisbad.11.All/most/half/part/somc/thcrestof+可数名词复数，谓语用复数。Someofstudentsarcabsent.12."oneof+名（代）词复数”为主时，谓语通常用单数。OneofthegirlsisfromAmerica.13."apairof+名词复数”作主语时，谓语常用单数，若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。14.“（a）partof+名词”作主语时，若名词是单数，谓语用单数；若名词是复数，谓语用复数。15."agroupof+名词”作主语时，强调整体，谓语用单数;若强调group中的各成员，谓语用复数。16."alotof/lotsof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。17.“mostof+名词复数”作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。18."plentyof+名词复数”作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。27.File让her...or,neithef^nor,notonly*butalso,ortherebe+名词+and+名词等连接的主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语的单、复数形式依最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式决定。MyparentsorIamgoingtovisitmygrandparents.EitheryourfatheroryourmotherhasbeentotheGreatWall.NeitheryounorLaoYangistodothework.Thereisamanandthreechildrenoverthere. Notonlyyoubutalsoheknowsthatthing.27.动词不定式和动词一ing形式作主语时作单数处理。Toseeyouisveryglad.=Itisverygladtoseeyou.Takingmeansnoholes・Seeingisbelievins.Finishingtheworktakesmealongtime・=Tofinishtheworktakesmealongtime.Ittakesmealongtimetofinishthework•