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英语语法----句子成分和基本句型什么是句子?句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位.句子的第一个字母必须大写,结尾要有.?!Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!句子包括哪些成分?现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语(complement)。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1.主语:主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分.一般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当.它的位置一般在句首.Thegirlispretty.Readingisuseful.Toseeistobelieve.Theyaregoodfriends.2.谓语:谓语说明主语做什么,是什么,怎么样,由简单动词或者动词短语构成.Theyareteachers.Shelookswell.Hestudieshard.Helaughedathisclassmates.HecanspeakEnglish.3.表语:表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当.表语位于系动词后面.Iamateacher.Sheishappy.Everybodyishere.Theyareathomenow.MyjobistoteachEnglish.Seeingisbelieving.4.宾语:宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当.它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后.Sheplaysthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.IlikewatchingTV.Shelikestogotoshopthisafternoon.Ithinkthatheisgoodguy.5.宾语补足语:在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思.它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用.它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当.Ifyouletmego,I’llmakeyouking.第8页共8页
Leavethedooropen.WefoundJohnoutwhenwearrived.Makeyourselfathome.Isawhimenterthehall.Thebosskeepsthemworkingallday.Iheardmynamecalled.6.状语:状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度.一般由副词,介词短语,不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,也可由从句来充当.Hediditcarefully.Withouthishelp,wecouldn’tworkitout.Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.IwasbornonJune9th1982inGuangxi.Heiswritingwithapen.7.定语:定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,从句都可以充当定语.Theblackbikeismine.What’syourname?Abrokenvase.Ihave5books.Asleepingboy.Theymadepaperflowers.TheboyintheroomisJack.Ihavesomethingtodo.Itisaswimmingpool.有那几种常见的句型结构?种类类型主语S谓语动词v表语/宾语p宾语0宾补oc第1种S+VWework. 第2种S+V+0Heplaystheviolin. 第3种S+v+pWearestudents. 第4种S+v+IO+DOshegavemeapen. 第5种S+V+O+OCHemademe laugh基本句型一:SV(主+谓)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!第8页共8页
谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:Wecome.此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。S│V(不及物动词)1.Thesun│wasshining.太阳在照耀着。2.Theuniverse│remains.宇宙长存。3.Weall│breathe,eat,anddrink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.Who│cares?管它呢?5.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.他所讲的没有什么关系。6.Thepen│writessmoothly这支笔书写流利。主语可有修饰语-定语,谓语可有修饰语-状语。如:1.Theredsunrisesintheeast.2.Sotheyhadtotravelbyairorboat.3.Wegotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus.4.Shesattherealone,readinganovel.5.Hecamebackwhenwewereeating.6.Weakbuildingswillfalldowninanearthquake,butstrongonesmaystayup.基本句型二:SVO(主+谓+宾)构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等S│V(及物动词)│O1.Who│knows│theanswer?谁知道答案?2.She│smiled│herthanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.他拒绝帮他们。4.He│enjoys│reading.他喜欢看书。5.They│ate│whatwasleftover.他们吃了剩饭。6.He│said│"Goodmorning."他说:"早上好!"7.I│want│tohaveacupoftea.我想喝杯茶。8.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.他承认犯了错误。基本句型三:SVP(主+系+表)S│V(是系动词)│P1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.Thedinner│smells│good.午餐的气味很好。3.He│felt│well.他感觉神清气爽。4.Everything│looks│different.一切看来都不同了。5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.他长得又高又壮6.Thetrouble│is│thattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.我们井干枯了。8.Hisface│turned│red.他的脸红了。系动词词义不完整,在句中不能单独使用(除省略句外),后面必须接有表语,系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。系动词的分类:常见的系动词大致可分为三类。 第一类:表示特征或状态的,有be,look,feel,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,turnout(结果是、证明是)等。 第8页共8页
You’llbeallrightsoon. Youdon’tlookverywell. Ifeelrathercold.Heseemstobeill. Itappearsthatheisunhappy. Therosessmellsweet. Themixturetastedhorrible.Howsweetthemusicsounds!Thedayturnedout(tobe)afineone.第二类:表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化,有become,get,grow,turn,fall,go,come,run等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist. Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer. Itgrewdark. Thefoodhasturnedbad.Yesterdayhesuddenlyfellill. Mary’sfacewentred. Hisdreamhascometrue. Theboy’sbloodrancold.第三类:表示保持状态的,有keep,remain,continue,stay等。 Keepquiet,children! Theweathercontinuedfineforalongtime.Itremainstobeproved.系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句,系动词be可用于上述所有情况。Thenewswassurprising.(分词) HisjobisteachingEnglish.(动名词) Theonlymethodistogivethechildmorehelp.(不定式) Imustbeoffnow.(副词) Thebridgeisunderconstruction.(介词短语)Thatwouldbeagreatweightoffmymind.(词组) Thisiswhyhewaslate.(从句)所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语,此处略举数例。 Ourfuturewillbebeautiful. Shelooksunhappytoday. Doyoufeelcold? Youseem/appearill. Thefoodtastesdelicious. Theweatheristurning/growing/becoming/gettingcold. Heoftenwenthungry.能用不定式作表语的系动词有:appear,seem,prove,remain,turnout等。 Sheappears/seemstobeveryyoung. Heappears/seemstohavecaughtcold. Themeetingturnedouttobesuccessful. Thetheoryprovedtoberight. Muchremainstobedone.能接从句的有:be,seem,appear,sound,look等。 That’swhyhefellill. Myideaisthatweshouldhelphim. Itseems/appearstomethatsomethingiswrong. Itsoundstomeasifsomeoneweretryingtogetintothehouse. Yourvoicesoundsasifyouhadacold.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.能接介词短语的有:be,feel,look,sound,taste,remain等。 be是特别活跃的系动词,其后可接很多介词短语作表语。 Heisathome/inthelibrary/onthewayhome/onholiday. Theyareonduty/onstrike/on第8页共8页
leave. Theroadisunderrepair.其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如:Itfeelslikearain. Itlookslikearain. Itsoundslikeatraingoingundermyroom. Ittastesofapples.(这有苹果的味道。) Theconcertremainsinmymemory.能接分词的系动词有:be,become,get,grow,seem,appear等。 Hisreportwassurprising/disappointing/delighting/moving/astonishing… Theboywasmoved/delighted/surprised/disappointed/astonished. Hehasbecome/got/grown/interestedinmodernphysics. Heseems/appearsdrunk.系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组,基本都是be的用法。其他系动词几乎不能这样用或很少这样用。基本句型四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)S│V(及物)│o(多指人)│O(多指物)1.She│ordered│herself│anewdress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She│cooked│herhusband│adeliciousmeal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He│brought│you│adictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.He│denies│her│nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.我告诉他汽车晚点了。6.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.他教我开机器。但若要先说出直接宾语(事物),后说间接宾语(人),则要借助于介词to或for。如:Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.用to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助to的)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等;(需借助for的)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。基本句型五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)说明:此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系,若无宾语补足语,则句意不够完整。Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.S│V(及物)│O(宾语)│C(宾补)名词/代词宾格+名词Thewar|made|him|asoldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词Newmethods|make|thejob|easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I|oftenfind|him|atwork./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式Theteacher|ask|thestudents|toclosethewindows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I|saw|acat|runningacrosstheroad./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.第8页共8页
用it做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式。即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如:Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.英语基本句型6Therebe句型说明:此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成,用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词be之后,there仅为引导词,并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词,而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如:Therestandsahillinthemiddleofthepark.Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldkinginthetown.Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变化。如:现在有thereis/are…过去有therewas/were…将来有therewillbe…;thereis/aregoingtobe...现在已经有therehas/havebeen…可能有theremightbe...肯定有theremustbe…/theremusthavebeen...过去曾经有thereusedtobe…似乎有thereseems/seem/seemedtobe…碰巧有therehappen/happens/happenedtobe…句子成分练习题(一)(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词(4分,4分钟)①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday"shomeworkwithouttheteacher"shelpisverydifficult.(二)选出句中谓语的中心词(10分,10分钟)①Idon"tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don"tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast⑥Tomdidn"tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn"tC.doD.hishomework⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music第8页共8页
⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book(三)挑出下列句中的宾语(10分,10分钟)①Mybrotherhasn"tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.⑩Theydidn"tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.(四)挑出下列句中的表语(5分,5分钟)①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.(五)挑出下列句中的定语(6分,6分钟)①TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语(6分,6分钟)①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(七)挑出下列句中的状语(8分,8分钟)①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou"velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语(5分,5分钟)①Pleasetellusastory.第8页共8页
②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?句子成分练习题(二)指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分:1.Whetherwe’llgodependontheweather.2.People’sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.5.I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.6.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.7.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.8.TherearemanyfilmthatI’dliketosee.9.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?10.Ihavealotofworktodo.11.AnywayIwon’tstopyoufromdoingit.12.Isaiditinfun.13.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.14.Shehadtoworkstandingup.15.Seeingthis,somecomradesbecameveryworried.16.Muchinterested,heagreedtogiveitatry.17.Thebusarrivedtenminuteslate.18.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.19.Springcomingon,thetreeturnedgreen.20.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.21.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.22.It’sstrangethatshedoesn’tcometoday.23.ItwasinthelibrarythatIcometoday.24.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisn’tworking.25.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.第8页共8页