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UnitNine:RequirementsforEffectiveSentencesandOft-witnessedSentenceImproprietiesinEnglishLearners
学习内容预告:本单元之后,我们将简要讨论英语不同语体中的语言特点。
RequirementsforEffectiveEnglishSentences:1)Unity(语义完整)2)Coherence(句式连贯)3)Conciseness(表达简洁)4)Emphasis(重心突出)Mostproblemsoccurwith(2)and(3).Let’snowlookatthemonebyone.
1)Unity:Asentencehasunitywhenitexpressesasinglecompletethoughtinwords.Faulty:BorninUlmofGermanyin1879,AlbertEinsteingrewuptobeafamousphysicist.Faulty:Theboyistooyoung.Note:Inspecificcontextofconversation,thesecondtypeofsentencefragmentsmaybeclear.
Anotherfaulttype:run-onsentences(串句指的是用逗号连接的两个独立的单句。)TheInterpoldecidetocurbinternationaldrugtrafficking,ithasclaimedtoomanylivessofar.ItooklotsofvitaminC,Istillcamedownwiththeflu.
2)Coherence:Asentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedandtheirrelationshipsmadeunmistakablyclear.Butinanumberofsituations,thecoherenceisviolated.Weshallexaminethemonebyone.
(1)Parallelconstructions(并列结构)Parallelconstructionsareusedtoexpressparallelideas:Example:MarchwindsandAprilshowersbringforthMayflowers.
Letusberuthlessinourcriticism,crueltopersonalvanities,andindifferenttoage,rankorexperienceifthesestandinourway.___NormanBethunePlatothoughtthatwhenwesawsomething,onerayoflightcametoitfromthesun,andanotherfromoureyes,andthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.
Problemswithparallelconstructions:Faulty:Whenwearrivedhome,weunpackedoursuitcase,tookshowers,andthenwewenttosleepaftereatinglunch.Americansencouragetheirchildrentogetahead,toexcel,makingmoneyandacquiringpossessions.Ournewcarnotonlyismoreeconomicalbutitismorecomfortablethanouroldone.
Faulty:Manypeoplechooseairtransportationbecauseitisfast,offersconvenience,anditisnotveryexpensive.JamesJoyce’sUlysses,alongandcomplicatednovelandwhichisonourreadinglist,hasbeenbannedbytheschoolboard..
(2)Problemswithpronounreferences(代词指代)Apronounmustreferunmistakablytoitsantecedent,i.e.,thenounwhoseplaceittakes.Orelseproblemsoccur.A.AmbiguousreferenceFaulty:Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.GeorgehitJohnandTomhithim.Canyoucorrectthem?
B.Impliedantecedent:Obscure:Asshewasgreatlyinfluencedbyherhistoryteacher,shechoseitashermajor.InDreiser’sSisterCarrie,hedescribesapennilessgirl’swaytosuccess.Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.Howshallwecorrectthem?
(3)DanglingandmisplacedmodifiersA.DanglingmodifierDangling:Togetupearly,theclockwassetatsix.Aftercorrectingallthemistakes,theseconddraftofthepaperwasmuchbetterthanthefirst.Althoughseriouslyill,thebossmadeherworktenhoursadayinthehotworkshop.
Howshallwecorrectthemistakes?Dangling:ToappreciatetheEnglishlanguage,alotofreadingmustbedone.Althoughonlyasmallboy,myfatherexpectedmetodoaman’swork.Apaintingattractsthevisitor’seyeontheeastwall.
B.MisplacedmodifierMisplaced:NanjingUniversityhasmanywell-knownprofessorswell-knownathomeandabroad.改TheJapanesemountaineersentusthefullstoryofhisrescuefromTibet.Iboughtthehatatasmallcountystorewhichcost$5.25.
Misplaced:YoucancallyourgirlfriendinBeijingandtellheraboutmytakingyououttodinnerforjustsixtycents.TheteacherreturnedtohisofficeafteralongillnessonMonday.
Howshallweimprovethese?Misplaced:Isawamanwithadogwhohasflees.Isawamanontopofthehillwithatelescope.
(4)ConfusingshiftsA.ConfusingshiftsinpersonandnumberConfusing:Animportantthingforthestudenttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,youshouldnotplagiarize(剽窃,抄袭).Studentswhowishtotakelinguisticsareaskedtosignhisnameonasheetofpaper.What’swrongwiththem?
B.Confusingshiftsinvoice,moodandtenseConfusing:Heleftthelibrarywhenhispaperiswritten.Ifhelivestobe86,hewouldseetheyear2050.Incollege,studentsshouldlearntoanalyzeandsolveproblemsontheirown.Trytohelpthemacquirethisability.
(5)MixedandincompleteconstructionsA.MixedconstructionsMixed:BytakingaNo.10busisonewaytogettoTiananmenSquare.Hisjobisateacher.Becausehesaidnothingdoesnotmeanthatheagreedtoyourproposal.What’swrongwiththem?
B.IncompleteconstructionsIncomplete:MyhometownisclosertoNanjingthan(to)Shanghai(is).Theoldergenerationhavegreatfaith(in)andearnesthopesfortheyoung.Hesaidthattheyshouldmakefulluseofthewaterpoweroftheriverand(so)ahighwayshouldbebuilthere.
3)ProblemswithconcisenessWordy:Itwasblueincolor(roundinshape,smallinsize).IntheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.
Sometimes,itisnecessarytochangethesentencestructuretoavoidwordiness:Therewasapinethatstoodlikeagiantonthetopofthemountain.Ittoweredintotheclouds.Thegiantpinetoweredintotheclouds.
Wordy:Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.Someoftheenterprisesarejointlyrunbyafactoryincollaborationwithanearbycommunity.MayIhavethehonorofsolicitingyourbeneficialopinionsonthelecture?
4)ProblemswithemphasisWhichideainasentenceistobeemphasizedshouldbecarefullyconsidered.Butthisisoftenneglected.Faulty:Hesawanoldwomangetonthebus,quicklystandinguptoofferhertheseat.Walkingintotheclassroom,theteachercarriedabigbookunderhisarm.
Weak:HebecameageneraloftheRedArmyat29,havingdistinguishedhimselfinaction.(orderoftheconstruction)Importantcontentsshouldbearrangedinclimaticorder,unlessoneintendstoproduceahumor:
Example:Shewasneat,pleasantandhonest.But:Ilostmybagandwithit,mywallet,myIDcardandmydirtysocks.
Also,thelongpartshouldbetterbeplacedafterashortpart:Examplesofimpropriety:Thattheywillmeetthisyear’sproductionquotatwomonthsaheadoftimeisveryclear.Hisspectacles,anEnglishdictionary,acupoftea,booksandnoteslayonthesmalltable.
Now,let’sdosomeexercisestoconsolidatewhatwehavelearntinthisunit.1)Thesebirdsflyswiftlyandtheirfoodconsistsofseeds,berriesandsmallfish.2)Shebegantospeakveryfastatthemeetingat10o’clock.3)Imaygotothelecture,forheisafriendofmine.
4)Therewereseveralbooksinherbag,whichsheintendedtogivetoherchildren.5)Listeningattentively,afaultysoundwasheard.6)Thistaskistoodifficult.7)Shesaidthatshewouldcomeifshecould,butnottolookforher.8)Beinginacage,Iamnotafraidofthelion.
13)WhenWattobservedthepowerofsteam,hewashelpinghiswifetopreparebreakfast.14)Hewasselfless,responsibleandmodest;that’swhyhebecameagreatscientist.15)Toteachhimalesson,hewasfined5dollars.16)Whilewaitingformyfriendstosaygoodbye,themoonroseabovethehorizon.
17)WhenlearningtospellEnglishwords,spellingrulesshouldberemembered.18)Mrs.Jones,ahardworkingandsinglewoman,wasamonghisneighbors.19)Theyhavetostudythesesubjects,nomattertheylikeitornot.20)Heisthepersonwhowasappointedtobeclassrepresentativebythewholeclass.
Ofcourse,ittakesaconsiderablylongtimetoimproveyourEnglish.Solongasyoukeepworkinghard,somedayyou’llbesuccessful.Nextweek,IshallpresentalectureonthestylesinEnglish.