英语语法----句子成分和基本句型 8页

英语语法----句子成分和基本句型什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？！Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!句子包括哪些成分？现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。１．主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首．Thegirlispretty.Readingisuseful.Toseeistobelieve.Theyaregoodfriends.2．谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．Theyareteachers.Shelookswell.Hestudieshard.Helaughedathisclassmates.HecanspeakEnglish.3．表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．Iamateacher.Sheishappy.Everybodyishere.Theyareathomenow.MyjobistoteachEnglish.Seeingisbelieving.4．宾语：宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后．Sheplaysthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.IlikewatchingTV.Shelikestogotoshopthisafternoon.Ithinkthatheisgoodguy.5．宾语补足语：在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．Ifyouletmego,I’llmakeyouking.第8页共8页 Leavethedooropen.WefoundJohnoutwhenwearrived.Makeyourselfathome.Isawhimenterthehall.Thebosskeepsthemworkingallday.Iheardmynamecalled.6.状语：状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当．Hediditcarefully.Withouthishelp,wecouldn’tworkitout.Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.IwasbornonJune9th1982inGuangxi.Heiswritingwithapen.7．定语：定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．Theblackbikeismine.What’syourname?Abrokenvase.Ihave5books.Asleepingboy.Theymadepaperflowers.TheboyintheroomisJack.Ihavesomethingtodo.Itisaswimmingpool.有那几种常见的句型结构？种类类型主语S谓语动词v表语/宾语p宾语0宾补oc第1种S+VWework.   第２种Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０Heplaystheviolin.  第３种Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐWearestudents.  第４种S+v+IO+DOshegavemeapen. 第５种S+V+O+OCHemademe laugh基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！第8页共8页 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：Wecome.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物动词）1.Thesun│wasshining.太阳在照耀着。2.Theuniverse│remains.宇宙长存。3.Weall│breathe,eat,anddrink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.Who│cares?管它呢？5.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.他所讲的没有什么关系。6.Thepen│writessmoothly这支笔书写流利。主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如:1.Theredsunrisesintheeast.2.Sotheyhadtotravelbyairorboat.3.Wegotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus.4.Shesattherealone,readinganovel.5.Hecamebackwhenwewereeating.6.Weakbuildingswillfalldowninanearthquake,butstrongonesmaystayup.基本句型二：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等Ｓ│Ｖ（及物动词）│Ｏ1.Who│knows│theanswer?谁知道答案？2.She│smiled│herthanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.他拒绝帮他们。4.He│enjoys│reading.他喜欢看书。5.They│ate│whatwasleftover.他们吃了剩饭。6.He│said│"Goodmorning."他说："早上好！"7.I│want│tohaveacupoftea.我想喝杯茶。8.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.他承认犯了错误。基本句型三：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.Thedinner│smells│good.午餐的气味很好。3.He│felt│well.他感觉神清气爽。4.Everything│looks│different.一切看来都不同了。5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.他长得又高又壮6.Thetrouble│is│thattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.我们井干枯了。8.Hisface│turned│red.他的脸红了。系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。　　第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be,look,feel,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,turnout（结果是、证明是）等。　　第8页共8页 You’llbeallrightsoon.　　Youdon’tlookverywell.　　Ifeelrathercold.Heseemstobeill.　　Itappearsthatheisunhappy.　　Therosessmellsweet.　　Themixturetastedhorrible.Howsweetthemusicsounds!Thedayturnedout(tobe)afineone.第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become,get,grow,turn,fall,go,come,run等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.　　Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.　　Itgrewdark.　　Thefoodhasturnedbad.Yesterdayhesuddenlyfellill.　Mary’sfacewentred.　　Hisdreamhascometrue.　Theboy’sbloodrancold.第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep,remain,continue,stay等。　　Keepquiet,children!　Theweathercontinuedfineforalongtime.Itremainstobeproved.系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。Thenewswassurprising.（分词）　　HisjobisteachingEnglish.（动名词）　　Theonlymethodistogivethechildmorehelp.（不定式）　　Imustbeoffnow.（副词）　　Thebridgeisunderconstruction.（介词短语）Thatwouldbeagreatweightoffmymind.（词组）　Thisiswhyhewaslate.（从句）所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。　　Ourfuturewillbebeautiful.　　Shelooksunhappytoday.　　　Doyoufeelcold?　　Youseem/appearill.　　Thefoodtastesdelicious.　　Theweatheristurning/growing/becoming/gettingcold.　　　　Heoftenwenthungry.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear,seem,prove,remain,turnout等。　　Sheappears/seemstobeveryyoung.　　Heappears/seemstohavecaughtcold.　　Themeetingturnedouttobesuccessful.　　Thetheoryprovedtoberight.　　Muchremainstobedone.能接从句的有：be,seem,appear,sound,look等。　　That’swhyhefellill.　　Myideaisthatweshouldhelphim.　　Itseems/appearstomethatsomethingiswrong.　　Itsoundstomeasifsomeoneweretryingtogetintothehouse.　　Yourvoicesoundsasifyouhadacold.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.能接介词短语的有：be,feel,look,sound,taste,remain等。　　be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。　　Heisathome/inthelibrary/onthewayhome/onholiday.　Theyareonduty/onstrike/on第8页共8页 leave.　　Theroadisunderrepair.其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：Itfeelslikearain.　Itlookslikearain.　　　Itsoundslikeatraingoingundermyroom.　　Ittastesofapples.（这有苹果的味道。）　　　Theconcertremainsinmymemory.能接分词的系动词有：be,become,get,grow,seem,appear等。　　　Hisreportwassurprising/disappointing/delighting/moving/astonishing…　　　Theboywasmoved/delighted/surprised/disappointed/astonished.　　　Hehasbecome/got/grown/interestedinmodernphysics.　　Heseems/appearsdrunk.系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组，基本都是be的用法。其他系动词几乎不能这样用或很少这样用。基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）1.She│ordered│herself│anewdress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She│cooked│herhusband│adeliciousmeal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He│brought│you│adictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.He│denies│her│nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.我告诉他汽车晚点了。6.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.他教我开机器。但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）说明:此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│Ｏ（宾语）│Ｃ（宾补）名词/代词宾格+名词Thewar|made|him|asoldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词Newmethods|make|thejob|easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I|oftenfind|him|atwork./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式Theteacher|ask|thestudents|toclosethewindows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I|saw|acat|runningacrosstheroad./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.第8页共8页 用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.英语基本句型6Therebe句型说明：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：Therestandsahillinthemiddleofthepark.Onceuponatimetherelivedanoldkinginthetown.Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：现在有thereis/are…过去有therewas/were…将来有therewillbe…；thereis/aregoingtobe...现在已经有therehas/havebeen…可能有theremightbe...肯定有theremustbe…/theremusthavebeen...过去曾经有thereusedtobe…似乎有thereseems/seem/seemedtobe…碰巧有therehappen/happens/happenedtobe…句子成分练习题(一)(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，4分钟）①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday"shomeworkwithouttheteacher"shelpisverydifficult.(二)选出句中谓语的中心词（10分，10分钟）①Idon"tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don"tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast⑥Tomdidn"tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn"tC.doD.hishomework⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music第8页共8页 ⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book(三)挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟）①Mybrotherhasn"tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.⑩Theydidn"tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.(四)挑出下列句中的表语（5分，5分钟）①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.(五)挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟）①TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分，6分钟）①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(七)挑出下列句中的状语（8分，8分钟）①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou"velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分，5分钟）①Pleasetellusastory.第8页共8页 ②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?句子成分练习题(二)指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：1.Whetherwe’llgodependontheweather.2.People’sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.5.I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.6.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.7.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.8.TherearemanyfilmthatI’dliketosee.9.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?10.Ihavealotofworktodo.11.AnywayIwon’tstopyoufromdoingit.12.Isaiditinfun.13.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.14.Shehadtoworkstandingup.15.Seeingthis,somecomradesbecameveryworried.16.Muchinterested,heagreedtogiveitatry.17.Thebusarrivedtenminuteslate.18.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.19.Springcomingon,thetreeturnedgreen.20.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.21.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.22.It’sstrangethatshedoesn’tcometoday.23.ItwasinthelibrarythatIcometoday.24.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisn’tworking.25.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.第8页共8页