2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第一部分专题2非谓语动词讲义 11页

专题2　非谓语动词非谓语动词的形式及句法功能种类时态主动被动主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式一般式todotobedone√√√√√√进行式tobedoing×完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone动名词一般式doingbeingdone√√×√√×完成式havingdonehavingbeendone分词现在一般式doingbeingdone××√√√√完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过去一般式done(vi.)表完成done(vt.)表被动与完成××√√√√非谓语动词的核心考点1.非谓语动词作状语(1)不定式作状语①表示目的IstoppedthecartotakeashortbreakasIwasfeelingtired.②不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only。Georgereturnedafterthewar，onlytobetoldthathiswifehadlefthim.(2)现在分词作状语①一般式doing 表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。Thesunbegantoriseinthesky，bathingthemountainingoldenlight.(主动关系)②完成式havingdone表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。Igottotheofficeearlierthatday，havingcaughtthe7：30trainfromPaddington.③被动式havingbeendone表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。Havingbeenaskedtoworkovertimethatevening，Imissedawonderfulfilm.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)(3)过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。Seenfromthetopofthemountain，thecityisverybeautiful.(被动关系)2.非谓语动词作定语(1)现在分词作定语现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。LaurawasawayinParisforoveraweek.Whenshegothome，therewasapileofmailswaitingforher.(2)不定式作定语不定式作定语表示未做的事情。Hisfirstbooktobepublishednextmonthisbasedonatruestory.不定式作定语的特殊用法：①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，right，courage，promise，time，opportunity，way，thefirst，thesecond，thelast，theonly等。②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。Thereisnoonetolookafterher.③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。Sheisnowlookingforaroomtolivein.(3)过去分词作定语过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。Youcannotacceptanopinionofferedtoyouunlessitisbasedonfacts.Hisfirstbookpublishedlastmonthisbasedonatruestory.注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词-ed形式，意为“(人) 感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名词。3.非谓语动词作宾语(1)动词afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，forget，like，prefer，decide，manage，try，arrange，determine，desire等后面接不定式作宾语；动词come，get，grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地……”。Davidrefusedtoacceptmyinvitation.Shehasahottemper，butyouwillgrowtolikeher.注意：下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，findout，advise，discuss等。Idon’tknowhowtodealwiththiskindofmatter.(2)①动词admit，appreciate，avoid，consider(考虑)，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest等后要接动名词作宾语。BillsuggestedholdingameetingonwhattodofortheExpoduringthevacation.②动词短语can’tstand，giveup，feellike，keepon，insiston，lookforwardto，putoff，devote...to，objectto，bebusy(in)，getdownto，havedifficulty/trouble(in)，haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in)，havefun等后要接动名词作宾语。Ihadgreatdifficulty(in)findingthesuitablefoodonthemenuinthatrestaurant.③介词后要接动名词作宾语，如whatabout，howabout，befondof，begoodat等的介词后接动名词。注意on/upondoingsth.＝assoonas引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。Onhisarrival/Onarrivingatthestation，hefoundthetrainhadjuststarted.注意：①表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语；表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。Ilikelisteningtomusic，buttodayIdon’tliketo.②want，require，need表“需要”讲，后用不定式时，要用其被动形式；用动名词时，用其主动形式(表被动意义)。Thepatientrequiredtobeexamined.Thepatientrequiredexamining.4.非谓语动词作主语(1)动名词作主语Hearinghowothersreacttothebookyouhavejustreadcreatesanaddedpleasure.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)(2)不定式作主语 Toseeistobelieve.＝Seeingisbelieving.Itisimportanttorespectpeople.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)5.非谓语动词作宾补(1)分词作补语的区别①现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有：have，see，hear，find，get，leave，notice，watch，keep，start，set，catch，smell，feel，send，listento，lookat等。Ilookedupandnoticedasnakewindingitswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.Iwon’thaveyouspeakingtoyourdadlikethat.IheardanEnglishsongbeingsungbyalittlegirlwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.(被动，正在进行)②过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有：have，see，hear，find，leave，want，make等。Clairehadherluggagecheckedanhourbeforeherplaneleft.Iwassurprisedtofindmyhometownchangedsomuch.(2)不定式作补语①接带to的不定式作宾补，此类动词(短语)有：advise，allow，ask，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，invite，leave，like，mean，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，tell，want，warn，wish，callon，dependon/upon，longfor，waitfor等。Ididn’tmeanyoutohearit.We’realllongingforthenewtermtobegin.②接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有：make，have，let等使役动词以及see，watch，notice，observe，lookat，feel，hear，listento等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留。Letthoseinneedunderstandthatwewillgoallouttohelpthem.Shewasseentoenterthemanager’sofficetenminutesago.(3)with＋宾语＋宾补Themanfeltveryhappywithsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner，andwithhisworkfinished，hegladlyacceptedit.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle，thenewly-electedpresidentishaving ahardtime.6.非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容。Thequeen’sworkislayingeggs.(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。HisambitionistogotoHarvardUniversity.注意：现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。1.缺少非谓语动词的主动与被动意识2.缺少搭配意识3.缺少前后主语一致意识(误)Before handinginyourtestpaper，itisnecessarytogooverthewholepaper.(正)Before handinginyourtestpaper，youshouldgooverthewholepaper.(正)Before you handinyourtestpaper，youshouldgooverthewholepaper.4.缺少结构意识考向1　作宾语或补足语Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Iquicklylowermyself，duckingmyheadtoavoidlooking(look)directlyintohiseyes.(2018·全国Ⅲ) 解析　动词avoid后要接动名词作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛，故用looking。2.Oncehismessagewasdelivered，heallowedmeto stay(stay)andwatch.(2018·全国Ⅲ)解析　固定短语allowsb.todosth.允许某人做某事，应该用tostay作宾补。3.IneedanewpassportsoIwillhavetohavemyphotographtaken(take).(2018·天津)解析　句意为：我需要一个新护照，所以我得去让人给我拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语myphotograph与take之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。4.Fatandsaltareveryimportantpartsofadiet.Theyarerequiredto process(process)thefoodthatweeat，torecoverfrominjuryandforseveralotherbodilyfunctions.(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析　requiresth./sb.todosth.需要某物/某人做某事，此处用其被动语态结构，所以填动词不定式toprocess作主语补足语。5.Fastfoodisfulloffatandsalt；byeating(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthantheyneedintheirdiet.(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析　表示方式的介词by之后接动名词作宾语。6.Thisincludeddigginguptheroad，laying(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofoverthetop.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析　included后的dig，lay，build是三个并列的动作，根据digging及building可知，lay也应用动名词形式作included的宾语。7.ButSarah，whohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantsto prove(prove)thatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析　wanttodosth.想要做某事，动词不定式作want的宾语。8.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty，whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheirabilityto“aircondition”ahousewithoutusing(use)electricequipment.(2015·全国Ⅱ)解析　介词without之后的动词要用动名词形式。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Mygrandpasaidlastsummertheyearnedquitealotbythefish.(2018·全国Ⅰ)解析　此处用动名词作介词by的宾语。2.Asakid，Ilovedtowatchcartoons，butnomatterhowmanytimesIaskedtothem，myparentswouldnotletme.(2018·全国Ⅱ)解析　asktodosth.要求做某事。 3.Whensummercomes，theywillinvitetheirstudentspickthefreshvegetables！(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析　invitesb.todosth.邀请某人做某事。4.Wecanchoosebetweenstayingathomeandatrip.(2016·全国Ⅱ)解析　此处为between...and...结构，连接动名词短语作宾语，故此处也要用动名词形式，与前面保持一致。5.ThepositionoftheclassroomwithitsviewmademelikeIwasdreaming.(2015·浙江)解析　make后跟复合宾语，当宾补为动词且与宾语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系时，用动词原形。考向2　作主语或表语Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Ittookhimalongtimeto acquire(acquire)theskillsheneededtobecomeagooddancer.(2018·天津)解析　句意为：他花了很长时间才获得成为一名好舞者所需要的各项技能。考查动词不定式作主语。在Ittakes/tooksb.sometimetodosth.句型中，it作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语。2.Traveling(travel)alongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperience.(2018·北京)解析　句意为：沿着古丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有意义的经历。“        alongtheoldSilkRoad”作主语，要用动名词。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Intheirsparetime，theyareinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden，whichisontherooftopoftheirhouse.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析　interesting意为“有趣的”，多指事物；interested意为“感兴趣的”，多指人。该句的主语是they，故用interested作表语。beinterestedin意为“对……感兴趣”。2.teainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner，whichmightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.(2013·新课标全国Ⅱ) 解析　分析句式结构可知句子的主语应为Haveteainthelateafternoon这部分，动词原形不能作句子的主语，所以应该用动名词形式作主语。考向3　作定语单句语法填空1.ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s，whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermitted(permit)tofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析　因为句中已有谓语动词was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。2.For25days，sheneverleftherbaby，noteventofindsomethingto eat(eat)！(2016·四川)解析　不定式toeat作定语，修饰前面的不定代词something。句意为：25天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！3.Abercrombie&Kent，atravelcompanyinHongKong，saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeopleliving(live)inShanghaiandHongKong.(2015·全国Ⅰ)解析　句中已有谓语动词arranges，故应考虑此处填非谓语动词。由于live与其所修饰的名词people之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式作定语。4.Astudyoftravelersconducted(conduct)bythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinationsintheworld.(2015·全国Ⅰ)解析　句意为：TripAdvisor网站进行的一项对于旅行者的调查把阳朔列为世界十佳旅游目的地之一。根据句意和句子结构可知，study与conduct构成逻辑上的被动关系，故此处应该使用过去分词作定语，修饰名词study。考向4　作状语Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Thegovernmentencouragesfarmerstogrowcorninsteadofriceto improve(improve)waterquality.(2018·全国Ⅱ)解析　句意为：为了改善水质，政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词而且谓语动词是encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处用不定式作目的状语。故填toimprove。2.Ordinarysoap，used(use)correctly，candealwithbacteriaeffectively.(2018·北京)解析　因为句子中已有谓语动词，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。句子的主语与use之间是被动关系，因此应该用过去分词作状语，usedcorrectly相当于ifitisusedcorrectly这个条件状语从句的省略形式。句意为：普通的肥皂，如果使用得当，可以有效地清除细菌。 3.Around13,500newjobswerecreatedduringtheperiod，exceeding(exceed)theexpectednumberof12,000heldbymarketanalysts.(2018·江苏)解析　句意为：在这段时期创造了大约13500个新工作，超过了市场分析家认为的12000的预期数字。werecreated是谓语，因此exceed只能用非谓语动词形式，句子的主语与exceed之间为主动关系，因此用现在分词形式作伴随状语。4.Sixteenyearsearlier，Pahlssonhadremovedthediamondringto cook(cook)ameal.(2017·浙江)解析　Pahlsson当时摘掉钻戒的目的是为了做饭，故用动词不定式作目的状语。5.Skilledworkersalsocombinevarioushardwoodsandmetalto create(create)specialdesigns.(2016·全国Ⅲ)解析　句中已有谓语combine，故此处应考虑填非谓语动词，combinevarioushardwoodsandmetal的目的是tocreatespecialdesigns，故填动词不定式作目的状语。6.TheChinesehaveusedchopsticksforfivethousandyears.Peopleprobablycookedtheirfoodinlargepots，using(use)twigs(树枝)toremoveit.(2016·全国Ⅲ)解析　第二句中已有谓语cooked，且无其他连词，use与主句主语存在主动关系，故填现在分词形式作方式状语。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Everyonewassilent，toseewhowouldbecalledupontoreadhisorherparagraphaloud.(2018·全国Ⅲ)解析　分析句子结构可知，was为谓语动词，主语everyone与wait之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词作状语。2.Imighthavetoretireagainnextyearjustgetsomemoreofthesebiscuits.(2015·陕西)解析　句意为：我也许明年得再退休一次，只是为了能得到更多的饼干。故此处用动词不定式表示目的。考向5　固定搭配Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-year-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-termresting(rest).(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析　spendtime(in)doingsth.为固定搭配。 2.Ifyoufindsomethingyoulovedoingoutsideoftheoffice，you’llbelesslikelyto bring(bring)yourworkhome.(2016·全国Ⅱ)解析　固定表达belikelytodo...很可能做某事。3.Whenanewdaybreaks，thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenoughto cool(cool)thehouseduringthehotday；atthesametime，theywarmupagainforthenight.(2015·全国Ⅱ)解析　“形容词＋enough＋动词不定式”为常用句式。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Theinstructorkeptrepeatingthewords，“Speedup！”“Slowdown！”“left！”(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析　根据前面教练发出的两个指令可知，这三个属于并列结构，都是祈使句，都以动词原形开头。2.We’vebeenspendingalotoftimeinkaraokebars.(2015·四川)解析　spendtime(in)doingsth.花费时间做某事，为固定搭配。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Hesuddenlyappearedinclassoneday，wearing(wear)sunglasses.2.Shewishedthathewasaseasyto please(please)ashermother，whowasalwaysdelightedwithperfume.3.Built(build)in1192，thebridgeisover800yearsold.4.Collecting(collect)stampsseemstobehismainhobby.5.Ididn’ttalkmuchtothemansitting(sit)nexttome.6.Weatherpermitting(permit)，we’llhaveanoutingtomorrow.Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.IalsosharedwithmyfriendsmanyphotosinBeijing.2.Well，Ihadbettertostopnow.3.Ilookforwardtoheragaininthenearfuture.4.hungry，webuiltafirebythelakeandbarbecuedafish. 5.Weshouldfindwaystoreusethewaterinwashing.Ⅲ.语法填空(非谓语动词专练)Thereisawonderfulstoryaboutayounggirlwhohadnofamilyandnoone1.to love(love)her.Oneday,2.feeling(feel)verysadandlonely，shewaswalkingthroughagrasslandwhenshenoticedasmallbutterfly3.caught(catch)inathornybush.Theyounggirlcarefullyreleasedthebutterfly.Insteadof4.flying(fly)away，thelittlebutterflychangedintoabeautifulfairy.“Inreturnforyourwonderfulkindness，”thegoodfairysaidtothegirl，“Iwillgiveyouanywishthatyouwouldlike5.to get(get).”Thelittlegirlthoughtforamomentandthenreplied，“Iwanttobehappy.”6.Leaning(lean)towardher，thefairywhisperedinherearandthendisappeared.Withthelittlegirl7.growing(grow)up，therewasnooneinthelandhappierthanshewas.Everyonewantedtomakethemselves8.told(tell)thesecretofhappinessbyher.Shewouldonlysmileandanswer，“ThesecretofmyhappinessisthatIlistenedtoagoodfairywhenIwasalittlegirl.”Whenshewasdying，theneighborsallgatheredaroundher,9.fearing(fear)thatherunbelievablesecretofhappinesswoulddiewithher.Sotheybeggedher10.to tell(tell)themwhatthegoodfairysaid.Thelovelyoldwomansimplysmiledandsaid，“Shetoldmethateveryone，nomatterhowoldoryoung，howrichorpoor，hadneedofme.”