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简明英语语法教程第一单元名词名词(Noun)专有名词LondonMarytheUnitedNations普通名词个体名词table,computer,gun集体名词family,committee物质名词rain,fire,air抽象名词youth,success,beauty
可数名词和不可数名词个体名词和集体名词一般都是可数的,如:twocomputersahappyfamily,twofootballteams.抽象名词和物质名词一般都是不可数的,如Translationisanart.翻译是一种艺术。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光比声的速度快。
可数与不可数名词间的转化Thetreesarenowinflower.There’snoschooltomorrow.LongJingisawell-knowntea.Twocoffees,please.Wemetwithmanydifficulties.He’shadmanyoddexperiences.不可数的物质名词和抽象名词转化为可数名词可数的个体名词转化为不可数的物质名词
不可数名词“一件”、“一个”的表达法apieceofnews(work,information,furniture)abarofchocolate,ablockofice,aburstofapplause(一阵掌声)afitofanger(一顿脾气),aloafofbread,aslipofpaper,a(large)sumofmoney.补充:
名词的规则复数形式一般情况加s,如desks,books,girls,以s,x,sh,ch收尾的词,加es,如glasses,roses,brushes,churches以f或fe结尾的词,则一般变为ves,如:wife(wives),bookshelf(bookshelves),wolf(wolves),thief(thieves)以辅音+y结尾的词,则变y为i,再加es,如party(parties),city(cities)family(families),university(universities)
名词的规则复数形式以辅音+o结尾的,一般加es,如hero(heroes),potato(potatoes),tomato(tomatoes),echo(echoes),但有一些外来词只加s,如piano(pianos),radio(radios),photo(photos),studio(studios).有关字母,数字,缩写词以及引语的复数形式详见书本(略)
名词的不规则复数形式变内部元音:foot-feet,man-men,mouse-mice,tooth-teeth,woman-women,goose-geese,ox-oxen,child-children.单复数同形:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,means,series,等某些外来词的特殊的变化:curriculum(curricula)课程,bacterium(bacteria)细菌,medium(media)媒体,crisis(crises)危机,basis(bases)基础
复合名词的复数形式主体名词变为复数:looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,son(s)-in-law,commander(s)-in-chief,editor(s)-in-chief等最末一个构成部分变为复数形式:film-goer(s),go-between(s),good-for-nothing(s),forget-me-not(s)勿忘我两个构成部分都变为复数:man-doctor(men-doctors),mancook(mencooks),man-writer(men-writers),woman-doctor(women-doctors)womancook(womencooks),womanwriter(womenwriters).
复数的一些习惯用法只以复数形式出现的词:trousers,jeans,scissors,glasses,等往往和“apairof”连用。以s结尾的名词但非复数:mathematics,economics,physicspolitics(政治),news,gymnasticsaten-poundnote,two14-year-oldgirls,afour-weekholidayasix-minutewalk,five-foottall(五英尺高)Threeyearsisalongtimetobewithoutajob.Sixmilesistoofarformetowalk.I’mgoingtotakeataxi.
名词的所有格’s所有格的构成方法:单数名词在末尾加’s,theboy’sfather以s结尾的复数形式名词,末尾仅加’,如thetwoboys’mother以s结尾的单数人名变为所有格时,一般加’s,Thomas’sbrother几个词作为一个单位时,’s应加在最后一个词的末,everyoneelse’sopinion固定词组:atone’swit’send,astone’sthrow表示度量,时间,空间,如aweek’sholiday,today’spost,表示某些国家,城市,天体等名称的,theearth’ssurface,London’straffic表示各自的所有关系时,一系列的名词末尾均需加’sJohn’sandSusan’sdesks,(约翰和苏珊各人的书桌)
Of所有格的用法用于无生命的东西:如thesubjectofthesentence(句子的主语)用于名词化的形容词:thestruggleoftheoppressed(被压迫人名的斗争)名词的修饰语较多时,如:thenameofthemanoverthere双重所有格的运用详见书本
第二单元冠词定冠词(the)的用法:(需强调的几点)特指一类人或东西:theJapanese,themasses(群众)独一无二的东西:thesun,themoon,theearth,可与一个形容词连用,代表一类人或东西:thedead,therich,thepoor,thewounded(受伤的人)在海洋,江河,山脉,群岛,海湾词前加the,但MountainTai形容词最高级和比较级前加the,如thebestgirl表序数词或next,last,same构成的名词短语:如thelastone
不定冠词(a,an)的用法须强调的几点:表“一类”如:ateachermustlovehisstudents.(教师必须爱他的学生)特殊的用法:Thechildrenarejustofanage.(同岁)afullmoon,haveabiglunch.aChineseandanEnglishdictionary.(一本中文和一本英文字典)aChineseandEnglishdictionary.(一本汉英字典)
零冠词的用法补充:在名字,国家,语言,球类,星期,月份,季节前,不用任何冠词,如:China,playfootball,onMonday,inwinter.表职位,头衔,社会关系等前,不用任何冠词,如:Lincolnwaselectedpresidentin1861.用于by交通工具时,如:bycar,byship,byplane.
冠词的一些习惯用法gotouniversity(上大学),gotochurch,(做礼拜),inprison(坐牢)详见书本内容区别以下两组词组:outofthequestion(不可能)outofquestion(没问题)incaseof(万一,如果)inthecaseof(就…….来说)其他一些限定词的用法:both…..and….(两者都)either…..or…(或者…或者)neither…..nor(两者都不)
第三单元代词代词可分为九类:人称代词(personalpronoun)物主代词(possessivepronoun)反身代词(reflexivepronoun)相互代词(reciprocalpronoun)指示代词(demonstrativepronoun)疑问代词(interrogativepronoun)关系代词(relativepronoun)连接代词(conjunctivepronoun)不定代词(indefinitepronoun)
人称代词单数复数主格宾格主格宾格Imeweusyouyouyouyouhehimshehertheythemitit
人称代词的一些其他用法Letus与let’s有时有异议,let’s多用表劝告或建议,包括自己与对方在内:let’sgo,shallwe?在不包括自己与对方在内的,pleaseletusknowthetimeofyourarrival.He和she常用来代表动物。如:It’sthefarmer’scow:shegiveslotsofmilk.国家,车船,大地,月亮等常以she代替,如:IthinkEnglandwilldowhatshepromisedtodo.We,you,they泛指一切人:We(you)shouldkeepcalmevenwhenwe(you)areindanger.
物主代词的一些特殊用法物主代词分为名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs)和形容词性物主代词(my,your,his,her,its,our,their)作介词宾语的用法(与of连用作定语):Heisaclosefriendofours.(他是我们中的一位亲密朋友。)Theremarkofyoursisquitecorrect.(你的那句话是很正确的。)下面这类结构中常用the代替物主代词:Hewaswoundedintheleg.Ihadacoldinthehead.Hetookmebythearm.
自身代词自身代词的形式:单数:myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself.复数:ourselves,yourselves,themselves.自身代词的功用:作宾语:pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.作表语:I’mnotquitemyselfthesedays.作同位语:Hehimselfisadoctor.一些习惯用法:amongthemselves(ourselves)在他们(我们)之间betweenourselves私下说的话byoneself一个人,自己干foroneself替自己,为自己
Inoneself就其本身来说,本人(not)beoneself身体康复(不适)tooneself供自己用自身代词常和某些动词连用:Ihopeyou’llenjoyyourselves.(希望你们玩的开心。)Shetoldtheboytobehavehimself.(她让孩子规矩点。)Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.(请吃些鱼)Shedressed(herself)quicklyandwentdownstairs.(她匆忙穿上衣服就下楼了。)自身代词
相互代词相互代词的形式:(eachother,oneanother)宾格,(eachother’s,oneanother’s)属格相互代词的功用:作宾语:Ithinkwemisunderstandeachother.Wecanhelponeanother.作定语:Theylookintoeachother’seyesforsilentmoment.Theyhavegreatconcernforoneanother’swork.(他们很关心彼此的工作。)分开使用有不同的含义:Weeachknowwhattheotherthinks.Thepassengersembarkedoneafteranother.(乘客一个一个地上船了。)
指示代词指示代词的形式:this,that,these,those,such,same.指示代词的功用:作宾语:Weshouldalwayskeepthisinourmind.(我们应当经常记住这一点)作定语:Thismotor-carisforhire.作主语:Thoseareapples;thesearepears.作表语:Thereasonisthis.that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this和these指后面将要讲到的事物:Ihadabadcold.That’swhyIdidn’tcome.(我伤风伤的厉害,这就是我没有来的原因。)Iwanttoknowthis:HasJohnbeenhere?(我想知道约翰来过没有。)
That和those有时用来代表前面提到的东西,以避免重复:Thesemachinesarebetterthanthoseweturnedoutlastyear.(这些机器比我们去年生产的好。)Theoiloutputin1988wasmuchhigherthanthatof1986.(1988年的石油产量比1986年高得多。)如果名词是单数可数名词,用theone(而不是that)的时候更多一些:Myroomwaslighterthantheonenextdoor.(我的房间比隔壁那间亮一些。)指示代词
Such(这样或那样的人或物)的功用:(重点)Yougivemesuchafright!(修饰可数名词单数)Ihavenevermetsuchpeople.(修饰可数名词复数)Hedidnotdeservesuchfortune.(修饰不可数名词)指示代词Such…….as象……...这样的,诸如…...之类Suchmenasthesearedangerous.Theyexportalotoffruit,suchasoranges,lemons,etc.Such……as像….这样的(as作关系代词,引起定语从句)Letchildrenreadsuchbooksaswillmakesthembetterandwiser.(让孩子们看那种会使他们变好变聪明的书。)
So的功用:(重点)和动词say,tell,think,suppose等连用(代表一个宾语从句或形容词)Iknowtheyenjoyeveryminuteofit.Doyouthinkso?So….that那样...以致(因而)引起表示程度和结果的从句Hewassoyoungthatyoumustexcusehim.Sothat以便,使能够(引起表示目的的从句)IhiredaboatsothatIcouldgofishing.Sothat因此(引起表示结果的从句)Mypencilfellundermydesk,sothatIcouldn’tseeit.指示代词
倒装句型:Johndriveswell.Sodoeshe.(约翰车开的很好,他也开的很好)习惯用法:andsoon(forth)(等等)as…so(随着...,与…...同时,就像…...一样)besokind(good)asto劳驾,请您…..evenso尽管如此,即使这样Isthatso?是吗,有意思,胡说Itsohappenedthat….恰好,碰巧so…asto到这种程度,以致指示代词
Same的功用:与定冠词the连用作主语:Thesameistrueofourtime.作宾语:Whateverhesays,wemustallsaythesame.作定语:Menandwomennowgetthesamepayfordoingthesamejobs.作表语:Thetownwillstillthesameafterfiftyyears.soasto….以便,到这种程度以致sofarsogood到现在为止一切不错solongas(aslongas)只要soso不太好,不怎么样,一般指示代词
指示代词习惯用法:allthesame尽管如此,仍然beallthesameto对…..都一样bethesamewith也一样justthesame照样,同样地oneandthesame同一thesame….as和…..一样Thesameistrueof也有同样情况,也适用于…...Thesametoyou祝你也如此!
疑问代词疑问代词的形式:who(谁,主格),whom(谁,宾格),whose(谁的属格),what(什么),which(哪一个).who,whom,whose,只能指人,what和which可指人和物。疑问代词在句中充当主语,宾语,表语等。(详见书本)
关系代词关系代词引导定语从句,一方面在句中担任一种成分,即从句中的主语,表语或定语:另一方面又代表定语从句所修饰的主句中的一个名词或代词(称为先行词)。关系代词的形式(详见书本)关系代词的功用(详见书本)
连接代词连接代词的形式与关系代词相似,但关系代词引导的是定语从句,而连接代词引导的是名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,或表语从句)Itisnotdecidedwhoistobethechairman.(主语从句)Iwillprovetotheworldthathewasright.(宾语从句)That’swhatIhope.(表语从句)Isaywhatevercomesintomyhead.我想到什么说什么(宾语从句)Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.(主语从句)Takewhicheverseatyoulike.(定语从句)
不定代词不定代词的形式:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other(s),another,some,any,no;还有由someany,no,every构成的合成代词。代词none和含有some,any,no,every的合成代词不能作定语,而every和no只能做定语。不定代词的功用(详见书本)
第四单元数词数词(numeral)分为基数词(cardinalnumerals)和序数词(ordinalnumerals)基数词:one,two,…..fourteen(十四),forty(四十)hundred,thousand,million,billion.序数词:first(1st),second(2nd),third(3rd),fourth(4th)fifth,eighth,twelfth,twentieth,fortieth,hundredth,millionth.
数词的一些习惯用法年,月,日:1995(nineteenninety-five)美国:8/21/1995(August21,1995/August21st,1995)英国:21/8/1995(21August1995/21stAugust1995)加,减,乘,除:2+2=4Twoplustwoequalsfour.10-3=7Tenminusthreeequalsseven.9*6=54Ninetimessixequalsfifty-four.20/4=5Twentydividedbyfourequalsfive.
数词的一些习惯用法时刻的表达方式:8:15aquarterpasteight,fifteenpasteight,eightfifteen.7:55fivetoeight,sevenfifty-five.4:30halfpastfour,fourthirty.23:05twenty-threeohfive.24:00twenty-fourhundredhours.编号,电话号码,温度的表达方式:partone,unitseven,page30,Room201,BusNumberseven,Extension007(分机号007).8422244eightfourtwodoubletwodoublefour.
数词的一些习惯用法摄氏温度(CentigradeorCelsius),华氏温度(Fahrenheit)Watersfreezesatnoughtdegreescentigrade.Lastnightthetemperaturewasfivedegreesbelowzero.分数,小数,百分数,倍数:1/3a(one)third,2/3twothirds,1/4a(one)quarter或a(one)fourth72/5sevenandtwofifths11.25elevenpointtwofive,3.728threepointseventwoeight,0.56zeropointfivesix.5%fivepercent,0.5%zeropointfivepercent,300%threehundredpercent.Thepricewasreducedby18percent.
数词的一些习惯用法倍数的表达方式如下:xtimes+as+形容词/副词+asThisroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.Xtimes+名词/代词thatTheearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.Thevolumeofthesunisabout1300000timesthatoftheearth.Xtimes+形容词/副词的比较级+thanTheoutputofcoalin1979wassixtimesgreaterthanthatin1972.Xtimes+what引导句Theoutputofcoalin1979wassixtimeswhatitwasin1972..
数词的一些习惯用法表示净增意义的动词+xfold,百分比,times:Theoutputofcoalin1979increasedsixfoldintheyears1972-1979.Theoutputofcoalin1979roseto500%ofthatoflastyear.Theprimecost(成本价格)hasdecreasedbythreetimesasagainst1953.用数词表示的习惯用语:atsixesandsevens(乱七八糟)bytwosandthrees,byonesandtwos(三三两两)onsecondthoughts(进一步考虑)onafifty-fiftybasis(对等的)tentoone(十有八九,很可能)aslikeastwopeas(酷似,一模一样)