新概念3英语语法精粹讲解 38页

新概念3英语语法精粹讲解第一章英语从句Subordination英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）一．定语从句1．定语从句：由关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which;关系副词when,where,why引导。（下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出！）1.Thedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringtheweek.2.Theman(whom)youspoketojustnowismyfriend.3.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.4.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.5.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.6.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.7.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn"tfinishitintime.8.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.9.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.10.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.2．只能用that和who引导的定语从句A．all,nothing,anything,afew,one做先行词指物时B．先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that而不是which.C．先行词前有theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery等词修饰时，引导词只能用that。D．当先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody时，后面要用who或whom；●Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪光的并非都是金子。3．as引导定语从句as引导的定语从句有两种形式：A．引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中，as常与主语中作为其先行词的such,thesame或as联用构成，“such...as”，“thesame...as”和“as...as”句型，可代替先行词。例如：Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。B．as引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与which相同，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。（这是语法考试的一个考点。）［注意区别］：as引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。例如：Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity.据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。 二．状语从句超级作文联接词及词组，全部拿下！①原因：because,since,nowthat（既然）as,for,thisreason....②结果：sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult....③时间：after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,once,lately,presently,shortlyafter,currently,atpresent,nowadays...④条件：if,onlyif.,once,unless,intheevent(that),incase(that),providedthat,ontheconditionthat,etc.⑤让步：though,although,eventhough(if),nomatterwhat/how/when→whatever/however/whenever....⑥目的：inorderthat,inorderto,to,⑦比较：than,as...as,bycomparison（相比较），bycontrast（相对照）....三．名词性从句王牌要点：通常由that或疑问词导出。1.Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisnotknow.（主语从句）2.Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinningthecase.（宾语从句）3.Theproblemiswhatwe"lldonext.（表语从句）4.Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.（同位语从句）同位语（Appositive）:同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。《新概念英语》第三册第一课有这样一个句子：WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.（当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。）在这里，awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在“reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分cameintoLondonzoo的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。I．简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。IwasgreatlyshockedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedyesterday.（that引导的句子解释了news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分）Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.（that引导的句子解释了fact的内容）II．联想记忆：能接同位词从句的名词有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（谣言），evidence（证据），conclusion（结论），suggestion（建议），problem，order，answer，discovery（发 现）explanation（解释），principle（原则），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承诺），report（报告），statement（声明），knowledge（知识），opinion（观点），likelihood（可能性）［大声朗读三遍，背下即可。］III．王牌要点：●同位语一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词which,who,what和关系副词when,where,why,how或whether引导。Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.Ihavenoideahowtoexplainit.●一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。（非常经典之功能句式，可用于四六级和托福作文，不妨一试！）：ontheassumption（在……前提下），ontheground（由于……原因），ontheconditionthat（在……条件下），withtheexception（有……例外）owingtothefact（由于……事实）；ontheunderstanding（基于……理解）；Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditionthatheboughtheravilla.那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头，条件是他给她买一幢别墅。IV．分隔式同位语从句为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾，（读两遍此定义，然后看倒句：）Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinformationaboutthematter.IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAmericanmovie"Titanic".V.同位语从句与定语从句之区别简单记忆：定语从句的引导词that或which在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。示例：I"vegotananswerthatAisright.(同位语从句，that不做成分)I"vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.（定语从句，that做定语从句的主语）VI．王牌重点：可以充当同位语的词组或短语。1）名词短语。（使句型更为简洁）BillClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanofficialvisitin1998.LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwhelminglyimportantroleinChineseliteraturehistory.2）动名词词组亦可用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。（使句型更为流畅）I"mcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.3）不定式短语。（陌生只是掌握的开始） Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.4）形容词词组。（有逗号隔开）Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldbetreatedequally.Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportunity.VII.同位语的引导词。（重要！这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分）引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系：1．namely,thatitis,thatistosay（也就是说）,inotherwords（换句话说）,or,forshort表示等同关系。2．suchas,say,sotospeak（譬如说）,including（包括）,forinstance（或forexample(e.g./eg），表示举例和列举关系。3．especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示突出重点，（在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分，是出题的关键点。）测试精编I.选择正确选项：1.________allbehaviorislearnedbehaviorisabasicassumptionofsocialscientists.A.NearlyB.ThatnearlyC.ItisnearlyD.Whennearly2.ThepeopleatthepartywereworriedaboutJanetbecausenoonewasaware________shehadgone.A.wherethatB.ofwhereC.oftheplacewhereD.theplace3.—Susanhasn"twrittenusforalongtime.—Whatdoyousuppose________toher?A.thathappenedB.happenedC.tohappenD.havinghappened4.—MayIhavetheloan?________youoffergoodsecurity.A.ButB.UnlessC.ProvidedD.Butfor5.Gorillasarequietanimals,________theyareabletomakeabouttwentydifferentsounds.A.howB.inspiteofC.becauseofD.eventhough6.ThelittleWhiteHouseinwarmspringswastheGeorgiahomeofPresidentFranklin-D.Roosevelt________thereonApril12,1945.A.whodiedB.diedC.whilediedD.hedied7.Essentially,atheoryisanabstract,symbolicrepresentationof________reality.A.whatitisconceivedB.thatisconceivedC.whatisconceivedtobeD.thatisbeingconceivedof8.Seedsusuallygerminate________thetemperatureisfavorable.A.ifB.whereasC.asaresultD.inconsequences9.FrancisPrestonBlair.Jr,________borninKentucky,livedandpracticedinMissouri.A.wasB.hewasC.althoughD.whohewas10.________,worksongsoftenexhibitthesongcultureofapeopleinafundamentalform.A.TheyoccurwheretheyareB.OccurringwhereC.WheretheyoccurD.Wheredotheyoccur 第二章虚拟语气THESUBJUNCTIVEMOOD虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望，与事实相反的假设，通常分为基本的三种形式。1.与现在事实相反的虚拟：If+did/were+...,...wouldshouldcould+do（动词原形）mightIfIwereyou,Iwouldgoabroadatonce.(Iamnotyou.)Ifheknewitnow,hecouldhelpme.(Hedoesn"tknowitnow.)2.与过去事实相反的虚拟：If+haddone+...,...would(might)havedone...IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavephonedyou.(Ididn"tknowyourtelephonenumber.)Ifyouhadcomeherealittleearlierjustnow,youmighthavemether.(Youdidn"tcomehereearlier.)3.与将来事实相反的虚拟：(1)If+should+v.,...would+v.（可能性很小）（译作“万一”）Ifitshouldraintomorrow,youcouldstayathome.IfIshouldfail,whatshouldIdo?(2)If+did/wereto+v...,would+v.（完全不可能）Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldlendyouthemoney.Ifyoufinisheditin3minutes,Iwouldgiveyoumycar.4.金牌特殊重点：！！［简单联想记忆］：●下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即should+动词原形，shoud在美国英语中要省略（TOEFL语法考点）。此类常见的动词有：order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest（建议）insist（坚决要求），advise,etc.例句：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)helpthemwithEnglish.Theteacherorderedthatthehomework(should)befinishedwithinhalfanhour.●下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should+动词原形”（should可省去）的虚拟。suggestion,order,request,demand,importance,proposal.Hemadeasuggestionthatwe(should)haveafancydressparty.Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit(should)bedonesoon. ●Itis/wasimportant/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+主语+should+v.Itisstrangethatyoushouldsaysuchathing.Itwasimportantthatyoushouldtellmealltheinformation.●wish后的宾语从句中，asif后的状语从句中，须用下列的虚拟形式：主+wish+(that)+主+did/were（指现在）haddone（指过去）would+v.（指将来）IwishthatImetmyunclenow.IwishIhadmetmyuncleyesterday.IwishIcouldmeetmyuncletomorrow.●Itis(high)timethat...+did/were...Itistimethatyouwenttobed.●wouldratherthat...+did/were...Iwouldratherthatyouwerenotherenow.●wouldsoonerthat...+did/were...Iwouldsoonerthatyougotupearlier.Iwouldsoonerthatyouwerenotmybrother.测试精编I.选择正确选项：1.I________hehadtaughtmetheword,buthedidn"t.A.believeB.hopeC.wishD.think2.Themaninchargerecommendsthatthismatter________atthemeeting.A.wouldbediscussedB.willbediscussedC.bediscussedD.maybediscussed3.Itisrainingnow,otherwisewe________gooutplay.A.couldB.canC.mayD.will4.________hecomelate,givehimthemessage.A.HadB.ShouldC.WouldD.Did5.Hadn"tmycarbrokedown,I________thetrain.A.wouldhavecaughtB.mightcatchC.couldcatchD.wouldcatch6.IwouldhavehelpedhimifIhadtime,butI________.A.haven"tB.hadC.didn"tD.wouldn"t7.Thedamwasbuiltintimetoprotecttheinhabitantsfromtheflood;________.A.otherwisethedamagewouldbebeyondmeasure.B.thedamage,otherwise,shouldbeverygreat.C.thedamagecouldhavebeenveryseriousotherwise.D.thedamagecaused,therefore,manyofthemhomeless.8.Itisnaturalthatanemployee________hisworkontime. A.finishesB.finishC.canfinishD.finishs9.IwouldgoabroadbutthatI________poor.A.amB.wasC.shallbeD.were10.Don"tactasifyou________theonlypebbleonthebeach.A.areB.wereC.havebeenD.wouldbeSUBSTITUTIONANDOMISSION英语中，为了避免不必要的重复，经常用so,not,to,do,does代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。如：HetranslatedthearticlebetterthanIdid.(did代替wroteit)—Doyouthinksheisclever?—Ithinkso.(so代替sheisclever)(1)从上两例中看出，do/does/did代替动词。(2)"so与not"代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,imagine,etc后作宾语。E.g.—Isitcorrect?—I"mafraidnot.(notcorrect)(3)"to"用作不定式，常跟随下列动词：want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.E.g.Iaskedhimtogototheparty,butherefusedto.(gototheparty)(4)"doso,dothat,doit"用来代替动态动词，而不能代静态动词。Eg.—HegaveupstudyingEnglish.—Whydidhedoso?(=giveupstudyingEnglish)—Thedishtastesnice.—Yes,soitdoes.(tastesnice)(此句不能用itdoesit或itdoesso,因taste属静态动词。）(5)为使语言精炼，避免不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。E.g.—Heisthinkingofbuyingacar?—Ishe?（这里，“thinkingofbuyingacar”被省略了。）—Willhecomebackintime?—Perhaps.（省略了hewillcomebackintime.)测试精编I．选择正确答案：1.—ShallIwakeyouuptomorrow?—Yes,________.A.pleasedoB.youshallC.youwillD.youmay2.Ithinkrecordsareoften________anactualperformance.A.asgoodasorbetterthanB.asgoodorbetterthan C.likegoodorbetterthanD.asgoodasanyother3.—Ifhedoesn"tcometowork,hemaybefired.—Surelyheisn"tsofoolish________nottorealizethat.A.soB.andC.butD.as4.—Don"tyouthinkAlan"shealthhasbeenruinedbysmoking?—Yes,hetoldme________himself.A.thefactB.thisthingC.ItD.so5.—Willyougohometomorrowevening?—No,I"mgoingtoalecture,oratleast,I"mplanning________.A.onB.toC.soD.It6.—Islippedonthestairs,Ithinkmyarmisbroken.—Oh!I________.A.donothopesoB.donothopeC.hopenotsoD.hopenot7.Californiareliesmainlyonincomefromfruitcrops,and________.A.FloridaalsoB.FloridatooC.FloridaisaswellD.sodoesFlorida8.—Haveyoubeenherelong?—________.A.No,notveryB.NotmuchC.Yes,onlylittleD.No,onlyyesterday9.—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.—Ilikemynewdressandmother________,too.A.doesB.likesC.isD.do10.—Soyouarelost,littleboy.Whydidn"tyouhangontoyourmother"sskirt?—________,butIcouldn"treachit.A.IhangedtoB.IdidtoC.Ididn"thangtoD.Itriedto第四章倒装INVERSION根据语法要求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装，把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为部分倒装。1．副词如：in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc.句子倒装。（完全倒装，但主语不能是代词）Downjumpedthemurdererfromthetenthfloor.IncameMissGreen.（特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。）Awayshewent!（她走了！）Hereyouare!（你在这儿！）2．only+副词（介词短语）位于句首，句子要倒装。Onlythendidherealizethathewasmistaken.Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoinganything.3．well,so,often,such,few,little放于句首，句子形成倒装。Sofinewastheweatherthatweallwentoutlyinginthesun.WelldidIknowhimandwelldidheknowme.4．否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时，句子须倒装。此类词有：neither，nor，hardly，scarcely，rarely，seldom，not，never，notonly，barely，atnotime，nowhere等。e.g.—Jackcouldnotswim.—NeithercouldTom. NeverhaveIseensuchagoodmovie.5．as引导让步状语从句，须倒装。（准确地说，是将需要强调的词提到as的前面。）Richasheis,hespendsacentoncharity.Tryashedoes,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifully.6．在表示祝愿的句子中。Mayyoumakegreaterprogress!（愿你取得更大进步！）7．在虚拟条件句中，连词if省略时，句型要倒装，即将were,had,should等词提到句首。WereIyou,Iwouldgoabroadtotakeadvancedstudy.我要是你，就出国进修了。Shouldhecometomorrow,hewouldhelpustosettletheproblem.他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。8．百分特例重点：Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant.（NCEBookIIILesson26）尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西了。测试精编I．选择正确选项：1.Notuntilthemid-nineteenth-centurydiscoveryofvastdepositsofborate"sintheMajaveDesert________relativelycommon.A.boraxbecameB.didboraxbecomeC.andboraxbecomeD.borax"sbecoming2.________receivedlawdegreesastoday.A.NeversomanywomenhaveB.NeverhavesomanywomenC.Thewomenaren"teverD.Womenwhohavenever3.________theBob"sbelongingsthathecarriedtheminabundleslungoverhisshoulders.A.WeresofewB.FewweresoC.SofewwereD.Theyweresofew4.Onlyafterababysealispushedintotheseabyitsmother________toswim.A.howwillitlearnB.willitlearnhowC.itwilllearnhowD.anditlearnshow5.Notonly________apromise,buthealsokeptit.A.didhemadeB.hemadeC.didhemakeD.hemakes6.Nowhereintheworld________.A.travelerscanbuysomuchbeautyforsolittleasinHawaii.B.noonecanbuysomuchbeautyforsolittlemoneyasHawaii.C.somuchbeautycanbeboughtforsolittlemoneyinHawaii.D.cantravelersbuysomuchbeautyforsolittlemoneyasinHawaii. 7.Nosooner________gonehomethanitbegantorainheavily.A.hadIB.haveIC.IhadD.Ihave8.Notforamoment________thetruthofyourstory.A.hehasdoubtedB.hedoubtsC.didhedoubtD.hediddoubt9.________succeedindoinganything.A.OnlybyworkinghardwecanB.ByonlyworkinghardwecanC.OnlybyworkinghardcanweD.Onlywecanworkhard10.Neverbeforeinsimilarcircumstances________.A.aBritishPrimeMinisterhadrefusedtostepdown.B.didaBritishPrimeMinisterhaverefusedtostepdown.C.aBritishPrimeMinisterdidhaverefusedtostepdown.D.hadaBritishPrimeMinisterrefusedtostepdown.11.Peoplemightavoidmanyaccidents________thesemethodsbeenadoptedbefore.A.thatB.wereC.haveD.had12.________arosetheproblemthattheboywillneverovercomethegreatdifficulties.A.ItB.ThisC.HereD.Those第五章形容词ADJECTIVES定义：形容词是用来修饰名词的词，描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。功能：形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。分类：主要分为两类：描绘性形容词和限定性形容词。●描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。●限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。1．当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用：alovelygirl,thenaughtyboy2．形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。常用系动词有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay,etc.Thedishtastesdelicious.Themusicsoundssweet.Themilkwentbad.小心陷阱feel，smell，taste，look，keep有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。Helookedmeupanddowncarefully.Itastedthesoupslowlytoseewhetheritwassalty.3．形容词用作后置定语。（简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名词的后面）arivernavigable（一条可通航的河）sightvisible可见的景象personresponsible（负责人）注意：responsibleperson（有责任心的人） thebestwaypossible（尽可能好的办法）thenumbernecessary（必要的数量）thepeoplepresent（在场的人）4．只能作表语的形容词1．某些表示健康状况的形容词。well（身体好的），ill（病的），faint（虚弱的），poorly（身体不好的）示例：Hismotherhasbeenillforalongtime.特别注意：sick是个特例。它既可做表语，又可做定语。Heissickforacoupleofdays.（他病两三天了）Heisasickperson.（他是个病人。）2．某些以a-开头的形容词。如：afraid（害怕的），alone（独自的），alive（活着的），asleep（睡着的），awake（醒着的），aware（意识到的）Theoldmanisaloneinthehouse.（老人一个人在家。）Theteacherisalivewithenthusiasm.（这位老师热情洋溢。）Heisasleepinhismother"sarms.（他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。）Ihavebeenawareofthedifficulty.（我已经意识到了困难。）5．当一系列形容词修饰名词时，须注意排列顺序：代明形容词+数量形容词+性状形容词+名词。（下图看起来费劲，看透了绝对实用）代明形容词数量形容词性状形容词名词1234567891011用于冠词前的形容词冠词序数基数性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍材料名词指示代词物主代词动名词不定代词AllthefirstonegoodbigoldblueEnglishwoodboxBothA(n)secondtwobadsmallnewyellowIndianstonethiscage Suchthat.........roundcold......Ironyour...SomeEg.abrokensmalloldgraystonebridge.suchagoodyellowpen.测试精编I．选择正确选项：1.TheChinesefoodservedinAmericanrestaurantisnotbadbutIprefer________.A.ChinesefoodauthenticallyB.ChineseauthenticfoodC.foodChineseauthenticallyD.authenticChinesefood2.________lessonswerenotdifficult.A.OurfirstfewshortEnglishB.OurfewfirstshortEnglishC.OurfewfirstEnglishshortD.FewourfirstEnglishshort3.—DoyouthinkthattheLaborbillwillbepassed?—Oh,yes,it"s________thatitwill.A.almostsurelyB.verylikelyC.nearpositiveD.quitecertainly4.—Haveyoutraveledmuch?—No,Ihavedone________traveling.A.fewB.littleC.smallD.less5.—Iwasverybusy.—Didyoureallyworkhard________?A.alldayB.allthedayC.allthedaylongD.allofdaylong6.—Doyouneedanythingfromthestore?—________andsomecheddarcheese.A.OnlyaFrenchbreadloafB.AFrenchbreadloafonlyC.OnlyaloafofFrenchbreadD.AloafofFrenchbreadonly 7.Accordingtotheinformation,thenewly-constructedhighwayissaidtobe________.A.lengthytwentymilesB.lengthabouttwentymilesC.abouttwentymileslongD.intwentymilesoflength8.Mr.Smithhasdone________businesshere.A.alotofB.anumberofC.muchD.lots9.—Areyouhelpingtoorganizethepoliticalconvention?—I"minchargeofwelcomingthe________.A.out-of-townvisitorsB.visitorsfromoutsideoftownC.visitorsout-of-townD.outsidetownvisitors10.—DoesJanehavebrownhair?—Yes,Infact,it"squitesimilarinshape________yours.A.asB.withC.likeD.to第六章副词ADVERBS定义：副词用来修饰动词（系动词除外），形容词，其它副词或整个句子。功能：表示时间、方式、程度、范围等。分类：●时间及频度副词：before，frequently，always，usually等●地点副词：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等●方式副词：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等●程度副词：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only等●疑问副词：how，why，when，where等例：Hewalkedoutoftheroomslowly.Shelooksverybeautiful.WestudyEnglishverycarefully.Evenachildcandoitbetter.Perhapsshewilltelephoneyoutomorrow.金牌要点：几个重要副词的使用：1.enough：修饰形容词或副词，须置于被修饰词后；而修饰名词时放在修饰词的前面。Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythistypeofbicycle.2.too：位于形容词或副词前。Sheistooeagertoseeme.3.very：置于所修饰的形容词、副词前。Heisveryhandsomeandmanygirlsliketospeakwithhim. 4.much：修饰动词，形容词及副词比较级。Thesubjecthasbeentalkedtoomuch.Herdressismuchmorebeautifulthanmine.5.still:“依旧，仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。Hestillremembersthedaystheyspenttogether.Istillcannotcatchhiswords.6.yet:位于疑问句末尾时意思是“已经”；用于否定句时意思是“还”。Haveyouemptiedthedustbinyet?Ihaven"tdonethatyet.7.only:根据句意灵活运用。（请翻译下面三个句子！）Onlyhecantellyouhowtodoit.Hecanonlytellyouhowtodoit.Hecantellyouhowtodoitonlytoday.8.hardly,scarcely,seldom,never本身为否定意义副词，注意使用。Hardlyhadweleftthestationwhenitbegantorain.你知道吗？几个易混淆的副词：1.easy:standeasy(=comfortably)easily:Itcan"tbesolvedeasily.2.clear:Thebulletwentclearthroughthewindow(=directly)clearly:Clearly,hedoesn"tknowanythingaboutit.(=obviously)3.high:Hecanjumpveryhigh.（高地）highly:Wethinkhighlyofthegoodteacher.（高度地）4.just:Wehavejustknowthenews.（刚刚）justly:Hewasjustlypunished.（公正地）5.hard:Youmustthinkhard.（努力地）hardly:Hehardlyknowsaboutit.（几乎不）6.pretty:Heisnotprettysureaboutit.（非常）prettily:Thegirlisprettilydressed.（漂亮地）7.near:Helivesneartheschool.（附近） nearly:Inearlymissedthebus.（几乎）8.late:Don"tcomelatenexttime.（迟到）lately:Ihaven"treadnovelslately.（最近）9.formally:Youshouldbedressedformallyatthemeeting.（正式地）formerly:Formerly,hewasthemanagerofthecompany.（以前）10.free（免费地）freely（自由地）11.most（最）mostly（大部分）12.sharp（准时地）sharply（严厉地）测试精编I．选择正确选项：1.Automobileproductionofthepresenttimehasbeenincreased________.A.greatlyB.highlyC.onalargescaleD.infinitely2.—Wastheclasslongenough?—No,________enough.A.itwasn"tmuchtoolongB.itwasn"ttoomuchlongC.itwasn"tquitelongD.itwasn"ttoolongmuch3.Afterthefuneral,theresidentsoftheapartmentbuilding________.A.sentfaithfullyflowersallweekstothecemeteryB.senttothecemeteryeachweekflowersfaithfullyC.sentflowersfaithfullytothecemeteryeachweekD.senteachweekfaithfullytothecemeteryflowers4.Airtravelhasprovidedpeoplewiththeopportunitytotravel________.A.alargeamountofmilesB.muchdistanceC.extensivelyD.widerangingly5.—Paulstillhasn"treturnedfromthemeeting.—Really?I"msureheexpectedtobeback________.A.beforelongnow B.longbeforenowC.nowbeforelongD.nowlongbefore6.—HasyourfatherarrivedinBombayyet？—Heprobablyarrivedtheresometime________.A.aweekpastB.thelastweekC.thispastweekD.theweekbeforenow7.—Whydoesn"tJessicastaywithrelativesinNewYork？—She________inBoston.A.hasonlyrelativesB.onlyhasrelativesC.hasrelativesonlyD.relativehasonly8.Thenectarineisafruit________likeapeach.A.asB.andC.tooD.somewhat9.一Isawyouattheracetracklastweek.一Igoquiteoften,butIonlybet________.A.scarcelyB.hardlyC.barelyD.occasionally10.Let"sstayathome,Ithinkit"s________forwalking.A.muchtoohotB.verymuchhotC.toomuchheatD.verymuchheat第七章冠词ARTICLES不定冠词“a”用来表示可数名词的单数形式，用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。如：aperson,aday;anhour,anoldman...I．定冠词用法如下：（英语刚启蒙时你就知道冠词了，可你真正掌握了吗？再背一遍又何妨？！）1．用于双方都知道的名词前：Pleasecleantheclassroom．2．用于单数名词前，表示一类人或物：Thehorseisausefulanimal.（马是有用的动物）Thisisaveryhardjobfortheteacher.（对于老师这是一项很难的工作。）3．用于世界上独一无二的东西前：thesun,thespring.4．用于方位名词前：Peopleinthewestlikecoffeeverymuch.5．用于乐器名词前：playtheviolin.6．用于计量单位前：Gasolineissoldbythegallon. 7．形容词最高级和序数词前：Thisistheeasiestwaytoworkouttheproblem.Hecametoseemeforfirsttime.8．用于江河湖海山脉名称前：thePacific，theThames，theRockyMountains9．杂志、报刊名称前：theTimes，theOverseasDigest10．用于建筑物、和组织前：theWhiteHouse,theMinistryofEducation11．用于姓氏复数前，表“某某夫妇，某某一家人”theSmiths，theGreens12．用于形容词前，表一类人/物：therich,theblind13．用于English，Chinese，French等名词前，表“全体国民”theEnglish，theChineseII．以下情况不用冠词：1．三餐前breakfast，lunch，supper，...Haveyouhadlunch？2．体育运动项目前playchess，...Ihavenointerestintennis.3．在由by引出的交通工具前byair（乘飞机），bycar4．在称呼或职位前Hehasbeenelectedpresidentofthecommittee.5．习惯用语前atschool，daybyday，attable（在吃饭），gotochurch（做礼拜）...测试精编I．单项选择：1.Thecatis________beautifulanimal,butitsintelligenceleavesmuchtobedesired.A.aB.anC.theD./2.________universityofChicagohasanexcellentlawschool.A.AB.AnC.TheD./3.—Tinalooksespeciallyprettytonight.—Yes,shealwayslooksherbestin________ofthatcolor.A.dressB.adressC.thatdressD.thedress4.—DidheflyacrosstheEnglishChannel？—No,hecrosseditby________.A.ashipB.theshipC.shipsD.ship5.Ifyouwanttogotothepostofficefromhere,take________.A.BroadwaybusB.theBroadwaybusC.someBroadwaybusD.aBroadway"sbus6.一Howdidyoupaytheworkers？一Asarule,theywerepaid________.A.byanhourB.bythehourC.byahourD.byhours7.________moretobepitiedthanblamed.A.UneducatedareB.UneducatedisC.TheuneducatedareD.Theneducatedis8.Astronomyis________ofstarsandplanets.A.ascienceB.scienceC.thescienceD.scientific9.－Afterthat,whathappenedtohim？—Thechancetoenter________cameandhetookit.A.tocollegeB.thecollegeC.forcollegeD.college 10.Westernartofthe19thcenturyshowstheinfluenceof________FarEast.A.aB.anC.theD./第八章介词Prepositions金牌要点：“英语是介词和动词的语言”，由此可见，掌握介词的用法何其重要。学习介词的最好方法是要弄清楚介词与介词之间位置上的关系，请参考下图：aboveoverto→on↑→fromIn→throughinto↗↓↘outofbyunderbelowI．分类：1．常用简单介词：about，across，against，among，after，at，behind，besides，beyond，by，concerning，beneath，between，despite，except，during，down，for，from，past，than，under，until等。2．合成介词：inside，outside，onto，outof，within等。3．短语介词：accordingto，aheadof，alongwith，asfor，becauseof，bemeansof，dueto，inspiteof，onbehalfof，owingto，withregardto等。II．介词与“……的”之关系：在英语学习中，一遇到“……的”，大家就会立刻想到’s所有格或者of，实际上，在很多情况下，“……的”必须借助于介词才能准确表达。以下请学员重复记忆：●美国的冬天→thewinterinAmerica●停车场的入口→theentrancetotheparkinglot●穿过森林的小路→thepaththroughtheforest●鲁迅的著作→theworksbyLuXun●水中的月亮→themoonreflectedinwater●历史的见证→thewitnesstohistory●对爱的渴望→alongingforlove●对我们不利的证据→theevidenceagainstus●阳光下的漫步→awalkinthesunlight ●追求名誉的女人→aladyafterfame●两人之间的争论→anargumentbetweenthetwopersons重要介词的重要用法：（1）from：此介词表示“to”相反的方向。HecamefromLondon.HewenttoLondon.二词常搭配使用“from...to...”WestudiedEnglishfrommorningtoafternoonHe"llstartfromBeijingtoShanghai.经典用法：●由于→Thegirlistremblingfromfear.●免除→Trampsarealwaysfreefromcare.流浪汉们总是无忧无虑。●分开→Thecouplepartedfromeachotherattheairport.●由……制成→Theredwineismadefromgrapes.红葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的由from引导的惯用法：fromfar从远处fromnow/thenon从现在/那时起frombadtoworse每况愈下fromtimetotime（occasionally时而）习语：Shecomestovisitmefromtimetotime（2）outof：表示与“into”相反的语意Hewillbeoutoftown.Isteppedoutofthedarkroom.outof+名词(=lack,tobewithout用完，用光）Hewenttotheshopbecausehewasoutofpaper.outofdate(=old-fashioned过时的）Thebookhasbeenoutofdate.outofwork(=jobless失业的)Heneedsmoneybecausebeisoutofwork.outofthequestion(=impossible不可能的)Finishingthehardworkisoutofthequestion.outofquestion(=doubtless毫无疑问的）Thathecandoitwellisoutofquestion.outoforder（=notfunctioning失灵的）Herradioisoutoforder,soshecan"tlistentoit.（3）by:表示从旁经过或在……附近。经典用法：●通过→Thisisthenearestroadbywhichtheycame. ●在……时候→Theyoungmanworksbydayandstealsmoneybynight.●由……所生→Hehastwosonsbyhersecondwife.●抓住→Shecaughtherchildbyhiscoatintheflood.●按……计算→Thefarmersselltheirapplesbythepound.●就（气质，特征）而言→Heisanartistbytemperament（气质）。Hepassedbymewithoutsayinghello.Helivesbythesea.用于被动语意，导出动作执行者Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy.by+具体时间：Theyusuallyhavedinnerby8o"clock.by+交通工具(bus,train,plan...)HetravelledtoParisbyair/plane.bytheendof+时间名词：到……末为止。Bytheendoflastyear,theyhadlearnt100texts.Bytheendofthisterm,theywillhavelearnt100texts.bythen:到那时Hewillgraduatein1999,bythenhewillleaveBeijing.bywayof(=via)经由，取道TheyaregoingtotheUnitedStatesbywayofHongKong.bytheway顺便问Bytheway,doyouknowwhereMr.Lihasgone?byfar:……得多（用于修饰比较级和最高级）Thebookisbyfarthebestonthesubjectbyaccident［不小心，与onpurpose（故意地）语意相反］Thewronginformationwasputintothecomputerbyaccident.（4）in:在……内部，与"out"语意相反。Allthestudentsareintheclassroom.In+month/year:在某月/年InJanuary,in2000Intime及时Theyarrivedatthestationintime.Inthestreet在街上Inthepast在过去Inthefuture在未来Inthebeginning开始，起初Intheend最后，终于Intheway挡住去路Hecouldn"tdrivehiscarawaybecauseabigstonewasintheway.onceinawhile时而Onceinawhile,hewenttotheMuseum.innotimeatall立刻，迅速Hefinishedhishomeworkinnotimeatall.inthemeantime同时 Hewashavingsupper,andinthemeantimehewatchedTV.inarow坐在某一排上Wesatinthe20throwofthecinema.intheeventthat如果Intheeventthatyoupasstheexam,I"lltelephoneyou.incase万一，如果Bringyouraincoatincaseitrains.getintouchwith与……取得联系keepintouchwith与……保持联系（5）on:位于某物体表面上。Thedishesareontheroundtable.onaday/date在某天及某天的上，下午，晚上onWednesday,onFebruary9th,1999onFridayafternoon,onadarknight.ona/the+(bus,plane,ship,train,bike)Hewenttoschoolonabus.ona...street在某条街道Mrs.Smithliveson5th"Avenue.onthefloorofabuilding.位于某层楼ontime准时（比intime具体）onthecorner(oftwostreets)在两条街道相交的一角Thatshoestoreisonthecornerof2ndStreetand5thAvenue.onthesidewalk在人行道上ontheway在途中ontheright/left在右侧/左侧onthetelevision/theradio在电视/收音机里ThemanagerwillmakeaspeechontheTV.onthetelephone打电话Youarewantedonthephone.有您的电话onthewhole总的来说，总体上ontheonehand,ortheotherhand一方面，另一方面onsale出售Thebooksareonsalefor$7each.onfoot步行（6）at:此介词通常用来指某一特定时间和地点。at+地点Mr.Smithlivesat15,16thAvenue.注：在某条街道On...street，而在某街某号应用atat+特定时间At7:00inthemorning,hegoestowork.athome/school/work在家上学上班 atnight在晚上atbest充其量attimes有时atpeace和平状态atleast至少atworst最差atintervals间或，时而atrandom随意，胡乱地atmost至多atpresent目前，现在atwar交战atleisure悠闲自得地ataloss不知所措atlarge逍遥法外（7）其它介词短语：inplaceof/insteadof代替forthemostpart—mainly主要地inhopesof希望……offandon时断时续allofasudden突然forgood永远（8）动词短语+介词构成的习语breakoff结束Thetwocountriesbrokeofftheirdiplomaticrelationship.bringup抚养，提出callonsb.要求，拜访，呼吁Hecalledontheworkerstostruggle.carefor关心，照顾，喜爱Sheonlycaresfornewclothes.Ihavetocareformysonafterschoolcheckon调查comealongwithsb.伴随，和某人在一起comedownwith因……而生病Lastsummer,manypeoplecamedownwithintestinaldisorders.counton依靠、指望doawaywith摆脱drawup起草dropoutof(school...)退（学）figureout弄明白，弄清楚findout发现，查明（事实）getby:设法生存 Despitethehighcostofliving,wewillgetbyonoursalary.getthrough完成，接通（电话）It"snoteasytogetthroughtheworkinaday.HowcanIgetthroughtoyou?getup起床，组织Apartywillbegotupinmyhouse.goalongwith同意holdonto抓住，坚持Inspiteofbeingamillionaire,heholdsontohisusuallivingways.holdup抢劫，忍受，停止Thebankwashelduplastnight.Heheldupverywellafterthedeathofhiswife.Theworkhadbeenheldup.passout昏迷runacross遇见，见到Iranacrosssomeoldfriendsyesterday.runinto偶然碰见WhenTomwasinLondon,heranintohisgoodfriendatthetheatre.seeabout考虑Theyoungmanisseeingaboutgettingaticketforthefootballgame.takeoverfor替代ItookoverforJanetbecauseshewasill.talkover讨论tryout试验，试行Theyaretryingoutanewideatohelpthepoorstudents.Turnin上交，睡觉Afteratiringday,heturnedinearly.watchoutfor警觉Pleasewatchoutforthieves.weighonsb.压迫，使……焦虑Someproblemsareweighingonme,soIcan"tsleepwell.测试精编（1）单选：1.—Whereisyourhometown?—Itisabout20miles________theeastofChicago.A.inB.onC.toD.by2.WhenImetJenny,Itookaliking________heratonce.A.ofB.forC.onD.in3.Iam________yourtemper.A.fedupbyB.fedupwithC.fedupbecauseofD.fedupto 4.—Doyoulikeworkingasawaiter?—Yes,butIgettired________thewholeday.A.withstandingB.fromstandingC.tostandD.ofthestanding5.Theaccidentclearlyresulted________yourcarelessness.A.inB.onC.forD.from6.—WhydoyouaskifI"vebeensmoking?—Becauseyousmell________cigarettes.A.ofB.byC.withD.as7.Thecollegesvarysogreatlythattheproblemwasfinallyansweredonly________.A.withrespecttoaspecificcollegeB.gettingtospecificcollegeC.withaviewtospecificcollegeD.witharegardtoaspecificcollege8.—Haveyousomeotherreasons________theonesyoujustmentionedabove?—Yes,Ido.A.inadditionB.besidesC.offD.beside9.—Doyoueverdancelikethatinpublic?—Certainlynot!Thatwouldbe________mydignity.A.beneathB.underC.beyondD.above10.—Whatdoyouhavetodotomorrow?—I"llhaveto________inaconference.A.joinB.takingpartC.attendD.participate11.Moderntechnologicaladvancesarebeingmade,but________.A.withhighlyconsiderableexpenseB.atagreatexpenseC.withgreatexpenseinvolvedD.byalotofexpense12.—Whydidn"tyougotothelectureyesterdayevening?—________,Ichangedmymind.A.OnasecondthoughtB.BythesecondthoughtC.OnsecondthoughtsD.Bysecondthoughts13.________onetime,Manchesterwasthehomeofthemostproductivecottonmillsintheworld.A.OnB.ByC.ToD.At 14.—Wasn"ttheissuesettled?—No,thetwosidesarestill________conflict.A.inB.duringC.onD.with15.—Howdoyoulikethesearticles?—Theyarenotmuch________demandnow.A.onB.inC.atD.for第九章反意疑问句TagQuestion1．一般用法：Heisastudent,isn"the?Heisn"tastudent,ishe?(1)“haveto,hadbetter,usedto”要用下列方式反问：Hehastofinishthework,doesn"the?Theyusedtosmoke,didn"t/usedn"tthey?You"dbettergetupimmediately,hadn"tyou?(2)“has,have”作为助动词和实意动词，反问形式不同。Wehavedoneallthework,haven"twe?Youhavesometime,don"tyou?金牌要点如下2．“seldom,barely,hardly,scarcely,few,little”语意本身是否定，因此反意问句应为肯定形式。Sheseldomcomestovisitus,doesshe?Hehardlyknewit,didhe?3．当主句为祈使句，反意问句提出要求，命令应用“willyou”Doitatonce,willyou?但如表示邀请，劝告，反意问句用“won"tyou”Haveacupoftea,won"tyou?4．否定祈使句应用“willyou”来反问。Don"topenthewindow,willyou?5．“Let"s”短语●当其为肯定形式，“shallwe”提出反问Let"splaybasketball,shallwe?●当其为否定形式，“allright,ok”提出反问Let"snotgototheparty,allright?●如为“letus...”其反问形式应为“willyou”提出请求Letusgohome,willyou?6．当“think,suppose,consider,believe”etc被用作为主句谓语动词，其后带有宾语从句时，反意疑问问句应与从句保持一致。Idon"tthinkthatheisanhonestman,ishe? Exercises:单选：1.—Youruncletoldmethatheoversleptthismorning.—Oh,myunclerarelyusedtooversleep,________?A.wasn"theB.washeC.didn"theD.didhe2.—Removethis,________?—Rightaway.A.willyouB.shallyouC.don"tyouD.doyou3.Yououghttowaitforher,________?A.don"tyouB.oughtn"tyouC.shouldn"tyouD.won"tyou4.YouhaveTommovethestone,________?A.doyouB.don"tyouC.haven"tyouD.haveyou5.Let"sgodancing,________?A.willweB.shallweC.don"tweD.arewe6.Havedinnerhere,________?A.willyouB.wouldyouC.won"tyouD.haven"tyou7.Thereissomeoneatthedoor,________?A.isn"tthereB.isthereC.isn"theD.isit8.Thepriceofcrudeoilusedtobeagreatdeallowerthannow,________?A.doesthereB.wasn"titC.don"titD.didn"tit9.Thisisthethirdtimethisweekhe"shadtostudylate,________?A.isn"titB.isn"theC.hasn"titD.hasn"the10.—Don"tbothertodrivemeback!—Butthenyou"dhavetowalkhomealone,________?A.hadn"tyouB.doyouC.wouldyouD.wouldn"tyou第十章独立主格结构AbsoluteStructure此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简单句，又称之为独立分词构句。当分词意义上的主语不是主句的主语时，必须在分词前保留意义上的主语，否则语意不通。（定义有点费解，多看几遍）示例：Beingillinbed,Ican"tgotoschool. Motherbeingillinbed,Ican"tgotoschool.（1）独立主结构形式可用以表时间，理由，条件，伴随状态等Helayonthegrass,thesunshininguponhim.=Helayonthegrass,andthesunwasshininguponhim.Weatherpermitting,I"llstarttomorrow.=Ifweatherpermits,I"llstarttomorrow.Schoolbeingover,theboyswenthome.=Whenschoolwasover,theboyswenthome.Thesunhavingset,wearrivedatthestation.=Afterthesunhadset,wearrivedatthestation.王牌重点：当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如：we,one,you时，主语可省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：generallyspeaking一般来说strictlyspeaking严格地说talkingof...谈到speakingof...说到judgingfrom...由……来判断takingallthingsintoconsideration把一切都考虑在内considering...考虑到……[示例]：Ifwejudgefromhisface,hemustbeill.=Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.Hehaslotsofbooksifweconsiderthatheisyoung.=Hehaslotsofbooks,consideringthatheisyoung.（2）with复合结构也是独立主格结构形式之一。这种结构在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴随等）和定语，作定语时紧随被修饰名词后。1．with+名词+介词短语：Thewomanwithababyonherbackismysister.Theboyrushedintotheroom,withhisschoolbaginhishand.2．with+名词+adj.withthedooropen,helefttheclassroom.3．with+名词+adv.Withtheglovesoff,shefeltcold.Withthelightson,thebuildinglooksbeautiful.4．with+名词+现在分词（主动）with+名词+过去分词（被动）Withtheguideleadingus,wegottothevillage.Theboywascryingwiththevasebroken.5．with+名词+不定式 Withthehardworktobedone,wehavetoprepareforit.第十一章平行结构ParallelStructures许多句子在描述一个人或一件物品时往往会出现一系列修饰语；动词的修饰语，即副词往往也会几个同时使用，构成平行结构，平行结构要求语法结构须保持一致，如：1．系列动词：afterschool,wesang,dancedandplayedthepianointheclassroom.2．系列形容词：Sheisslim,tall,blondandbeautiful.3．系列副词：Thestudentsarelisteningtomecarefullyandeagerly.平行结构不仅包括动词，形容词，副词，也包括分词，不定式，动名词，名词短语和句子等的平行用法，务必提高辨别力。测试精编I单选：1.Thepurposeoftheresearchhadadifferentmeaningforthemthan________.A.oursB.foroursithadC.withusD.itdidforus2.Thedecisiontorationacommodityrestsonajudgementofitsrelativescarcity,________andthefeasibilityofcontinuingit.A.itisimportantB.isitimportantC.itsimportanceD.whatisitsimportance3.Scandinaviancountriesmakehouseholdgoodsthataredesignedbothtofunctionwell________.A.andtobelookingbeautifulB.andtolookbeautifulC.andtobebeautifullookingD.aswellastolookbeautifully4.Thechairmanurgedthemembersofthecommitteetosetasidetheirdifferences________.A.andbegantoworkB.startingtobegintoworkC.andbesettledforworkD.andsettledowntowork5.Inhisnovelstheauthorcombinessoundscholarshipwith________.A.awittystyleB.astyleofwit C.astylefullofwitD.astylewhichwitty6.Duringtheexaminationweweresupposedtostayinourseats,keepoureyesonourwork,________toanyone.A.butcouldnottalkB.ratherthanspeakC.insteadofspeakingD.andnotspeak7.Parisisrenownedbothasthepoliticalcenterofthenationandas________.A.theculturalcenteralsoB.acenterofculturalactivityC.beingaculturalcenterD.tobeacenterofculturalactivity8.Thebondingpowerofanyadhesivedependsonthecohesionoftheadhesiveitselfand________tothesurfacetowhichitisapplied.A.howwelldoestheadhesiveadhereB.howwelltheadhesiveadheresC.doestheadhesiveadheresD.theadhesiveadheres9.Moldscan"tproducetheirownfood________theirnourishmentfromlivingondeadorganicmatteroronotherlivingmatter.A.obtainB.obtainedC.butobtainD.isobtained10.Iherwriting,EleanorWillieoftendealtwithherownpersonalityasitwas,ratherthan________.A.asothersdefineditB.other"sdefinitionsC.itsdefinitionbyothersD.itwasdefinedbyothers第十二章容易混淆的动词SomeConfusingVerbs在学习英语动词时，一些初学者常碰到大量易混淆的同义词，下面就几组常用的动词加以比较。1.rise，raise，arise，arouse“rise”是不及物动词，过去式为rose，过去分词为risen，其基本词义“上升，上涨”。●Thesunrisesintheeast.●Agoodidearoseinmymind.“raise”是及物规则动词，“举起，提高”。●Heraisedhisvoicetomakehimselfheard.●Theboycanraisetheheavystone.“arise”，是不及物动词，过去式为arose，过去分词arisen，其语义为“出现，发生”。 ●Hiscuriosityaroseduetothequestionhismotherasked.“arouse”是及物动词，过去式和过去分词为aroused，其语义为“唤醒，引起”arousesomebodyfromsleep把某人唤醒arousesuspicion引起怀疑2.lay，lie，lie“lay”及物动词，“放置，生蛋”，过去式与过去分词为“laid”I"velaidthebookontheself.Thehenlaysaneggeveryday.“lie”不及物动词“位于，平躺”，过去式为“lay”过去分词“lain”Helayonthefloorandsleptsoundly.BeijingliesinthenorthofChina.“lie”及物动词“说谎”，它是规则动词。Heliedtohisteacher.3.sit，seat“sit”不及物动词，过去式与过去分词均为“sat”。Hesatintheclassroomreadingnewspaper.“seat”及物动词，“使就坐”“容纳”。Heseatshimselfhere.Heisseatedthere.Heseatsthebabyonhisknees.Thehallwillseat5000people.4.affect，effect“affect”及物动词，“对……有影响，感动，触及”Therelationsbetweenthenwillbeaffected.“effect”及物动词，“导致，造成，带来（变化），产生”Thechangesinmethodseffectedsomeimprovementinhisstudy.5.hang(hanged,hanged)/(hung,hung)当hang过去式与过去分词为“hanged”，其含义是“绞死”；而当hang的过去式与过去分词为“hung”时，其含义是“悬挂”。Themanwashangedformurder.Hehunghiscoatonthehook.6.borrow，lend“borrow”借入“borrowsth.from...”“lend”(lent,lent)借出“lendsb.sth”或“lendsth.Tosb.”7.take，bring，fetch“take”(took,taken)及物动词“拿走”“bring”(brought,brought)及物动词“带走”“fetch”及物动词，“去取回来”8.receive，accept“receive”客观上收到 “accept”主观上愿意接受Ireceivedhisgift,butIwouldn"tliketoacceptit.9.fit,suit“适合”“fit”指“尺寸”的适合“suit”指“款式，花样等”的适合Thedressdoesn"tfitme.Itistoolong.Blueisthecolorthatsuitsherwell.10.answer，reply“回答”“answer”—vt.“reply”—vi须和“to”连用“youneedn"tknowit.”Heanswered.Sofar,theyhaven"tanswered/repliedtoourquestions.11.spend,cost,take“花费”“spend”(spent,spent)花“时间，金钱”主语须是人。Hespend5hourswritingthearticle.“cost”(cost,cost)花费“金钱，时间，劳力”可接双宾，主语须是“物”Thebookcostme$20and2days.“take”通常指花“时间”主语须是“某种事情”Ittakesme20minutertogotoschool.TheworktookmelongerthanIexpected.12.assure，ensure“assure”使放心assuresb.ofsth.assuresb.that...Icanassureyouofmyhonesty.“ensure”保证ensuresth.（其后不能接人称）ensurethatensuredoingsth.Icanensurehissafety.Heensuredthathefinishedthejobintime.Heensuredcomingbacklater.百分重点：如ensure含义为“保护，使安全”，其结构为：ensuresbfrom/againststh.Heensuredtheboyfromdrowning.13.beat,defeat,win—vt.“beat”(beat,beaten)战胜，打败比赛，辩论中的对手HebeatJohnatchessyesterday.“defeat”“击败”敌军，入侵者，整个球队Theydefeatedtheenemyinthatbattle.“win”(won,won)“赢得比赛”winoversb.（赢了某人） Thefootballteamwonthematch.14.damage，destroy，hurt，spoil，wound，injure.以上六个词中，“hurt”可作及物，不及物动词外，其余五个均为及物动词。“damage”——损坏（害）（有修复的可能性）“destroy”——摧毁，打破（希望，计划）毁灭（无修复的可能性）“hurt”——伤害（感情或身体某一部位）痛疼“spoil”——破坏，糟蹋（晚会，旅游，参观等）宠爱，惯怀（孩子）“wound”——使受伤（枪伤，刀伤）“injure”——使受伤e.g.Don"tspoilyoursontoomuch.Themanhasdestroyedthegirl"slifeallherhopes.Somehousesweredamagedintheearthquake.Idon"tmeantohurtyou.Hewasinjuredintheaccident.Itwasdangerousbecausehewaswoundedseriouslyinthewar.测试精编1.Hisnewly-publishednovelisquiteasuccess________agoodincomefromthereadingpublic.A.ensuringhimB.assuringhimC.assuringhimofD.assuringhimabout2.Beforediscussingthestepsindetail,________.A.ageneralprincipleshouldbelaiddown.B.IshouldliketoliedownageneralprincipleC.I"dliketolaydownageneralprincipleD.ageneralprinciplelies.3.Thetypewriter________.A.waslayingonthetable,whereithadlaidallweek.B.waslyingonthetable,whereithadlaidallweek.C.waslayingonthetable,whereithadbeenlaidallweek.D.waslyingonthetable,whereithadbeenlaidallweek.4.Uptillnow,theseproblemshavebeen________forcenturies.A.layingdormantB.layingdormantlyC.lyingdormantD.laindormantly5.Duringtheperiodofinflation,thevalueofmoneydropsas________.A.pricesriseB.pricesariseC.thepriceisrisingD.pricesareraised6.Whenallthestudents________,theprofessorbeganhislecture.A.seatedB.sitC.wereseatedD.seat 7.Mywatch________fiveo"clock.A.saysB.tellsC.speaksD.talks8.“Oh,gladtoseeyou,John.”“What________youtothiscity?”A.carriesB.bringsC.takesD.makes9.“Hehasbeenworkingveryhardrecently.”“Becausetheburdenofabigfamilyhasbeen________onhisshoulder.”A.bearB.borneC.bornD.bore10.Thevisitingdelegateswereurgedto________.A.talkatlibertyB.statetheiropenmindsC.makeindividualexpressionsD.speakfreely第十三章赘词与否定Redundancy＆Negation（1）所谓赘词，即累赘，也是句中不该重复出现的部分，因此不能使用。1.advance+forward×proceed+forward×progress+forward×这三个词汇本身具有“向前”的概念不能再与“forward”搭配2.return+back×revert+back×3.sufficientenough×4.competetogether×5.reason...because×（正确结构：reason...that...）6.jointogether×7.repeatagain×8.newinnovations×9.twotwins×10.sameidentical×（都表示同一的，仅能使用其中一个） （2）否定：注意在下列否定句中形容词，副词和代词的变化。1.Hetalkedtoomuch.□Hedidn"ttalkverymuch.2.Hewillcomebacktoo.□Hewon"tcomebackeither.3.Shehasalreadyknowthat.□Shehasn"tknownthatyet.4.Wehavesomenovels.□Wehaven"tanynovels.5.Heistelephoningsomeone.□Heisn"ttelephoninganyone.6.Theyarestillintheclassroom.□Theyaren"tintheclassroomanylonger.7.Ilikeheragreatdeal.□Idon"tlikehermuch.8.Shewasawayalongtime.□Shewasn"tawaylong.测试精编1.Wouldyouplease________thelisteningcomprehensionscriptuntilafteryouhavelistenedtothetape.A.nottoreadB.notreadC.don"treadD.don"ttoread2.Ifyoupromise________angrywithme,I"lltellyouwhatIbroke.A.getnotB.notgetC.nottogetD.notgetting3.Shehasn"tbegunworkingonherPh.D.________workingonhermaster"s.A.stillbecausesheisyet.B.yetasaresultsheisstillC.yetbecausesheisstillD.stillwhilesheisalready4.Ifhiswifewon"tagreetosignthepapers,________.A.neitherhewillB.neitherwon"theC.neitherwillheD.hewon"tneither5.Notforamoment________whatshesaid.A.hehasdoubtedB.hedoubtsC.hediddoubtD.didhedoubt 特殊及习惯用法SpecialUsage英语中有大量的特殊用法及惯用法，学习者应注意其使用，下面所给练习题为自测题：1.Advancesinmedicinehaveresultedin________.A.alongerlivingexpectancyB.anincreaseinlifeexpectancyC.anincreaseinlivingD.moreyearsforeveryone2.Thefiredepartmenthadtobesummonedafterthebushfireonthecornerlotgotoutof________.A.turnB.thequestionC.handD.sight3.Iam________yourtemper.A.fedupbyB.fedupwithC.fedupbecauseofD.fedupto4.Thiskindofworkis________me.A.unfamiliarwithB.unfamiliarbyC.unfamiliartoD.notfamiliarof5.Jean________acoldwhenshewasinLosAngeles.A.camebyB.camedownwithC.cameintoD.cameoffwith6.AlltheevidenceIhavecollected________tothefactthatheisashoplifter.administrationA.boilsupB.boilsonC.boilsoffD.boilsdown7.—Doyoulikethosekindsofcigarette.—________cigaretteagreeswithme.A.HardlynoB.NearlynoC.RarelynoD.Almostnone8.—Iamsurprisedthattheadministrationapprovedoftheprotest.—Iamtoo.Itusuallyfrowns________suchdemonstration.A.onB.withC.forD.to9.—DoesJonehavebrownhair?—Yes,infactit"squitesimilarinshape________yours.A.asB.withC.toD.like10.—Ithoughtyouhadplannedtopracticethepianotoday.—Ididnothingbut________letterallday.A.writeB.towriteC.wroteD.writing11.—IthinkJohnwillwintherace.—Yes,hestartedoff________agreatspeed.A.withB.atC.throughD.by 12.JimThorpe,Pennsylvania,atownintheeasternpartofthestate,wasnamed________oneofthegreatestAmericanathletes.A.inhonorofB.thehonorsC.forhonoredD.tohonoring13.—Areyoustilltryingtoconvincehim?—No,thereisnopoint________withhim.A.byarguingB.forarguingC.witharguingD.inarguing14.Thankstomodernirrigation,cropsnowgrowabundantlyinareaswhereonce________cactiandsagebrushcouldlive.A.norB.nottheC.noneotherD.nothingbut15.—Canyourideahorse?—No,Ineverhadthechance________.A.forlearningitB.forlearninghowC.howtolearnitD.tolearnhowKeystotheexercises:从句：(1)1.B2.B3.B4.C5.D6.A7.C8.A9.C10.C虚拟语气：(1)1.C2.C3.A4.B5.A6.C7.C8.B9.A10.B代替与省略：(1)1.A2.A3.D4.D5.B6.D7.D8.A9.A10.D倒装：1.B2.B3.C4.B5.C6.D7.A8.C9.C10.D形容词：(1)1.D2.A3.B4.B5.A6.C7.C8.A9.A10.D副词：(1)1.A2.C3.C4.C5.B6.C7.B8.D9.D10.A冠词：(1)1.A2.C3.B4.D5.B6.B7.C8.C9.B10.C介词：(1)1.C2.B3.B4.B5.D6.A7.A8.B9.A10.D11.B12.C13.D14.A15.B反意疑问句：1.D2.A3.B4.B5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A10.D平行结构：(1)1.D2.C3.B4.D5.A6.D7.B8.B9.C10.A容易混淆的动词：(1)1.C2.C3.D4.C5.A6.C7.A8.B9.B10.D赘词与否定：1.B2.C3.C4.C5.D特殊及习惯用法：1.B2.C3.B4.C5.B6.D7.B8.A9.C10.A11.B12.A13.D14.D15.D细品新概念英语英语经典句型 概念第三册是一本主要集合了阅读与写作精华的教材，从新概念三册的教学中，我们可以提炼出很多的亮点为我们的四级写作增色，往往一个较好的句型或词汇结构就能使整篇文章焕然一新，给人一种新鲜极强的冲击力。我们先简单回想一下我们的同学在四级写作中必出现的一些常用词汇或结构：议论文一进入分点论证立刻就会用first(firstly,secondly)这样的过度词，一谈到根据什么，就会使用accordingto,一说到某种现象越来越普遍就一定会用moreandmore,一谈到什么观点就会用Ithink,infact,inmyeyes,一想加强语气就会用very,甚至实在搜不到词了，连用好几次very……等等。试想一下，四级写作的阅卷老师每天会改无数的作文，每篇作文千篇一律都会必然出现上述的一些词，当他改完几十篇这样的作文后，还会慷慨地打出高分么？我在教学中反复强调，所谓这样的常用词或结构，其实就是我们在写作中常常不能用的词或结构。要想脱颖而出，必须讲求抛弃俗气的常用的写作手法。我们从新三中尽可轻松找到令人为之振奋的词汇结构。一、词汇亮点。Moreandmore我们可以换用成accumulate（lesson1,1.4whentheevidencebegantoaccumulate…）,(increase也已被太多人使用)如“超女引起了越来越多观众的兴趣。”Theaudience’sinterestsontheSuperGirlhavebeenaccumulating.对于inmyeyes,我们可以使用formyownpart；Accordingto,我们可以使用inthelightof.二、选词。在记叙文里一个简单的动作新三的选词也是非常讲究的，如Lesson22,(1.13)Heenteredthecellandpresentedthelettertothearistocrat.（没有使用give,pass或show,使用了present这个比较正式的词更能体现当时舞台的气氛）三、用词的多变丰富性。如表示不同程度的词汇结构在新三里出现的有：rarely,considerable,reluctantly,gigantic,highly,tremendous,thisisnodoubtthat……indeed,muchtosomeone’samusement/surprise/happiness/sadness,noonecan...genuinely,etc.这里需要强调的是新三里使用多次的一个表示强调语气的手法，failtodosomething，配合在fail前加个never,那这个结构将给文章带来非常坚决的语气。四、谋篇。1，当需要论证某事物的另一方面时，新三多处采用了只用某常用结构的后半部分的手法。如Lesson11,(1.4),Ontheotherhand,isnevertroubledbysuchfeelings…lesson12,(1.4)Theothersideofthepictureisquitetheopposite以及lesson23,(1.5)Ontheotherhand,yourstomachwouldturnattheideaoffryingpotatoesinanimalfat.这三个例子里，全文都没有ontheonehand,onthefirstside等，达到简洁而又醒目的效果。2，议论文大多需要我们论证一件比较有争议的现象：可以采用这样的结构来开篇：Lesson23,(1.9)Nocreaturehasreceivedmorepraiseandabusethanthecommongardensnail.如论证春节是否该禁止燃放鞭炮，我们就可以仿写成Nofestivalproducthasreceivedmorepraiseandabusethanthefirework.在议论文中，学生总要陈述自己的观点，要想使自己的观点有说服力，我们须要把握好一点：好的议论文是处处都是自己的观点，但不带一点“我”的痕迹，用第三人称的口吻貌似客观地讲述事实，而并不是第一人称，这样文章就更有说服力和可信度。比如lesson22,(1.3)onewouldexpectthemtoknowtheirpartsbyheart……此句的变化形式为itiswidelyexpectedthat….lesson27,(1.1)Ithasbeensaidthateveryonelivesbysellingsomething…五、修辞手法多样。Lesson23,(1.14)…ahugenumberofsnailstakingastrollonsomeofmyprizeplants.(拟人)lesson31,(1.9)...hiseccentricityhadbecomelegendarylongbeforehedied.(hyperbole)六、简洁。 在lesson12,(1.3)里有一句对荒岛理想生活的描述，看起来非常普通：Lifethereissimpleandgood.这句话非常干净利落地描述了整个理想化后的荒岛生活，我们写作也是如此，一篇好的文章就应该是simpleandgood.七、语言的渲染力。Lesson42.(1.29)Intheeeriesilenceofthecavern,theonlysoundthatcouldbeheardwasmadebywaterwhichdrippedcontinuouslyfromthehighdomeabovethem.仅仅用eerie来修饰silence就充分体现了这种寂静的特别，使人有身临其境的感觉。总而言之，学习新三，可以从选词，结构，谋篇，修辞手法，语言的简洁与张力等各方面提高学生的写作能力