初中英语语法资料(含讲义与练习题) 60页

-第一讲名词和冠词一名词：世界上由万事万物构成的，这些事物各有名称，表示这些名称的名词叫作名词。名词的分类：专有名词和普通名词专有名词：表示具体的人名，事物，地名，机构和节日等名称的词称为专有名词。（专有名词开头第一个字母必须大写）①表示人：YangLiwei杨利伟Alice爱丽丝②表示事物：theChangjiangRiver长江December十二月③表示地名：Macao澳门NewYork纽约④表示节日:ChristmasDay圣诞节Children‘sDay儿童节⑤表示机构：WTO世界贸易组织theUniversityofLondon伦敦大学普通名词：指一类人，事物，物质或抽象概念的名称。类别定义例词可taxi出租车scientist科学家数个体名词用来指单个人或者事物的名词。computer电脑普名用来指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。army军队police警察通词集体名词family警察class班级water水wind风名不可物质名词用来指无法分为个体的物质，材料的名词。glass玻璃steel钢铁词数honesty诚实love热爱名抽象名词用来指人或事物的品质，情感，状态或动作silence安静词等抽象概念的名词。life生活（一）名词的单复数形式：可数名词的单复数形式1.规则变化构成法例一般情况在词尾加-sshop-shopsdesk-desksbus-busesbox-boxes以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词，在词尾加-eswatch-watchesbrush--brushesface-faceshouse-houses---以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词直接加-s以辅音字母+y结尾的词，y变成i再加-es以辅音字母+o结尾的词，多数在词尾加-es以元音字母+o结尾的词和某些以o结尾的外来词，加-s以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v,加-es,少数不变，只在词尾加-s2.不规则变化⑴名词复数的特殊形式page—pagesbaby—babiescity—citiesfactory—factoriesstory--storiestomato—tomatoeshero—heroespotato—potatoesradio—radiosphoto—photospiano—pianoszoo--zooslife—livesknife—kniveswife—wivesroof—roofs---man—men,woman—women,policeman—policemen,Englishman—Englishmen,---1-- -foot—feet,tooth—teeth,child—children,German—Germans⑵有些名词的单复数形式同形Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep,fish⑶合成名词，只将其主题词变为复数形式girlstudent—girlstudentspencil-box—pencil-boxes⑷由man和woman构成的合成词，全部变成复数mandoctor—mendoctorswomanteacher---womenteachers⑸只有复数的名词trousers,glasses,thanks,clothes,goods,compasses,stairs,people,scissors,chopsticks⑹不可数名词的数量表达apieceofbread/meat;fivedropsofwater;sixbagsofrice;sevenpairsofshoes;eightbasketballofapples;ninepieceofnews课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案1.Mrs.Lennygaveus______________onhowtolearnEnglishwell.A)someadvicesB)manyadvicesC)someadviceD)anadvice2.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmall_______________A)setB)oneC)pairD)copy3.Agroupof__________aretalkingabouttwo______________A)Frenchmans;GermenB)Germans;FrenchmansC)Frenchmen;GermansD)German;Frenchmen4.---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?---______________,please.A)twocupofcoffeeB)twocupsofcoffeeC)twocupsofcoffeesD)twocupofcoffees5.Mymotherandmysisterareboth_____________________A)womanteachersB)womenteacherC)womanteacherD)womenteachers6.Weneedn‘tbuyany__________.Therearemanyinthefridge.A)fruitB)milkC)meatD)eggs7.Howmany___________canyousee?A)milksB)aglassofmilkC)glassesofmilksD)glassesofmilk8.Ithinkmaths______________veryuseful.A)isB)areC)amD)be9.Thelittlebabyhastwo__________already.A)toothB)toothsC)teethD)teeths10.I‘mthirsty,pleasemake_________forme.A)ateaB)acupofteaC)teasD)acupofteasB组：用所给词的正确形式填空1.Ihavetwo_________________(knife).2.Theycomefromdifferent_________________(country).3.The_________(meet)beginsat2:00intheafternoon.4.Wehavequitelotsofnice___________(photo).Letmeshowyousomeofthem.5.Howmany___________(foot)doesacathave?6.Therearemany___________(bus)ontheroad.---2-- -7.Lookatthepicture,alionisrunningafteragroupof_____________(deer).8.Hereisabirthdaycardforyouwithourbest_____(wish).9.ChangjiangRiverisoneofthelongest______________(river)inChina.10.ThestudentsinClass1areall__________________(Japan).C组：判断对错1.A:Myglassesisbroken.()B:Myglassesarebroken.()2.A:Iwanttobuytwopairsofshoes.()B:Iwanttobuytwoshoes.()3.A:Ineedafewink.().B:Ineedalittleink.()4.A:Don‘teattoomuchmeat.()B:Don‘teattoomuchmeats.()5.A:MayIborrowtworadioes?()B:MayIborrowtworadios?()(二)名词所有格：表示名词所属关系的一种形式1.单数名词的所有格，只需在词尾加‘sJim‘ssisterLucy‘spen2.以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，只加‘thestudents‘bookTeachers‘Day3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，应加‘sChildren‘sDayWomen‘sDay4.表示几个人共有的东西，只需要在最后一个人的名词后面加‘s,LucyandLily‘sbedroom5.表示各自所有的，则每个名词都加‘sLucy‘sandLily‘sdesks6.名词所有格常用省略式，省去被名词所有格修饰的名词atthedoctor‘s7.“of+名词所有格”，通常作后置定语，这种结构通常指整体中的部分或一个afriendofmyfather‘sthewindowoftheroomA组：选择最佳答案1.Tony‘scarismorebeautifulthan_______________________.A)hisbrother‘sandsisterB)hisbrotherandsisterC)hisbrothersandsistersD)hisbrotherandsister‘s2.---Howlongdoesittaketogettothestation?---It‘s____________walk.A)sixminute‘sB)six-minutesC)sixminutes‘D)sixminutes3.Theseare_____________bikes.A)JinandSam‘sB)Jim‘sandSamC)JimandSamD)Jim‘sandSam‘s4.Twelve__________werehurt,butno__________werelostintheaccident.A)person;lifeB)people;livesC)peoples;livesD)persons;life5.There‘ssomethingimportantin_________________.A)paperoftodayB)todaynewspaper‘sC)todaynewspaperD)today‘snewspaper6.MissSmithisafriendof_______________A)Mary‘smother‘sB)Mary‘smotherC)Marymother‘sD)mother‘sofMary7.Joanis_____________sister.A)MaryandJackB)Mary‘sandJack‘sC)Mary‘sandJackD)MaryandJack‘s8.Iwillgiveyou__________tofinishit.A)twoweek‘stimeB)twoweektimeC)twoweeks‘timeD)twoweekstime9.Thisisnotyourradio,but__________________A)yoursbrotherB)yourbrother‘sC)youbrother‘sD)yoursbrother‘s10.Myschoolisabouttwenty__________walkfromhere?A)minuteB)minutes‘C)minute‘sD)minutes---3-- -二冠词：英语中名词前常会出现a,an或the这三个词，用来说明名词所表示的人或事物，冠词是虚词，是名词的一种标志，它不能脱离名词独立存在，不能单独作句子成分。（一）不定冠词a;an1.不定冠词表示数量中的“一个”，但是数的概念没有one强烈。修饰单数可数名词。用来指人或物中的某一个或某一类，但不具体说明何人何物。a用在辅音因素开头的词前，apen,ausefulbook;an用在以元音因素开头的词前，anapple,anhour,anhonestboy2.用在某些固定的短语中：inaminute,forawalk,haveagoodtime,havealook等（二）定冠词的用法1.特指说话双方都知道的人或事物。Lookattheblackboard.2.用在表示宇宙中独一无二的事物的名词前。thesun,themoon,theearth3.对前面已提到过的人或事物，第二次提到时加定冠词，用以表示特指。Ifoundapictureinthebox.Thepicturewasverybeautiful.4.用在序数词或形容词最高级前。Theyliveonthetenthfloor.5.用在某些形容词前，表示“一类人”theold,theyoung,thepoor,therich,thedeaf,theblind6.用在乐器名称前playtheviolinplaythepiano7.在姓氏的复数形式之前，表示一家人theSmithstheLis8.用在方位词前9.用在表示海洋，河流，山脉，群岛及国家和党派等名词前10.用在某些固定的词组中inthemorningintheopenair(三)不用冠词的情况1.某些专有名词前China,ClassFour,2.在球类运动名称和三餐饭前面，一般不用冠词havelunch,playfootball3.在季节，日期，星期，节日和学科的名称前，不用冠词inspring,inJune,onMonday4.在不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）前面，一般不用冠词Wehaveallplayedwithsnowandice.5.名词前面已经作定语用的this,these,that,those,my,their,your,his,some,many等词时，常常不用冠词。herpocket,thishandbag,somepizza6.一些习惯用法和固定短语中，常不用冠词inbed,afterschool,bybus课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案1.There‘s____________―h‖intheword―house‖.A)aB)/C)anD)the2.Jackbought_________usefulbook._________bookisalsoveryinteresting.A)an;TheB)a;TheC)an;/D)a;A3.---CanIhelpyou,madam?---I‘mlookingfor________pairofshoesformydaughter.A)theB)anC)aD)some4._________elephantismuchheavierthanahouse.A)AB)AnC)TheD)/5.AfterwatchingTV,sheplayed__________guitarforanhour.A)/B)theC)anD)a6.---WhereisXiaoMing?---He‘shaving_________restoverthere.---4-- -A)aB)anC)theD)/7.Wehavethreemeals______day.Wehave_____breakfastat6:30in_____morningeveryday.A)the;the;theB)the;/;theC)a;/;thed)a;the;the8.Thecartoon―Mulan‖is_______interestingfilmand________storyhappenedinChina.A)a;theB)an;theC)the;aD)an;a9.IntheUnitedStates,Father‘sDayfallson_______thirdSundayin_________June.A)the;/B)the;aC)/;theD)a;/10.What________interestingbookitis!A)aB)anC)theD)/B组：判断对错1.Pleaseturnofflightsbeforeyouleave.()2.Iliveonasecondfloorofthisbuilding.()3.Iliketoclimbthemountainintheautumn.()4.Thelittleboywantedtogotocinema.()5.IwenttoNewYorkbycar.()本节妙语巧记名词单数变复数规则：名词单数变复数，一般加-s没有错。词尾若是s,x,ch,sh,直接加上—es。词尾若是f或fe,加–s之前要变ve。“辅音字母+y‖来结尾，变y为i有道理，再加-es没问题。词尾字母若是o,加-es有tomato和potato。不规则变化要特别记，oo常要变ee,foot—feet是一例。男人女人a变e,woman—women看仔细。child复数要记住，“孩子们“是children。定冠词的用法：特指双方熟悉，上文以及提及；世上独一无二，序数词最高级；某些专有名词，习惯用语乐器。第二讲代词和数词---5-- -一代词代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语，不定式，动词的-ing形式或句子的词。1.人称代词：人称代词的主格在句子中做主语，宾格在句子中作宾语或表语。格数单数复数人称主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称he,she,ithim,her,ittheythem注意：不同的人称合在一起使用时，一般的排序为：单数：youandI;youandhe;heandI;you,heandI复数：weandyou;weandthey;youandthey;we,youandthey2.物主代词：表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的所有格形式，表示“所有”词义我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他（她，它）们的类型形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs3.反身代词：表示我（们）自己，你（们）自己，他、它、她（们）自己的词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称数单数myselfyourselfhimself,herself,itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves4.疑问代词：what，which,who,whom,whose等5.指示代词：是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，具有指定的含义。this；that;these;those6.不定代词：不明确指代某个（某些）人，某个（些）事物的代词。⑴some,any,many,much,alotof与lotsof①many修饰或代词可数名词的复数。②much修饰或代替不可数名词。③alotof和lotsof既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。④some和any表示“一些”，即不确定的或未知的数量数目。Some通常用于肯定句中，any用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。Some可用在表示邀请或请求的疑问句中，强调希望对方给予肯定回答。Wouldyoulikesomeapples?⑵other与another的用法①other具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物。other表示“另外的”，“其他的”，theother表示“两者中的另一个”，theothers表示“其余的（指在一个范围内的其他全部）”，others用于泛指，表示“其余的人或物”。②another具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物，表示“另一个”（是泛指中的“另外一个”，并不是两者中的另一个）或“又一个”。⑶each与every表示“每一”①each强调“个别”，可单独使用，也可修饰单数名词或跟of引导的介词短语；every修饰单数名词，强调“整体”，相当于汉语中的“每个都”。②everyone与everyone的区别：everyone意为“每人”，“人人”，只指人，不指物，后面不能---6-- -跟of引导的介词短语；everyone意为“每个”，通常用来指物，后面能跟of引导的介词短语。③every及其所构成的复合代词everybody,everyone,everything作主语时，谓语动词用单数。④“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”表示“每隔⋯⋯‖,译成汉语减去一：everythreedays每隔两天everythirddays每三天⑷no和none表示“无”，“没有”①no=nota,notany作定语，后跟可数名词或不可数名词；none后跟引导的介词短语，在句中作主语或宾语，表示“没有任何东西或人”。②nobody,noone,nothing只能单独使用，后面不跟of引导的介词短语。③nobody,noone,nothing和none常用作简略答语。一般情况下，nothing回答what问句；nobody或noone回答who问句；none回答howmany或howmuch问句。⑸all,both,whole表示“都”，“全部‖①both指两个人或事物，而all指三个或者三个以上的人或事物。②both和all都可直接修饰名词；名词前如有限定时，其前只能用bothof或allof.。③both和all在句中位于be动词之后，行为动词之前，如有情态动词或助动词，则位于情态动词或助动词与行为动词之前。注：both的反义词是neither;all的反义词是none⑹neither与either的用法：neither表示―两者都不‖；either表示“两者之一”或“两者中的任何一个”。后面跟单数名词或“of+宾格人称代词/带限定词的复数名词”。⑺few,afew和little,alittle①few和afew指代可数名词；little和alittle指代不可数名词。alittle修饰不可数名词时相当于abitof.few和little表示“没有几个”，“很少”，含否定意义；afew和alittle表示“有几个”，“有一些”，含有肯定意义②口语中常用onlyafew或onlyalittle表示“只有一些（点）”，quiteafew表示“相当多”⑻one,ones指代名词①one指代单数可数名词，ones指代复数名词，泛指某（些）人或某（些）物。②one或ones前有the,this,that或these,those等词时，表示特指某（些）人或某（些）物。课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案(人称代词，物主代词，反身代词)1.Mary,pleaseshow___________yourpicture.A)myB)mineC)ID)me2.---Didyoufindyourwatchyesterday?---No,Ididn‘tfind_________,butI‘vebought____________________.A)it;itB)one;oneC)it;oneD)one;it3.DoyouknowtheboysittingbetweenPeterand_____________?A)sheB)IC)hisD)me4.What‘swrongwith______________?A)himB)heC)hisD)/5.Theskirtis____________.Shemadeit_______________.A)hers;herselfB)her;herselfC)herself;hersD)herself;her6.Let____________carrytheheavybagfortheoldwoman.A)youandB)IandyouC)meandyouD)youandme7.---Wouldyoulikesomemoreice?---Yes.Just_______________---7-- -A)afewB)fewC)littleD)alittle8.Isaw_________playinginthegardenatthattime.A)themB)theyC)theirD)theirs9.Hehasagoodroom,butIdon‘tthinkit‘sabigas______________A)IB)meC)mineD)my10.Mr.Liteaches__________English.A)usB)weC)ourD)ours11.Afriendof___________camehereyesterday.A)myB)hisC)herD)your12.Youcannotfinishthework__________.Letmegiveyouahelpinghand.A)youB)yourselfC)byyouD)youonlyB组：选择最佳答案（不定代词）1.Iwant_________bookstoread.Doyouhave___________?A)some;anyB)any;someC)any;anyD)some;some2.Ihavetwopens.Oneisred,_________isblue.A)theotherB)othersC)otherD)another3.---Youlooksohappy!---JacksaysIampretty.__________hasevertoldmethatbefore.A)SomebodyB)AnybodyC)EverybodyD)Nobody4.---Canyoucookeggswithtomatoes?---Yes,ofcourse.____________candoit,itiseasy.A)AnyoneB)SomeoneC)NooneD)Everyoneelse5.MikeandJoanare__________goodatmaths.A)neitherB)bothC)eachD)noone6.Thereis_________snowthiswinter.A)manyB)moreC)muchD)afew7.Therearesixpeopleintheoffice.___________ofthemarePartymembers.A)AllB)BothC)NooneD)Neither8.Thatscientistwastoobusytoworkinhislab.Hehad________timetodotheresearchwork.A)fewB)afewC)littleD)alittle9.Allthestudentshadgoneout.Therewas__________intheclassroom.A)somebodyB)anybodyC)nobodyD)everybody10.---Whenshallwegotothepark,thismorningorthisafternoon?---_________isOK.I‘mfreethewholeday.A)EitherB)NeitherC)NoneD)BothC组：用所给词的正确形式填空1.Let_______havealook.Thecoatisn‘tmine.__________coatisonthebed.(I)2.---Haveyougot________blueT-shirts?---No,butwe‘vegot_________brownones.(some)3.---Doyouliketheseyellowflowers?---No,butIlikethered_________(one)4.Help_________tosomefish,Timmy.It‘sdelicious.(you)5.__________didyougotothemoviewith?(who)6.Shegavethebatstoyouand___________(myself)7.Davidisanoldclassmateof______________(we).---8-- -8.Tomrunsasfastas_______________(I)D组：单句改错：下面每句均有一处错误，指出并加以改正()1.---ArethoseEnglish-Chinesedictionaries?---Yes,thoseare.ABCD()2.Everyoneofthebusesishere.ABCD()3.Hesisterisninethisyear.ABCD()4.---Who‘sthat?---ItisPeter.ABCD()5.---Whoarenotatschooltoday?ABCD()6.MyparentsbothareChineseteachers.ABCD()7.Therearesixstorybooksontheshelf.Whatonedoyouwant?ABCD()8.ShewillteachourEnglish.ABCD()9.---Whosebikeisthis?---It‘sme.ABCD()10.Couldyouletmehaveanymoney,mother?ABCD二数词：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫数词。数词分为基数词，序数词，小数，分数和百分数。1.基数词：表示数目或数量多少的词---100以下的基本基数词1--1011--1920--901one11eleven20twenty2two12twelve30thirty3three13thirteen40forty4four14fourteen50fifty5five15fifteen60sixty6six16sixteen70seventy7seven17seventeen80eighty8eight18eighteen90ninety9nine19nineteen10ten100以上的基本基数词100a/onehundred1,000a/onethousand1,000,000a/onemillion1,000,000,000a/onebillion(美)a/onethousandmillion(英)---⑴表示“几十几”（21-99）的基础词，由十位数和个位数之间加连字号“-”构成。⑵表示“几百几”（101-999）的基数词，百位数hundred之后加and,再加十位数或个位数。⑶1，000以上的数目表示方法是，从右向左用分节号“，”分节，每三个数字为一个节，第一个分节号前用thousand,第二个分节号前用million,第三个分节号前用billion(美)如：1，214，000，000onebillion,twohundredandfourteenmillion⑷基数词表示具体数目时，hundred,thousand,million用单数。在表示“数百”，“数千”，“数百---9-- -万”等不确定数目时，在hundreds,thousands,millions后接“of+名词复数”。⑸表示“几十”的基数词的复数形式，可用来表示某人的岁数或年代。⑹“基础词+名词”构成的合成形容词作定语，其中的名词用单数:two-monthholiday两个月的假期2.序数词：表示顺序和等级基本序数词的构成1stfirst11theleventh20thtwentieth30ththirtiethndsecondthtwelfthstthfortieth21221twenty-first403rdthird13ththirteenth22ndtwenty-second50thfiftieth4thfourth14thfourteenth23rdtwenty-third60thsixtieth5thfifth15thfifteenth24thtwenty-fourth70thseventieth6thsixth16thsixteenth25thtwenty-fifth80theightieth7thseventh17thseventeenth26thtwenty-sixth90thninetieth8theight18theighteenth27thtwenty-seventh100thonehundredth9thninth19thnineteenth28thtwenty-eighth1000thonethousandth10thtenth29thtwenty-ninth1,000,000thonemillionthth1,000,000,000onebillionth⑴序数词前要加定冠词the,在句中作定语放在被修饰的名词前。⑵序数词前加不定冠词a/an，表示“再一”，“又一”的意思⑶给东西编号时，序号在前用序数词，序号在后用基数词。⑷房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读。⑸分数表示法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子是1，分母用单数；分子大于1，分母用复数：onefourth或aquarter1/4,threefourths3/43.年份，日期，时刻读法⑴年份：四位数通常分两组来读。1905读作nineteenfive或nineteenandfive⑵日期，世纪用序数词表示。⑶时刻的读法课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案1._________ofthestudentsareboysinourschool.A)TwothirdsB)TwothirdC)SecondthreeD)Secondthirds2.Itis____________nextSunday.A)MaryninthbirthdayB)MaryninebirthdayC)Mary‘sninebirthdayD)Mary‘sninthbirthday3.---Couldyoupleasetellmewhattimeitisnow?---Certainly,it‘s___________.A)tenandtwentyB)twentypasttenC)tentwentyD)bothBandC4.The__________letterintheword―possible‖is―i‖.A)fiveB)secondC)twoD)fifth5.Itisover__________fromShijiazhuangtoBeijing.A)threehours‘driveB)threehour‘sdriveC)threehours‘drivesD)threehoursdrive6.Oursummerholidayiscoming.Two________thestudentsinourschoolwillgotothebeach.A)hundredB)hundredsC)hundredofD)hundredsof7.---Excuseme,howdoesthisnumber20,135read?---Itreads__________________---10-- -A)twentythousandsonehundredandthirty-five.B)twentythousandonehundredthirtyfiveC)twentythousandonehundredandthirty-fiveD)twentythousandsonehundredthirtyfive8.Hewrotea___________report.A)two-thousand-wordsB)two-thousand-wordC)two-thousands-wordD)two-thousands-words9.---What‘sonefourthandahalf,doyouknow？---Yes,it‘s______________________A)twosixthsB)threefourthsC)onethreeD)threesixths10.The_________monthoftheyearisDecember.A)twoB)secondC)twelveD)twelfthB组：用所给词的正确形式填空1.Weliveon______________floor.(nine).2.Pleasetake_____________turningontheleft.(two)3.__________monthisApril.(four)4.Wewilllearn____________unit.(three)5.__________runnerisawinner.(eight)6.ThemeetingwillbefinishedonDecemberthe_________________(twenty-three).7.Octoberisthe___________(ten)monthoftheyear.8.Lookatthephoto!The_________(five)manfromtheleftisourclassteacher,Mr.Wang.9.DoesMarysitinthe___________(one)row?10.The____________(twelve)monthoftheyearisDecember.C组：单句改错：下面每句均有一处错误，指出并加以改正()1.I‘minClassThree,SevenGrade.ABCD()2.WhatGradeareyouin?ABCD()3.It‘stwelvethirtyo‘clock.ABCDth()4.---What‘sthetime?---ItwasSeptember20,2006.ABCD()5.Thursdayisthefivethdayofaweek.ABCD()6.Hisphonenumberisthree,four,nine;zero,nine,two,eight.ABCD()7.Iusuallygetupathalftosixinthemorning.ABCD()8.Thisishistwentieth-firsttripthisyear.ABCD()9.Ittakeshimhalfhourtogettoworkbycar.ABCD()10.Therearefourtystudentsinourclass.ABCD---11-- -本节妙语巧记巧辩few,afew和little,alittlefew和little含义同，句中意义是“否定”。afew和alittle含义同，句中意义是“肯定”。few和little作用同，可数名词来限定。afew和alittle作用同，不可数名词来限定。英语分数表示法及其读法歌诀分子基数词，分母序数词。分子大于1，分母加-s.分母若是2和4，half,quarter来代替。带分数很简单，其前要把整数添。基数词变序数词口诀基变序，有规律，词尾加上th；一二三，特殊记，词尾字母tdd；八减t，九减e,f要把ve替；ty把y变成i，记住th前有个e；几十几，更好记，只变个位就可以。第三讲形容词和副词一形容词形容词是描述人和事物的特征，性质，属性或状态的一种开放性词类。包括简单形容词和复合形容词两类。形容词的语法功能：---12-- -功能解释定语修饰名词，说明其性质，特征表语与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质，状态或特征。宾语补足语说明宾语的性质，状态或特征主语补足语说明主语的性质，状态或特征例句HarbinisanicecityinNorthChina.There‘snothingseriousatall.(没有什么要紧的事)Theteaisverystrong.Ifeelsicktoday.Theroomisbright.Don‘tmakeyourparentsangry.Whohasleftthedooropen?Hungryandtired,hehadtostopworking.Shewasstandinginthedark,unabletoseeanything.她在黑暗处，什么也看不见。---1.形容词作表语要放在系动词后面。常见的系动词有：look看起来，sound听起来，smell闻起来，taste尝起来，get变得，become变成，grow长成，turn转变成，go变，come成为，seem看上去，keep保持。2.形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词时，须放在代词的后面。3.表示长，宽，高，深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。4.else只能做后置定语。修饰疑问代词what,who,whom,whose和不定代词something,anything,nothing,somebody,anybody,nobody等。5.只能作表语的形容词afraid害怕的；alone独自的；asleep睡着的；awake醒着的；alive活着的；well健康的；ill病的；frightened害怕的6.只能作定语的形容词⑴little小的，only唯一的；wooden木质的；woolen羊毛质的；elder年长的⑵复合形容词：English-speaking说英语的；glass-topped玻璃罩的；kind-hearted善良的；man-made人造的take-away可以带走的7.貌似副词的形容词：lonely独自的friendly友好的lively生动的lovely可爱的8.记住下列句型⑴“It"s+adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人（做某事）怎么样”。注意：这一句型中的形容词有good,kind,nice,polite(礼貌的),clever(聪明的)，foolish(愚蠢的)，lazy(懒惰的)，careful(细心的)，careless(粗心的)，right(正确的),wrong等等。⑵“It"s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”注意：这一句型常用的形容词有difficult(困难)，easy(容易的)，hard(艰难的)，dangerous(危险的)，safe(安全的)，useful(有益的)，pleasant(舒适的)，interesting（有趣的），impossible(不可能的)等等。⑶表示感情或情绪的形容词，如glad(高兴的)，pleased(高兴的)，sorry(遗憾的，抱歉的)，sad(忧伤的)，thankful(欣慰的)等，其后常接不定式。⑷表示能力和意志的形容词，如ready(乐意的，有准备的)，able（有能力的），sure(一定)，certain(一定)等，其后常接不定式。⑸表示判断的形容词right,wrong,good,nice,terrible,wonderful,surprising,interesting,lucky,strange,important,necessary等，可用于―Itis+adj.+forsb.+不定式‖或“Itis+adj.+that从句”两种句型中。9.形容词的比较级和最高级英语中的形容词常有三种形式来表达事物的等级差别，分别是原级、比较级和最高级。大部---13-- -分形容词的比较级和最高级是通过变化词尾来实现的，属于规则变化，但也有少数是没有规则的。英语中有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right正确wrong错误excellent最好的final最后的last最后的possible可能的first第一eastern东方的empty空的impossible不可能的wooden木质的favourite最喜欢的规则变化：构成原级比较级最高级一般加-er,-estlong长的longer更长的longest最长的以不发音的e结尾，nice好的nicer更好的nicest最好的加-r,-stlate晚的later更晚的latest最晚的以一个辅音字母结尾big大的bigger更大的biggest最大的的重读闭音节，双写hot热的hotter更热的hottest最热的这一辅音字母后再加fat胖的fatter更胖的fattest最胖的-er,-estthin瘦的thinner更瘦的thinnest最受的以辅音字母+y结尾happy高兴的happier更高兴的happiest最高兴的的词，将y变为i再heavy重的heavier更重的heaviest最重的加-er,-esteasy容易的easier更容易的easiest最容易的其他双音节词，多音difficult困难的more~更困难的most~最困难的节词和分词形容词，careful仔细的more~更仔细的most~最仔细的在词前加more,mostinteresting有趣的more~更有趣的most~最有趣的tired疲劳的more~更疲劳的most~最疲劳的不规则变化：原级比较级最高级good;wellbetterbestbad;illworseworstlittlelessLeastmuch,manymoremostfarfarther（只指距离，更远的）farthest（只指距离，最远的）further（指距离：更远的，furthest（指距离：最远的，等同于farther,指程度，更深等同于farther,指程度，更深入的）入的）oldolder（指年龄，新旧：较老oldest（指年龄，新旧：较老的，较旧的；指血缘：长辈的，的，较旧的；指血缘：长辈的，此时等同于elder）此时等同于elder）elder(只指血缘：长辈的)eldest(只指血缘：长辈的)10.形容词比较等级的用法：⑴原级的常用句型结构①“甲+be+as+原级+as+乙”表示甲乙两者程度相同。②“甲+be+not+as/so+原级+as+乙”表示“甲不如乙”。③“甲+be+less+原级+as+乙”表示“甲比乙差”。⑵比较级常用的句型结构：---14-- -①“甲+be+比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙⋯”注意：比较级前可用much,even,still,abit,alittle等加强语气。②“甲+be+比较级+than+anyother+单数名词（+介词短语）”表示“甲比任何一个人、物都⋯”，含义是“甲最⋯.”。③“甲+be+the+比较级+of+thetwo+复数名词”表示“甲是两者中较⋯的”。④“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越⋯”⑤“the+比较级，the+比较级“表示”越⋯,越⋯‖⑶最高级常用的句型结构：①“主语+be+the+最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“⋯⋯是⋯⋯中最⋯⋯的”。②“主语+be+oneofthe+最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“⋯⋯是⋯..中最⋯之一”。③“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者之间的比较。课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案()1.Tomis____________Jack.A)tallasB)sotallasC)tallerthanD)thetallestthan()2.Shehasayoung,prettyface,butherrealageis___________.A)mucholdB)moreoldC)mucholderD)theoldest()3.Someyoungpeoplearenow___________tobuyprivatecars.A)ratherrichB)veryrichC)richenoughD)enoughrich()4.Sorry,Ican‘tansweryourquestion.Iknow___________aboutthenews.A)alittleB)littleC)fewD)afew()5.Ofalltheshoesinyourshop,isthispair____________one?A)verygoodB)muchbetterC)acheaperD)thecheapest()6.Mrs.GreengaveLucy______________toeat.A)delicioussomethingB)ChinesesomethingC)somethingEnglishD)somethingEngland()7.Theseshoesaremuchtoo___________forme.A)bigB)biggerC)biggestD)thebiggest()8.Thepopulationproblemmaybe___________oneoftheworldtoday.A)themostB)mostdifficultC)thegreatestD)moreinteresting()9.Sheis___________thananyothergirlinherclass.A)thinerB)thinnerC)thinD)thethinnest()10.Whois____________ofyouthree?A)theoldestB)mucholderC)oldestD)older()11.Canwedoourworkwith__________moneyand__________people?A)less;leastB)lesser;fewC)few;lessD)little;less()12.Whichdoyouthinkis_________,thechickenorthefish?A)goodB)betterC)bestD)wellB组：用所给词的正确形式填空1.Housesinsomecitiesnowaremuch______________(expensive)thanbefore.2.---It‘smuch___________(dry)inYunnanthissummer,isn‘tit?---yes,itis.3.Themoreexerciseyoutake,the__________(health)you‘llbe.---15-- -4.ItoftenrainsinAprilinChina.It‘sthe___________(wet)monthofayear.5.Therearefourpeopleinmyfamily.I‘mthe_____________(young)ofall.6.Itisjustas____________todayasitwasyesterday.(hot)7.Theappleswillget___________and___________whenautumncomes.(big,red)8.I‘mafraidthattheoldmancan‘tgoany______________(far).9.Whichis____________,anelephantoratiger?(strong)10.Thatis_______________ofall.(easy)11.Lucyplaysthepiano_____________________(wonderful)thanKate.12.Shecried_____________and______________(hard).C组：单词改错()1.Themostboyslikeout-doorgames.ABCD()2.Theyoungarealwaysexcitingaboutplayingfootball.ABCD()3.HeisanEnglish.HespeaksEnglishverywell.ABCD()4.Allofteachersaregoodtous.ABCD()5.Itisblackacar.It‘saJapanesecar.ABCD二副词副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或全句，表示时间，地点，程度，方式等概念。1.时间副词：⑴表示确切时间的副词：now,today,yesterday,tomorrow,thedaybeforeyesterday,thedayaftertomorrow等。Eg.MymotherwenttoShanghaiyesterday.⑵表示不确切时间的副词:atlast,atfirst,atonce,early,immediately,late,once,oneday,soon,still,suddenly,then,already,just,yet等。Eg.Mr.Woodcalledjustnow.IcametoLondonfiveyearsagoandIhavelivedheresincethen.2.地点副词：here,there,left/right,north/south,upstairs/downstairs,everywhere,above,behind,anywhere等。Eg.Ilookedeverywhereformyglassesbutdidn‘tfindthem.Iliveupstairs,andmyparentsdownstairs.3.方式副词：well,hard,fast,brightly,certainly,clearly,early,easily,especially,happily,loudly,noisily,politely,quickly,safely,slowly,strongly,suddenly等。Eg.Heputthelettercarefullyintothemailbox.Slowly,theoldwomantoldusherstory.4.频度副词：once,twice,three/severaltimes/aday/week⋯,daily,weekly,everyday/week/month/year,always,usually,often,sometimes,ever,never,againandagain,attimes,nowandthen,not⋯anymore,not⋯anylonger等。Eg.Iusuallyplaythepianoaftersupper.---16-- -Itisnevertoooldtolearn.活到老学到老5.程度副词：quite,rather,very,much,alot,alittle,abit,enough,hardly,almost,deeply,nearly,badly,widely等。Eg.Itismuchhottertodaythanyesterday.Icanhardlyunderstandmyforeignteacher‘sclasses.6.疑问副词：how,when,where,why等。Eg.Wherewouldyouliketogotocollege?Westilldon‘tknowwhenandhowhewillcome.7.形容词加-ly变副词的规律：①许多副词都是由形容词后直接加后缀-ly构成的。careful---carefully,quick---quickly,safe---safely;slow---slowly等②以-le结尾的形容词需去掉e再加ygentle---gently,possible---possibly,comfortable---comfortably等③以-y结尾的形容词把y改为i,再加—lyeasy---easily,happy---happily,heavy---heavily,busy---busily,lucky---luckily等特例:shy的副词形式为shyly.8.与形容词同形的副词：在英语中有很多形容此和副词是同形的。late(adj.)已故的（adv.）迟到high(adj.)高的(adv.)高firm(adj.)稳固的(adv.)稳固地early(adj.)早的(adv.)早hard(adj.)硬的，难得(adv.)努力的straight(adj.)直的(adv.)径直fast(adj.)快的(adv.)快long(adj.)长的(adv.)长时间地enough(adj.)足够的(adv.)足够low(adj.)低的(adv.)低9.其他情况：有些词既是形容词又是副词，但在加-ly之后又可以构成另外的副词，这两种形式的副词其意义上既有区别又有联系。hard努力hardly几乎不near附近nearly几乎high高highly高度地most大多数mostly大部分地deep深的，深入地deeply深深地wide张大地，广阔地widely广泛地late迟到lately最近，近来close靠近closely密切地10.副词作状语时可以修饰动词，形容词，其他副词，分词和全句。Heworksveryhardonhissubject.ShespeaksEnglishverybeautifully.I‘mverybusythesedays.Luckily,shehadgotanotherchance.11.副词的比较级：⑴规则的副词比较等级构成方法与形容词的比较级构成方法相同。⑵副词比较级的用法:①两者比较，表示“甲超过乙”，用句型“甲+谓语动词+比较级+than+乙”。比较级前可用even,much,alittle,alot,abit,still等加强语气。②表示“甲不及乙”时，用句型“甲+谓语动词+less+原级+than+乙”。③表示“甲（不）和乙一样”，用句型“甲+(not)谓语动词+as/so+原级+as+乙”。---17-- -⑶副词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较12.副词的位置⑴修饰形容词，其他副词时的位置：位于被修饰词的前面。Computersworkmuchfasterthanbefore.Happydayspasstoosoon.注：enough作副词时总是置于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。Thebookiseasyenoughforlittlekids.enough作形容词时，可置于名词之前。Wehaven‘tenoughtime.⑵多个副词的排列顺序①时间副词，地点副词:时间副词和地点副词同时出现时，时间副词置于地点副词之前。Ihavegonenowhererecently,forIhaveadozenironsinthefire.②强调某一副词时：在强调某一动词的具体方式，状态，程度时，将需要强调的副词提到前面。Slowly,wetalkeddownstairs.③有助动词时：说明行为频度的副词常位于行为动词之前，系动词之后；句中有助动词时，则在其后；有多个助动词时，则置于第一个助动词之后。Jeffisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Ioftengotoschoolatsixinthemorning.IhavenevervisitedtheGreatWall.13.副词用法辨析：⑴very与much表示“很”，“非常”very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；修饰动词要用much或verymuch.⑵so与such表示“如此”，“这么”，“那么”①so修饰形容词或副词，such修饰名词，但名词前可以有形容词作定语。sofastsuchagoodboy②so修饰的形容词后可以由一个单数可数名词，其结构是“so+adj.+a/an+n.‖③如果可数名词复数前有many,few，或不可数名词前有much,little等词，用so而不用such⑶too，also与either表示“也（不）”too和also用于肯定句，too常用于口语中，置于句末；also常用于书面语中，置于be动词后，行为动词之前；either用于否定句。Eg.I‘minRow1,too.Chinesetake-awayfoodisalsopopular.IenjoyswimmingandIlikefootball,too.Wedon‘tlikethesamecolours,either.⑷ago与before表示“在⋯以前”ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before指在过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，或泛指“以前”。Eg.Shesawthefilmthreedaysago.Shesaidshehadseenthefilmthreedaysbefore.⑸sometime,sometimes与sometime,sometimessometime指将来或过去的“某个时候”；sometimes指“有时候”；sometime则指“一段时间”；sometimes指“几次；几倍”Eg.Sometimeswearebusyandsometimeswearenot.Isometimeshavelettersfromhim.We‘lltakeourholidaysometimeinMay.---18-- -Thefirewentonforsometimebeforeitwasbroughtundercontrol.Ourschoolissometimeslargerthantheirs.⑹already,yet与still表示“已经”already表示某事已经发生；still表示某事仍在进行，主要用于肯定句；yet用于疑问句表示“已经”，用于否定句表示“还没有”，“尚未”。课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案()1.Don‘tgoout!It‘sraining___________________A)quicklyB)heavilyC)loudlyD)hardly()2.---Whatdoyouthinkofthebridge?---Ihaveneverseen_____________before.A)soalongoneB)solongoneC)suchalongoneD)asuchlongone()3.Shehas_________________A)atimeB)aenoughtimeC)enoughtimeD)manytime()4.Youdon‘tlikethesamecoloursandIdon‘tlikethem,___________A)tooB)alsoC)eitherD)neither()5.LiPingismy_________friendanddoes__________inhisstudy.A)good;goodB)good;wellC)well;goodD)well;well()6.Canyouspeakalittlelouder?Ican_________hearyou.A)hardB)reallyC)hardlyD)clearly()7.Bobneverdoeshishomework_________Mary.Hemakeslotsofmistakes.A)sohardlyasB)ascarefullyasC)carefullyasD)ascarefulas()8.Sueisworkingvery___________recently.A)goodB)fineC)hardlyD)hard()9.Theycanget_____________ontime.A)schoolB)tothereC)thereD)atschool()10.Helikesdancing.Ilike,_______________A)alsoB)tooC)eitherD)veryB组：单词改错()1.ShesingsasgoodasLiWen.ABCD()2.Itisraininghardly.Ican‘tgoout.ABCD()3.Ididn‘tgotherelastSunday.Hedidn‘tgo,too.ABCD()4.Isyourbrotheryethere?ABCD()5.Youoftenmusttakeyourdogout.ABCD()6.MaybeheenjoysChinesefoodverymuch.ABCD()7.Sheisaverygoodteacher.Weverymuchloveher.ABCD---19-- -()8.Hecan‘tsingasongatall.Hesingsveryterribly.ABCD()9.I‘mafraidtostayathomelonely.ABCD()10.Shesaidshewouldbebacksoonerorlate.ABCDC组：根据句意，用适当的形式填空1.Thechildrenhad_________(已经)beenasleepwhentheirparentsgothome.2.Computersare___________(广泛地)usedinmanyfields.3.Theyplayedso___________(care)thattheylostthefootballmatch.4.Mybrotherrunsvery______________(fast),thoughheisfat.5.Ifyoudoyourhomeworkas_____________(careful)asyoucan,you‘llmakefewermistakes.第四讲动词动词是表示动作或状态的词。英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语，说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”。动词有人称，数，时态，语态和语气的变化。动词的种类：实义动词laugh限定动词主动词连系动词be,become,turn,get根据句法（实义动词）基本助动词be,do,have,will---20-- -功能分类非限定动词（非谓语动词）根据词汇状态动词意义分类动作动词助动词情态助动词can,may,must不定式towrite,towalk,tolaughV-ingwriting,walking,v-edwritten,walked,laughed品质词betall,havetwobigeyes状态词beill,love,think仪态词stand,lie,sit持续性动词live,sit,stand,work,walk终止性动词die,finish,leave,come,go,turn---㈠实义动词：指具有完整意义，可以单独作谓语的动词，主要表示主语的动作，状态和品质。实义动词也可与助动词相结合表示更加复杂的动词意义，实义动词主要包括及物动词和不及物动词两类。1.不及物动词：指的是后面不能跟宾语的动词。常见的不及物动词：come来walk走stay呆，留stand站go去die死happen发生sit坐arrive到达run跑fall掉落rise升起，站起lie躺2.及物动词：能跟宾语的词称为及物动词。可分为跟单宾语的及物动词，跟双宾语的及物动词，跟复合结构的及物动词等。①常见的只跟单宾语的及物动词accept接受cover覆盖enjoy喜欢please使高兴surprise使惊讶love热爱borrow借excite使激动put放forget忘记use运用discover发现interest使感兴趣worry担心guess猜测Don‘tforgettowakemeupatsixtomorrowmorning.Youcanborrowonebookatatimefromthelibrary.②常见的跟双宾语的及物动词可变为加-to形式的动词bring带来pass递sell卖give给pay付款read读show表现hand递post寄return返还teach教tell告诉Ireturnedhimthestorybook.=Ireturnedthestorybooktohim.可变为加for形式的动词buy买choose选择draw画find发现keep保持make使paint油漆save救护，拯救I‘llfindyouanotherchance.=I‘llfindanotherchanceforyou.既可以变为加to的形式也可变为for形式的词do做play表演sing唱歌get得到Eg.I‘llgetyousometea.=I‘llgetsometo/foryou.③常见的跟宾语补足语的及物动词在英语中有些动词后跟一个宾语意义还不完整，在宾语后必须再加上一个成分（宾语补足语），其意义方可完整。可跟形容词或形容词短语作宾补的动词believe相信drive驾驶find发现get使keep使保持leave留下make使push推set使think认为consider认为cut切---21-- -dye染declare宣布imagine想象judge判断Weallbelievehimhonestandkind.可用名词短语作宾补的动词call叫allow允许ask要求expect期望invite邀请get使order命令tell告诉teach教want想要wish希望warn警告Motheroftentellsmetomakefriendscarefully.可跟带tobe+名词或形容词作宾补的动词believe认为consider认为feel感觉find发现know知道suppose猜测understand理解prove证明declare宣布Ibelievewhatyousaidtobetrue.可跟不带to的不定式作宾补的动词have使make使let让see看见hear听见notice注意feel感觉watch注意看lookat看listento听discover发现Whatmadeyouthinkofthat?Pauldoesn‘thavetobemadetolearn.可跟-ing形式作宾补的动词see看见hear听见keep使catch抓住find发现have让watch注意看smell闻到lookat看listento听observe观察get使have使Canyouhearsomeoneplayingthepianonextdoor?可跟-ed形式作宾补的动词have使let使make使find发现feel感觉See看见hear听见think认为watch注意看Icouldn‘tmakemyselfbyallthelisteners.可用as/for等引起的介词短语作宾补的动词regard看作consider认为choose选为use当作⋯用keep把⋯当作Youcankeepthisbookasyourown.可用副词作宾语的动词ask叫，让get使find发现let让drive开车送shut关闭see看见invite邀请order命令show领CanIaskBobin?Showthevisitorin,please.可用介词短语作宾语的动词Have使get使make使find发现feel感觉See看见hear听见discover发现notice注意到Don‘thavechildrenathomeallday.Givethemtimetoplayoutdoors.3.连系动词：连接主语和表示主语身份，性质，状态的动词。①表状态的连系动词be是look看上去seem看上去appear看上去显得smell闻起来sound听起来feel感觉sit坐stand站lie躺keep保持stay保持Sheiskindandhonest.Theparklooksverybeautiful.ShealwayskeepssilentwheneverIseeher.②表转变或结果的连系动词---22-- -become变得get变得grow长得turn变成/为go变得come成为fall变为prove证明Aftergraduation,sheturnednurse.Childrenfallasleepeasily.Theweatherisbecomingwarmerandwarmerasthespringiscoming.4.持续性动词和终止性动词①持续性动词：又称延续动词，表示一种可以持续行为过程或状态。drink喝eat吃have有keep保持know知道lie躺着live居住play玩rain下雨read读run跑sing唱sleep睡觉smoke抽烟snow下雪stand站立talk说wait等walk走wear穿work工作②终止性动词：又称非持续性动词，表示行为或过程是短暂瞬间完成的。admit承认arrive到达begin开始borrow借buy买break打破close关闭come来die死fall倒go走hit击中join加入jump跳leave离开lose丢marry结婚open打开put放start开始stop停止5.情态动词：本身有各种意义，但不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气或情感，这样的动词称为情态动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，是助动词中比较特殊的一类。常用的情态动词：can,could,may,might,will,would,should,must,need等。①can,can‘t的用法：⑴表示能力或客观可能性，意思是“能”“会‖⑵表示请求和允许，意思是―可以‖,同may⑶Could⋯？表示有礼貌的请求，答应英语can②may的用法：⑴作“可以”讲，表示许可⑵MayI⋯?表示请求许可，否定回答用mustn‘t，表示“不可以”，“禁止”之意。⑶作“可能”，“或许”讲，表示推测，用于谈论可能性。⑷用在祈使句中表示祝愿：Mayyousucceed!祝你成功！③must的用法:⑴must作“必须”，“应该”解，表示必须性；mustn‘t则表示“不应该”，“不许”⑵“mustbe+表语”表示对现在情况的推测，作“一定”解。⑶“musthave+过去分词”表示“想必”之意，表示对过去事情的推测。④haveto的用法：⑴must表示说话人的主观看法，而haveto则强调客观上需要做的事情。⑵must没有人称，数和时态的变化，而haveto则有人称，数和时态的变化。⑶两者的否定式意义大不相同。mustnot(mustn‘t)表示“不许”，“一定不能”，“不应该”；而donothaveto是“不必”之意。⑤need的用法：need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must,haveto代替。注意：need常用作实义动词，有时态，人称和数的变化，后接不定式作宾语。6.助动词：助动词本身没有意义，只是帮助实义动词完成某些语法功能，如表示时态，语态，---23-- -构成否定句，疑问句，简略答语等。助动词主要有be,do,have,shall,will等。助动词句法功能典型例句构成进行时态IamstudyinginCanadanow.be构成被动语态TheglasswasbrokenbyAnna.构成系表结构Sheisniceandkind.have构成完成时态Wehaveknowneachotherforyears.构成疑问句，否定句Doyoulovemusic?doIdidn‘tknowyouwerecoming.加强语气Shedoeslovepopmusic.替代主要动词ShedancesaswellasIdo.shallIshallleaveforCanadatomorrow.(第一人称)构成一般将来时态willTheywillgoonpicnicnextSunday.（各人称）7.be动词：be作助动词和其他连系动词一样，有各种形式的变化。形式人称现在时态过去时态现在分词过去分词单数amwas第一人称复数arewere单数第二人称复数arewerebeingbeen单数iswas第三人称复数arewere用法：①与现在分词构成各种进行时态Weareplayinganinterestinggame.IwashavingdinnerwhenmyfriendphonedmefromAustralia.②与过去分词构成被动语态Youarewantedonthephone,MissGreen.Theworkhasalreadybeenfinished.③be作连系动词Sheistheonlyonewhowillundertandyou.TheyarenotfromtheStates,butfromCanada.8.have动词：肯定，否定及其缩略式肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式各种形式原形have?vehavenothaven‘t第三人称单数has?shasnothasn‘t过去式had?dhadnothadn‘t现在分词havingnothaving---24-- -过去分词had?dnothadhadn‘t助动词have与过去分词构成各种完成时态HaveyoueverbeentothePalaceMuseum?Ihaven‘theardfromhersincesheleftChina.9.助动词do：肯定，否定,否定式肯定式否定式缩略否定式各种形式原形dodonotdon‘t现在时第三人称单数doesdoesnotdoesn‘t过去式diddidnotdidn‘t助动词do,does可以构成一般现在时的否定式和疑问式，did可以构成一般过去时的否定式和疑问式。Ilikecoffee,butmyparentsdon‘t.Doyouoftencarryacamera?10.will,would,shall,should助动词will,shall用于构成一般将来时，would,should用于构成过去将来时，shall,should主要用于第一人称，will,would常用于一切人称，其主要形式如下：肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式will?llwillnotwon‘twould?dwouldnotwouldn‘tshall?llshallnotshan‘tshouldshouldnotshouldn‘t①will用于一般将来时态的各种人称We‘llmeetatthesameplacewedidlasttime.Willthenewfilmbeshownnextweek?②would用于过去将来时态的各种人称Theysaiditwouldbefinethenextday.Myparentsphonedmethattheywouldcomesoon.③shall用于一般将来时态的第一人称IshallletyouknowassoonasIgetthenews.Weshan‘tbecomingbacktoday.④should用于过去将来时态的第一人称Wethoughtweshouldneverseeyouagain.TheBBCweatherreportthismorningsaidthatweshouldhaverain.11.英语动词的五种基本形式，即动词原形，第三人称单数现在式，过去式，过去分词和现在分词。原形第三人称单数现在式过去式过去分词现在分词walkwalkswalkedwalkedwalkinglikelikeslikedlikedlikingstopstopsstoppedstoppedstoppingplayplaysplayedplayedplaying---25-- -课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案()1.Cars,busesandbikes_________stopwhenthetrafficlightisred.A)canB)mustC)mayD)need()2.---What‘swrongwithyou?Youlooksotired.---LastnightI________sleepwell.A)couldn‘tB)wouldn‘tC)mustn‘tD)needn‘t()3.---__________weswiminthatriver?---No,you_________.It‘sdangeroustoswimthere.A)Must;can‘tB)Can;maynotC)Shall;don‘tD)May;mustn‘t()4.---MustIcomeatfouro‘clock?---Oh,no,you____________A)mustn‘tB)don‘tC)can‘tD)don‘thaveto()5.CanI________yourwatch?A)lookB)looklikeC)seeD)meet()6.Whatabout___________football?A)goandplayB)todoandplayC)goingandplayingD)goingandplay()7.---What__________yoursisterdo?---Sheisanurse.A)doesB)isC)hasD)do()8.Theearthisourhome.Wemust______theland,air,andwaterclean.A)changeB)shareC)noticeD)find()9.OnherwayhomeLucysawathief_________inashop.Shestopped_______110atonce.A)steal;callB)tosteal;callC)stealing;tocallD)stealing;call()10.Mymother_________noodles,butmyfather___________.A)likes;doesn‘tB)don‘tlike;doC)likes;didn‘tD)didn‘tlike;doB组:用括号内所给的词的正确形式填空1.Myfather__________(read)ChinaDailyeveryevening.2.Jinanischangingfast.There___________(be)moretallbuildingsnextyearinthewest.3.Couldyoupleaseturndowntheradio?I_________(talk)tothebabynow.4.LastSaturday,we_________(climb)MountTaitowatchthesunrise.5.You‘dbetter__________(do)yourhomeworkbyyourself.6.Iheardmother_________(talk)withfatherinthenextroom.7.TheGreens___________(fly)toEnglandnextforhalfanhour.8.Ididn‘tgotobeduntilIfinished___________(do)mywork.易混动词的辨析：1.carry,take与bring的区别：①take指将某物或某人从这里“带到”或“拿到”某处。Couldyoutakeittotheclassroom?②bring与take相反，是指将某物或某人从别处“带来”或“拿来”MayIbringTomtoseeyounextMonday?③carry是指随身携带（背着，扛着，提着，抱着）,不表明来去的方向。---26-- -Theboxisheavy.Canyoucarryit?2.cross与across的区别：①cross是及物动词，表示穿过，横过Eg.Whenisitsafetocrosstheroad?②across是介词，表示穿过，横过Eg.Goacrossthebridge.You‘llfindthemuseumontheleft.---3.find，lookfor与findout的区别：①find的意思是找到,强调结果②lookfor是寻找，强调动作Eg.Ican‘tfindthebroom.Eg.Heislookingfordifferentplaces.---③findout是经过调查“发现，查明真相”Eg.JanewasangrywhenLucyfoundouthersecrets.4.forget,leave,lose的区别：①forget表示“记不起”，“忘了要带（买）”Eg.Iforgethisname.②leave表示“把某物忘（丢）在某地了”Eg.Helefthisglovesonthetrain.③lose表示“丢了，没找到（或找不到）”Eg.I‘velostthemoney.5.hear与listento的区别：①hear的意思是“听见，听到”Eg.Weheardsomebodyknockingatthedoor.②listento的意思是“倾听（集中注意力去听）”Eg.Hewaslisteningtothemusic.6.let与make的区别make是强制的，而let是非强制的。Eg.Hemadehergo.Helethergo.7.lend,borrow与keep的区别：三者都可以表示“借”的意思①borrow“借入”，向某人借某物用“borrow⋯from”Eg.Iborrowedabikefromhim.②lend“借出”，把某物借给某人，用“lend⋯to”Eg.Don‘tlendittoothers.③borrow和lend都是短暂性动词，要表示借多久，用keepEg.---HowlongcanIkeepthisbook?---Youcankeepitfortwoweeks.8.look,see与watch的区别：①lookat是“看”，不表示看得见或看不见Eg.Lookatthepicture.②see是“看见”Eg.Itwasdarkintheroom.Wecouldseenothing.③watch是“观看；注视”Eg.HeiswatchingTV.9.lose,miss与fail的区别：①lose表示“失去”“失掉”，含有失去而不可复得之意。Eg.manypeoplelosttheirlivesinthetrafficaccident.②miss“失去”“失掉”，指在需要时，发现或感觉不在。Eg.Whendidyoumissyourwallet?③fail意为“失败”“考试不及格”Eg.IthinkIfailintheexam.10.reach,arrive与getto的区别①reach是继武动词，后面直接跟表示地点的名词Wereachedthetopofthehillatlast.---27-- -②arrive是不及物动词，后面要用介词at或in放在表示地点的宾语之前Hermothersawherwhenshearrived.③getto一般多用于口语中Igettoschoolatabout7:30everyday.11.speak,say,talk与tell的区别：①speak常常用来指人们对语言的掌握或使用，不强调说话的内容。TheyspeakEnglishandFrench.②say一般用作及物动词，着重之说话的内容，而且后面常常带有直接或间接引语。Hesaysthathefeelstired.③talk一般用作不及物动词，着重指连续地说话或与人交谈。Ishalltalktoyourfatheraboutyourhealth.talk有时也用作名词，表示“讲话，演讲，报告”TomorrowIwantyoutogiveusatalk,Jim.④tell的意思是“告诉，讲述，吩咐”Don‘ttellme,letmeguess.12.spend,cost,take与pay的区别①表示“花费金钱”，用cost和spend.cost指“某物值多少钱或某物花费某人多少钱”；spend则指“某人花费多少钱购买某物”Thisdictionarycostmethirtyyuan.Myteacherspendsalotofmoneyonbooks.②表示“花费时间”，用cost,spend或take.cost和take指“某事花费（某人）多少时间”；而spend则指“某人花费多少时间做某事”Writingbookscosts/takesagreatdealoftime.Ittookhimfivemonthstogetanewcompanystarted.句型：Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.Itcostssb.sometime/moneytodosth.Shespent3years(in)writingthisnovel.③pay作动词时，意思是“付款”或“支付”，可以有被动语态。I‘mafraidthatifyou‘velostit,youmustpayforit.13.stoptodo与stopdoing的区别：两种结构都表示“停止”的意思，但它们的含义截然不同。stoptodosth.表示“停下来去做⋯”Eg.Theystoppedtotalkwiththeirteacher.stopdoingsth.表示“停止做”Eg.Theystoppedtalkingwiththeirteacher.14.wear与puton区别：wear是“穿着；戴着”的意思，重点表示状态。Eg.Lucyiswearingbluetrousersandablouse.puton是“穿上，戴上”的意思，强调动作。Eg.Don‘tbelate,oh,andputonyouroldclothes.15.wish,hope与expect的区别①用wish表示说话人不考虑是否可能实现祝愿，没有可能性的愿望也用wish;用hope则表示说话人认为可能实现。IwishIcouldbecomeFrenchtomorrow.Ihopeyoucanhelpme.---28-- -②expect只表示认为某事会发生或可能发生。Iexpectthathe‘llpasstheexam.※动词短语归纳1.looklookfor寻找lookafter照顾，看管lookaround四周看lookup查找；抬头看lookat看looklike看起来像2.turnturnon打开（电器，水龙头等）turnoff关上turnup开大turndown关小3.fallfalloff从⋯掉下来fallbehind落后fallover摔跤；跌倒在地4.putputaway收拾好；放好puton穿上put⋯down把⋯放下putup举起5.thanksthanksto多方，由于thanksfor为⋯感谢6.sendsendfor派人去请sendaway开除，除名sendup发射sendout发出7.hearhearof听说hearfrom受到某人的来信8.hurryhurryoff匆忙离去hurryup赶快9.taketakearest休息一会takeawalk散步takeaway拿走takeoff脱掉，（飞机）起飞10.paypayfor付钱payback还债，偿还payoff付清；偿清（债务）11.talktalkabout谈论⋯talkwith与某人交谈talkover商量12.comecomeback回来comedown下来comefrom来自comein进来comeout出现13.getgetback返回，取回gethome到家getinto进入⋯getoff下车geton上车getonwith与某人相处getreadyfor为⋯准备getreadytodosth.准备做某事getup起床14.gogoonwith继续goondoingsth.继续做某事gotobed睡觉gotosleep入睡goshopping(forwalk,tothecinema,home)去买东西（散步，看电影，回家）gotoschool上学15.havehaveacold着凉；伤风haveagoodtime玩的高兴havealookat看一看haveamatch比赛havearest休息一会儿haveatalk谈话haveto不得不haveclasses上课havebreakfast(lunch,supper)吃早饭（午饭，晚饭）16.wait---29-- -waiton服侍（某人）waitfor等待（某人）17.writewritedown写下；记下writeto给⋯写信18.helphelpsb.withsth.帮助某人做某事helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事19.wantwanttodosth.想做某事wantsb.todosth.想要某人做某事20.agreeagreewithsb.同意某人的意见agreetosth.同意某事课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案(情态动词)()1.Cars,busesandbikes____________topwhenthetrafficlightisred.A)canB)mustC)mayD)need()2.---___________IborrowyourMP3?---Sure,hereyouare.A)MayB)ShouldC)MustD)Would()3.---It‘srainingheavilynow.You‘dbetter__________home.A)leaveB)notleaveC)toleaveD)nottoleave()4.---Mustwecleantheclassroomnow?---No,you__________A)mustn‘tB)needn‘tC)aren‘tD)can‘t()5.We‘llgoforapicnicifit___________thisFriday.A)won‘trainB)isn‘trainingC)doesn‘trainD)don‘t()6.Tomakeourhometownmorebeautiful,you________throwrubbishintotheriver.A)needn‘tB)mustn‘tC)mustD)may()7.---MustIgowiththemtomorrow?---No,you___________.A)mustn‘tB)shouldn‘tC)needn‘tD)can‘t()8.I________________itagain.A)wouldlikeyoutoreadB)wouldlikethatyoureadC)wouldlikeyoureadingD)wouldlikeyouread()9.Youhadbetter____________latenexttime.A)notbeB)nottobeC)beingnotD)tobenot()10.Ican‘tdoit,soI________yourhelp.A)needB)willneedC)needn‘tD)don‘tneedB组：选择最佳答案()1.---HowdoyoulikeHangzhou,MissRead?---Sorry,I_________there.A)havegoneB)havebeenC)haven‘tgoneD)haven‘tbeen()2.Where________UncleWangyesterday?A)wasB)wereC)didD)does()3.They_________MissBrownattheairportwhenshearrivesthisafternoon.A)willmeetB)havemetC)meetD)met()4.---Who‘sintheoffice?----Mr.Smithis.He___________areport.A)iswritingB)wroteC)wouldwriteD)writes()5.---Howisyourfather?I_________himforalongtime.A)don‘tseeB)hadn‘tseeC)didn‘tseeD)haven‘tseen---30-- -()6.Pleasetryto_________hereontime.Don‘tkeepuswaitingforalongtime.A)gettoB)arriveinC)arriveatD)get()7.---WhenIgotback,I_________anoteonmydesk.A)findB)lookforC)foundD)founded()8.Ithinktheshopis__________atthistimeofday.A)openedB)openC)toopenD)opens()9.Ann___________worriedaboutherbirthdaypartythatday.A)wereB)wasC)willbeD)is()10.Mrs.Greenhasn‘tgotanymoneywithher.She________herbaginherroom.A)stayedB)forgotC)leftD)tookC组：单词辨析：选择恰当的词填空1.用cross或across填空①Ittookthemthreedaysto___________thecountry.②Therearetwobridges___________theriver.③Shewent_________thestreettodosomeshopping.④Shewillsitonthechairand___________herlegs.2.用borrow或lend填空①I________thisdictionaryfromourschoollibrarylastMonday.②Who________youthisdressyesterday?③Please__________metendollars.④Mybrothernever__________anythingfromherbutsheoften_______thingsfromhim.3.用bring,take或carry的适当形式填空①Thewomanis___________ababyinherarms.②Thisboxistooheavy.Ican‘t_________itforyou.③Cananyone___________meaknife?④Thisisveryusefultome.MayI___________itaway?4.用say,speak,tell,talk的适当形式填空①Theteacher__________,―Don‘tdrawonthewall.‖②Thebabycan‘t__________yet.③Tomis___________withJackinclass.④Mygrannyoften_________mestoriesintheevening.5.用get,arrive,reach的适当形式填空①They_________inChangchunyesterdaymorning.②He____________Shanghailastmonth.③Whendidyou___________toWuhan？④They_________atthevillageatfouryesterday.6.用spend,take,cost,pay的适当形式填空①She___________alotofmoneyonthecar.②It___________metenminutestogotothezooyesterday.③Thebook_________himoneyuan.④It__________metwohourstofinishmyhomeworkeveryday.⑤Mikelostthebook,hehadto__________forit.7.用puton,wear,in,dress的适当形式填空①mydaughterisoldenoughto__________herself.---31-- -②It‘scoldtoday.You‘dbetter__________moreclothes.③WangLinoften__________askirtinsummer.④Thegirl_________redisagoodstudent.8.用listen(to),hear填空①Weoften__________theweatherreport.②I‘msorryto_________thebadnews.③Maryis____________music.④YesterdayLiMing________fromhisfriend.9.用look(at),see,watch,read的适当形式填空①Whatcanyou_________inthepicture?②We_________afootballmatchlastweek.③Myfatheroften_________newspaperintheevening.④___________theblackboard,please!Doyoulovelife?Thendonotsquandertime;forthat‘sthestufflifeismadeof.你热爱生命吗？那么，别浪费时间，因为声明是由时间组成的。Eachmomentinhistoryisafleetingtime,preciousandunique.历史巨轮飞转，分分秒秒的时间都十分宝贵，也独具意义。第五讲介词一介词：用来表明名词，代词（或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句）与句中他其词的关系的词。1.介词的常见搭配：---32-- -⑴“动词+介词”的搭配agreewith/to同意arrivein/at到达beginwith从⋯开始breakinto闯入fallbehind落后于getto到达goover复习hearfrom收到⋯的信hearof听说joinin参加（比赛，活动等）knockat敲（门）laughat嘲笑leadto通往，导致listento听lookafter照顾lookat看lookfor寻找lookinto调查looklike看起来像lookover检查movein/into迁入moveto搬到payfor付款puton穿上prefer⋯to⋯更喜欢pointto指向sendfor派人去请shoutat/to对⋯喊叫talkwith与⋯交谈talkabout谈论talkof谈起thinkabout考虑thinkof想起⑵“动词+名词+介词”的搭配makefunof嘲笑；取笑makesureof查明，弄清楚makeuseof利用sayhelloto向⋯问候takecareof照顾takepartin参加⑶“be+形容词/过去分词+介词”的搭配beafraidof害怕beangryabout因⋯生气beangrywith生某人的气bebadat不擅长bebadfor有害于bebusywith忙于becareful/carelessabout重视，讲究/不关心becareful/carelessof注意，珍重/不在乎becleverat精于bedifferentfrom与⋯不同bedifferentin在⋯方面不同befamousfor以⋯著名befarfrom远离befondof喜爱befullof充满begoodat擅长begoodfor对⋯有益begoodto对⋯好behappyabout对⋯感到高兴behungryfor渴望beinterestedin对⋯感兴趣beknownas以⋯而闻名beknownfor因⋯而闻名belatefor迟到bepleasedwith对⋯满意bepoliteto对⋯有礼貌bepopularwith受到⋯的喜爱bepreparedfor为⋯做准备bereadyfor作好⋯的准备berichin盛产beshortof缺少betriedof对⋯厌烦beworriedabout为⋯而担忧beworthyof值得⋯的⑷“介词+名词”的搭配intime及时inahurry匆忙infact事实上inlife一生中introuble处于困难中indanger处于危险中inhospital住院intheend最后atonce立刻athome在家atthesametime与此同时atlast最后attheageof在⋯年龄onshow展览onduty值日onfoot步行ontheleft在左边ontheradio通过广播onone‘sway⋯去⋯的路上bytheway顺便说bytheendof在末尾bybus乘公共汽车byair/plane乘飞机bysea/ship乘船2.重点介词的用法：⑴at的用法：①用于时刻前：atnoon/nightatsunrise②用于点钟前：atoneo‘clockataquarterpasttwo③用于固定搭配中：atChristmasattheparty⑵in的用法：①用于某个较长的时间，如：事迹，年，季节，月份等。inthetwenty-firstcentury在21世纪atone‘sthirties在某人30多岁时---33-- -in2005在2005年inautumn在秋天inMarch在三月份②用于泛指一天的上午，下午，晚上等。inthemorning/afternoon/evening③用于表示“从现在起，多长时间后活多久以后”的短语Theywillfinishtheworkinanhour.⑶on的用法：①用于星期，日期（包括该天的各个部分）onSundays/weekdays,onSaturdaymorning/afternoon/evening②用于morning,afternoon,evening,night,day前，指具体的某天，或当上述名词起前由描绘性修饰语时：onSeptember1,onacoldmorning,onthenightofOctober1onthefirstday,onhisbirthday,onSundaymorning③用于公共节假日前，onTeachers‘DayonChristmasDay,onNationalDay注意：at,on都可用来表示节假日，但at侧重指“休假的节日”，而不是指具体的哪一天；on则侧重指具体的时日，与它连用的短语中多含“Day”⑷to的用法①表示“到”，“向”，“往”Wewalktotown.②表示接受者，意为“给”IgavethebooktoMary.③表示几点差几分It‘stenminutestosix.④表示“直到”Shereadthebookfromthebeginningtotheend.⑤表示引起某种情绪的原因Tohissurprise,hefoundnobodythere.⑥表示相对的位置JapanistotheeastofChina.⑸by的用法：①表示“乘”“用”某种交通工具Heoftengoestoworkbybus.②表示动作的执行者，意为“被”“由”Thewindowwasrepairedbyhim.③表示时间。“到⋯为止”，通常用于过去完成时。Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearnedthreethousandEnglishwords.⑹with的用法：①表示并列关系，意为“和”，“和⋯一起”Canyoucometoplayfootballwithus?②表示“带有”“具有”Chinaisalargecountrywithalonghistory.Iliketeawithnothinginit.③表示使用的工具，手段，意为“用”Heiswritingwithapen.④表示行为的对象，意为“对着”，“就⋯来说”OurEnglishteacherisalwaysstrictwithus.⑤表示原因，意为“由于”“因为”Theyweretremblingwithfear.他们害怕得直发抖。⑥表示随身携带Itlookslikerain,You‘dbettertakearaincoatwithyou.⑺without的用法：①without用以表示“没有”，“没有带（吃，穿，戴等）”Thereisnorosewithoutathorn.没有不带刺的玫瑰花。②without用以表示“不（做）⋯没有（做）⋯”Shespokewithoutthinking.③without用以表示“（条件）若无⋯,假如没有⋯”Withoutwaterwecan‘tlive.---34-- -3.表示处所方位的介词：1.at/in/on表示“在⋯”in表示“在⋯内”，用于内部；on意为“在⋯上面”，用于表面接触表示在某地时，at后接小地方，in后接大地方2.between/among表示“在⋯之间”between表示在两者之间among表示在三者或者三者以上之间3.in/to/on表示“位于”in表示在某范围之内；to表示在某范围之外；on表示“毗邻”，“接壤”4.above/over/on表示“在⋯上面”above的意思是“在⋯至上”“高于⋯”表示相对高度，不一定在正上方over的意思是“在⋯之上”表示在垂直的上方on的意思是“在⋯上面”，表示与表面接触5.in/into表示“进入⋯内”in表示“在⋯之内”,表示位置或处所，侧重状态；into意为“进入⋯里”，表示运动或变化，侧重动作。6.on/onto表示“在/到⋯上”on意为“在⋯上”，表示位置，侧重状态；onto意为“到⋯上”，表示位置的改变4.其他常用介词：1.about意为“关于”，表示内容2.on作“关于”将，表示论题abookonradio一本关于无线电的书3.like作“像⋯”解，表示相似4.in表示“穿着”“戴着”或“用某种语言/材料”等5.as“作为”，表示身份6.for表示目的，原因课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案()1.---WhenwillMr.BlackcometoBeijing?---____________September5.A)OnB)ToC)AtD)In()2.Thetwinswereborn__________aFridayevening.A)inB)atC)onD)of()3.---WhatdidMaryhave_________breakfastthismorning?---Shewaslateforschoolandhurriedoff_________breakfast.A)for;withoutB)at;withoutC)for;afterD)at;after()4.Canyoutellmethestory__________Japanese?A)withB)inC)byD)at()5.It‘sthebesttimetoplanttrees__________spring.A)onB)inC)atD)/()6.Go________thisroadandtakethesecondturningontheleft.Thebookshopisonyourright.A)throughB)pastC)acrossD)pass()7.Suddenly,allthedogsran_________thehouse.A)inB)intoC)onD)at()8.________thehelpoftheteachers,hefoundouthismistakes.A)UnderB)WithC)AtD)On---35-- -()9.HisfatherleftNajing__________Beijinglastnight.A)toB)forC)fromD)towards()10.Myunclelives_________108Beijingstreet.A)atB)onC)toD)in()11.Itisverykind_________youtoshowmetheway.A)ofB)toC)forD)with()12.Ourteacherisverystrict___________us.A)inB)withC)onD)of()13.Itisimpossibleformetoworkoutthisdifficultproblem________yourhelp.A)withB)withoutC)noD)about()14.Theword―Monday‖begins___________theletter―M‖.A)atB)fromC)withD)/()15.Couldyoutakethebox_________theclassroom?A)inB)atC)forD)to()16.Wegotoschool_________Monday________Friday.A)from;toB)on;toC)from;onD)on;on()17.Theytriedtorunaway,butwecaughtthem____________A)attheendofB)bytheendofC)intheendD)intheendof()18.---Whattimeisitnow?---It‘s_________seventhirty.A)aboutB)atC)onD)inB组：短文改错Thisisthetwins‘bedroom.1.____________________Youcanseeasmalltableamongthebed2.____________________Andthewardrobe.Thelampisupthetable.3._____________________Where‘sthebed?4_____________________It‘sunderthetable.5._____________________Theyhavealottoys.Theyareona6.______________________shelf.Theshelfisonthetopbed.7._______________________Twowindowsareonthewall.Ayellow8.________________________doorisinthewall,too.Thereisabeautifulpictureinthewall.9.______________________Theyliketheirbedroomverymuch.10.________________________第六讲一般现在时与现在进行时㈠一般现在时：指的是描述现在或经常性的性质，动作或状态。1.基本用法：1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every⋯,at⋯,onSunday，always,often,usually,sometimes,everyday，seldom,everyday,onceaweek,on/at/overweekends等时间状语连用。---36-- -Wegotoschoolbybuseveryday./Heoftenswimsintheriver.Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实以及自然现象。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Shelikesbasketballgames.她喜欢篮球运动。HespeaksEnglishwell.他英语讲的好。5)表示现在的状态。MynameisMichael.Iamtwelve.Iamastudent.IaminClass4,Grade7.6)用于时间，条件，方式，让步状语从句中，表示将要发生的动作Ifyouspeakslowly,Iunderstand;ifyouspeakfast,Idon’t.Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,we’llgoonapicnicasplanned.2.构成：肯定句（1）主语+am/is/are+表语Theyarenewstudents.他们是新生。Iamtall.我个子高。HeisfromJapan.他来自日本。amisare用法歌诀：I用am，you用are，is连着他、她、它；单数用is,复数一律都用are。（2）a.主语+实义动词+其它b.单三人称主语+实义动词单三人称+其它Eg.IreadEnglisheverymorning.我天天早晨读英语。Heusuallygoestoschoolbybike.他通常骑自行车去上学。Mariaoftendoesherhomeworkafterschool.玛利亚经常放学后做作业。Jane‘smotherworksinahospital简.的妈妈在医院工作。（用法歌诀：I、you、we、they动词用原形；he、she、it动词用单三人称）否定句（1）主语+am/is/are+not+表语Eg.Sheisnotanurse.她不是护士。Wearenotinthesameclass,butweareinthesamegrade.（2）①主语+don‘t+动词原形+其它②单三人称主语+doesn‘t+动词原形+其它Eg.Idon‘tplaysoccerafterschool/.Hedoesn‘tgototheparkafterschool.一般疑问句（1）Am/Is/Are+主语+表语？Isyourmotherateacher?AreyoufromChina？（2）①Do+主语+动词原形+其它？②Does+单三人称主语+动词原形+其它？DoyouspeakEnglish?你说英语吗？Doesyourbrotherhaveawidemouth?你弟弟有一个大嘴巴吗？（dodoes用法歌诀：do、does构成疑问句、否定句，I、you、we、they用do，he、she、it用does，动词一律用原形。）特殊疑问句---37-- -特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？Whereareyoufrom?/Howoldisshe?/Whatdoyoudoeveryday?/Whattimedoesyourmothergetupeveryday?/HowoftendoesMariagotothelibrary?随堂练习：A组：用适当的形式填空。1、I________(want)toplayball.2、He________(go)toschooleveryday.3、Lily_______(like)togotothezoo.4、Myparentssometimes__________(tell)meastory.5、Shealways_________(get)uplate.6、Winter________(come)aftersummer.7、Jackusually________(do)hishomeworkathome.8.Iusually_________(go)toschoolat7o‘clock.9.Elephants_______(like)toeatpeanuts.10.Iusually___________(go)toschoolat7o‘clock.B组：给出下列单词的第三人称单数形式。help_______listen________climb________tell________study________try________show________go________cry________stay________do________push________buy________finish________ride________fly________draw________guess________dry________make________kiss________say________C组：单项选择：()1.ThestudentswillgototheSummerPalaceifit_____tomorrow.A.don‘trainB.doesn‘trainC.won‘train()2.Thepicture_______nice.A.looksB.islookedC.lookD.islooking()3.Japan______totheeastofChina.A.lieB.liesC.isliesD.islying()4.DoesJim_________sisters？A.haveanyB.havesomeC.hasanyD.hassome()5.Motheroften______metoworkhardatmaths.A.saysB.talksC.speaksD.tells()6.----IsPeterfromAmerica？-----__________.HeisanEnglishman.A.Yes,heisB.Yes,hedoesC.No,heisn‘Dt.No,hedoesn‘t()7.Myfriend______hishomeworkatweekends.A.isn‘tB.isnt‘doingC.doesn‘tdoD.don‘tdo()8.Couldhe_______somegreentea？A.hasB.eatsC.todrinkD.have()9.----DoesBob_________working？----No,Idon‘think_________.A.like;itB.love;soC.likes;thisD.likes;that---38-- -()10.-----Where_________yourfriends_______from？-----Japan.A.do;comeB.are;comeC.does;comeD.Is;come㈡现在进行时1.基本用法：1）现在进行时态表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。Thestudentsarelisteningtotheteacher.学生们正在听老师讲。HeiswatchingTVnow.他正在看电视。2）习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）3）表示渐变，这样的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。Theleavesareturningred.叶子在变红。It"sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越来越热了。4）与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改变主意。2.现在进行时构成是:be(am/is/are)+动词-ing形式肯定式：主语+be(am/is/are)+动词-ing形式+其他FatherisreadinginthestudywhileMotheriscooking.Wearecleaningourclassroom..否定式：主语+be(am/is/are)+not+动词-ing形式+其他.Heisnotsleeping.Heisreadingonbed.Aliceisnotmakingacakeforherself.一般疑问句式结构：Be(am/is/are)+主语+动词-ing形式+其他？Aretheyreadingorwriting?Ishewashinginthebathroom?特殊疑问句式结构：特殊疑问词+be(am/is/are)+主语+动词-ing+其他？Whatareyoudoingthere?Whomareyoutalkingabout?---3.动词现在分词构成read----reading;jump---jumping;特殊变化::正常变化是在动词原形后加ingdrink---drinking;eat---eating;listen---listeningwear---wearing;grow---growing;collect---collecting---1)以e结尾的动词，去掉e再加ing如:write---writing;make---making;ride---riding;take---taking2).重读闭音节（只有一个元音字母，而其后跟有一个辅音字母时）要双写结尾的辅音字母再加ingsit---sitting;swim---swimming;put---putting;run---running3）以ie结尾的，把ie变成y再加ingdie---dying;lie---lying;tie---tying4.现在进行时标志性时间状语：now,look,listen，It‘s⋯o‘clock等5.不用于现在进行时的动词：---39-- -love爱like喜欢know知道understand明白forget忘记remember记得believe相信think认为want想要mind介意wish但愿need需要agree同意hate恨see看见have/has有own拥有seem似乎belongto属于hear听见feel摸上去sound听起来taste尝起来notice注意到accept接受decide决定give给与receive接受随堂练习：A组：用括号中动词的适当形式填空：1.Myparents______________（watch）TVnow.2.Look.!Threeboys_____________（run）.3.What_______yourmother_______（do）now?4._______yourdog_______now?（sleep）5._______you_______（listen）tomusic?Yes,Iam.6.Look,MissChen_______football.（play）7.Tomandhissister_______（wait）foryouoverthere.8.NowClass3andClass4_______（have）atest.9.Listen,someone_______（sing）intheclassroom.10.——WhereisZhangYan?——She___________（talk）withherteacherintheteacher‘soffice.B组：将下列句子改成现在进行时1.TomcanspeakChinese.2.Wehavefourlessons.3.IwatchTVeveryday.4.Sheworksinahospital.5.Doyoulikethisbook?6.KittyandBenhavelunchatabouttwelve.7.Hisfathercanhelpthem.8.Danny,openthedoor.9.TheywatchTVintheevening.10.Whatdoyoudo?C组：按要求改写句子1.Sheisclosingthedoornow.改(成否定句)---40-- -______________________2.Youaredoingyourhomework.(用"I"作主语改写句子)______________________3.they,thetree,sing,now,under.用(现在进行时连词成句.)_____________________4.TheYoungPioneersarehelpingtheoldwoman改.(成一般疑问句)_________________5.Look!Lilyisdancing.（改为一般疑问句）_____________________________________6.Kateislookingforherwatch.（改为否定句）_____________________________________7.Mrs.WhiteiswatchingTV.（划线部分提问）______________________________________8.Iamdoinghomework.（改为否定句）______________________________________9.Theyarewaitingforyouatthelibrary.（就划线部分提问）_____________________________________10.Theyaredoinghousework.(分别改成一般疑问句和否定句)____________________________________________________________________________综合练习用所给词的适当形式填空，完成句子。1.Look！Theboys_______________(swim)intherivernow.2.----What___________theman_____________(do)now？----He____________(mend)hisbike.3.Jim‘ssister____________(wear)anewskirttoday.4.Listen,Someofthegirls_____________(talk)aboutHarryPotter.5.Emilyis_____________(pick)upapenontheroad.6.Mike,goandseewho_______________(play)volleyballontheplayground.7.Lisa‘sbrotheris__________(live)inEngland,butheisnot___________(stay)therelong.8.Theboysare_____________(sing)karaoke.They____________(notplay)computergames.9.It_______________(rain)now.Thesun________________(notshine)10.______________you________________(sit)inthereadingroomatpresent.11.Mike_________________(stay)athomeonSundays.12.Mysister________________(notlike)eggsatall.13.WangFangoften________________(do)herhomeworkintheevening.14.LiLeioften__________________(carry)waterfortheoldwoman.15.Mybrother________________(watch)TVeveryevening.16.---__________________(be)youfromtheUSA？----Yes,I__________________.17._____________you_____________(get)toschool7:30everyday？18.Canadians_______________(speak)EnglishandFrench.19.______________(give)thelittleboysomebreadandacupofmilk,please.20.We_______________(begin)classatseventhirtyinthemorning.---41-- -选择：()1.Thechild_______onthechairandeatingacake.A.sitingB.sittingC.issitingD.issitting()2.Areallthetwins______thesameclothes？A.putonB.puttingonC.wearD.wearing()3.Idon‘tthinkthatit‘salwaystrue.He‘strangestories.A.tellB.tellingC.toldD.tells()4.MissLi_______anewbookthesedays.A.writeB.writingC.iswritingD.iswriteing()5.----Whatareyoudoingnow？-----I______myhomework.A.amdoingB.doC.didD.doing()6.-----_____youdoingsomereading？-----Yes,Iam.A.IsB.AreC.AmD)Do()7.Simon________atsomefootballcardsnow.A.islookingB.looksC.iswatchingD.isdrawing()8.DoesJim_________sisters？A.haveanyB.havesomeC.hasanyD.hassome()9.Motheroften______metoworkhardatmaths.A.saysB.talksC.speaksD.tells()10..----Whatareyou__________about.-----Thecomingsportsmeeting.A.speakingB.talkingC.tellingD.saying()11.Look,LiLei______JimwithhisChinese.A.isheipingB.hashelpedC.isgoingtohelpD.wouldhelp()12.Stayhere,boy.Don‘tgoout.It________now.A.willrainB.isgoingtorainC.hasrainedD.israining()13.ThestudentsofClass3_______afootballgamenow.Let‘sgoandwatchit.A.arehavingB.willhaveC.ishavingD.willbehad()14.MissGao_________,she‘sworking.A.isn‘eepingtslB.doesn‘tsleepingC.issleepingD.sleeps第七讲一般将来时与一般过去时（一）一般将来时：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。表示一般将来时的语法形式有四种：shall/will＋动词原形；begoingto＋动词原形；现在进行时和一般现在时。1.shall/will＋动词原形1)will可用于所有人称，但shall仅表示单纯将来时，用于第一人称I和we，作为will的一种替代形式。以YouandI为主语时通常不用shall.Hewillbebacksoon.他很快就会回来。---42-- -Ishall/willbefreeonSunday.星期天我有空。YouandIwillworkinthesamefactory.你和我将在同一工厂工作。2）will，shall可用来预言将来发生的事。如说出我们设想会发生的事，或者请对方预言将要发生什么事。Itwillraintomorrow.明天将要下雨。3）will，shall除可表示单纯的将来时以外，还可以带有意愿的色彩，仍指的是将来。I"llbuyyouabicycleforyourbirthday.你过生日时，我给你买一辆自行车。（表示允诺）Willyouopenthedoorformeplease？请你帮我开门好吗？（表示请求）ShallIgetyourcoatforyou？我可以为你拿外套吗？（表示提议）2.begoingto＋动词原形1)表示说话人根据现在已有的迹象，判断将要或即将发生某种情况。这类句子的主语可以是人，也可是物。Thereisgoingtobeafootballmatchinourschooltomorrowafternoon.明天下午我们学校将有一场足球赛。（已有告示）Ifeelterrible.IthinkI"mgoingtodie.我感到难受极了，我想我快不行了。Lookatthoseblackclouds！It"sgoingtorain.看看那些乌云！天快要下雨了。2)表示主语现在的意图或现已作出的决定，即打算在最近或将来进行某事。这种意图或决定往往是事先经过考虑的。Heisn"tgoingtoseehiselderbrothertomorrow.他明天不准备去看他哥哥。Maryisgoingtobeateacherwhenshegrowsup.玛丽决定长大了当一名教师。3)只是单纯地预测未来的事，此时可与will互换。例如：Ithinkitisgoingto/willrainthisevening.我认为今晚要下雨。注意：（1）begoingto和will在含义和用法上略有不同。begoingto往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿、决心。两者有时不能互换。Heisstudyinghardandisgoingtotryfortheexams.他正努力学习，准备参加考试。（不能用will替换）—Cansomebodyhelpme？——谁能帮我一下吗？—Iwill.——我来。（不能用begoingto替换）（2）在if之后，通常不用will表示预言，但可以用begoingto表示意图。例如：Ifyouaregoingtogotothecinemathisevening，you"dbettertakeyourcoatwithyou.你若今晚去看电影，最好带着外套。begoingto也常可以用于主句之中。例如：IfyouinviteJack，there"sgoingtobetrouble.如果你邀请杰克，那就要惹麻烦了。如果表示将来的意愿，will可用于条件从句。此时will为情态动词。Ifyouwilllearntoplayfootball，I"llhelpyou.如果你想学踢足球，我可以帮你。对划线部分提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。---43-- -1.问人。Who例如：I‘mgoingtoNewYorksoon.→Who‘sgoingtoNewYorksoon.2.问干什么。What⋯do.Myfatherisgoingtowatcharacewithmethisafternoon.→Whatisyourfathergoingtodowithyouthisafternoon.3.问什么时候。When.例如：She‘sgoingtogotobedatnine.→Whenisshegoingtobed?随堂练习：A组：选择()1.Mother________meanicepresentonmynextbirthday.A）willgivesB）willgiveC）givesD）give()2.He________herabeautifulhatonhernextbirthday.A)givesB)gaveC)willgiveD)isgoinggiving()3.He________inthreedays.A)comingbackB)camebackC)willcomebackD)isgoingtocomingback()4.Who________________swimmingwithustomorrowafternoon?A)will;goB)do;goC)will;goingD)shall;goes()5.Thedayaftertomorrowthey________avolleyballmatch.A)willwatchB)watchesC)iswatchingD)towatch()6.They________anEnglisheveningnextSunday.A)arehavingB)aregoingtohaveC)willhavingD)isgoingtohave()7.________you________freenextSunday?A)Will;areB)Will;beC)Do;beD)Are;be()8.He________thereattentomorrowmorning.A)willB)isC)willbeD)be()9.I_________ateacherinthefuture.A)will,beB)is,beC)is,beingD)will,is()10.They_________totheparknextSunday.A)willgoesB)willgoC)isgoingD)willgo()11.Myfamily_________tochurchnextweekend.A)willgoB)goesC)willgoingD)isgoingB组：改写句子1.Nancyisgoingtogocamping.（改否定）Nancy________goingtogocamping.2.I‘llgoandjointhem（.改否定）I_______go______jointhem.3.I‘mgoingtogetupat6:30tomorrow（.改一般疑问句）_______________________togetupat6:30tomorrow?4.Wewillmeetatthebusstopat10:30.（改一般疑问句）---44-- -_______________meetatthebusstopat10:30?5.Sheisgoingtolistentomusicafterschool.（对划线部分提问）_______________she_________________________afterschool?6.Myfatherandmotheraregoingtoseeaplaythedayaftertomorrow.(同上)__________________goingto_________thedayaftertomorrow?㈡一般过去时：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,谓语动词要用过去式。经常与yesterday（昨天）,lastweek（上周）,lastmonth（上个月）,lastyear（去年）,twomonthsago（两个月前）,thedaybeforeyesterday（前天），in1990(在1990年),inthosedays（在那些日子里）等表示过去的时间状语连用。eg.Iwasbornin1990.(我出生在1990年)。Whendidyougotothepark?（你是什么时候去的公园）。Iwenttotheparklastweek.（我是上周去的公园）1．be动词的一般过去时态在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词，amis的过去式为was;are的过去式为were.$k:J$I1M:构成：肯定句：主语+was(were)+宾语3z)Y+]"q"NIwaslateyesterday.（昨天我迟到了。）否定句：主语+was(were)+not+宾语www.yxlt8.cn6u7|-V1J0OWeweren"tlateyesterday.(我们昨天没迟到)疑问句：Was(Were)+主语+宾语Wereyouillyesterday?（你昨天病了吗？）肯定回答：Yes,Iwas.(是的，我病了。)平庄雅啸平矿中学元宝山赤峰平庄内蒙古*q4b;Q:3T"@!U,N"E+z$p否定句：No,Iwasn"t.(不，我没病。)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was(were)+主语+宾语Whenwereyouborn?你是什么时候出生的？www.yxlt8.cn"Y&q:t$Y!X"e2．实义动词的一般过去时态肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和does的过去式did.肯定句:主语+动词过去式+宾语赤峰元宝山平庄雅啸论坛平矿中学平庄雅啸平庄在线平庄信息元宝山区教育考试成绩(dl((O,|:R;v9Y(P9O7J*Iwenthomeatnineo"clockyesterday.（我昨天九点钟回的家。）否定句：主语+didn"t+动词原形+宾语赤峰元宝山平庄雅啸论坛平矿中学平庄雅啸平庄在线平庄信息元宝山区教育考试成绩.|3L:K3S6Ididn"tgohomeyesterday.(我昨天没回家。)平庄雅啸!y4g5Y&k,}66l!r疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形+宾语Didyougohomeyesterday?(你昨天回家了吗？)肯定回答：Yes,Idid.(是的，我回了。)否定回答：No,Ididn"t.(不，我没回家。)3．助动词和情态动词过去式如下：shall―should（将要）用于第一人称单数will―would（将要）用于所有人称can---could（能，会）may―might（可以）must―must（必须）haveto―had（to不得不）9C*K)K$d0G;x*---助动词和情态动词的过去时态要使用他们的过去式，后面的动词还使用原形。Ihadtodomyhomeworkyesterday.(昨天我不得不做作业。)4．一般过去时态由动词的过去式表示。大多数动词的过去式是在动词原形后加上平庄雅啸$m.x%a-a2U4{7I7r1].Aed构成。这---45-- -类动词称为规则动词。1）一般情况下在词尾直接加ed。如：play―playedwork―worked2）以e结尾的动词只加d.如：like---likedlove―loved赤峰元宝山区平庄矿区中学教案课件心理咨询电脑网络在线英语原创小屋情感天地|!J/F/[/t2~9c&r4T3）以辅音字母+Y结尾的动词，变Y为I，再加ed.如：study―studiedcarry―carried赤峰元宝山区平庄矿区中学教案课件心理咨询4）以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写最后这个辅音字母，再加ed.如：stop―stopped5．--ed的读音规则如下：1）在清辅音后面读[t].work―worked；help―helped元宝山平庄雅啸论坛平矿中学平庄雅啸平庄在线平庄信息元宝山区教育考试成绩8h9v"t.Z:c1O1G6B2）在浊辅音或元音后读[d].learn―learned赤峰元宝山区平庄矿区中学教案课件心理咨询电脑网络在线英语原创小屋情感天地|.S/p3P7t%G-,v3）在[t]和[d]后读[id].support―supported6．不以ed结尾的过去式，称为不规则动词。需要大家背不规则动词表。一般过去时态的“三变”技巧&I(^0s#G0|(g一变：肯定句变为否定句【技巧1】当句中含有情态动词或助动词could，would，should等时，可直接在其后面加not构成否定句。Icouldgetyouaconcertticket.→Icouldnot/couldn"tgetyouaconcert#d-C;u5M0Yticket.【技巧2】当句中含有系动词was，were时，可直接在其后加not构成否定句。IwasontheInternetwhenyoucalledme.→Iwasnot/wasn"tontheInternetwhenyoucalledme.【技巧3】当句中谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was,were以外的动词时，在该动词之前加didnot/didn"t，动词还原，构成否定句。T0z!w0G+^ThefamoussingersangsomeChinesesongs.→Thefamoussingerdidnot/didn"tsinganyChinesesongs.(W%})L1rZ.P*c二变：陈述句变为一般疑问句4G3A3w,`,q6u9c4H【技巧1】移动词语的位置。将was，were,could，would，should等移到句首。例如：&l6V)B;|:x!_6p0p0p+~1GHecouldpackhisthingshimself.→Couldhepackhisthingshimself?【技巧2】添加助动词did。谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was,were以外的动词时，在主语之前加did，动词还原。例如：MrLilookedveryold.→DidMrLilookvery?old三变：陈述句变为特殊疑问句【技巧1】确定疑问词：人who/whom，物what，地点where，时间when/whattime，原因why，频率howoften，长度howlong，距离howfar等等。例如：Theygavetheconcertlastnight.→Whendidtheyconcert?givethe【技巧2】辨认结构形式：疑问词+情态动词/助动词/was/were/did+主语+...?例如：Theaccidenthappenednearthestation.→Wheredidtheaccidenthappen?随堂练习：A组：请用正确动词形式填空。1.I_________(have)anexcitingpartylastweekend.2._________she_________(practice)herguitaryesterday?No,she_________.3.What________Tom________(do)onSaturdayevening?He________(watch)TVand__________(read)aninterestingbook.4.Theyall_________(go)tothemountainsyesterdaymorning.5.She_________(notvisit)herauntlastweekend.---46-- -She________(stay)athomeand_________(do)somecleaning.6.When________you_________(write)thissong?I__________(write)itlastyear.7.Myfriend,Carol,________(study)forthemathtestand________(practice)Englishlastnight.8.________Mr.Li__________(do)theprojectonMondaymorning?Yes,he_________.9.How_________(be)Jim"sweekend?It_________(benot)bad.10.________(be)yourmotherasalesassistantlastyear?No.she__________.B组：改错题1．HowisJaneyesterday?_____________________2．Hegotoschoolbybuslastweek.____________________________3．Heoftengoeshomeat6:00lastmonth.____________________________4．Icanflykitessevenyearsago.______________________________5．Didyousawhimjustnow.____________________________________6．Tomwasn‘twatchTVlastnight.____________________________________7．Ididn‘tmyhomeworkyesterday.____________________________________8．Hewaitforyouthreehoursago.____________________________________9．Whofinditjustnow?________________________________________C组：按要求变换句型。1.Fatherboughtmeanewbike.（同义句）Fatherbought______________________________me.2.Frankreadaninterestingbookabouthistory.（一般疑问句）_______Frank_______aninterestingbookabouthistory?3.He‘scleaninghisrooms（.划线提问）________he_______?4.Whynotgooutforawalk?（同义句）_______________________outforawalk?5.ThomasspentRMB10onthisbook.（否定句）Thomas______________RMB10onthisbook.6.Myfamilywenttothebeachlastweek.（划线提问）________________________family_______lastweek?7.Ididn‘thaveanyfriends（一.般疑问句）_______________have_______friends?8.IthinksheisLily（‘否s定sister句）.____________________9.Sallyoftendoessomereadinginthemorning.（否定句）Sally_______often______somereadinginthemorning.10.Lucydidherhomeworkathome.（改否定句）Lucy______________________herhomeworkathome第八讲现在完成时与感叹句㈠现在完成时：现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。构成:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他。注意：当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have。过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。---47-- -否定式:主语+haven"t/hasn"t+过去分词+其他。疑问式:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他?简略答语:Yes,主语+have/has.(肯定)No,主语+haven"t/hasn"t.(否定)1.基本用法1)表示过去发生或已完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或结果，强调的是这个影响或结果，常同already,just,yet等状语连用Eg：Ihavejustturnedoffthelight.我刚刚把灯关上。（结果是灯已经关上了）Shehaslostherbike.她把自行车丢了。（影响是他现在没有自行车骑了）Therainhasstoppednow.雨已经停了。（结果是我们可以出门了）Ihavealreadyreadthebook.我已读过这本书了。（结果是已知道这本书的内容）Shehashadagoodeducation.她受到过良好的教育。（影响是她文化水平高，有修养）2)表示开始于过去、持续到现在的动作或状态，并可能继续下去（也可能不继续下去），同包括现在在内的时间状语连用。如：today,now,thisweek,thismorning,thesedays,thisafternoon,recently,sofar等；也同―for+时间段‖或―since＋时间点‖的状语连用eg：Wehavehadmuchsnowthiswinter.今年冬天多雪。Shehastaughtintheschoolfortenyears.她在这所学校教书已经10年了。Ihaven"teatenanythingsincebreakfast.我从早饭起就一直没有吃东西。Wehavebeenbusythismorning.今天上午我们一直很忙。Ihaveknownhersincewewerechildren.我从小就认识她。Ihaven"tseenJohntoday.我今天没有见到约翰。Ithasrainedalotthesedays.这些天多雨。3)表示从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次动作的总和，常同频度副词always,often,seldom,never等连用eg：Hehasdonealotofworkinthepasttwoyears.在过去两年中他做了许多工作。IhavelearnedabouttwohundredEnglishwordsthismorning.本月我学了大约200个英语单词。IhavebeentotheGreatWalltwice.我曾经去过长城两次Ithasrainedeverydaythisweek.这个星期天天下雨。Shehasalwayswalkedtoschool.她一直步行去学校。Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulbird.我从没见过这么美丽的鸟。Ihaveoftenmettheoldmanonmywaytowork.我在上班的路上常常遇见那位老人4)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:①现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。eg：Ihavewashedthecar.我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）Iwashedthecaramomentago.我刚才洗过车了。Shehaswateredtheflowers.她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）Shewateredtheflowersyesterday.她昨天浇的花。IhavewrittentheletterbutIhaven"tpostedityet.信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。IwrotetheletterlastweekandIposteditthreedaysago.我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。②现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某---48-- -段时间内的经历。eg:Ithasrainedforfivehours.雨已经下了5个小时了。Itrainedforfivehoursyesterday.昨天下了5个小时的雨。Hehaswaitedforherfortwohours.他等她已经两个小时了。Hewaitedforhertwohoursandthenwenthome.他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。Ihavereviewedtwolessonsthismorning.今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午Ireviewedtwolessonsthismorning.今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）③现在完成时与一般过去时的时间状语不同现在完成时时间标志词：Clarkbecameadrivertwoyearsago.克拉克两年前当了驾驶员。Themeetinghasbeenonforfiveminutes.会议已经开始5分钟了。Themeetingbeganfiveminutesago.会议5分钟前开始的。Daisyhasbeenupfortenminutes.戴西起床已经10分钟了。Daisygotuptenminutesago.戴西10分钟前起的床。5）have/hasbeenin/to与have/hasgoneto的区别：―have/hasgoneto+地点‖表示―某人去了某地（还未回来）‖，指主语所指的人不在这儿。Eg.MyfatherhasgonetoShanghai,hewillbebackintwodays.―have/hasbeenin+地点‖表示―在某地呆了多长时间‖，常与表示时间的状语连用。Eg.Paulhasbeeninthelibraryfortwohours.―have/hasbeento+地点‖表示―曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。‖Eg.TimhasbeentotheGreatWalltwice.随堂练习：A组：用适当的时态填空：1.She‘s_____________(live)hereeversinceshewasten.2.Bothofthem________________(be)inHongKongfortendays.3.Bothofthem________________(come)toHongKongtendaysago.4.Halfanhour__________(pass)sincethetrain__________(leave).5.Mary________(lose)herpen.________you______________(see)ithereandthere?6._____________you____________(find)yourwatchyet?7.---Areyouthirsty?---NoI_________just_____________(have)someorange.8.We_____________already______________(return)thebook.9.___________they____________(build)anewschoolinthevillage?10.I________________(notfinish)myhomework.Canyouhelpme?11.Myfather_____(read)thenoveltwice.12.I_________(buy)abookjustnow.13.I_________(lose)mywatchyesterday.14.Myfather___________(read)thisbooksinceyesterday.B组：选择（）1.Mr.Liisn‘there.He____toEngland.(A)hasbeen(B)havebeen(C)hasgone(D)havegone()2.Mike___severalplacessincehecametoBeijing.(A)willvisit(B)hasvisited(C)isvisiting(D)visited()3.He_____herein1980.He___ateacherforovertwentyyears.(A)came;was(B)came;hasbeen(C)hascome;is(D)hascome;hasbeen---49-- -()4.Lucy___manyfriendssinceshewenttoParis.(A)made(B)isgoingtomake(C)hasmade(D)makes()5.She___thedictionarytoAliceyet.(A)hasreturned(B)hasn‘treturned(C)wouldreturn(D)returned()6.Shesaid,―I‘msorrytohearthathe___illfortwoweeks.‖(A)hasbeen(B)hadbeen(C)was(D)willbe()7.---―Mum,mayIgooutandplaybasketball?‖---―_____you____yourhomeworkyet?‖(A)Do;do(B)Are,doing(C)Did,do(D)Have,done()8.―Didyou___theconcertlastnight?――Verymuch,I____toaconcertforalongtime.‖(A)enjoy;haven‘tgone(B)enjoy;haven‘tbeen(C)enjoy,hadn‘tgone(D)enjoyed,didn‘tgo()9.It_____nicetoseeJohnyesterday.I___himforalongtime.(A)was;haven‘tseen(B)hadbeen.Haven‘tseen(C)was;hadn‘tseen(D)hadbeen,hadn‘tseen()10.Wehavebeenfriendssince______.(A)children(B)fiveyears(C)fiveyearsago(D)fiveyearsbeforeC组：用have/hasbeento/in,havegoneto及go的各种形式填空。1)WhereisJack?He__________hiscountry.2)David________theparkjustnow.3)John_______Englandsincehecameback.4)Howlong_____have_____thisvillage?5)TheSmiths______Beijingforyears.6)_____youever____America?--Yes,I_____theremanytimes.7)I_____thisschoolsincethreeyearsago.8)WhereisJim?He_____thefarm.9)When_____he_____?He_______anhourago.10)Wouldyouliketo_____thezoowithme?---Yes,butI_____therebefore.11)Where_____you_____now?---I____thezoo.12)Heoften_____swimming.13)_____you______therelastyear?14)_____theyoften______skatinginwinter?㈡感叹句：表达强烈情绪（喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、恐等）的句子。1.句型一：How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语Howlovelytheweatheris!天气多好啊Howhardtheyareworking!他们干得多起劲阿！2.句型二：What＋（ａ）+形容词+名词+主语+谓语Whatacleverboyheis!多么聪明的孩子啊！Whathardworkingstudentstheyare!他们是多么用功的学生啊！Whatinspiringnewsitis!多么鼓舞人心的消息啊！3.句型三：How+形容词What+(a)+名词Howwonderful(itis)!妙极了！---50-- -Whatanidea(itis)!这主意！Whatfineweather(itis)!多好的天气啊！随堂练习：A组：将下列句子变成感叹句：1.Itisquiteanicepresent.→__________nicepresent!2.Wehavefineweathertoday.→__________weatherwehavetoday!3.It‘ssunnytoday.→__________sunnydayitistoday!4.Thechildrenareworkinghard.→__________thechildrenareworking!5.Sheplayedbasketballwonderfully.→__________sheplayedbasketball!6.Heisgoodatsinging.__→___hesings!7.Hewasdoingwellindancing.→_____a_____dancerhewas!8.Tomcoughsbadly.→_______________coughTomhas!9.Thefishisverylovely.→__________thefishis!10.Theyliveahappylifetoday._____→_____lifetheylive!B组：选择（）1.____anicewatchitis!A）HowB)WhatC)WhataD)Howa()2.____brightgirlstheyare!A)WhatB)WhataC)HowD)Howa()3.____interestingthefilmis!(1998湖北)A）WhatB)WhatanC)HowD)Howa()4.____sunnyday!Let‘sgooutforawalk.A)HowaB)HowC)WhataD)What()5.____hardworkitis!A)HowB)WhatC)WhataD)Whatan()6.____dayitis!It‘srainyagain.A)HowbadB)WhatabadC)HowfineD)Whatafine()7.____greatdayJuly1,1997willbe!A）HowaB）WhataC）HowD）What（）8.____expensivetrousers!A)WhatB)WhataC)HowD)Whatan第九讲反意疑问句与交际用语㈠反意疑问句：又叫做附加疑问句，它表示提问人的看法，没有把握需要对方证实。1.构成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态保持一致。2.基本原则是：若前一部分为肯定，则后一部分为否定；若前一部分为否定，则后一部分为肯定。对反意疑问问句的回答，不管提法如何，若事实是肯定的，就用yes;事实是否定的，就用---51-- -no。第一部分是否定句，其盈余回答和汉语回答有区别：Eg.Youaregoinghome,aren‘你t回you?家，是不是？Yes,Iam.是的，我回家。No,I‘mnot.不，我不回家Therewillbeafilmthisevening,won‘tthere?今晚有电影，是不是？Yes,thereis.是的，今晚有电影。No,therewon‘t.不，今晚没有电影。Mikecan‘tswim,canhe?麦克布会游泳，是吗？Yes,hecan.不，他会游泳。No,hecan‘t.不，今晚没有电影。Youhaven‘tmetmybrother,haveyou?你没有见过我兄弟，是吗？Yes,Ihave.不，我见过。No,Ihaven‘t.是的，我没见过。注意：1.如果陈述句是行为动词，且改动词没有助动词时，简短问句要用助动词do(does,did)。当need用作实义动词时，也要用助动词do(does,did)。2.陈述句中包含有：no,little,never,few,hardly等词，构成否定形式。简短问句应用肯定形式。Thereislittlewaterinthejar,isthere?缸里几乎没有水，是吗？3.在陈述句中的主语，如果是：anybody,everyone,everybody,somebody,noone等时，简短问句的主语用they或he.Anybodycandoit,can‘tthey?任何人都可以做这件事，不是吗？Everyoneknowshisduty,doesn‘the?每个人都知道自己的职责，不是吗？Nobodylikesthisnovel,dothey？没有人喜欢这本小说，对吗？4.在陈述句中的主语，如果是something,anything,nothing,everything等时，简短问句的主语用it.Everythingisallright,isn‘tit?一切都正常，不是吗？Nothingserioushappenedlastweek,didit?上周没有发生什么严重的事情，对吗？5.反意疑问句的结构是：“祈使句+简短问句”时，不论祈使句是肯定句还是否定句，其简短问句都用“willyou?”Sitdownplease,willyou?请坐吧，好吗？Don‘tsmokeinthemeetingroom,willyou?别在会议室里吸烟，好吗？6.反意疑问句的结构是：“以let‘s开头+简短问句”时，其简短句用“shallwe?”It‘safineday.Let‘sgoskating,shallwe?天气很好，我们去滑冰好吗？Let‘snotwatchTVbeforesupper,shallwe?咱们在晚饭前别看电视，好吗？7.当主语部分是Ithink(suppose,expect,believe,imagine,guess)+从句时,简短问句和从句的人称，时态保持一致。Ithinkchickenscanswim,can‘tthey?我认为鸡会游泳，不是吗？IbelieveLucyisagoodgirl,isn‘tshe?我认为露西是个好女孩，不是吗?随堂练习：A组：选择()1.Theoldmancanhardlyread,__________?A)can‘theB)isheC)canheD)isn‘the()2.Ithinkyou‘llbeangrywithme,_________?A)willyouB)doIC)don‘tID)won‘tyou()3.Nothinghadbeendecided,______________?---52-- -A)wasitB)hasitC)didtheyD)havethey()4.Youwereonthefarmyesterday,_____________?A)didn‘tB)don‘tC)can‘tD)weren‘t()5.Thepoormanneedsourhelp,__________he?A)needB)needn‘tC)doesD)doesn‘t()6.Tomhassupperatschool,_________?A)hasn‘theB)hasheC)doesn‘theD)doeshe()7.He‘sneverwatchedsuchanimportantwatch,___________?A)hasn‘theB)hasheC)isn‘theD)ishe()8.He‘salmostfinished_______thebook,_________he?A)reading,isn‘tB)toread,isn‘tC)reading,hasn‘tD)toread;hasn‘t()9.Youhavefewfriends,___________?A)haven‘tB)haveyouC)youhaveD)youhaven‘t()10.Don‘tclosethewindow,__________you?A)didB)willC)wasD)won‘t()11.Let‘sgoshopping,________we?A)shallB)willC)wasD)is()12.Joan‘slateforschool,____________?A)wasn‘tsheB)hasn‘tsheC)isn‘tsheD)doesn‘tsheB组：完成下列反意疑问句1.That‘samodelplane,______________?2.There‘sgoingtobeameetingthisafternoon,______________?3.Hehasalotofworktodo,________________?4.Theyusuallyplayfootballafterschool,____________?5.YouhadatalkwithJohnjustnow,____________?6.Tomdidn‘twatchTVlastnight,_________________?7.She‘sbeentoShanghai,______________?8.Marymadefewmistakesintheexam,_______________?9.Hehasneverseenherbefore,____________________?10.Jackhardlygoestothecinema,___________________?㈡交际用语：1.问候：Greetings⑴Goodmorning/afternoon/evening.早上好、下午好、晚上好Hello/Hi.嗨！Howareyou?你好吗？⑵Fine,thankyou,Andyou?很好，谢谢，你呢？Verywell,thankyou.很好，谢谢！2.介绍Introductions⑴.ThisisMr/Mrs/Miss/Comrade⋯.这是⋯⋯先生、女士⑵.Howdoyoudo?你好吗？Nice/Gladtosee/meetyou.很高兴见到你。⑶.Mynameis⋯.I‘mastudent/worker.我叫⋯⋯。我是个学生、工人3.告别Farewells⑴.Ithinkit‘stimeusfortoleavenow.我想我们该离开了。---53-- -⑵.Goodbye!(Bye-bye!Bye!)再见Seeyoulater/tomorrow.(Seeyou.)回头见，明天见Goodnight.晚安。4.打电话Makingtelephonecalls⑴.Hello!MayIspeakto⋯?你好，我想找⋯Isthat⋯(speaking)?你是⋯⋯吗？⑵.Holdon,please.您别挂。He/Sheisn‘thererightnow.他/她现在不在这儿。CanItakeamessageforyou?我能替你捎个口信吗？⑶.I‘mcallingtotell/askyou⋯我打电话是想告诉你/问你⋯⋯⑷.Goodbye.再见5.感谢和应答Thanksandresponses⑴.Thankyou(verymuch).（非常）感谢Thanksalot.多谢。Manythanks.多谢。Thanksfor⋯谢谢，因为⋯⋯⑵.Notatall.没关系That‘sallright.没关系You‘rewelcome.不客气6.祝愿，祝贺和应答Goodwishes,congratulations,responses⑴.Goodluck!祝你好运！Bestwishestoyou.祝你万事如意Haveanice/goodtime.玩的开心！Congratulations!祝贺你!⑵.Thankyou.谢谢！⑶.HappyNewYear!新年好！MerryChristmas!圣诞快乐！Happybirthdaytoyou.生日快乐！⑷.Thesametoyou.7.意愿IntentionsI‘mgoingto⋯我打算⋯Iwill...我想⋯I‘dliketo⋯我想⋯Iwant/hopeto⋯我想、我希望⋯⋯8.道歉和应答Apologiesandresponses⑴.I‘msorry.(Sorry.)对不起I‘msorryfor/about⋯对不起，因为⋯Excuseme.抱歉，打扰一下⑵.That‘sallright/It.doesn‘tmatter/That.‘snothing.没关系。9.遗憾和同情RegretsandsympathyWhatapity!太遗憾了！I‘msorrytohear⋯我很难过听到有关⋯⋯10.邀请和应答Invitationsandresponses⑴.Willyoucometo⋯?你来⋯⋯吗？---54-- -Wouldyouliketo⋯?你愿意⋯..吗？⑵.Yes,I‘dloveto⋯是的，我愿意Yes,it‘sverykind/niceofyou.你太好了⑶.I‘dloveto,but⋯我是想的，但是⋯11.提供（帮助等）和应答Offersandresponses⑴.CanIhelpyou?/WhatcanIdoforyou?/需要我帮忙吗？Here,takethis/my⋯这儿，帮我拿⋯⋯Letme⋯foryou.让我为你⋯⋯Wouldyoulikesome⋯?你想要一些⋯⋯吗？⑵.Thanks.Thatwouldbenice/fine.谢谢，太好了。Thankyouforyourhelp.谢谢你的帮助。Yes,please.好的。⑶.No,thanks/thankyou.不，谢谢。That‘sverykindofyou,but⋯你要好了，但是⋯⋯12.请求允许和应答Askingforpermissionandresponses⑴.MayI⋯?我可以⋯⋯吗？Can/CouldI⋯?我能⋯⋯吗？⑵.Yes/Certainly.是的，当然了Yes,doplease.好Ofcourse(youmay).当然了。That‘sOk/allright.好吧！⑶.I‘msorry,but⋯对不起，但是⋯⋯You‘dbetternot.你最好不要这样。13.表示同意和不同意Expressingagreementanddisagreement⑴.Certainly/Sure/Ofcourse.当然了Yes,please.好Yes,Ithinkso.好，我想是这样⑵.That‘strue.对Allright/OK.好的That‘sagoodidea.那是好主意Iagree(withyou).我同意。⑶.No,Idon‘tthinkso.不，我不这么认为。I‘mafraidnot.我恐怕不行Ireallycan‘tagreewithyou.我真的不认同你的看法14.表示肯定和不肯定Expressingcertaintyanduncertainty⑴.I‘msure.我确定I‘msure(that)⋯我确定⋯⑵.I‘mnotsure.我不确定I‘mnotsurewhether/if⋯我不确定是否⋯⋯⑶.Maybe/Perhaps也许15.喜好和厌恶Likesanddislikes⑴Ilike/love⋯(verymuch).我（非常）喜欢⋯⋯Ilike/loveto⋯我喜欢⋯⋯⑵Idon‘tlike(to)⋯我不喜欢⋯⋯---55-- -Ihate(to)⋯我讨厌⋯⋯16.谈论天气Talkingabouttheweather⑴.What‘stheweatherliketoday?今天天气怎么样？How‘stheweatherin⋯?⋯⋯的天气怎么样？⑵.It‘sfine/cloudy/windy/rainy,etc.晴天；多云；有风；有雨⋯⋯It‘sratherwarm/cold/hot/etc.today,isn今天‘比t较it?暖和/冷/热，不是吗？17.购物Shopping⑴.WhatcanIdoforyou?/May/CanIhelpyou?您需要什么吗？⑵.Iwant/I‘dlike⋯我想要⋯⋯Howmuchisit?多少钱？That‘stoomuch/expensive,I‘mafraid.太贵了，我恐怕。。。That‘sfine.I‘lltakeit.好，我要了。Letmehave⋯kilo/box,etc.我要⋯⋯斤/盒等⑶Howmany/muchdoyouwant?你好多少？Whatcolour/size/kinddoyouwant?你想要什么颜色/尺寸/种类的？⑷.Doyouhaveanyotherkind/size/colour,etc.?你还有别的种类/尺寸/颜色⋯⋯吗？18.问路和应答Askingthewayandresponses⑴.Excuseme.Where‘sthemen‘s/ladies‘room?劳驾，请问男/女洗手间在哪里？Excuseme,canyoutellmethewayto⋯?打扰一下，你能告诉我去⋯⋯的路吗？HowcanIgetto⋯?Idon‘tknowtheway.我怎么能到⋯?我不认识路。⑵.Godownthisstreet.沿着这条街走。Turnright/leftatthefirst/secondcrossing.在第一/二个十字路口向右/左拐。It‘sabouttres⋯mefromhere.到这大约⋯⋯米。19.问时间或日期和应答Askingthetimeordateandresponses⑴.Whatdayis(it)today?今天星期几？What‘sthedatetoday?今天几号？Whattimeisit?/What‘thestime,please?现在几点了？⑵It‘sMonday/Tuesday,etc.今天星期一/二It‘sJanuary10th.今天10月1日It‘sfiveo,clock/halfpastfive/aquartertofive/fivethirty,etc.五点/五点半/五点差一刻/五点半It‘stimefor⋯到⋯⋯的时间了20.请求Requests---⑴.Can/Couldyou⋯forme?Will/wouldyouplease⋯?MayIhave⋯?⑵.Pleasegive/passme⋯Pleasewait(here/amoment).Pleasewaitforyourturn.Pleasestandinline/lineup.Pleasehurry.⑶.Don‘trush/crowd.Nonoise,please.Nosmoking,please.你能帮我⋯⋯吗？你愿意⋯⋯吗？我可以⋯⋯吗？请给我/递给我⋯⋯请在这儿等/请等一会儿请按顺序等候。请站成行。快点不要挤不许喧哗！禁止吸烟！---21.劝告和建议Adviceandsuggestions---56-- -⑴.You‘dbetter⋯你最好⋯⋯Youshould⋯你应该⋯⋯Youneed(to)⋯你需要⋯⋯⑵.Shallwe⋯?我们可以⋯⋯吗？Let‘s⋯让我们⋯⋯What/Howabout⋯?⋯⋯怎么样？22.禁止和警告Prohibitionandwarnings⑴Youcan‘t/mustn‘t⋯你不能⋯⋯Ifyou⋯,you‘ll⋯如果你⋯⋯,你将⋯⋯⑵.Takecare!/Becareful!/Lookout!当心，小心，注意！23.表示感情Expressingcertainemotions⑴.喜悦Pleasure,joyI‘mglad/pleased/happyto⋯我很高兴⋯⋯That‘snice.太好了That‘swonderful/great.太棒了。⑵.焦虑AnxietyWhat‘swrong?怎么了？What‘sthematter(withyou)?你怎么了？I‘m/He‘s/She‘sworriedOh,.whatshallI/wedo?我/他/她很担心，我/我们该怎么办？⑶.惊奇SurpriseReally?真的？Ohdear?噢，天啊！Isthatso?真的吗？What?什么？24.就餐Takingmeals⑴.Whatwouldyouliketohave?你想要点什么？Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat/drink?你想吃/喝什么？⑵.I‘dlike⋯我想⋯⋯Wouldyoulikesomemore⋯?你还想要点⋯⋯吗？Helpyourselftosome⋯随便吃点⋯⋯⑶.Thankyou.I‘vehadenough/Justalittle,please.谢谢！我够了/再来一点儿吧25.约会Makingappointments⑴.Areyoufreethisafternoon/evening?你今天下午/晚上有空吗？Howabouttomorrowmorning/afternoon/evening?明天上午／下午／晚上怎么样？Shallwemeetat4:30at⋯?我们在四点半．．．．．．见面怎么样？⑵.Yes,that‘sallright.好的Yes,I‘llbefreethen.好的，到时候见！⑶.No,Iwon‘tbefreethen.ButI‘llbefree不行，⋯我那时没空。但是我．．．．．．有空⑷.Allright.Seeyouthen.好的，到时候见！26.传递信息Passingonamessage⑴.Willyoupleasegivethisnote/messageto⋯?你能吧这个便条／消息给．．．．．．吗？⑵.．．askedmetogiveyouthisnote.．．．．．．叫我将这个便条给你。⑶.Thanksforthemessage.谢谢你给我带的消息。---57-- -27.看病Seeingthedoctor⑴.There‘ssomethingwrongwith⋯不舒服I‘vegotacough.我咳嗽Ifeelterrible(bad).我感觉不舒服Idon‘tfeelwell.我感觉不好I‘vegotapainhere.我这儿疼Thisplacehurts.这个地方疼⑵.Takethismedicinethreetimesaday.吃这种药，一天三次Drinkplentyofwaterandhaveagoodrest.多多喝水，好好休息It‘snothingserious.没什么严重的You‘llberight/wellsoon.你很快就会好的28.求救Callingforhelp⑴.Help!救命⑵.What‘sthematter?怎么了？29.语言困难LanguagedifficultiesPardon.请再说一遍Pleasesaythatagain/moreslowly.请再／慢慢说一次Whatdoyoumeanby⋯?你的意思是．．．？I‘msorryIcan‘tfollowyou.对不起，我没听懂（你说的话）I‘msorryIknowonlyalittleEnglish.对不起，我只会一点点英语30.常见的标志和说明Somecommonsignsandinstructions---BUSINESSHOURS营业时间FRAGILEOFFICEHOURS办公时间THISSIDEUPOPEN营业着的MENUCLOSED关闭的NOSMOKINGPULL拉NOPARKINGPUSH推NOPHOTOSONDANGER!有危险OFF离开／关闭／中断PLAYENTRANCE入口STOPEXIT出口PAUSE随堂练习：A组：１.---Wouldyouliketogooutforawalkwithus?---_________,butImustfinishmyhomeworkfirst.A.OfcoursenotB.That‘sallrightC.I‘dloveto2.---Ihavent‘seenJackforthreedays.Isheill?---________.Hismothertoldmethathewasinhospital.A.IamafraidsoB.IhopenotC.Idon‘texpect3.---Thankyouforyourdeliciousdinner.---__________.A.Don‘tsaythatB.It‘snothingC.Idon‘tthinkso4.Turntheboxover,please.Can‘tyouseethewords易碎的朝上放菜单禁止吸烟禁止停车禁止拍照开始／播放止步／停止暂停D.Yes,IdoD.IamafraidnotD.I‘mgladyouenjoyedit―________‖?---58-- -A.DANGERB.MENUC.THISSIDEUPD.FRAGILEＢ组：单项选择1.---Ihopeyoudon‘tmindointingmypoutyourmistakes.----_________.A.NotatallB.You‘rewelcomeC.OfcourseD.It‘sapleasure2.---I‘msorry.I‘vebrokenyourcup.---_______.A.Itdoesn‘tmatterB.ThankyouC.NotatallD.Excuseme3.---Shallwegotothezootomorrow?---_________A.Itdoesn‘atterm.B.That‘snothing.C.Goodidea!D.You‘rewelcome.4.---WillyougoshoppingtogetherwithusthisSunday,Jenny?---Yes,__________.A.IdoB.I‘dliketoC.I‘dlovetodoD.I‘mbusy5.---Whatanicemeal!Thankyouforhavingus.---________.A.Itdoesn‘tmatterB.ItwasapleasureC.NotniceenoughD.Withpleasure6.--WishyouahappyNewYear!---________.A.ThesametoyouB.YoudotooC.ThesameasyouD.Youhaveittoo7.---Hello.MayIspeaktoTomSmith?---Yes._______.A.Myname‘sTomSmithB.I‘mTomSmithC.ThisisTomSmithD.TomSmith‘sme8.---WhatareJohnson‘sfamilylike?---____________.A.HisfamilyisjustlikemineB.TheyalllikesportsandgamesC.Oh,it‘sreallyabigoneD.Theyareallwarm-heartedandhelpful9.---DoyoumindifIopenthedoor?---_______.A.No,ofcoursenotB.Yes,pleaseC.Yes,youcanD.No,youcan‘topenit10.---Helpyourselftosomefruit.---__________A.Thankyou.B.Yes,Ilikeitverymuch.C.OK.It‘snothingseriousD..Really?Ｃ组：交际英语1.---__________________?---Holdon,please.A.AreyouBruce,pleaseB.WhoareyouC.Areyouathome,BruceD.MayIspeaktoBruce,please2.---CouldyoutellmehowtogettoPetersonBuilding,please?---________________.A.Don‘taskmeB.Sure.YoucantaketheNo.3busC.You‘rewelcomeD.Thankyouallthesame3.---Oh,whatanicepicture!Youdrawverywell.---________________.---59-- -A.Yes,it‘sverydbaB.YoursisgoodC.OfcoursenotD.Thankyou4.---What‘swrongwithyou?---_________________.A.I‘vegotaheadacheB.She‘lltakesomemedicineC.I‘vegotanewbikeD.I‘mdoctora5.---HappyNewYear!---________________.A.YouarehappyB.ThesametoyouC.HappybirthdayD.Yes,I‘mhappy,too6.---What‘stheweatherlike?---_______________.A.IliketheweatherB.It‘ssunnyC.Idon‘tliketheweatherD.It‘srain7.---________________?---It‘sSaturday.A.What‘sthedateB.WhattimeisitC.WhatdayisittodayD.Howmuchisit8.---Wouldyouliketocometomyhouseforsupper?---__________________.A.I‘dloveto.ButI‘mafraidB.IYes,canIcan‘tC‘t.No,IwouldD.Yes,Iwouldn‘t9.---WhatcanIdoforyou,madam?---__________________.A.IcanhelpmyselfB.No,Idon‘tneedC.Yes,pleasehelpmeD.I‘dliketobuyapairofshoesofmydaughter10.---I‘vepassedtheexam.---__________________.A.Congratulations!B.Badluck!C.Thankyoufortellingme.D.It‘snothing.---60--