福建专升本英语语法 11页

福建专升本英语语法讲义1.主谓一致1.1意义一致原则和就近原则意义一致原则是指主语形式为单数而意义是复数，谓语动词用复数。形式是复数而意义是单数时，谓语动词用单数。就近原则是即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语。1)Thegovemmenthaveaskedthecountytodecidebyavote・2)Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.3)Fifty-sexdollarswasstolenfromthecashregister4)Eithermybrothersormefatheriscoming・5)Onlyoneoutoffivewerepresent.6)Nooneexcepthisownsupportersagreewithhim.7)NeitherJulianorIamgoing.由or,nor,eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照就近原则。例如:Notonlytheswitchingbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchangedo在therebe结构屮，如果出现两个或两个以上的主语时，谓语动词通常与靠近它的主语保持一致。例如：Thereisadictionaryandtwobooksonthedesk.1.2通常作不可数名词的集体名词，谓语动词用单数。Foliage(叶子),machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandiseThemerchandisehasarrivedundamaged・AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.1.3由and或both……and连接的并列结构做主语，如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数.BothPaulineandhersonBobhavegonefishinginCanada・Rain,hailandwindhavecausedanestimated$22,000,000damagetocropsandlivestock.当and连接的并列名词词组带有each,every,或manya等限定词时，随后的动词通常用单数.Everyboyandeverygirlinthisroomisentitledtoacopy.Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselfinneed・1.3当主语后面跟有l+lasmuchas,as,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan(和一样，不少于，不亚于)等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式依主语本身的单复数而定。Someoftheworkersasmuchasthemanagerwereresponsiblefortheloss.Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentsistoblame.Mywife,morethananyoneelseinthefamily,isanxioustogothereagain.Man,nolessthanthelowerformsoflife,istheproductoftheevolutionaryprocess.1.4当主语后面跟有rhaswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith‘togetherwith,except等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式也取决于主语本身的形式。Thefatheraswelladhissons,isgoingtoenroll・Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslatefordinner.Thetruckalongwithallitscontentswasdestroyed・Thebarninadditiontothehouse,wasburned・ 1.5在“oneof+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的的定语从句的结构屮，分句小的动词用复数形式Heisoneofthosewhoapproveoftheplan.1.6在44theonlyoneof+复数名词+who"结构中，分句的动词用单数。Heistheonlyoneoftheclerkswhoispromoted.1.虚拟语气1.1常用于命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中用Should+动词原型，其中should经常省略。2.1.1用在decide,demand,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等动i司之后白勺that■分句屮Heorderedthatallthebooksbesentatonce.Weproposethatsomebodyneutraltakethechair(担任主席)Sheinsistedthatshegotothesouthforherholiday.Congresshasdecidedthatthepresentlawbemaintained・2.1.2用在advisable,essential,important,impossible,necessary,proper等形容词Z后白勺that■分句中。Itisessentialthatallthefactsbeexaminedfirst.Itisnecessarythathecomebackwithoutdelay・2.1.3用在decision,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution等名词之后的that■分句中Youradvicethatshewaittillnextweekisreasonable・Theirdecisionwasthattheschoolremainclosed・Hisorderthatthetroopsnotbesentatoncewascarriedout2.1.4用在由if,though,lest等引导的表示推测、让步、防备等的分句中。Quietlywesatontheriverbanklestthefishswimaway.Ifhebefoundguilty,Johnshallhavetherightofappeal.2.2现在虚拟语气从句主句过去时would/should/could+动词原形Hebehavesasifheownedtheplace・Hetalksasthoughheknewwhereshewas2.3过去虚拟语气表示过去事态相反的主观设想从句主句过去完成时would/should/could+现在完成时IfBernardhadwalkedfaster,everythingwouldhavebeenallrigh匸Ifonlyyouhadtoldmebefore・2.4将来虚拟语气Ifitweretorain,thegamewouldbeputoff.2.5Itis(high)time(that)意为“(现在)该……”，从句的谓语动词一般多用过去时或过去进行时如I：It"stimewewent.比较Itis/was/willbethefirsttime+thatIt"sthefirsttimeFvebeenhere. Don"tforget,it"llbethefirsttimeFvespokeninpublic•2.倒装句1.1当句首状语为否定词或带的否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装，此类词语有：never,nolonger,neither,nor,never,hardly,rarely,scarcely,seldom,little,atnotime,bynomeans,innoway,innocase,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,notonly,notuntil,invain等。Undernocircumstancescancustomers^moneyberefunded・Neverbeforehasourcountrybeenunitedasitistoday・NotuntilquiterecentlydidIknowwhatclonewas.NeverhaveIfoundhiminsuchgoodmood.Nolongerthesedaysisitnecessaryforwomentowearveils.Atnotimeduringhisspeechdidthepoliticianmentionthathehadadvocatedtheoppositepolicytwoyearsbefore・Hardlyhadhefinishedhisworkwhenthetelephonerang・Nosoonerhadhesatdownthanthephonerang・RarelydidIgetinvitedintohisofficealone・3.2当句首为only+状语或状语从句Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.Onlythroughsheerluckdidhemanagetogetsometickets.3.3以关联次词so/suchthat开头的句子,局部倒装SosmallwasthemarkthemarkthatIcouldhardlyseeit.Soproudistheyoungmanthatheisreluctanttoacceptothers9opinion.Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.3.4当so,neither,nor位于句首加强语气时。Hedidn"tsayanything.Neitherdidhismother.Productionisgoingupsteadily,soisthepeople"sstandardofliving・3.5用于as/though引导的让步状语从句中Childasthelittleis,sheknowsseverallanguages・Exhaustedthoughhewas,therewasnohopeofhisbeingabletosleep・3.6当句首为方位词或似声词，谓语动词为go,come等到表示位置转移的动作动词吋，通常全部倒装。Therewasasuddengustofwindandawaywenthishat.Thedoorburstopenandinrushedthecrowd・Bang!Bang!Bang!camethreereportsoffirecrackers2.连词3.1引导状语从句的连词4・1•1引导时间状语从句的连词:when,while,since,after,before,till,until,assoonas,themomentWehadnotwaitedlongbeforehecamebackformwork・Itwasnotuntilhefailedintheexamthatheknewthatheshouldstudyhard,Themomenthesawherherecognizedhei4.1.2引导条件状语从句的连词：unless,incase,provided(that),providing(that),supposing,oncondition(that),aslongas,solongas We"llplaythegameunlessitrainsheavily.Weshallgofishingprovidedthattheweatherisfine.Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon"tgotofarfromthebank.4.L3引导原因状语从句的连词:because,since,nowthat,as,seeingthat,seeingSeeingthatsheisoldenoughtomakeherowndecision,weshouldnotstophe匚Nowthateveryoneishere,wecanstartthemeting.4.1.4引导原因状语从句的连词:although,though,as,evenif.eventhough,while,whetheror,however,whatever,whenever,whereverWhileheisverydiligent,hisbrotherisverylazy・Whatevermayoccur,dowhatItoldyoutodo.Howeverdifficultitis,we"llmanagetofulfillouttask・4.1.5引导方式状语从句的连词：as,asif,asthoughAiristomanaswateristofishHespeaksJapaneseasifVthoughhewereaJapanese・4.1.6引导目的的状语从句的连词:sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthatWe"llsitnearertothefrontsothatwecanseebetter.4.1.7引导结果状语从句的连词：sothat,so,thatTheaccidentwassoterriblethatwecan"talkaboutit.Hemusthaveannoyedyouverymuchthatyouspoketohimlikethat.4.2引导非限制定语从句定语从句的连词4.2.1非中不能用that引导Nobodyknowshisphonenumber,whichmakesitdifficulttogetintouchwithhim.4.2.2as作关系代词A.引导非限制定语从句.可以放在句首和句末Ascouldbeexpected,heopposedtheidea.（不能用which代替as）Heisabitoutofmind,asallthosewhoknowhimcansee.（不能用which代替as）Hemarriedher,aswasnatural.（不能用which代替as）B.引导非限制定语从句，常常与as,such,same等连词连用HiisnotsuchamanaswouldleavehisworkhalfdoneFveneverheardofsuchthingsashedidYouarenothalfascleverasyouthinkyouareHeisnolongerthesameasheusedtobe.4.2.3当先行词是all,something,nothing等或当先行词有序数词、形容词最高级或有any,（a）few,no,only,some,veiy等词修饰限定时，只能用that不用which引导定语从句Allisnotgoldthatglitters.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.Everythingthathedidseemedquitereasonable.ThefirstthingthatIshoulddonowistoworkoutaplan.Thisistheverypenthatheusedwhenhewaswritingthebook・4.2.4but可用作关系代词引导限定定语从句，它总是用语否定句。Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions（=Everyrulehasexceptions） Thereisnoonebutknowsabouttheincident.（Thereisnoonewhodoesnotknowtheincident.）4.比较结构4.1asasJohnisasbrightasBob.Johnisnotas/sobrightasBob.5.1.1主语相同，比较的项目不同Thegirlwasasbrilliantasshewasbeautiful.（既漂亮又聪明）Sheisnotsowittyassheispretty.（相貌美丽，但不术风趣）2.1.2表倍数，倍数+as+形容词/名词+asThisswimmingpoolistwiceaswideasthatone・Americanseattwiceasmuchproteinastheyneedeveryday.5・l・3asmuch/many+名词+as-分句Hetookasmuchbutterasheneeded・Shehaswrittenasmanyessaysasherbrother2.2morethanJohnismoredaringthanquick-witted.（与其说约翰脑子灵活,不如说他胆子大。）Georgeismoreintelligentthanaggressive.（与其说乔治言行放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。）2.2.1notsoas与notsomuch•…asLondonisn"tsolargeasTokyo.Itwasn"tsomuchhisappearanceIlikeashispersonality.（前一例是一般的比较结构，后一例子相当于less……than的含义）Thetrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud,ButIwasn9tbotheredbyhisloudnesssomuchAsbyhislackoftalent.（Iwasntsobothered/Iwasn"tsomuchbotheredby....asby....）2.2.2nomore/-erthanJohnisnobetterthantom.Nobetterthan=asbadasNobiggerthan=assmallasNoricherthan=aspoorasNolaterthan=asearlyasIhavenottakenmorethansixcoursesthissemester•（彳、多于六门）Ihavetakennomorethansixcoursesthissemeste「・（只有六门）1.2.2themore….themoreTheolderIget,thehappierIam.Thesooneryoustart,themorequicklyyou"llfinish.ThemoreIseehim,thelessIlikehim.6情态动词2.1can/could+haveV-ed,may/might+haveV-ed表示过去的AT能性Hecouldhavelentyouthemoney.Whydidn"tyouaskhim?She"stwohourslate.Thebadweathercanhavedelayedher.Youmay/mighthavereadaboutitinthepapers-Could/might表示的可能性小，还可以用來表示过去存在的这种可能性，但没有发生。 Shecouldhavetoldmethenewsbutsherefusedto.Theymighthaveleftearlier,butthecarwasnlready・6.2must+haveV-ed表示对过去的推断或猜测，可能性最大。Imusthaveseenhimsomewhere・IfyouhavebeentoAmerica,youmusthavefoundthattheAmericansarealmostofallcolorsandraces・但表示否定的推测不能用mustrft,必须用can^/couldn^Hecouldn"tbeserious.（他不可能当真）Theycan"thavebeenwaitingsolong.6.3should/oughtto+haveV-ed表示事情本该发生而没有发生Heoughttohavehelpedheryesterday.Youshouldn"thavelethimcomehomealone,hemightgotlost.6.4needn^t+haveV-ed表示做了没有必要做的事Youneedn^thavesaidthatjustnow・Youneedn"thavecomelastnight.1.不定式7.1不带to的不定式7.L1在wouldrather,ratherthan/soonerthan,hadbetter,mightaswell,cannotbut,cannothelpbut等后IwouldratherstayathomethangooutRatherthancausetrouble,heleft.Wemightaswellwalkhomeonsuchasunnyday.Icannotbutdeclinehisoflci*.（我不得不拒绝他的建议）Icannothelpbutcry.（我忍不住哭了）7・1・2在donothing/anything/everythingbut/except等后Hedidnothingbutlookon.7.1.3在主语从句包含do的句子中Whathedidwashelpyou.Allyouhavetodonowiscompletetheform・7.2help后的动词可带to也可不带toIhelphim（to）mendhisbicycle.7.3在only,too,enough,so/such...as后做结果状语Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfee匚Hewastootiredtogoanyfurthe匚Heisnotoldenoughtovote.Wouldyoubesokindastostepthisway,please? Heissuchafoolastothinkthathisidlechattercaninfluenceothers・7.2在thefirst,thelast,theonly,thebest后做定语Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.Idon"tthinkheisthebestmantodothisjob・8.-ing分词&1在以下的短语或词组后用・ing分词Contraryto,objectto,withaviewto,beopposedto,incontrastto,beusedto,beexposedto,dedicatedto,resortto（凭借・••手段），beaccustomedto,withregardto,lookforwardto,contributeto,oweto,submitto（服从，忍受）Heobjectedtobeingtreatinglikeachild.HewenttoAmericawithaviewtoopeninganewrestaurant•（为了•••目白勺）Iamused/accustomedtogettingupearly.Thedoctordedicatedhimselftofindingacureforthedisease.Sheoftenresortstocryingwhensheiscriticized・8.2带连词的-ing分词分句带连词的・ing分词分句逻辑主语通常也是主句的主语。Whensleeping,Ineverheardathing・Whetherworkingorsleeping,thesubjectisalwaysinhismind.ThoughunderstandingnoGreek,Charleswasabletocommunicatewiththem8.3带主语的・ing分词分句Doyoumindme/mymakingasuggestion>Myparentsobjecttome/mygoingoutalone.Johndoesn^tliketheideaofme/mybeingmixedupinthisaffai匚（参与止匕事）It"snouseyourpretendingtobedeaf,（-ing分词主语）9.-ed分词分句9.1带when,though/although,asif/asthough,if,evenif,once,unless,until等连词的分词分句Thisdictionarywilllooknicewhenprinted.（印成后）Ifleftaloneonadesertisland,whatwouldyoudofirst?Evenifinvited,Iwon"tgo.Oncepublished,thebookcausedaremarkablestir.Donotleavethebuildingunlessinstructed・9.2-ed分词分句做状语时间状语Heated,themetalexpands・原因状语 Deeplymoved,hethankedheragainandagain.Absorbedinhiswork,Jimneglectedfoodandsleep.条件状语United,westand;divided,wefall.Seeninthelight,thematterisnotasseriousaspeoplegenerallysuppose・让步状语Beatenbythepoliceandsenttojail,Gandhiinventedtheprincipleofnonviolentresistance.伴随状语Imadealeisurelyroundofthetown,fascinatedbytheconstructiongoingeverywhere・7.附加疑问句10」祈使句的附加疑问句Carrythisparcelforme,willyou?Remembertobuysomemeat.willyou?10.2当陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,someone,noone,nobody,somebody等指人的合成词吋，附加疑问部分的主语通常用he.10.3当陈述部分是（here■存在句时，附加疑问部分的主语也用theeThere"snohelpforit,isthere?10.4当陈述部分有带有seldom,hardly,never,rarely,few,little,nowhere^nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。Bobrarelynotdrunk,didhe?Fewpeopleknowhem,dothey?Sheseldomgoestothecinema,doesshe?10.5当陈述部分带有情态动词oughtto时，附加疑问部分在英国英语中仍用oughtto,但在美国英语中常用shouldThechildoughttobepunished,oughtshe?Weoughttogothere,shouldn"twe?10.6当陈述部分带有usedto附加疑问部分"J用usedto形式或did形式。TheAleensusedtoliveinthecountry,usedn^tthey?Heusedtosmokefiftycigarettesaday,didn"the?10.7当陈述部分带有情态动词need或must时，附加疑问部分通常用need或mustYouneedn^tgoyet,needyou?Youmustgohomerightnow,mustn^tyou?10.8当陈述部分是I"m...结构吋，附加疑问部分一-般用aren^IPmlate,aren^tI?10.9当陈述部分带有山加一分句做宾语的主从结构时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和位于动词保持对应关系。 ShesaysthatIdidit,doesn"tshe?但是，当陈述部分的主句Isuppose,,Ithink,Ibelieve,Isuspect,Iimagine是等结构时，附加疑问部分则往往that-分句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。Isupposeheserious,isn"the?Idon5tthinkshecares,doesshe?7.强调句:it+be+中心成分that-/who-分句ItwasJanethat/whocalledthismorning・ItwasahandbagthatJohngaveMaryatChristmas・Itwaswhenshewasabouttogotobedthatthetelephonerang.ItwasinShanghaithatIfirstmetPhilip•语法练习主谓一致A.1.Eachmanandeachwomanthere(is,are)askedtohelp.2・NeitherLucynorCarol(has,have)anymoneyleft・ 3.Notonlyone,butall,ofus(is,are)hopingtobethere.4.John,ratherthanhisroommates,(is,are)toblame.5.Theocean,aswellasthegulfandthebay,(provides,provide)goodfish6・Manyaboy(was;were)disappointedafterseeingthefilm・7.Anoldermanoramaturewoman(is,are)neededforthisjob.B.1・eitherorIfitforthejob?A.Am;areB.Is;areC.Are;areDIs；is1.Acartandhorseinthedistanee.A.wasseenB.wereseenC.seenD.sees2.Inourcountry,everyboyandeverygirltherighttogotoschool.A.hasB.haveC・isD.are3.Thewoundedgoodcareofherenow.A.istakenB.arebeingtakenC.aretakingD.isbeingtaken4.Thefactory,includingitsmachinesandbuilding,burntlastnight.A.isB.areC.wereD・was5.ThestudentsinourschooleachanEnglishdictionary・A.arehavingB.hadC・hasD.have6.Manyastudentthatmistakebefore・A・hadmadeB.hasbeenmadeC.havemadeD.hasmade8.1,whoyourgoodfriend,willshareyourjoysandsorrows.A.wasB.areC.isD.am9.Allbuthimandmetothecinema.D.hasgoingD.seemA.aregoingB.isgoingC.wasgoing10.Therestofthenovelveryinteresting・A.wereB.areC.is11・Somepersoncallingforyouatthegate.A.willbeB.isbeingC.isD.are7.ThepopulationofChinalargerthanthatoftheUSA.A.willbeB.areC.isD.was13.Deerfasterthandogs・A.willrunB.arerunningC.runsD.run14.Everymeanstried,butthereisnoresult.A.havebeenB.hasbeenC.willbeD.were15.Thispairoftrousersmysister.Mytrousers.A.isbelongto;isbeingwashedB.belongsto;arebeingwashedC.belongto;iswashedD・arebelonged;hasbeenwashed16.Toplaybasketballandtogoswimmingusefulforcharacter-training.A.wasB.isC・areD.were17.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactoryyet.A.hasnotbeendecidedB.isnotdecidedD.havenotbeendecidedatonce.C.arenotdecided虚拟语气1・Shemadethedemandthatshe A.LeaveB.LeavesC.LeftD・tobeleft2.ThedirectordemandedtheflexibleapproachsomeengineersrefusedtoadoptintopracticeatA.shouldput3.ItA.suggested;B.tobeputC.beputD・ofbeingputthatthefootballmatchputoffbecauseofheweathe匚wouldbeB.wassuggested;beonce.C.issuggested;shallbe4.OurteacherrecommendsthatweAareBbeD.suggested;shouldbeasattentiveaspossiblewhenwevisitthegallery.CwereDhadbeen5.We"resaferinatrainthanwewouldbeifweanyotherway.A.travelB・havetraveledC.traveledD.hadtraveled3.yousuchaseriousmistakeifyouhadfollowedhisadvice・A.maynotmakeB・mightnotmakeC.shouldn"thavemadeD.mightnothavemade4.yourletter,Iwouldhavewrittenbacktwodaysago.A.IfIreceivedB.ShouldIreceiveC・HadIreceivedD・IfIcouldhavereceived8.1fitwerenotforthefactthatyouA.wereB.hadbeenC.areD.shouldbe9.Iftheislandwerestillatouristattraction,lastweek"searthquakefarmoredeaths.A.causedB.wouldcauseC.wouldhavecausedD・hadcaused10.Hetreatedmeasthoughhisownson.A.IamB.IwouldbeC・IwasD.Iwereill,Iwouldnotmakesuchmistakessooftennow.1l.Itisapitythathesostupid.A.wereB・shouldbeC・couldbeD・mustbe12.Iwouldratheryouatthereo，clocktomorrowafternoon.A.hadcomeB・wouldcomeC・willcomeD・came13.It"shightimethatthevoiceofthepeopleinhisHouse.A.heardB.beheardC.washeardD.wouldbeheard14.1yousomemoney,butIhadn"tanyonmethen.A.wouldlendB・wouldhavelentC.couldlendD・mayhavelent15.Wetheworkontimewithoutyourhelp.A.hadn"thadfinishedB・didn^thavefinishedC.couldn"thavecaughtD.carflhavefinished