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语法专题十一:并列句与状语从句状语从句是比较重要的语法项目。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中将状语从句列为必考项。全国卷新课标Ⅰ对状语从句的考查一般在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错中,主要考查从句引导词的用法。2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ没有考查状语从句。2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第43题(完形填空)考查了状语从句引导词Since/Although/As/If的选择。2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ没有考查状语从句。一、并列句(一)并列连词①Theycomefromthesamecountry,andtheyaregoodfriends.②IwasgladtomeetJennyagain,butIdidn"twanttospendalldaywithher.(2013·新课标卷Ⅱ)③Itmusthaverainedlastnight,foritiswetallover.④Yesterday,Iforgottopickmydaughterup,soshewaitedinthekindergartenfornearlytwohours.⑤Wouldyouliketoleaveorwouldyouliketostay?规律总结:1.表示并列、顺承关系的并列连词有and。2.表示转折关系常用的并列连词有but,yet(然而),whereas(然而,但是),while(然而)等。3.表示因果关系的并列连词有for,so等。4.表示选择关系常用的并列连词有or,either...or...,not...but,neither...nor...等。(二)祈使句+and/or/otherwise句式①Workhardandyouwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.②Hurryuporwewillbelate.=Ifyoudon"thurryup,wewillbelate.③Afewmoreeffortsandyouwillsucceed.=Ifyoumakeafewmoreefforts,youwillsucceed.规律总结:1.祈使句+and+陈述句=If...,+主句。2.祈使句+or/otherwise+陈述句=If...not...,+主句。二、状语从句英语中状语从句总共有九类,分别用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是较复杂的语法项目,但是理解起来并不难。从本质上讲,状语从句就是利用不同的关联词语将几个分句连接起来,以表达分句之间的特定逻辑关系。例如:①Ihavebroughtanumbrellabecauseitisraining.(原因)②Ihavebroughtanumbrellaincaseitrains.(目的)③IhavebroughtanumbrellasothatIdon’tgetwet.(结果)④Ihavebroughtanumbrellaeventhoughit’snotraining.(让步)⑤Youdon’tneedbringanumbrellaunlessitisraining.(条件)因此,学习状语从句的关键是掌握引导九类状语从句的关联词,只要能记住关联词,一般都能识别是哪种状语从句,从而正确分析句子结构并理解句子意思。下面分别对九大类别的状语从句进行举例说明:8
(一)时间状语从句时间状语从句表示时间。引导时间的状语从句的常用引导词有:when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until 等。特殊引导词有:theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday,theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when 等。1.when/while/as/whenever①WhenIwentintotheoffice,theteacherswerehavingameeting.②WhileIwasdoingmyhomework,theycamein.③Astimegoesby,it"sgettingwarmerandwarmer.④When/While/AsIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.⑤Weshallgotherewheneverwearefree. 规律总结:(1)when既可引导一个持续动作,也可引导一个短暂动作,可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。(2)从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。(3)从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成,可译为“一边……(,一边……)”或“随着……”。(4)如果主句表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时when,while与as可互换使用。(5)whenever是when的强势语,它描述的不是一次性动作,而是经常发生的习惯性动作,翻译成“无论何时”。2.when的特殊用法①Hewasabouttogotobedwhenthedoorbellrang. ②TheywerewatchingtheWorldCupwhensuddenlythelightswentout. ③Theyhadjustarrivedhomewhenitbegantorain. 规律总结:when引导时间状语从句,意为“正在这时”,表示某件事正要发生、正在发生或刚刚发生时,突然发生另一动作。常见句型有:①was/wereabouttodosth.when...=was/wereonthepointofdoingsth.when...②was/weredoingsth.when...③had(just)donesth.when...3.表示“刚……就……,一……就……”的常用表达①ThemomentIheardthevoice,Iknewfatherwascoming②Theboyburstintotearsimmediatelyhesawhismother.③Hehadnosoonerfinishedhisspeechthanthestudentsstartedcheering.=Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisspeechthanthestudentsstartedcheering.(2011·辽宁高考)④Ihadhardlygottotheofficewhenmywifephonedmetogobackhomeatonce.=HardlyhadIgottotheofficewhenmywifephonedmetogobackhomeatonce.⑤Onceyouseehim,youwillneverforgethim.规律总结:(1)assoonas,immediately,directly,instantly,themoment,theminute,theinstant,nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when...和once这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生,常译为“一……就……”。(2)nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when...的时态搭配:nosooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外,当把no8
sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序。【注意】“一……就……”还可用on/upondoing结构来表示。OnarrivinghomehecalledupLester.=Assoonashearrivedhome,hecalledupLester.4.before与since①Youmustlearntoconsultyourfeelingsandyourreasonbeforeyoureachanydecision.(2013·湖南高考)②Itwillbefiveyearsbeforewemeetagain.③Johnthinksitwon"tbelongbeforeheisreadyforhisnewjob.(陕西高考)④ItwasseveralyearsbeforeIrealizedthatDavidhadliedtome.⑤ItwasnotlongbeforeIrealizedIwaswrong.⑥Asisreported,itis100yearssinceQinghuaUniversitywasfounded.(2011·四川高考)规律总结:(1)before表示“还未……就……;不到……就……;……才……;趁……;还没来得及……就……,在……之前”。(2)Itwillbe+时间段+before+一般现在时。“要过多久才……”(3)Itwon"tbelongbefore+一般现在时。“不久之后就会…”。(4)Itwas+时间段+before+一般过去时。“过了多久才……”。(5)Itwasn’tlongbefore+一般过去时。“没过多久就……”(6)Itis+一段时间+since...“自从……多久了”。5.表示“每次;下一次……”的常用表达①Every/EachtimeIwasintrouble,hewouldcometohelpmeout.②Nexttimeyoucome,doremembertobringyoursonhere.③ThelasttimeshesawJames,hewaslyinginbed.规律总结:everytime,eachtime,nexttime,thelasttime,anytime等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当……;每次……;下次……”等。6.till,until和not...until①Haveyouheardthemeetingwillbeputofftill/untilnextTuesday?②Iwonnottellthestudenttheanswertothemathproblemuntilhehasbeenworkingonitformorethananhour.规律总结:(1)until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”,此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词,主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用,但till不可以置于句首,而until可以。(2)not...until表示“某动作直到某时间才开始”,主句谓语动词是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式。(二)地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示地点、方位。引导地点状语从句的常用的引导词是where ;特殊引导词有:wherever。例如:①Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.②Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.③Wherethereiswaterthereislife.④Generallyspeaking,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories. ⑤Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.⑥Whereveryougo,youmustobeythelaw.⑦Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard. ⑧Sitwhereveryoulike.规律总结:(1)地点状语从句通常由连词where和wherever引导,从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。(2)地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。8
(三)原因状语从句原因状语从句表示原因或理由。引导原因状语从句的常用引导词有:because,since,as,for,now(that)等。特殊引导词有:seeing(that),in(that),considering(that)等。例如:①Heisdisappointedbecausehedidn"tgettheposition.②Asitisraining,Iwillnotgoout.③Ashedidn’tknowmuchEnglish,helookedupthewordinthedictionary.④Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.⑤Nowthatyoumentionit,Idoremember.⑥Now(that)theweatherhasclearedup,wecanstartourjourney.⑦Seeing(that)hewasbadlyill,wesentforthedoctor.⑧Consideringthattheyarejustbeginners,theyaredoingquite goodjob.(四)目的状语从句目的状语从句用来说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的。目的状语从句的谓语常含有may,might,can,could,should,would等情态动词。引导目的状语从句的引导词或词组有:that,sothat,inorderthat 特殊引导词有:lest,incase,forfearthat,inthehopethat,forthepurposethat例如:①Speakclearly,sothattheymayunderstandyou.②ShehasboughtthebookinorderthatshecouldfollowtheTVlessons.③Theyworkedharderthanusualinorderthattheycouldfinishtheworkaheadoftime.④Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthetrain.⑤Putonmoreclotheslest(=forfearthat)youshouldcatchcold.(五)结果状语从句结果状语从句表示事态结果,通常主句是原因,从句是结果。引导结果状语从句的常用引导词有:so,that,sothat,so…that,such…that。例如:①Shewasill,sothatshedidn’tattendthemeeting.②Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotsayaword.③Sheissuchagoodteacherthateveryoneadmiresher.④Hegavesuchimportantreasonsthathewasexcused.⑤Itissuchaninterestingnovelthatallofuswanttoreadit.⑥Itissointerestinganovelthatallofuswanttoreadit.【注意】so...that如此……以致……。其引导的果状语从句有如下四种结构:1.so+形容词副词+that从句①Thevillageissosmallthatitcannotbeshowninthemap.②Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.2.so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句①Itwassohotadaythattheyallwentswimming.②Hemadesoinspiringaspeechthateverybodygotexcited. 3.so+many/few+复数可数名词+that从句①IhavehadsomanyfallsthatIamblackandblueallover.②Hehassofewfriendthatheoftenfeelslonely.4.so+much/little+不可数名词+that从句①IhadsolittlemoneythenthatIcouldn"tevenaffordausedcar.②Hedranksomuchwinelastnightthathefeltterrible.【注意】such...that如此……以致……。其引导的结果语从句有如下四种结构:1.such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句8
①Jennyissuchaclevergirlthatallofuslikeherverymuch.②Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.2.such+形容词+复数可数名词+that从句①Hegavesuchimportantreasonsthathewasexcused.②Theyaresuchinterestingnovelsthatallofuswanttoreadthem.3.such+形容词+不可数名词+that从句①Hemadesuchrapidprogressthattheteacherpraisedhim.②Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.提示:such+a/an+形容词+单数名词结构可以和so+形容词+aan+单数名词结构互换。 Hetoldussuchafunnystorythatwealllaughed.=Hetoldussofunnyastorythatwealllaughed.=Thestoryhetolduswassofunnythatwealllaughed.【区别】such/so……that……引导的状语从句和such/so……as……引导的定语从句。①Heissuchacleverboythatweeveryonelikeshim.(状语从句)②Heissocleveraboythatweeveryonelikeshim(状语从句)③Shehadsuchafrightthatshefainted.(状语从句)④Heissocleveraboyaseveryonelikes.(定语从句)⑤Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.(定语从句)⑥Luckilysuchearthquakesascancausealotofdamagedon’thappenveryoften.(定语从句)(六)条件状语从句 条件状语从句分真实性(有可能实现的事情)与非真实性(条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情)条件句。引导条件状语从句的常用引导词有:if,unless特殊引导词有:as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,suppose/supposingthat,incasethat,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)。注意:条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。例如:①Ifheisnotintheoffice,hemustbeoutforlunch.②Youmayborrowthebooksolongasyoukeepitclean.③SofarasIknow,hewillbeawayforthreemonths.④Youcangoswimmingonconditionthat(=if)youdon’tgotoofarawayfromtheriverbank.⑤Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hecouldhaveseenher.A.if真实条件句真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。①Ifhedoesn"tcomeat8,wewon"twaitforhim.②Ifafloodhappenedinthepast,therewasusuallyagreatlossoflifeandproperty. B.if非真实条件句在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气。(本部分详见语法专题九:虚拟语气)(七)让步状语从句让步状语从句表示让步关系。引导让步状语从句常用的引导词有:though,although,evenif,eventhough 特殊引导词有:as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while(一般用在句首),inspiteofthefactthat,whether...or(not),nomatter+特殊疑问词,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever等.例如:①Althoughheisachild,heknowsalot.②Childas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.8
③Although(Though)hewasoversixty,hebegantolearnFrench.④I’llgotoworkevenif(though)itrainstomorrow.⑤Whetheryoubelieveitornot,it"strue.⑥Whateveryousay,I’llneverchangemymind.⑦Whateverhappens/mayhappen,weshallnotloseheart.⑧Nomatterwhohelpsme,Ishallbeverygrateful.⑨Nomatterhowbusyhewas,hestudiedEnglisheveryday.(八)方式状语从句方式状语从句表示动作的方式。引导方式状语从句的引导词有:as,asif(though)等。例如:①YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.②Doasyouaretold.③Shelooksasifsheisill.④Theytreattheblackboyasif(though)hewereananimal.⑤Heactedasif(though)nothinghadhappened.规律总结:asif或asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,用陈述语气。(九)比较状语从句比较状语从句表示比较关系。引导比较状语从句的引导词有:than,so(as)…as,themore…themore等。例如:①Ihavemadealotmoremistakesthanyouhave.②Shehasmadegreaterprogressthisyearthanshedidlastyear.③Hesmokescigarettesasexpensiveashecanafford.④Maryisasoldasmysister.⑤Themoreyouread,thebetteryouunderstand.=Ifyoureadmore,youwillunderstandbetter.⑥Themoreticketsyousell,themoremoneyyouwillget.⑦Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.⑧Thesooner,thebetter.⑨Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels. ⑩Themoredifficultthequestionsare,thelesslikelyIamtobeabletoanswerthem. (十)使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件(有时在方式、让步等)从句中,主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。例如: ①We’llgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow.②I’llwritetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句,如果从句的主语与主句主语一致(或虽不一致,是it),从句的谓语又包含动词be,就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。例如:①When(hewas)stillaboyoften,hehadtoworkdayandnight.②If(youare)askedyoumaycomein.③If(itis)necessaryI’llexplaintoyouagain.④Don’tspeakuntil(youare)spokento.⑤Pressurecanbeincreasedwhen(itis)needed.⑥Unless(itis)repaired,thewashingmachineisnouse.⑦Lookoutwhile(youare)crossingthestreet.3、注意区分不同从句:引导的是什么从句,不仅要根据连词,还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例,能引导多种从句。例如: 8
①Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.(状语从句)②Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.(定语从句)③Idon’tknowwherehecamefrom.(宾语从句)④Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.(主语从句)⑤Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.(表语从句)高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练·非谓语动词考点规律分析:全国卷新课标Ⅰ语法填空和短文改错中对状语从句的考查主要是针对从句引导词的选择。状语从句单句语法填空之真题训练:1.(2016·天津,7)theaverageageofthepopulationincreases,therearemoreandmoreoldpeopletocarefor.2.(2016·全国Ⅲ,七选五)Whenyouhaveboughtafishandarrivehome,you’dbetterstorethefishintherefrigerator________youdon’tcookitimmediately.3.(2016·北京,27)Mygrandfatherstillplaystennisnowandthen,________he’sinhisnineties.4.(2016·北京,33)Ireallyenjoylisteningtomusic________ithelpsmerelaxandtakesmymindawayfromothercaresoftheday.5.(2016·四川,阅读B)________youdo,don’tbeabystander.6.(2016·四川,66)________thelittlepandacried,themotherrockeditbackandforthandgaveitlittlecomfortingpats.7.(2016·江苏,26)________somepeoplearemotivatedbyaneedforsuccess,othersaremotivatedbyafearoffailure.8.(2016·浙江,5)________onlineshoppinghaschangedourlife,notallofitseffectshavebeenpositive.9.(2015·江苏,26)Itissocoldthatyoucan"tgooutside________fullycoveredinthickclothes.10.(2015·湖南,33)________thejobtakesasignificantamountoftime,moststudentsagreethattheexperienceisworthit.11.(2015·北京,28)Youwon"tfindpapercuttingdifficult________longasyoukeeppracticingit.12.(2015·北京,32)________thedamageisdone,itwilltakemanyyearsforthefarmlandtorecover.13.(2015·浙江,9)Just________asinglewordcanchangethemeaningofasentence,asinglesentencecanchangethemeaningofaparagraph.14.(2015·重庆,4)Ifyoumissthischance,itmaybeyears________yougetanotherone.15.(2015·天津,12)Weneedtogettotherootoftheproblem________wecansolveit.16.(2015·安徽,23)________scientistshavelearnedalotabouttheuniverse,thereismuchwestilldon"tknow.17.(2015·福建,31)________thestudentscamefromdifferentcountries,theygotalongquitewellinthesummercamp.18.(2014·安徽,25)Themeaningoftheword“nice”changedafewtimes________itfinallycametoincludethesense“pleasant”.19.(2014·江西,35)Itwasthemiddleofthenight______myfatherwokemeupandtoldmetowatchthefootballgame.20.(2014·陕西,24)Theyoungcouple,whoreturnedmylostwallet,left________Icouldaskfortheirnames.21.(2014·重庆,14)Halfanhourlater,Lucystillcouldn"tgetataxi______thebushaddroppedher.22.(2014·北京,29)Even________theforestparkisfaraway,alotoftouristsvisititeveryyear.23.(2014·江苏,21)Lessonscanbelearnedtofacethefuture,________historycannotbechanged.24.(2014·山东,2)Idon"treallyliketheauthor,________Ihavetoadmithisbooksareveryexciting.25.(2014·湖南,26)Youwillnevergainsuccess________youarefullydevotedtoyourwork.26.(2014·天津,4)________youstarteatinginahealthierway,weightcontrolwillbecomemucheasier.8
学习札记:状语从句单句语法填空之真题训练:1.C [考查状语从句。句意为:随着人口平均寿命的延长,越来越多的老人需要照顾。as在此处引导状语从句,表示“随着”。]2.if [考查状语从句,根据句意:当你买了鱼回家的时候,如果你不立刻做的话,最好先存储到冰箱里。可以看出是条件关系。]3.eventhough/though [考查连词。句意:尽管我祖父已经九十多岁了,但他仍不时打网球。由句意可知,本句的前后两部分之间为让步关系。]4.because [考查状语从句。句意:我真的很喜欢听音乐,因为它有助于我放松,让我忘记一天中的其他忧虑。根据句意可知,句子前后为因果关系。]5.Whatever [句意:无论你做什么,都不要做旁观者。whatever引导让步状语从句。]6.When/If [如果小熊猫哭了,妈妈来回摇晃它,给它安慰。when既可表示时间也可表示条件。]7.While/Although/Though [考查让步状语从句的用法。句意:尽管有些人受到成功的激励,而另外一些人却因恐惧失败而前进。根据句意可知,这两句话之间为转折对比关系]8.While/Although/Though[考查连词。句意:尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活,但是不是所有的影响都是积极的。While/Although/Though引导让步状语从句,意为“尽管,虽然”。]9.unless [句意:外面很冷,如果你不穿着厚衣服的话你不能出去。unless除非,如果不。该题实际上也考查了状语从句的省略,其完整形式为unlessyouarefully...]10.While/Although/Though [句意:虽然这项工作花费大量的时间,但是大部分的学生认为这次经历是值得的。While/Although/Though虽然,符合句意。]11.as/so [句意:只要你坚持练习剪纸,你就不会觉得剪纸难了。as/solongas只要,符合句意。]12.Once [句意:一旦造成损害,要花费许多年的时间耕地才能恢复。once一旦,符合句意。]13.as [句意:正如一个单词可以改变句子的意义一样,一个句子也可以改变一段的意义。justas正如,正像,符合句意。]14.before [句意:如果你错过这次机会,可能得过好几年你才能再得到机会。before“在……之前”,引导时间状语从句。]15.before [句意:我们需要找到问题的根源后才能解决它。考查时间状语从句。根据逻辑关系可知,“找到问题的根源”在“解决问题”之前发生。]16.While/Although/Though [句意:尽管科学家们对宇宙已经了解甚多,但有许多我们还不知道的。考查状语从句的连接词。该题主要考查让步状语从句。]17.While/Although/Though [句意:尽管那些学生来自不同的国家,但是他们在夏令营时相处得很好。考查状语从句的连接词。]18.before [考查时间状语从句。句意:“nice”的含义改变了好几次,最终才包含了“pleasant(愉快的)”这层含义。当表达“还没来得及……就……”时,须用连词before。]19.when [考查时间状语从句。通读题干可知:父亲叫醒我看足球赛时,已是夜半时分。when符合语境。]20.before [考查状语从句的连接词。句意:那对送还我钱包的夫妇,我还没来得及问他们的姓名,他们就离开了。根据句意,我问他们之前,他们离开,before意为:没来得及。]21.where [考查地点状语从句。句意:半小时过后,露西在她下公共汽车的地方还没有搭上出租车。由句意可知地点状语从句中缺少地点副词,故where为答案。]22.if/though [考查状语从句。句意:即使森林公园很远,每年仍有很多游客来参观。根据句意,可以判断出两句话为让步关系,所以用evenif=eventhough即使。]23.although/though [考查状语从句。句意:尽管历史无法更改,但我们可以从中获得面对未来的一些教训。根据语境可知前后文为让步关系。]24.although/though [考查从属连词。句意:我真的不喜欢这位作者,尽管我不得不承认他的书很激动人心。从句表示让步关系,故用although。]25.unless [考查状语从句。句意:如果你不全身心投入到你的工作,你就永远不会成功。根据句意可知此句是条件状语从句。]26.Once/If [考查状语从句的连接词。句意:一旦(如果)你开始用一种更健康的方式饮食,控制体重就会变得更容易了。]8