吐血整理!新中学英语语法网络图全整理 8页

中学英语语法网络图   三．代词：II.不定代词用法注意点：1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?  Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.   Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.   Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no：no等于notany，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another: 1)other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个，复数为theothers。如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam. 2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one). Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish. Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.  四．形容词和副词I.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1.同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。 五．介词I.介词分类：1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论),including6形容词转化成的介词like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介词区别：8 1表示时间的in,on,atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2表示时间的since,fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in,afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在…上”的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through,acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关7表示“关于”的about,onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in,withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置★六．动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下： 现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式： 将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening. II.动词的被动语态： 常用被动语态构成 常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked注 意 事被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.8  项汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：Itisbelievedthat…           Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…         Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…        Itmustbepointedoutthat…             Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…           Itmustbeadmittedthat…               Itishopedthat…下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.         Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.           Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等★七．情态动词I.情态动词基本用法：情态动词用法例句can能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）表示客观的可能性（用于肯定句中IthinkIcanmakeit.Canyoustopitrightnow?Maybeyoucanfindanotherjob.Canthisbetrue?Hecan’tcometotheconcert.heisbadlyillandhasbeentakentohospital.TheWorldWideWebissometimesjokinglycalledtheWorldWideWaitbecauseitcanbeveryslow.couldmay可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）MayIborrowyourbike?Youmayasktheteacherforhelp.Hemaybeathomeatthistimeofday.Youcanaskhim,buthemaynotansweryou.Mayyousucceed!mightmust必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）偏偏Imustgiveintotheirdecision.wemustn’tbelateforthelecture.Youmustbetiredafteryourlongjourney.Thelightisburningintheoffice.Hemuststillbeworkingnow.AfterItoldherwhattodomydaughtermustgoanddotheoppositehaveto只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）Hehastogetupearlyeverydayinordertocatchthefirstbusandgettoschoolontime.oughtto应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should）Yououghttoobeythelaw.Yououghttohavetoldherthetruth.shall将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等，法律条文Whenshallhebeabletoleavethehospital?Youshallhavethebookbacksoon.Heshallbepunishedsomeday.should应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）按道理说应该竟然（表惊讶）Youshouldgotoseeadoctor.Youshouldobeytherules.Youshouldhavecomeforthemeeting.It’salready8:00.Heshouldbehereatanymoment.It’sapitythatyoushouldbesocareless.will意愿，决心，总是，常常是请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉Willyoucomehereearliertomorrowmorning?Mr.Smithisalreadyangrywithyou.Oilwillfloatonwater.Iwillgoandturnoffthelights.woulddare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）Daredhebreakthetrafficregulationsagain?Hedarenotsmokebeforesuchacrowd.need需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）Heneedn"tworryaboutusnow.NeedIgonow?usedto过去常常（现在已不再）Heusedtosleepwiththewindowsopen,didn’the?/usedn’the?Mr.Leeoftenusedtocomeandhaveasnackwithmyfather.II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测：以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情；must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点：8 1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’tdo；Need/dare…do…?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo情态动词+“完成式”的结构与意义musthavedone必定已经…表示对过去情况极大把握的推测should/oughttohavedone本来该做某事却没做，表示责备、惋惜shouldn’t/oughtn’ttohavedone本来不该做某事却做了某事，表责备、惋惜may/might+have+done某事可能发生了，表示推测mighthavedone本来有可能发生却没有发生can’t/couldn’thavedone(否定句/疑问句)对过去发生事情等的不肯定或怀疑couldhavedone本来能做某事却未作，表示责备或后悔needn’thavedone已做了某事，但没有必要去做。★八．非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone 具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done 动名词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb’sdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettodo（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regretdoing（指动作已经发生）goontodo（接着做另外一件事）goondoing（接着做同一件事）trytodo（设法，努力去做，尽力）trydoing（试试去做，看有何结果）meantodo（打算做，企图做）meandoing（意识是，意味着）can’thelptodo（不能帮忙做）can’thelpdoing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别： 常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make现在分词 notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别： 区别举例8 不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成V.非谓语动词做状语的区别： 区别举例不定式作目的状语即可置于句首也可置于句尾，置于句尾时不用逗号分开,如强调目的可用inordertodo…,soastodo…但soastodo…不用于句首；作结果状语多是固定的表达形式如：too…todo…,so…astodo…,such…astodo…,enoughtodo…,onlytodo…,nevertodo…,作原因状语通常用在作表语的表示喜、怒、哀、乐的形容词后。Hecametoseemeyesterday.Inordertobeatopstudent,youshouldstudyevenharder.Thebusstoppedsoastopickuppassengers.Theyweretooexcitedtosayaword.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Heissocarelessastogeteverythingoutoforder.LiMinghurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthestudentshadleft.Iamsosorrytohearaboutyourfailureinbusiness分词分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步，伴随、补充说明、行为方式等。可置于句首，也可置于句尾。Hearingthenews,hecouldn’thelpcrying.NotknowingEnglish,hecouldnotunderstandthefilm.Thesixblindmenstoodalldaybytheroadside,beggingformoney.Havingdonetheirhome-work,thestudentslefttheclassroom.Havingbeenshownthelabs,weweretakentoseethelibrary.Workinghardalltheyearround,thepoorpeasantcouldn’taffordtosendhischildrentoschool.Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.分词作状语的形式与意义:doing与句中的主语为主动关系，与谓语动作同时发生beingdone与句中主语为被动关系，与谓语动作同时发生，作原因状语置于句首havingdone与句中主语为主动关系，且动作发生于谓语动作之前havingbeendone与句中主语为被动关系，且动作发生于谓语动作之前done与句中谓语为被动关系l用不定式，分词作状语时，它的意义上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致l分词的独立结构分词作状语时,有时其逻辑主语与句中的主语不一致,它可以有自己的逻辑主语.该逻辑主语通常用名词或代词的主格表示,放在分词的前面。该结构通常修饰整个句子,表示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况。如：Thenightbeingdark,shewasafraidtogothere.Theproblemhavingbeensolved,weendedthemeeting.l独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，常见的有Generallyspeaking一般来说franklyspeaking坦白地说judgingfrom/by/tojudgeby根据……来判断considering/taking…intoconsideration考虑到……；totellyouthetruth说实话；comparedto/with与……相比seeing考虑到；providedthat/providingthat如果supposing/suppose假设lWith的复合结构作状语分词独立结构前面有时带有“with/without”,构成”with/without+宾语(名词或代词)”结构,表示伴随情况.如：Withhimstayinghereinthehouse,Ifeltquitesafe.Helayinhisbedwitheyesclosed.★九.定语从句why原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.that与which,who,whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1．  先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2．  先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3．  先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4．  先行词既指人又指物时5．  先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6．  句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情况1．  在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.8 2．  在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3．  先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as与which的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.★十．名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句主语从句在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,whereverWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表语从句在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位语从句放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus. ★十一.状语从句种类连接词注意点时间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状语where,wherever 原因状语because,as,since,nowthatbecause语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。条件状语if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替目的状语sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词结果状语so…that,such…that 比较状语than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore 方式状语asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。让步状语though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用 ★十二.倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒装never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或norHecanplaythepiano.Socani.8 表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.★十三.虚拟语气类别用法例句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.混合虚拟从句与过去事实相反haddoneItishardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingtodayifIhadnotfalleninlove,attheageofseven,withtheMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.主句与现在事实相反woulddo其它状语从句asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾语从句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger. 主语从句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It’shightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!含蓄虚拟条件句有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。通常的词或短语有：without"如果没有",butfor"要不是",butthat,otherwise,or,but等。Hehesitatedforamomentbeforekickingtheball,otherwisehewouldhavescoredagoal.十四.主谓一致用法例句谓语动词与主语要在人称和数上保持一致Janegoestoschoolonfoot.WehavebeentotheGreatWalltwice.用and连接的两个词所表示的是不同的人，事物或不同的概念时，谓语动词要用复数形式。用and连接的两个词所表示的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。当and连接几个单数主语，并分别由each,every,no,manya等词修饰时，谓语动词要用单数。BettyandZhouLanaretalkingabouttheirfutureplan.AjournalistandauthorlivesinthehouseEachteacherandeachstudentisinvitedtotheparty.Manyastudentlikespopsongs.由or,notonly…butalso,either…or…,neither…nor连接主语时，谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致。JaneorJohnistoblameEitheryouorI’mmad.Notonlytheteacherbutalsoherfamilyfriendly.Neitheryounorheisright.当主语后跟有with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,except,like,including,aswellas,but等词引起的短语，谓语动词仅和其前面的主语保持一致。Sheaswellastheotherteachersisgoingtoanotherpark.Allbutonewereinthereading-roomjustnow.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthisworkeach,和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词做主语，Eachofushassomethingtosay.8 位于用单数形式。Someoneisusingthephone.Everythingisreadynone有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据说话人的意思决定。Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus.Noneofushasacamera.Noneofthemoneyispaidtome.what,who,which,any,more,most,all等代词作主语，谓语可以是单数，也可以是复数，主要靠意思决定。Whichisyourbag?/Whichareyourbags?/Allisgoingwell./AllhavegonetoBeijing.people,police,cattle,youth等名词在任何情况下都用作复数。Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.family,group,class,enemy,team,army等集合名词作主语，有时作单数，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来决定。如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式ClassFourisonthethirdfloor.ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.主语为表示距离，时间，长度，价值，金额，重量等复数名词时，谓语用单数形式。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework.不定式，动名词，从句作主语时，谓语要用单数形式。TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.Thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.there,here引起的句子，主语又不止一个，谓语通常和临近的主语一致。Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.在定语从句时，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard./Heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.十五.重要句型1. Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2. NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3. Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.  Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.  Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.  Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.  Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithabignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.  Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.  Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10.SittingunderthetreewereMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell.19.Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.21.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.Onlywhenheexplainedit,didIrealizethereasonforthat.24. “Heworksparticularlyhard.” “Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”25. NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.26. SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.8