2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第四部分专题3并列句和状语从句讲义 11页

专题3　并列句和状语从句框架结构图连词的分类连词常分为并列连词(也叫等立连词)和从属连词两大类。并列句与并列连词的核心考点1.并列句的基本概念并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成的。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。2.常见的并列连词(1)表示递进或顺承关系：常用的并列连词有and，notonly...but(also)...等。Hehadplentyofmoneyandhespentitfreely.Notonlydidhespeakmorecorrectly，buthe(also)spokemoreeasily.(2)表示选择关系：常用的并列连词有or，either...or...等。Eitheryouareright，orIam.(3)表示转折关系：常用的并列连词有but，yet，whereas等。Janesaidshewasill，yetIsawherinthestreetjustnow.Someofthestudiesshowpositiveresults，whereasothersdonot.(4)表示因果关系：常用的并列连词有so，for等。Itmusthaverainedlastnight，foritiswetallover.Theshopswereclosed，soIdidn’tgetanymilk.(5)when也可用作并列连词，意为“那时，这时”，相当于andatthis/thattime。常用于下列句式：①sb.wasdoingsth.when...；②sb.wasabouttodo/goingtodo/onthepoint ofdoingsth.when...；③sb.had(just)donesth.when...。Wewerehavingameetingwhensomeonebrokein.Wewereabouttosetoffwhenitsuddenlybegantorain.(6)while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。Helikespopmusic，whileIamfondoffolkmusic.从属连词与状语从句一、时间状语从句1.before引导的从句中不用否定式谓语。常用如下句型：Itwillbelongbefore...(得过好久才……)Itwillnotbelongbefore...(过不了多久就……)Itwaslongbefore...(过了好久才……)Itwasnotlongbefore...(过了不久就……)2.since后面所用动词不同，该动词所表示动作持续时间的计算方法也不同。Itistwoyearssincehejoinedthearmy.他参军两年了。Itistwoyearssincehesmoked.他戒烟两年了。3.as，when，while用法一览表。类别作用例句asas表示“当……的时候”，往往和when/while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。ShecameupasIwascooking.(同时)Therunnersstartedasthegunwentoff.(几乎同时)when(atorduringthetimethat)既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。Itwasrainingwhenwearrived.(指时间点)Whenwewereatschool，wewenttothelibraryeveryday.(在一段时间内)whilewhile意思是“当……的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示aperiodoftime时，两者可以互换。Pleasedon’ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.Hefellasleepwhile/whenreading.Strikewhiletheironishot.( 不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁……”)4.引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有：(1)till，not...until...，untilDon’tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.Hewaitedforhisfatheruntil/tillitwastwelveo’clock.(2)hardly/scarcely...when...，nosooner...than...表示“刚……就……”Wehadhardlygot/Hardlyhadwegotintothecountrywhenitbegantorain.Nosoonerhadhearrived/Hehadnosoonerarrivedthanshestartedcomplaining.(3)directly，immediately，themoment，theminute，theinstant，assoonas意为“一……就……”Hemadeforthedoordirectlyheheardtheknock.Themomenthesawhismother，heburstintotears.(4)eachtime，everytimeEachtimehecametomycity，hewouldcallonme.二、让步状语从句1.although与though可以引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用，但可以与yet连用。Although/Thoughtheyarepoor，(yet)theyarewarm-hearted.2.evenif或eventhough引导让步状语从句，表示“即使”“纵然”，用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质。I’llgetthereevenif/thoughIhavetosellmyhousetogetenoughmoneytogobyair.3.nomatter后接who，what，where，how等疑问词引导让步状语从句，也可以在这类疑问词后面加上-ever构成whoever，whatever，wherever，however等。但在引导名词性从句时，只能用“疑问词＋-ever”类词。Don’ttrusthim，nomatterwhat/whateverhesays.Iwilleatwhateveryougiveme.Nomatterhow/Howeverhardtheworkis，you’dbettertrytodoitwell.4.as也可以引导让步状语从句，需将从句中的表语、状语以及谓语中的实义动词提前至从句句首，引起倒装；作表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词，冠词需省去。though引导的从句也可以倒装，但although引导的不可以。Childas/thoughheis，heknowsalot.MuchasIlikeit，Iwon’tbuy. Tryashewould，hecouldn’tlifttheheavybox.5.while也可以引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，比though/although语气弱。while引导的让步状语从句一般要位于句首。三、原因状语从句：because，as，since，nowthat1.表示不知道的原因时用because，即说话人认为听话人不知道，因此because从句是全句最重要的部分，通常它被置于主句之后。YouwanttoknowwhyI’mleaving？I’mleavingbecauseI’mfedupwiththeboss.2.表示已经知道的原因时用as或since，即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉，因此它是句中不太重要的部分。since要比as正式一些，它们通常被置于主句之前，但有时却相反。Seeingallofthechildrenalreadyseated，hesaid，“Sinceeveryoneishere，let’sstart.”3.下列情况下只能使用because：(1)在回答why的问句时；(2)在用于强调句型时；(3)被not所否定时。四、地点状语从句：where，wherever等Makeamarkwhereveryouhaveanyquestions.WewillgowherethePartydirectsus.五、目的状语从句：that，sothat，inorderthat注意：目的状语从句中的谓语动词常与情态动词连用，否则可能是结果状语从句，不可置于句首。Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlytrain.六、结果状语从句：that，sothat，so...that...，such...that...注意：so＋形容词/副词＋that从句；such＋名词＋that从句。Sheissogoodthatwealllikeher.Heissuchagoodteacherthatweallrespecthim.七、方式状语从句：as，asif/thoughI’lldoasIamtold.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.八、条件状语从句：if，unless，so/aslongas，incase，once，onconditionthat等Youcanusemybikeaslongasyoureturnitontime.九、比较状语从句：than；(not)as/so...as...；notthesameas;the＋比较级，the ＋比较级Heworksashardasothers.Wetreatboysexactlythesameasgirls.Thesunismuchbiggerthantheearth.Themoreyoueat，thefatteryouwillbe.(一)在书面表达中往往缺乏并列句意识，主要存在以下两个方面的倾向：1.机械排列简单句IbelieveIamfitforit.I’mwritingtoapplyfortheposition.如果我们把意义相关的这两个句子用适当的连词连接起来，可得到下面的句子：IbelieveIamfitforit，soI’mwritingtoapplyfortheposition.比较一下，同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢？并列连词的使用可增强句子之间的逻辑性和美感，使句子之间显得更加紧凑。2.逗号连接两个简单句I’menthusiasticandeasy-going，I’measytogetalongwithandcancooperatewellwithothers.在该句中含有两个简单句，中间用逗号起了连接作用，显然这是不符合英语语法规则的。我们不妨做如下改动：I’menthusiasticandeasy-going，soI’measytogetalongwithandcancooperatewellwithothers.(二)对于状语从句，在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：1.从句意识缺乏TheExpoisveryattractive.Wearealleagertopayavisittoit.TheExpoissoattractivethat wearealleagertopayavisittoit.通过比较不难发现，后句比前句更加紧凑且逻辑性强，增强了交际效果。2.状语从句成分残缺(误)Pleaseclosethedoorsandwindowsbefore leavetheclassroom.(正)Pleaseclosethedoorsandwindowsbefore you leavetheclassroom.由于受汉语的干扰，第一句中状语从句中漏掉了主语。3.连接词误用 (误)Teachersandparentsshouldrespectusno matterweareinoroutsideschool.(正)Teachersandparentsshouldrespectuswhetherweareinoroutsideschool.这两句尽管从汉语角度来看意思相同，但是从语法角度nomatter一般后跟特殊疑问词，而whether可直接引导状语从句。(误)Thoughheisconsideredagreatwriter，buthisworksarenotwidelyread.(正)Thoughheisconsideredagreatwriter，hisworksarenotwidelyread.在让步状语从句中，though和although不能与but连用。考向1　并列句中的并列连词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Iamnotafraidoftomorrow，forIhaveseenyesterdayandIlovetoday.(2016·北京)解析　句意为：我并不害怕明天，因为我已经历了昨天并热爱今天。根据句意可知，句子前后为因果关系，故答案为for。2.Itwastimeforhertohaveanewbaby，anditwasalsotimefortheyoungpandatobeindependent.(2016·四川)解析　句意为：是时候再生一个孩子了，熊猫宝宝也到独立的时候了。Itwastimefor...和itwasalsotimefor...之间是并列关系，故用and连接。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Attheendofourtrip，ItoldmyfatherthatIplannedtoreturneverytwoyears，heagreed.(2018·全国Ⅰ)解析　句意为：在旅行的最后，我告诉爸爸我打算每两年回来一次，他同意了。此处是顺承关系，故将but改成and。2.Beforegettingintothecar，IthoughtIhadlearnedtheinstructor’sorders，onceIstartedthecar，mymindwentblank.(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析　根据前后句意思可知这里表示转折概念，并非因果，所以把so改为but或yet。3.Ihavegrownnotonlyphysically，alsomentallyinthepastfewyears.(2017·全国Ⅲ) 解析　notonly...butalso...不仅……而且……，连接并列成分。4.Everydayhemakessurethatfreshvegetableshighqualityoilareusedforcooking.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析　根据句意可知，二者之间为并列关系而非选择关系。5.Wecanchoosebetweenstayingathomeandtakingatrip.Ifwestayathome，itiscomfortablethereisnoneedtospendmoney.(2016·全国Ⅱ)解析　如果待在家里，感觉舒适，还不必花钱。根据句意可知，此处应是并列关系，而不是转折关系。6.Momhasafull-timejob，shehastodomostofthehousework.(2016·四川)解析　hasafull-timejob与hastodomostofthehousework之间是转折关系，故将so改为but。考向2　状语从句中的从属连词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Ifwedon’tstopclimatechange，manyanimalsandplantsintheworldwillbegone.(2018·北京)解析　句意为：如果我们不制止气候变化，世界上的很多动植物将会消失。根据句意可知，设空处引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”，故填if。2.Let’snotpickthesepeachesuntilthisweekendsothattheygetsweetenoughtobeeaten.(2018·天津)解析　句意为：让我们这个周末再摘这些桃子吧，以便它们吃起来足够甜。从句为目的状语从句，故用sothat引导。3.Unless youcansleepwell，youwilllosetheabilitytofocus，planandstaymotivatedafteroneortwonights.(2018·江苏)解析　句意为：除非你能睡好，否则一两个晚上之后，你会失去集中注意力、做好规划和保持积极性的能力。unless除非，如果不，引导条件状语从句，符合句意。4.Although/Though/Whilebirdsusetheirfeathersforflight，someoftheirfeathersareforotherpurposes.(2017·北京)解析　句意为：虽然鸟儿用羽毛来飞行，但是它们的一些羽毛也有其他用途。前后为让步关系，故用although/though/while引导状语从句。5.Ifyoudon’tunderstandsomething，youmayresearch，study，andtalktoother peopleuntil/tillyoufigureitout.(2017·北京)解析　句意为：如果不了解某个事物，你可以研究、学习、与他人探讨，直到(until/till)弄清楚。until/till直到……为止，引导时间状语从句，符合语境。6.LocatedwheretheBeltmeetstheRoad，JiangsuwillcontributemoretotheBeltandRoadconstruction.(2017·江苏)解析　句意为：由于位于“一带一路”的交汇处，江苏将为“一带一路”的建设作出更大的贡献。空格处在过去分词located后面引导状语从句，且在从句中作地点状语，表示“在‘一带一路’的交汇处”，因此用where引导状语从句。located表示“坐落在；位于”。7.Ireallyenjoylisteningtomusicbecause/asithelpsmerelaxandtakesmymindawayfromothercaresoftheday.(2016·北京)解析　句意为：我真的很喜欢听音乐，因为它有助于我放松，让我忘记一天中的其他忧虑。根据句意可知，前后句为因果关系。8.Overtime，as/whenthepopulationgrew，peoplebegancuttingfoodintosmallpiecessoitwouldcookmorequickly.(2016·全国Ⅲ)解析　as/when当……时，随着……。9.Themotherheldthebabyinherfrontpawsmuchthewayahumandoes.When/Ifitcried，sherockeditbackandforthandgaveitlittlecomfortingpats.(2016·四川)解析　根据语境可知，when(当……时)和if(如果)用在此处都合适。句意为：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。10.Oneday，thecowwaseatinggrasswhenitbegantorainheavily.(2015·广东)解析　bedoingsth.when...正在做某事这时……。when意思是“正在这时”。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.ThegamesmyparentstaughtmeIwasachildturnedouttobeveryusefullaterinmylife.(2018·全国Ⅱ)解析　句意为：我小时候我父母教给我的纸牌游戏在我日后的生活中证明是非常有用的。Iwasachild表示的是时间而非地点，故用when引导时间状语从句。2.MyonlymistakewasthatIdroppedsomeonthefloorIwaspackingthemup.(2015·陕西)解析　句意为：我所犯的唯一的错误就是当我把它们打包的时候，把一些掉在了地上。when/while当……的时候，after在……之后。根据句意应将after改为when/while。 3.IwasonlyachildwhenIstudiedinthatclassroom，Iwillneverforgetit.(2015·浙江)解析　句意为：尽管在那个教室学习时我仅仅是一个孩子，但我永远忘不了它。根据句意，应将If改为Although或Though。4.Anditiswisetohaveasmanygoodfriendswecan.(2014·大纲全国)解析　asmany...aswecan为固定句式，as引导比较状语从句。5.Althoughweallowtomatoplantstogrowinthesameplaceyearafteryear，或butwehaveneverhadanydiseaseorinsectattackproblems.(2014·新课标全国Ⅰ)解析　在让步状语从句中，although不可以与but连用，但可以与yet连用。6.Infact，heevenscaredmyclassmatesawaytheycameovertoplayordohomeworkwithme.(2013·新课标全国Ⅰ)解析　句中during为介词，不可以连接两个并列的句子，根据逻辑关系，后一个分句应为when引导的时间状语从句。故during应改为when。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Youhavetomoveoutofthewayor/otherwisethetruckcouldn’tgetpastyou.2.Mikewasusuallysocareful，yet/butthistimehemadeasmallmistake.3.Findwaystopraiseyourchildrenoften，andyou’llfindtheywillopentheirheartstoyou.4.Atschool，somestudentsareactivewhileothersareshy，yettheycanbegoodfriendswithoneanother.5.Everythingwasplacedexactlywherehewanteditforthegraduationceremony.6.Hotas/thoughthenightairwas，wesleptdeeplybecauseweweresotiredafterthelongjourney.7.ItishardfortheGreekgovernmenttogetoverthepresentdifficultiesunlessitgetsmorefinancialsupportfromtheEuropeanUnion. 8.Howeverhardyoutry，itisdifficulttoloseweightwithoutcuttingdowntheamountyoueat.9.Thedoctortoldthepatienttogoonadietbecausehewasoverweight.10.Thereoncewasaveryrichman.Hewassogeneroustoeverybodyaroundhimthatmanypeopleinhisneighborhoodknewhim.Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.MynewjobmeantIhadtosaygoodbyetomyclassmates，myschooljusteverythingelseIloveintheworld.2.Myfatherishardworkinggoestoworkinthefieldeveryday.3.IhavebeenmissingyouverymuchIwenttocollegeayearago.4.Intheend，wedrovetoaservicestationandwaitedtheretheroadwasclear.5.Mom，thoughImaynotoftensayit，Idoloveyou.Nobodycantakeyourpartinmyheart.Iam，Iwillalwaysloveyou.6.Itisinthedowntownarea，itiseasytogoanywherefromthehotelbypublictransport.7.Icalledmyparents，Ididnottellthemwhathadhappened.8.Todealwiththeproblem，Ithink，theyshouldfirstgoallouttoplanttreestreeswillhelpsavewater.9.Herhairwasblackandpurple，andsheworeblacksportsshoesandablacksweater，insummer.10.Somefriendsofhisgotoseehimeveryday，theytakehimlotsofgoodbooksandfreshfruit.Ⅲ.语法填空(连词专练)Mymotherwascookinginthekitchen1.whileIwasdoingmyschoolassignments.NosoonerhadIfinishedmyhomework2.thanthedoorbellrang.However，mysisterunlockedthedoor3.beforeIcouldopenit.Weweresurprisedthemomentwesawher 4.becauseherclothesandfacewereterriblydirty.Shelookedmuchpoorer5.thanweexpected.6.Sincewedidn’tknowwhathadhappenedtoher，westoodthereandwaitedformysister’sstory.Wewouldn’tleave7.unlessmysistertoldusallaboutit.8.Aftermysistergotchanged，shetoldusthatshefellintoaditch9.whenshewalkedonapathonherwaytomyuncle’shomeinthecountryside.Shecouldn’tgetoutoftheditch.10.Although/Thoughshecriedforhelploudly，noonecouldhearher.Shetriedtoclimboutofit，but11.howeverhardshetried，shefailedtoescapefromit.12.Astimewentby，shegotworried.Afterseveralvainattemptsshehadtostand13.whereshewasandwaited14.untilaboystudentpassedbyandgaveherahand.Theboyreachedheralongropeandtoldhertoclimbwiththerope.Shedid15.astheboytold，andshecameout.