英语语法09常见语句问题 33页

UnitNine:RequirementsforEffectiveSentencesandOft-witnessedSentenceImproprietiesinEnglishLearners 学习内容预告：本单元之后，我们将简要讨论英语不同语体中的语言特点。 RequirementsforEffectiveEnglishSentences:1)Unity（语义完整）2)Coherence（句式连贯）3)Conciseness（表达简洁）4)Emphasis（重心突出）Mostproblemsoccurwith(2)and(3).Let’snowlookatthemonebyone. 1)Unity:Asentencehasunitywhenitexpressesasinglecompletethoughtinwords.Faulty:BorninUlmofGermanyin1879,AlbertEinsteingrewuptobeafamousphysicist.Faulty:Theboyistooyoung.Note:Inspecificcontextofconversation,thesecondtypeofsentencefragmentsmaybeclear. Anotherfaulttype:run-onsentences(串句指的是用逗号连接的两个独立的单句。)TheInterpoldecidetocurbinternationaldrugtrafficking,ithasclaimedtoomanylivessofar.ItooklotsofvitaminC,Istillcamedownwiththeflu. 2)Coherence:Asentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedandtheirrelationshipsmadeunmistakablyclear.Butinanumberofsituations,thecoherenceisviolated.Weshallexaminethemonebyone. (1)Parallelconstructions（并列结构）Parallelconstructionsareusedtoexpressparallelideas:Example:MarchwindsandAprilshowersbringforthMayflowers. Letusberuthlessinourcriticism,crueltopersonalvanities,andindifferenttoage,rankorexperienceifthesestandinourway.___NormanBethunePlatothoughtthatwhenwesawsomething,onerayoflightcametoitfromthesun,andanotherfromoureyes,andthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick. Problemswithparallelconstructions:Faulty:Whenwearrivedhome,weunpackedoursuitcase,tookshowers,andthenwewenttosleepaftereatinglunch.Americansencouragetheirchildrentogetahead,toexcel,makingmoneyandacquiringpossessions.Ournewcarnotonlyismoreeconomicalbutitismorecomfortablethanouroldone. Faulty:Manypeoplechooseairtransportationbecauseitisfast,offersconvenience,anditisnotveryexpensive.JamesJoyce’sUlysses,alongandcomplicatednovelandwhichisonourreadinglist,hasbeenbannedbytheschoolboard.. (2)Problemswithpronounreferences(代词指代)Apronounmustreferunmistakablytoitsantecedent,i.e.,thenounwhoseplaceittakes.Orelseproblemsoccur.A.AmbiguousreferenceFaulty:Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.GeorgehitJohnandTomhithim.Canyoucorrectthem? B.Impliedantecedent:Obscure:Asshewasgreatlyinfluencedbyherhistoryteacher,shechoseitashermajor.InDreiser’sSisterCarrie,hedescribesapennilessgirl’swaytosuccess.Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.Howshallwecorrectthem? (3)DanglingandmisplacedmodifiersA.DanglingmodifierDangling:Togetupearly,theclockwassetatsix.Aftercorrectingallthemistakes,theseconddraftofthepaperwasmuchbetterthanthefirst.Althoughseriouslyill,thebossmadeherworktenhoursadayinthehotworkshop. Howshallwecorrectthemistakes?Dangling:ToappreciatetheEnglishlanguage,alotofreadingmustbedone.Althoughonlyasmallboy,myfatherexpectedmetodoaman’swork.Apaintingattractsthevisitor’seyeontheeastwall. B.MisplacedmodifierMisplaced:NanjingUniversityhasmanywell-knownprofessorswell-knownathomeandabroad.改TheJapanesemountaineersentusthefullstoryofhisrescuefromTibet.Iboughtthehatatasmallcountystorewhichcost$5.25. Misplaced:YoucancallyourgirlfriendinBeijingandtellheraboutmytakingyououttodinnerforjustsixtycents.TheteacherreturnedtohisofficeafteralongillnessonMonday. Howshallweimprovethese?Misplaced:Isawamanwithadogwhohasflees.Isawamanontopofthehillwithatelescope. (4)ConfusingshiftsA.ConfusingshiftsinpersonandnumberConfusing:Animportantthingforthestudenttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,youshouldnotplagiarize（剽窃，抄袭）.Studentswhowishtotakelinguisticsareaskedtosignhisnameonasheetofpaper.What’swrongwiththem? B.Confusingshiftsinvoice,moodandtenseConfusing:Heleftthelibrarywhenhispaperiswritten.Ifhelivestobe86,hewouldseetheyear2050.Incollege,studentsshouldlearntoanalyzeandsolveproblemsontheirown.Trytohelpthemacquirethisability. (5)MixedandincompleteconstructionsA.MixedconstructionsMixed:BytakingaNo.10busisonewaytogettoTiananmenSquare.Hisjobisateacher.Becausehesaidnothingdoesnotmeanthatheagreedtoyourproposal.What’swrongwiththem? B.IncompleteconstructionsIncomplete:MyhometownisclosertoNanjingthan（to）Shanghai(is).Theoldergenerationhavegreatfaith(in)andearnesthopesfortheyoung.Hesaidthattheyshouldmakefulluseofthewaterpoweroftheriverand(so)ahighwayshouldbebuilthere. 3)ProblemswithconcisenessWordy:Itwasblueincolor(roundinshape,smallinsize).IntheearlypartofthemonthofAugust. Sometimes,itisnecessarytochangethesentencestructuretoavoidwordiness:Therewasapinethatstoodlikeagiantonthetopofthemountain.Ittoweredintotheclouds.Thegiantpinetoweredintotheclouds. Wordy:Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.Someoftheenterprisesarejointlyrunbyafactoryincollaborationwithanearbycommunity.MayIhavethehonorofsolicitingyourbeneficialopinionsonthelecture? 4)ProblemswithemphasisWhichideainasentenceistobeemphasizedshouldbecarefullyconsidered.Butthisisoftenneglected.Faulty:Hesawanoldwomangetonthebus,quicklystandinguptoofferhertheseat.Walkingintotheclassroom,theteachercarriedabigbookunderhisarm. Weak:HebecameageneraloftheRedArmyat29,havingdistinguishedhimselfinaction.(orderoftheconstruction)Importantcontentsshouldbearrangedinclimaticorder,unlessoneintendstoproduceahumor: Example:Shewasneat,pleasantandhonest.But:Ilostmybagandwithit,mywallet,myIDcardandmydirtysocks. Also,thelongpartshouldbetterbeplacedafterashortpart:Examplesofimpropriety:Thattheywillmeetthisyear’sproductionquotatwomonthsaheadoftimeisveryclear.Hisspectacles,anEnglishdictionary,acupoftea,booksandnoteslayonthesmalltable. Now,let’sdosomeexercisestoconsolidatewhatwehavelearntinthisunit.1)Thesebirdsflyswiftlyandtheirfoodconsistsofseeds,berriesandsmallfish.2)Shebegantospeakveryfastatthemeetingat10o’clock.3)Imaygotothelecture,forheisafriendofmine. 4)Therewereseveralbooksinherbag,whichsheintendedtogivetoherchildren.5)Listeningattentively,afaultysoundwasheard.6)Thistaskistoodifficult.7)Shesaidthatshewouldcomeifshecould,butnottolookforher.8)Beinginacage,Iamnotafraidofthelion. 13)WhenWattobservedthepowerofsteam,hewashelpinghiswifetopreparebreakfast.14)Hewasselfless,responsibleandmodest;that’swhyhebecameagreatscientist.15)Toteachhimalesson,hewasfined5dollars.16)Whilewaitingformyfriendstosaygoodbye,themoonroseabovethehorizon. 17)WhenlearningtospellEnglishwords,spellingrulesshouldberemembered.18)Mrs.Jones,ahardworkingandsinglewoman,wasamonghisneighbors.19)Theyhavetostudythesesubjects,nomattertheylikeitornot.20)Heisthepersonwhowasappointedtobeclassrepresentativebythewholeclass. Ofcourse,ittakesaconsiderablylongtimetoimproveyourEnglish.Solongasyoukeepworkinghard,somedayyou’llbesuccessful.Nextweek,IshallpresentalectureonthestylesinEnglish.