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非谓语动词(一)不定式非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式,动词ing形式(v-ing)及过去分词(ed分词)。不定式的基本形式是由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是nottodo,不定式可以带自己的宾语或状语,构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化,不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语,不作谓语。如:Lucyaskedhimtoturnuptheradio.Tomakeaplanfirstisagoodidea.1.动词不定式不失动词的特点,有时态和语态的变化,不定式有六种形式,以write为例:语态时态主动态被动态一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten进行式tobewriting 完成进行式tohavebeenwriting (1)不定式的时态:①不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生或是在谓语动词之后发生,不定式用一般式,如:Itseemsthatheknowsthis.Heseemstoknowthis.IhopethatI"llseeyouagain.Ihopetoseeyouagain.②不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生,并强调动作正在进行的情景,或持续性,不定式用进行式,如:HepretendedthathewaslisteningtoEnglishcoursewhenIcamein.HepretendedtobelisteningtoEnglishcoursewhenIcamein.IamverygladthatIamworkingwithyou.Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou.③不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,不定式用完成式,如:IamsorrythatIhaveputyousomuchtrouble.Iamsorrytohaveputyousomuchtrouble.ItseemsthatIhavemetyousomewherebefore.Iseemtohavemetyousomewherebefore.④如果强调不定式所表示的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻,不定式用完成进行时,强调动作的持续性,不强调结果。如:Sheseemstohavebeenreadingthenovelforthreehours.Therainwassaidtohavebeenfallingforaweek.(2)不定式的语态:当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式是被动关系时,不定式一般用被动式。如:Thisistheplantobediscussedattoday"smeeting.Thenovelissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoseverallanguages.Whethermostcountriescanusenaturalenergyinfutureremainstobeseen.2.不定式的作用
(1)不定式作主语:Tosayisonething;todoisanother.Toreadnovelsismyhobby.it形式主语常常代替作主语的不定式,而将不定式或不定式短语放在后面。Totalkwithhimisagreatpleasure.Itisgreatpleasuretotalkwithhim.Tomakeelectricitybybuildingadamacrosstheseaispossible.Itispossibletomakeelectricitybybuildingadamacrossthesea.注意:①Toseeistobelieve.主语和表语都是不定式,不能用it代替:Itistobelievetosee是错误的。②Toanswercorrectlyismoreimportantthantofinishquickly.而finish与finishing放在than后面都是不合适的,因为前面句子的主语是toanswer,后面的主语也要是tofinish,保持than前后句子结构平行。(2)不定式作表语:不定式在系词后面作表语。Atthattimehisjobwastowritereportsforthenewspaper.Thissuitdoesn"tseemtofitme.Theproblemsremaintobeunsettled.(3)不定式作宾语:在下列及物动词后,常跟不定式作宾语:want,need,hope,wish,expect,like,hate,try,manage,forget,remember,know,begin,start,intend,plan,mean,pretend,prefer,agree,refuse,learn等。Tokeepthewaterclean,youneedtogetsomeunderwaterplants.Iprefertostayathomeratherthangoout.Theyhavedecidedtovisitthenatureparkforthemiludeer.注意:不定式作宾语时,有时用“it”替换,it为形式宾语,而将真正的不定式作宾语后置,如:IfoundtolearnEnglishwellnoteasy.IfounditnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.Ifeeltohelpothersmyduty.Ifeelitmydutytohelpothers.(4)不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语:通常用于及物动词或动词短语之后,如:Jimtoldmetogivehisbestwishestoeveryonehere.Whatcausedyoutochangeyourmind?在被动语态wasconsidered后面,不定式为主语补足语接不定式作宾补和主补的动词常有:ask,beg,cause,calln,help,force,allow,permit,advise,order,get,want,wish,tell等。(其中没有hopesb.todo,suggestsb.todo和agreesb.todo)注意:①不定式作宾语补足语,在部分感官及使役动词后,用不带to的不定式作宾语,常用的动词有:let,make,have,see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,listento,feel等,help有无to都可以,如:Theteacherhadusrecitethetexteveryday.Thebossmadehismenworkallthenight.把上面句子变成被动语态后,不定式成为句子的主语补足语,需带to,即在被动语态中不定式一律带to,不存在省略问题。注意:②在谓语动词think,consider,suppose,believe,imagine,prove,find等后面跟tobe作宾补,不跟todo,但其中有些可跟tohavedone作宾补。如:imagine…tobeImagineyourself(tobe)inhisplace.find…tobeWefoundhim(tobe)honest.
suppose…tobe/suppose…tohavedone.Isupposehimtobeaboutfifty.Wesupposehimtohavestolenit.(5)不定式作定语:不定式作定语,有时与前面被修饰的名词逻辑上有动宾关系,如果不定式是不及物动词或所修饰的名词是不定式的地点,工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词,如:Ihaveameetingtoattend.(attendthemeeting)及物动词+宾语Passmeapieceofpapertowriteon.(writeonthepaper)不及物动词+介词+宾语在time,place,way后面的不定式省略介词,如:Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.其他不定式作定语情况,如:Ihavenochancetogoabroad.Theyhadnevermomenttorest.注意:therebe句型中的不定式作定语用主动或被动都可以Thereisalotofworktodo.=Thereisalotofworktobedone.Thereisnotimetolose.=Thereisnotimetobelost.但是在下列句子中,不定式主动与被动形式意义不同:——Haveyouanythingtowash?——No,nothing.Iplantogoshopping.不定式动作的执行者是you.youwashsomething——Haveyouanythingtobewashed?——No,Thankyou.不定式动作的执行者不是you.是省略了的(…tobewashed)byme或bysomeoneelse.不定式作状语:①作目的状语:Igotupearlyinordertocatchthe6∶30train.Theboyranallthewaysoasnottobelate.注意:soasto不能置于句首,inorderto可以。②作原因状语:Hesmiledtothinkofhiscleverplan.③在某些形容词后面作状语:Iamgladtoseeyou.Youaresuretosucceed.④作结果状语:第一,Ihurriedtothepostoffice,onlytofinditclosed.(出乎意料的结果)第二,too…to…“太……以至于不……”(to后面译作否定)Heistoooldtoread.Theboyistooyoungtodresshimself.当不定式前的形容词为nervous,pleased,willing,delighted,happy,glad等时,too…to,“to…”可译作肯定,Theyaretoonervoustoleave.他们急于离开当too前有only,即onlytoo…to译作肯定Iamonlytoopleasedtohelpyou.当不定式前有否定意义的词时译作肯定Wearenevertoooldtolearn.活到老,学到老。第三,形容词/副词enoughtodosth.
Hewasquickenoughtocatchtheball.Thegirlisoldenoughtogotoschool.第四,so…asto/such…asto如此……以致于……Hewassoangrythathewasunabletospeak.Hewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.Hewassuchafoolthathebelievedthecheat.Hewassuchafoolastobelievethecheat.⑤不定式作方面状语,不定式作方面状语与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,不定式多用主动结构,如果不定式为及物动词,后面不必再跟宾语,如果不定式为不及物动词,要用相应的介词,如:Themountainisdifficulttoclimb.(动宾关系:climbthemountain)不定式不说toclimbit或tobeclimbedLessonTwoiseasytolearn.(动宾关系:learnLessonTwo)有时由形容词+todo结构一起做宾语补足语3.不定式的逻辑主语:不定式的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语,如Heseemedtobereadingsomething,当需要明确指出不定式动作的执行者时,用for/ofsb.(sth.)todosth.表示,如:(1)当作表语的形容词表达不定式的逻辑主语的品行,性格,性质时,要用of,常见的这类形容词有:brave,careful,careless,kind,nice,good,honest,clever,wise,unwise,stupid,foolish,rude,cruel,silly,thoughtful,impolite,polite,right,wrong,等。这时It+be+形容词+ofsb./sth.todosth.句型,等于sb./sth.+be+形容词todosth.,如:Itisverykindofyoutosayso.相当于Youareverykindtosayso.Itiscleverofhimtowinthecompetition.Heisclevertowinthecompetition.It+be+形容词+forsb./sth.todosth.这一句型中的形容词大多为:easy,important,usual,difficult,hard,possible,impossible,necessary等。这些词只能说明不定式行为的是与非,不能说明不定式的执行者,所以不等于sb.+be+形容词+todosth.,如:1)Itisdifficultforbeginnerstoreadthebook.不能说:Beginnersaredifficulttoread.但是第一类,即It+be+形容词+ofsb.todosth.句型中的形容词,如right,impolite…等如果强调评论人用of,强调评论行为也可用for,应用情况如下:(1)当sb.为泛指时,形容词着重评论不定式行为本身,如:ItwasnotrightforthesouthtobreakawayfromtheUnion.(2)当不定式为被动语态时,不定式的执行者常常省略,因此形容词只用来评论不定式行为了。Itwasunkindforyoutobelaughedat.总之forsb.todosth.强调不定式行为ofsb.todosth.强调不定式执行者4.带疑问词的不定式:动词不定式可以和疑问词what,which,how,where,when,whether等连用,构成不定式短语,如:Thequestioniswhentostart.Theyhaven"tageedonwhethertobuildafactoryhereornot.whattosay.Idon"tknowwhattowriteabout.howtodoit.注意:没有iftodo和whytodo.Idon"tknowwhytodoit.(误)
Idon"tknowwhyIshoulddoit.(正)5.不定式省略“to”的情况:(1)当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时,或者当它们之间的关系并列一致时,可将and或or后面的to省去,如:I"dliketogoandseeafilm.Hehadtohaveajoborgohungry.但是,有时为了表示对照,或加强语气,则不可以省去to,如:Itiseasiertosaythantodo.(2)不定式在一部分感官或使役动词后面作宾补省略to。(3)不定式在but(除了……以外),except后面的使用,如果but,except前有行为动词do,but,except后省去to,如:Theyhadnothingtodobutwaitforthedoctor.ThewholenighthedidnothingexceptwatchTV.(4)在固定句型中:wouldratherdo…thando…/prefertodoratherthando:1)ThebuswassocrowdedthatI"dratherwalkhomethantakeabus.2)Iprefertoplaytennisratherthan(play)basketball.6.“to”代表整个不定式:有时为了避免重复,省去不定式后面的内容,保留到不定式符号to,如果是tobe,保留到be,如:——Willyoupleasegivehimamessagewhenyouseehim?——I"llbegladto.——Wouldyouliketogoshoppingwithme?——I"dliketo.(或I"dloveto)有时为了强调,也可以不省略。Dowhatheorshetellyoutodo. (二)动词-ing形式动词-ing形式由动词原形+ing构成。动词-ing形式起到名词、形容词和副词的作用,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语和宾语补足语,但不能单独构成谓语,其构成形式如下,以do为例:主动被动一般时态doingbeingdone完成时态havingdonehavingbeendone否定式:not+动词-ing.LearningEnglishisveryimportanttome.Havingbeenwidened,theroadtookonadifferentlook.随着-ing在句子中所做的成分不同,所用的时态和语态有不同的要求,关于-ing的时态和语态的详细使用,在下面ing所作的句子成分中讲述。1.动词-ing形式作主语:Seeingisbelieving.有时主语太长,可用it作形式主语,将真正主语放在后面。如:Itisfunswimminginariverorlakeinsummer.注意:动词-ing与不定式作主语的区别:①一般情况下可以换用:Itisdangerousplaying/toplaywithfire.但在口语中用动词-ing形式放在句首比不定式多。Goingshoppingisapleasantthing.②在下列句型中习惯用-ing作主语,不用不定式:ItisnouseItisnogooddoing.Itisuseless
ItisuselessonlylearningEnglishgrammar.Itisnogoodcuttingdowntheforest.③在there+be+no+主语结构中,必须用动词-ing作主语:Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappeninthefuture.④主语和表语结构相同,对等。Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.2.动词-ing作宾语:(1)在及物动词后:Wouldyoumindmysittinghere?WesuggestgoingoutforapicniconSunday.(2)在介词后:Welookforwardtoseeingyouagain.(3)在worth,busy,feellike,looklike等形容词后面:ChinaDailyiswellworthreading.Thefirefighterswerebusyputtingoutthebigfire.Theylooklikewinningtherelayrace.SuddenlyIfeellikeeatingsomething.动词-ing做主语或宾语时,一般情况下其逻辑主语为句子的主语,如果需要自己的逻辑主语时,要用物主代词或名词所有格+动词-ing,如:His/LiPing"scominglate,madetheteacherunhappy.Wouldyoumindmy/mesmokinghere?当动词-ing不在句首时,可用人称代词宾格,名词普通格代替,但逻辑主语为无生命的名词,或泛指时,用普通格,如:Weheardthenoiseofdesksbeingopenedandclosed.3.不定式与动词-ing作宾语的比较:(1)在下列一些动词后面常跟动词-ing作宾语,而不跟不定式:admit,appreciate,advise,avoid,allow,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feellike,finish,fancy,forbid,forgive,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practice,resist,risk,suggest等。如:HepracticesspeakingEnglisheveryday.Headmittedhavingbrokenthewindow.Imuchappreciateyourgivingmethechance.Shedislikesdoinghousework.Heenjoysnothingbutplayingthecomputer.(2)在下列一些动词后只跟不定式,不跟动词-ing作宾语:want(想要),hope,expect,wish,decide,wouldlike,refuse,manage,pretend,demand,offer,afford,plan,wonder,intend…等,如:Iamexpectingtogetaletterfrommyparents.Weareplanningtobuildanotherresearchcenter.I"dliketobuyanewcarmadeintheU.S.A.(3)在下列一些动词后面跟不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语,意义不同,如:Irememberdoingthisexercisebefore.我记得以前做过这个练习。Remembertopostthebookforme.记住帮我把那本书寄走。归纳:rememberdoing记得(做过的事,某事已做过)remembertodo记住(去做某事,某事还没做)
WeshallneverforgethearingJacksonsinging.我们忘不了听杰克逊唱歌的情景。Don"tforgettogivemyregardstothem.别忘了代我向他们问好归纳:forgetdoing忘了(做过的事,某事已做过)forgettodo忘了(去做某事,某事还没做)I"lltrytoimprovemypronunciation.我要努力去纠正,提高我的发音。Sincenooneansweredthefrontdoor,whynottryknockingatthebackdoor?既然前门没人答应,为什么不试试后门呢?归纳:trytodo.尽力去做某事trydoing(用另外一种方法)试一试,试试看Isuggestwestopworkingandhavearest.我建议我们停下干活,休息一会儿。Theystoppedtolisten,buttherewasnomoresound.他们停下来,听一听,再没什么声音。归纳:stoptodo停下(某事)去做某事,(表目的)stopdoing把某事停下来,(宾语)Whatdoyoumeantodowithyouroldbicycle?你打算如何处理你那辆旧自行车?Iwon"twaitifitmeansdelayingaweekorso.如果这意味着要推迟一星期左右,那我就不等了。归纳:meantodo打算做某事meandoing意味着做某事(4)在love,like,hate,prefer后面跟不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别,如:Doyouliketoeatice-cream?Iliketravelingverymuch.Ilikedriving(dodrive)fastcars.(5)在start,begin后面,一般接不定式和动词-ing形式无多大区别,在下列情况下,多用不定式:①自然界变化:Itstartedtorain.Snowstartedtomeltasspringcame.②心理活动,在understand,know,realize等词前面:Ibegantounderstandmymother"sfeelings.③begin,start本身为进行时:MotherwasstartingtocookinthekitchenwhenIgothome.(6)在allow,advise,permit,forbid等动词后面,有名词或代词作宾语,用不定式做宾语补足语,如果没有宾语,直接用-ing形式,如:1)Wedon"tallowparkinghere.2)Thepolicedon"tallowpeopletoparkhere.3)HeadvisedmetogetanEnglishpenfriend.4)IadviseseeingmoreEnglishfilms.(7)need,require,want译作“需要”时,跟动词-ing作宾语,主动表示被动,相当于tobedone,如:Thewindowsrequirecleaning.Thewindowsrequiretobecleaned.Thepatientneedsoperatingonatonce.Thepatientneedstobeoperatedon.Theflowerswantwatering.Theflowerswanttobewatered.
(8)在一些固定表达中用动词-ing形式,不用不定式:can"thelpdoing,beworthdoing,devote…todoing,lookforwardtodoing,be/get/becomeusedtodoing,objecttodoing,thank…fordoing,excuse…fordoing等。Einsteindevotedhislifetomakingaresearchinscience.I"mlookingforwardtogettingyourletter.Weareusedtolivinginthecountryside.4.动词-ing在句中作表语:Ourplanissettingupanewcarfactory.Myjobisteaching/driving.这类词作表语,起解释说明主语的作用,主表可颠倒:Teachingismyjob.转换成问句,用what提问:——What"syourjob?——Myjobisteaching.这类词作表语,起描绘作用,主表不颠倒,转换成问句,用how提问——Howisyourjob?——Itisinteresting.——Howwasyourtrip?——Itistiring,butinteresting.5.动词-ing作定语:(1)表示被修饰名词的用途:Therearetworeadingroomsinourschoollibrary.areadingroom其含义是Aroomisusedforreading.Theswimmingpoolinourschoolisnearlycompleted.theswimmingpool其含义是Thepoolisusedforswimming.(2)如果动词-ing形式作定语表示被修饰的名词发出的一个正在进行的动作或某种特征行为,这时被修饰的名词与动词-ing逻辑上有主谓关系,如果是主动关系用doing,被动关系用done,或beingdone表达,另外有时间要求:第一种情况:主动关系,-ing形式与谓语动词同时进行,或经常发生,用doing,如:Lookatthedancinggirl.Sheisoneofmyclassmates.Lookatthegirlwhoisdancing.….Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Chinaisacountrythatisdeveloping.注意:①如果动词-ing形式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,一般不用havingdone作定语,而用定语从句表达,如:Theteachercriticizedtheboyhavingbrokenthewindow.(误)Theteachercriticizedtheboywhohadbrokenthewindow.(正)注意:②如果表达的是未来发生的动作,或含有情态概念,用不定式表达,如:Ihaveameetingtoattendtoday.IhaveameetingthatIwillattendtoday.Maryistheproperworkertodothejob.Maryistheproperworkerwhocandothejob.第二种情况:被动关系:动词-ing表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生,正在进行,用beingdone;发生在谓语动词之前,完成了的动作用done;发生在谓语动词之后,未来的动作,用tobedone.如:Thebridgebeingbuiltnowistwokilometerslong.Thebridgethatisbeingbuiltnowistwokilometerslong.Thebridgebuiltlastyearistwokilometerslong.Thebridgethatwasbuiltlastyearistwokilometerslong.Thebridgetobebuiltnextyearwillbetwokilometerslong.Thebridgethatwillbebuiltnextyearwillbetwokilometerslong.6.动词-ing作宾语补足语和主语补足语:经常在see,hear,feel,watch,notice,
observe,find,get,lookat,listento,keep,leave,send,set,catch等一些动词后面用动词-ing作补语,其中宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系,如果主谓关系是主动的,又表示动作在进行,或状态的持续,用doing;如果主谓关系是被动的,又表示动作在进行,用beingdone,如:Inoticedthemrepairingthecar.Whentheywererepairingthecar,Inoticed.Inoticedthecarbeingrepaired.Whenthecarwasbeingrepaired,Inoticed.如果宾语和宾补是主动关系,又表示动作的全过程,即完成或一般时态,宾补用不定式todo表达(在某些动词后面不定式不带to);如果是被动关系,又表示动作的全过程,即完成时态用done表达,如:Ioftennoticethemrepairthecar.Inoticedthecarrepaired.如果把上述句子变成被动语态,宾语补足语就变成主语补足语了。7.动词-ing形式作状语:动词-ing形式作状语时,要求其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,句子的主语与动词-ing形式逻辑上有主谓关系。如果主谓关系是主动的,用主动语态;-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生用一般式doing,如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前,用完成式havingdone,如:Walkingalongthestreet,Imetafriendofmine.相当于WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreet,Imetafriendofmine.Havingfinishedtheirwork,theyhadarest.相当于Aftertheyhadfinishedtheirwork,theyhadarest.如果主谓关系是被动的,用被动语态;-ing动作与谓语动词同时发生,用done;如果-ing动作发生在谓语动词之前,已完成的动作,用被动语态的完成式havingbeendone,如:Havingbeencleanedanddecorated,ourclassroomtookonanewlook.相当于Afterourclassroomhadbeencleanedanddecorated,ourclassroomtookonanewlook.Wellknownforhisexpertadvice,hewasabletohelpmanypeople.相当于Asheiswellknownforhisexpertadvice,hewasabletohelpmanypeople.注意:-ing形式做状语时,如果-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语,人称代词用主格,名词用普通格,如:Mother/Shebeingill,hehadtostayhometolookafterher.ItbeingSunday,theshopsarecrowded. (三)过去分词过去分词由动词+ed构成,起到形容词和副词的作用,在句中可作状语、表语、定语和宾语补足语。过去分词的性质是被动,完成,但有时侧重程度,有时侧重被动,不及物动词变成的过去分词无被动的意义,过去分词形式由动词原形加词尾-ed构成,及部分不规则的词如:done,played.①侧重程度:boilingwater沸水fallenleaves落叶boiledwater凉开水frozenchicken冷冻鸡developingcountry发展中的国家developedcountry发达国家②侧重主、被动:abrokenglass,adancinggirl,adamagedhouse.1.过去分词的作用:(1)过去分词作状语:同动词-ing形式作状语一样,过去分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语,如是被动关系,又与谓语动词同时发生,或无一定时间对比,用过去分词,如:Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thelakelookslikeamirror.(相当于The
lakeisseen)相当于Whenthelakeisseenfromthetopofthemountainitlookslikeamirror.Heated,watercanturnintovapor.相当于Ifitisheated,watercanturnintovapor.(2)过去分词作表语:Weareinterestedinscience.(3)过去分词作定语:过去分词作定语,有时间要求,发生在谓语动词之前,即完成的动作,用done,而不用havingbeendone.Thebridgebuiltlastyearis2kilometerslong.Peopleinvitedtothepartyaremostscientists.(4)过去分词作宾补:Inoticedthecarrepaired.2.过去分词与动词-ing形式的区别:(1)作表语和定语的区别:动词-ing形式表示事物对人造成的影响,事物是主动的,常译成令人……,使人……;过去分词表示人对事物的看法产生的心理反应,人是被动的,常译作:感到……如:Thenewsissurprising.Wearesurprisedatthenews.这类词很多,如:inspiring,inspired,astonishing,astonished,tiring,tired,moving,moved,disappointing,disappointed,worrying,worried,encouraging,encouraged,…….(2)作宾补的区别:宾语与宾补逻辑上有主谓关系,主动用动词-ing或不定式表达,被动用beingdone或done表达。Wefoundhimstandingoutsidethedoor.Hefoundthedoorlocked.(3)作状语的区别:用作状语的动词,与句子的主语逻辑上有主谓关系、主动用-ing形式,被动用过去分词。Theboyenteredtheroom,followedbyadog.相当于Theboyenteredtheroomandhewasfollowedbyadog.Theboyenteredtheroom,followinghisfather.相当于Theboyenteredtheroomandfollowedhisfather.(4)-ing形式与ed分词都可以作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果、让步、程度,如:HavingbroughtherfatherbacktoEngland,Lucyhelpedhimtogetbetter.(时间)AftershehadbroughtherfatherbacktoEngland,Lucyhelpedhimtogetbetter.Disturbedbythenoise,wehadtofinishthemeetingearly.(原因)Wehadtofinishthemeetingearlybecauseweweredisturbedbythenoise.Bornafreeman,hewasnowinchains.(让步)Thoughhewasbornafreeman,hewasnowinchains.(If)bittenbyasnake,youshouldsendforhelpandnotwalk.(条件)Ifyouarebittenbyasnake,youshouldsendforhelpandnotwalk.Theboyranin,carryingaballinhisarm.(伴随)Theboyraninandcarriedaballinhisarm.Hedroppedtheplate,breakingitintopieces.(结果)Hedroppedtheplateandbrokeitintopieces.(5)-ing形式与ed分词的否定式,由not+-ing构成:Notknowinghowtodoit,Iaskedhimforhelp.