英语语法大学英语语法总结 22页

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句（that通常可以省略）,例如：Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：1)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.2)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.2.作介词的宾语例如：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.3.作形容词的宾语例如：Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.That引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：Anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised, worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。4.It可以作为形式宾语It不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth..5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有Allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.(right)Iadmirethattheywonthematch.(wrong)6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如：Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.(right)Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.(wrong)7.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为Think,consider,wuppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）三．表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如：1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四．同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分五．倒装一般来说，倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装，有的倒装是因为语法需要而出现的，有的倒装则是因为结构平衡的需要而出现的。一、全部倒装1.      以here,there，now,then开头的句子，谓语动词要放在句子的主语之前，这种句子中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如：Herecomesthetrain! Theregoesthebell!注意：如果句子的主语是人称代词，则不能使用倒装结构。如：Hereitcomes!/Thereitdoes!2.      有些动词短语以副词out,in,up,down,away等结尾，构成不及物动词短语。这时，为了使句子更形象，常将这些副词提前到句首。这时，句中的谓语动词要放在句子主语的前面，构成全部倒装。（注意，这时句子的主语也必须是名词。如果是人称代词，也不能使用倒装结构。）如：Upwenttherocket.Upitwent.3.      为了强调表示地点的介词短语，常将这个介词短语放在句首，构成全部倒装。注意，这时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如：Inthefrontofthelecturehallsatthespeaker.4.      表语置于句首，且主语较长或结构较复杂的句子要用全部倒装。如：Gonearethedayswhenwehanothingtoeat.5.      so/neither/nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为“so/neither/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如：Shehasfinishedherhomework,sohasherbrother. Shehasn’tgonethere,neither/norhashe.但如果so表示强调，即强调前面所说的情况的真实性时，其结构是“so+主语+助动词/系动词/情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如：SheknowslittleEnglish,soshedoes.她英语懂得不多，的确如此。二、部分倒装1． 用于疑问句中。如：Howdidyoudothat?Didyouseethefilmyesterday?2． 用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如果我们将连词if省略，应把were，had，should提到主语前面。如：Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhaveseenhim.---Hadyoucomeyesterday,youwouldhaveseenhim.3． 用于as引导的让步状语从句中。As引导的让步状语从句引起的倒装有以下几种形式：1） 副词置于句首。如：MuchasIlikeit(=AlthoughIlikeitverymuch),Iwillnotbuyit.2） 动词置于句首。如：Waitasyoumay(=Althoughyoumaywait),hewillnotseeyou.3） 形容词或名词置于句首。如： Proudasthenoblesare(=Althoughthenoblesareproud),theyareafraidtoseeme.Childasheis(=Althoughheisachild),hecantellrightfromwrong.注意：如果名词前有形容词修饰时，as引导的倒装句中要保留不定冠词。如：Abad-temperedmanasheis(=Althoughheisabad-temperedman),helovesmedeeply.4． 具有否定意义的副词或连词（not,hardly,nosooner,notuntil,seldom,notonce,atnotime,never,little等）置于句首时，句子（主句）采用部分倒装。Littledoweknowabouthim.Nosoonerhadheclosedhiseyesthanhefellasleep.SeldomdoeshecomebackonSundays.NotuntilhecamebackdidIknowaboutit.5． only修饰句子的状语（从句）位于句首时，句子9主句）要用部分倒装。如：OnlythendidIrealizetheimportantofEnglish.Onlywhenachildgrowsupdoesheunderstandhisparents’intentions.但如果only修饰的是句子的其它成分，则无需倒装。如：OnlysocialismcansaveChina.(only修饰的是句子的主语，故仍用正常语序)6． notonly…butalso…连接两个并列分句时，第一个分句应使用部分倒装。如：Notonlydoeshedowellinhislessons,butalsoheoftenhelpsotherswiththeir lessons.7． so…that结构中的倒装。有时要强调so所修饰的形容词或副词，常将so连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提到句首。这时，主句要用倒装结构。如：Herunssofastthatheisfaraheadofothers.---Sofastdoesherunthatheisfaraheadofothers.Heissocleverthathecanworkoutallthedifficultproblemsinthebook.--Socleverishethathecanworkoutallthedifficultproblemsinthebook.(全部倒装)六．主谓一致在大学英语四级测试的“词汇与结构”一题中，考查主语和谓语一致关系的试题居多。所以主谓一致是各类一致关系中应该重点掌握的内容。现代英语主谓一致大致要遵循以下三条原则：　　1）语法一致原则。主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。　　【例如】　　Myfriendhasnointentionofgoingshoppingwithme.　　Myfriendshavenointentionofgoingshoppingwithme. 　　2）意义一致原则。主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义决定。　　【例如】　　TheclassarebusyingwritingEnglishpassages.　　TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountrywhichhasadvancedscienceandtechnology.　　带有复数词尾的学科名称、国家等在意义是表示单数概念，用单数动词。　　3）就近原则。谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语。由either...or，neither...nor，notonly...butalso连接或由here，there等引导的句子，谓语动词遵循这一原则。　　【例如】NeithermyfriendsnorIwasabletopersuadehimtoacceptouradvice.　　Eitherheorshehasbrokenthewindow,forthereisnooneelsethere.　　Thereisateacherandfiftystudentsintheclassroom.相关练习1.Eachofyou______responsiblefortheaccident.a.amb.bec.isd.are 2.Eachmanandwoman______thesamerights.a.hasb.havec.hadd.ishaving  3.Everymeans______triedbutwithoutmuchresult.a.hasbeenb.havebeenc.ared.is 4.There______inthisroom.a.aretoomuchfurnitureb.istoomanyfurnituresc.aretoomuchfurnituresd.istoomuchfurniture 5.Themanagerorhisassistant______planningtogo.a.wereb.arec.wasd.be 6.NotonlyIbutalsoDavidandIris______fondofplayingbasketball.a.amb.isc.ared.was 7.NeitherTomnorhisparents______athome.a.isb.arec.hasd.was 8.Eitherthedeanortheprincipal______themeeting.a.attendsb.attendc.areattendingd.haveattended  9.______waswrong.a.Nottheteacherbutthestudentsb.Boththestudentsandtheteacherc.Neithertheteachernotthestudentsd.Notthestudentsbuttheteacher 10.“______twentydollarsabigsumtoher?”“Isupposeso.”a.Willbeb.Isc.Ared.Were 11.Threehours______enoughforustofinishthetask.a.areb.hasc.isd.were 12.Mostofhissavings______intheXinHuaBank.a.hasbeenkeptb.isbeingkeptc.havekeptd.havebeenkept 13.Allthatcanbedone______.a.hasdoneb.hasbeendonec.havedoned.havebeendone 14.Oneorperhapsmorepages_______. a.ismissingb.hasbeenmissedc.aremissingd.wasmissing 15.Morethanoneworker______dismissed.a.havebeenb.arec.hasbeend.has 16.Manyastudent______theimportanceoflearningaforeignlanguage.a.haverealizedb.hasrealizec.havebeenrealizedd.hasbeenrealized 17.Thegasworks______nearthecity.a.isb.arec.wered.be 18.Thesurroundingsofhishouse______cleannow.a.isb.arec.wasd.were 19.Thecommittee______overtheproblemamongthemselvesfortwohours.a.hasarguedb.hasbeenarguingc.havearguedd.havebeenarguing 20.Thepublic______generousintheircontributionstotheearthquakevictims.a.isb.wasc.ared.hasbeen  21.Cattle______onthehillside.a.grazesb.isgrazingc.wasgrazingd.weregrazing 22.Herpolitics______neitherconservativenorliberal.a.isb.arec.wasd.hasbeen 23.Measles______akindofinfectiousillness.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen 24.ThePhilippines______tothesouth-eastofChina.a.liesb.liec.layd.lays 25.Maryisoneofthegirlswho______alwaysontime.a.isb.amc.ared.was 26.Tomistheonlyoneofthestallmemberswho______tobepromoted.a.isgoingb.aregoingc.hasbeengoingd.havebeengoing  27.Whatcausedtheaccident______ontheroad.a.werestoneb.werestonesc.wasstoned.wasstones 28.Wiskyandsoda______hisfavoritedrink.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen 29.______istoattendourevening.a.boththesingerandthedancerb.Eitherthesingerordancersc.Thesingerordancersd.Thesingeranddancer 30.TheSmiths______theirbreakfastwhenthemorningpostcame.a.hadb.hasbeenhavingc.arehavingd.werehaving 31.Nooneexcepttwostudents______themeeting.a.hasbeenlateforb.havebeenlateforc.waslateford.werelaterfor 32.Allbuthimandme______totheexhibition.a.amgoingb.isgoingc.aregoingd.wasgoing  33.Interest,aswellasprospects,______importantwhenonelooksforajob.a.areb.werec.isd.was 34.Thepresident,accompaniedbyhisassistants,______.a.havearrivedb.arearrivingc.hadarrivedd.hasarrived 35.Anumberofcars______infrontoftheparka.isparkedb.wasparkedc.areparkedd.hasparked 36.Thenumberofarticlespublishedonsmoking______amazing.a.isb.arec.wered.havebeen 37.Themajorityofdoctors______smokingisharmfultohealth.a.arebelievedb.hadbelievedc.hasbelievedd.believe 38.Themajorityofthedamage______easytorepair.a.isb.arec.wered.be  39.Four-fifthsofthecrop______.a.areruinedb.wasruinedc.wereruinedd.havebeenruined 40.Three-fourthsofthebuildings______.a.wasdestroyedb.isdestroyedc.weredestroyedd.hasbeendestroyed 41.Earlytobedandearlytorise______amanhealthy,happyandwise.a.makingb.tomakec.maked.makes 42.Mathematics______thelanguageofscience.a.isb.hasbeenc.ared.havebeen 43.Theyoung______thevitalforcesinoursociety.a.isb.hasbeenc.ared.havebeen 44.Everyman,womanandchild______somehistory,enoughatleast,tosurviveintheworld.a.knowsb.knowc.isknownd.areknown  45.Noneofthem______myfriends.a.isb.arec.wasd.hasbeen 46.Notonlythewholenation,butthewholeEurope,indeedthewholehumansociety______toalteritsattitudetoracialproblems.a.needb.needsc.hasaneedd.haveaneed 47.Gettingtootherplanetsortothemoon_____manyproblems.a.involveb.involvesc.involvingd.toinvolve 48.Inthatcountry,therich______richer,thepoor,poorer.a.becomeb.hasbecomec.becomesd.isbecoming49.Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthan______becauseitisextremelydifficult.a.hasbeenputinb.havebeenputinc.beingputind.tobeputin50.Notoneinonehundredchildrenexposedtothedisease______likelytodevelopit. a.shouldbeb.mustbec.isd.are另外(一),如果主语是不可数名词,动名词,不定式或从句的时候,谓语动词用单数.　　　Smokingisnotagoodhabit.　　　Tolivehappilyneedsalotofthings.　　　WhatIsaidistrue.(二),如果由and连接的两个做主语的单数名词指的是同一个人或物的时候,用单数动词.　　　Thesingerandsongwriterisdead.　　　Thescienceandtechnologyplaysanimportantpart　　　inChina.　　　Breadandbutter(=butteredbread)isagoodfoodfor　　　patients.　　　“WarandPeace”isthebestbookIhaveeverread.　　　如果由and连接的两个或更多的主语之前有each,every,many　　　a/an,no的时候用单数名词.　　　Everyboyandgirlintheclassworksveryhard.　　　Eachminuteandsecondisvaluabletous.(三),主语是单数,后面跟有with,alongwith,togetherwith,　　　besides,aswellas,but,except,nolessthan, 　　　ratherthan,morethan,like,including,inaddition　　　to的时候,谓语动词用单数.　　JackwithhisfamilywantstogotoChina.　　He,aswellasyou,isveryhonest.　　　NoonebutIisastudent.　　　Herbrother,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,waskilledintheaccident.　　　Thefather,ratherthanthebrothers,isresponsible.(四),由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词(sb,sth---)和each,　　　either,neither,one,theother,another,little,　　　alittle,much,noone,nothing做主语的时候,谓语动词用　　　单数.　　　Eachofyouisclevererthanme.　　　Neitherstudenthaspassedtheexam.　　　Isanybodyhere?(五),both,few,afew,several,many以及others做主语的时候,　　永远用复数动词.　　　Severalfriendswereinvitedtotheparty.　　　Bothbooksaresoldout.(六),all,none,any,some,more和most要是修饰单数名词,谓语 　　动词用单数;若是修饰复数名词,就用复数动词.　　　Mostoftheappleisbad.　　　Mostoftheapplesarebad.　　　Noneofthismoneyisyours.　　　Noneofthepeoplehereareteachers.(七),由or连接的两个以上主语时,动词和最接近的主语一致.　　　Youorheiswrong.　　　Areyouorhewrong?　　　由either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso连接的两个　　　以上主语时,动词和最近的主语一致.　　　Eitherheoryouhavetotellthetruth.　　　Neithermybrothernorhisfriendsareover18years　　　old.　　　Notonlythebasketballplayersbutalsothecoach　　　wasverynervous.(八),若主语的复数名词表示的是”一段时间”,“一笔钱”,“一段距离”,“一个数量”,“一个面积”的时候用单数谓语动词.　　　Twoweeksistoenoughformetofinishit.　　　Fivethousanddollarsistoomuch. 　　　Tenkilometersistoolongformetorun.(九),people(人民),police,cattle(牛群)等常用复数动词.有一些　　　集体名词,如果表示的是整体就用单数动词,如果表示的是其中的个体　　　就用复数谓语动词.这样的词常见的有family,class,audience,　　　public,team等等.　　　Hisfamilyareallsingers.　　　Hisfamilyisverylarge.(十)，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词与先行词一致。　　　Thosewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.(十一)，一些名词只有复数形式，如clothes,scissors,trousers,　　　shorts,scales等，作主语时谓语用复数形式　　　Thescales天平aremine.　　　但是成双的东西前面有apairof要用单数。　　　Thispairofscissorsbelongstothetailor.(十二)，如果主语由“akindof(aseriesof)构成，谓语一般　　　用单数形式。　　　Thiskindofmenisdangerous.　　　如果是多种，谓语动词要用复数。　　　Therearemanykindsofapples. (十三)，算术式通常用单数。(十四)，ics结尾的学科用单数谓语动词。(十五)，书名，剧名，报纸名，国名的复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。　　　Theunitedstatesisacapitalistcountry.　　　“TheArabianNights”isaveryinterestingstory　　　-book.(十六)，“the+形容词（分词）“指人谓语动词用复数形式。指抽象谓语动词　　　用单数。　　　TheEnglishspeakEnglish.　　　Thenewalwaysbeatstheold.(十七)，who,what,which,all,more,mostsome,any,none,　　　half,therest,theremainder等作主语要看各自的情况。(十八)，oneandahalf加复数名词作主语谓语动词用单数。　　　Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0